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Approach to the Patient with Approach to the Patient with ANEMIAANEMIA
Lisa Mohr, MDLisa Mohr, MD
Mike Tuggy, MDMike Tuggy, MD
ObjectivesObjectives
Review basic science of the RBCReview basic science of the RBC
Define AnemiaDefine Anemia
Review key aspects of history, physical Review key aspects of history, physical and lab evaluationand lab evaluation
Review a systematic approach to the Review a systematic approach to the differential diagnosisdifferential diagnosis
Case-based application of clinical Case-based application of clinical conceptsconcepts
RBC-The important playersRBC-The important players
HemoglobinHemoglobin– reversibly binds and transports 02 from lungs reversibly binds and transports 02 from lungs
to tissuesto tissues– 4 globin chains & iron4 globin chains & iron
RBC-The important players (2)RBC-The important players (2)
IronIron– key element in the production of hemoglobinkey element in the production of hemoglobin– absorption is poorabsorption is poor
TransferrinTransferrin– iron transporteriron transporter
FerritinFerritin– iron binder, measure of iron stores, *also iron binder, measure of iron stores, *also
acute phase reactant*acute phase reactant*
DefinitionsDefinitions
Anemia-values of hemoglobin, hematocrit Anemia-values of hemoglobin, hematocrit or RBC counts which are more than 2 or RBC counts which are more than 2 standard deviations below the meanstandard deviations below the mean– HGB<13.5 g/dL (men)HGB<13.5 g/dL (men) <12 (women)<12 (women)– HCT<41% (men)HCT<41% (men) <36 (women)<36 (women)
CASECASE
ML is a 64-year old male who has not had ML is a 64-year old male who has not had any primary care for several years. When any primary care for several years. When he tried to give blood last week, he was he tried to give blood last week, he was told that he was anemic. He presents to told that he was anemic. He presents to your clinic for evaluation.your clinic for evaluation.
What would you do??What would you do??
Evaluation of the Patient Evaluation of the Patient
HISTORYHISTORY– Is the patient bleeding?Is the patient bleeding?
Actively? In past?Actively? In past?
– Is there evidence for increased RBC Is there evidence for increased RBC destruction?destruction?
– Is the bone marrow suppressed?Is the bone marrow suppressed?– Is the patient nutritionally deficient? Pica?Is the patient nutritionally deficient? Pica?– PMH including medication review, toxin PMH including medication review, toxin
exposureexposure
Evaluation of the Patient (2)Evaluation of the Patient (2)
REVIW OF SYMPTOMSREVIW OF SYMPTOMSDecreased oxygen delivery to tissuesDecreased oxygen delivery to tissues– Exertional dyspneaExertional dyspnea– Dyspnea at restDyspnea at rest– FatigueFatigue– Signs and symptoms of hyperdynamic stateSigns and symptoms of hyperdynamic state
Bounding pulsesBounding pulsesPalpitationsPalpitations
– Life threatening: heart failure, angina, myocardial infarctionLife threatening: heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction
HypovolemiaHypovolemia– Fatiguablitiy, postural dizziness, lethargy, hypotension, Fatiguablitiy, postural dizziness, lethargy, hypotension,
shock and deathshock and death
Evaluation of the Patient (3)Evaluation of the Patient (3)
PHYSICAL EXAMPHYSICAL EXAM••Stable or Unstable?Stable or Unstable?
-ABCs-ABCs-Vitals-Vitals
••PallorPallor••JaundiceJaundice
-hemolysis-hemolysis••LymphadenopathyLymphadenopathy••HepatosplenomegallyHepatosplenomegally••Bony PainBony Pain••PetechiaePetechiae••Rectal-? Occult bloodRectal-? Occult blood
Laboratory EvaluationLaboratory Evaluation
Initial TestingInitial Testing– CBC w/ differential (includes RBC indices)CBC w/ differential (includes RBC indices)– Reticulocyte countReticulocyte count– Peripheral blood smearPeripheral blood smear
Laboratory Evaluation (2)Laboratory Evaluation (2)
BleedingBleeding– Serial HCT or HGBSerial HCT or HGB
Iron DeficiencyIron Deficiency– Iron Studies Iron Studies
HemolysisHemolysis– Serum LDH, indirect bilirubin, haptoglobin, coombs, Serum LDH, indirect bilirubin, haptoglobin, coombs,
coagulation studiescoagulation studies
Bone Marrow ExaminationBone Marrow Examination
Others-directed by clinical indicationOthers-directed by clinical indication– hemoglobin electrophoresishemoglobin electrophoresis– B12/folate levelsB12/folate levels
Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
Classification by Pathophysiology Classification by Pathophysiology – Blood LossBlood Loss– Decreased ProductionDecreased Production– Increased Destruction Increased Destruction
Classification by MorphologyClassification by Morphology– NormocyticNormocytic– MicrocyticMicrocytic– MacrocyticMacrocytic
Blood LossBlood Loss
AcuteAcute– TraumaticTraumatic– Variety of sourcesVariety of sources
Melena, hematemesis, menometrorrhagiaMelena, hematemesis, menometrorrhagia
ChronicChronic– Occult bleedingOccult bleeding
Colonic polyp/carcinonmaColonic polyp/carcinonma
Decreased ProductionDecreased Production
InfectiousInfectious
NeoplasticNeoplastic
EndocrineEndocrine
Nutritional DeficiencyNutritional Deficiency
Anemia of Chronic DiseaseAnemia of Chronic Disease
Decreased ProductionDecreased ProductionINFECTIOUSINFECTIOUS
BacterialBacterial– TuberculosisTuberculosis– MAIMAI
ViralViral– HIVHIV– ParvovirusParvovirus
Decreased ProductionDecreased ProductionNEOPLASTICNEOPLASTIC
LeukemiaLeukemia
Lymphoma/MyelomaLymphoma/Myeloma
Myeloproliferative SyndromesMyeloproliferative Syndromes
MyelodysplasiaMyelodysplasia
Decreased ProductionDecreased ProductionENDOCRINEENDOCRINE
Thyroid DysfunctionThyroid Dysfunction– HypothyroidismHypothyroidism
Erythropoietin DeficiencyErythropoietin Deficiency– Renal FailureRenal Failure
Decreased ProductionDecreased ProductionNUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCYNUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCYIronIron
B12B12
FolateFolate
Macrocytic AnemiaMacrocytic Anemia
MCV > 100MCV > 100
Megaloblastic:AbnormalitiMegaloblastic:Abnormalities in nucleic acid es in nucleic acid metabolismmetabolism– B12, FolateB12, Folate
Non-Non-megaloblastic:Abnormal megaloblastic:Abnormal RBC maturationRBC maturation– MyelodysplasiaMyelodysplasia
ETOH, liver dz, ETOH, liver dz, hypothryroidism, hypothryroidism, chemotherapy/drugschemotherapy/drugs
Microcytic AnemiaMicrocytic Anemia
MCV <80MCV <80
Reduced iron Reduced iron availabilityavailability
Reduced heme Reduced heme synthesissynthesis
Reduced globin Reduced globin productionproduction
Microcytic AnemiaMicrocytic AnemiaREDUCED IRON AVAILABILTYREDUCED IRON AVAILABILTYIron DeficiencyIron Deficiency– Deficient Diet/AbsorptionDeficient Diet/Absorption– Increased RequirementsIncreased Requirements– Blood LossBlood Loss– Iron SequestrationIron Sequestration
Anemia of Chronic DiseaseAnemia of Chronic Disease– Low serum iron, low TIBC, normal serum ferritinLow serum iron, low TIBC, normal serum ferritin– MANY!! MANY!!
Chronic infection, inflammation, cancer, liver diseaseChronic infection, inflammation, cancer, liver disease
Microcytic AnemiaMicrocytic AnemiaREDUCED HEME SYNTHESISREDUCED HEME SYNTHESIS
Lead poisoningLead poisoning
Acquired or Acquired or congenital congenital sideroblastic anemiasideroblastic anemia
Characteristic smear Characteristic smear finding: Basophylic finding: Basophylic stipplingstippling
Microcytic AnemiaMicrocytic AnemiaREDUCED GLOBIN PRODUCTIONREDUCED GLOBIN PRODUCTION
ThalassemiasThalassemias
Smear CharacteristicsSmear Characteristics– HypochromiaHypochromia– MicrocytosisMicrocytosis– Target CellsTarget Cells– Tear DropsTear Drops
Lab tests of iron deficiency of Lab tests of iron deficiency of increased severityincreased severity
NORMALNORMAL Fe deficiencyFe deficiency
Without anemiaWithout anemia
Fe deficiency Fe deficiency
With mild anemiaWith mild anemia
Fe deficiency Fe deficiency
With severe With severe anemiaanemia
Serum IronSerum Iron 60-15060-150 60-15060-150 <60<60 <40<40
Iron Binding Iron Binding CapacityCapacity
300-360300-360 300-390300-390 350-400350-400 >410>410
SaturationSaturation 20-5020-50 3030 <15<15 <10<10
HemoglobinHemoglobin NormalNormal NormalNormal 9-129-12 6-76-7
Serum FerritinSerum Ferritin 40-20040-200 <20<20 <10<10 0-100-10
Differential Diagnosis-RevisitedDifferential Diagnosis-Revisited
Classification by Pathophysiology Classification by Pathophysiology – Blood LossBlood Loss– Decreased ProductionDecreased Production– Increased Destruction Increased Destruction
INCREASED DESTRUCTIONINCREASED DESTRUCTION
Immune MediatedImmune Mediated
Non-immune MediatedNon-immune Mediated
Increased DestructionIncreased DestructionIMMUNE MEDIATEDIMMUNE MEDIATED
Cold AgglutininCold Agglutinin– Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuriaParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria– Post mycoplasmal hemolytic anemiaPost mycoplasmal hemolytic anemia
Warm AgglutininWarm Agglutinin– Drug inducedDrug induced– Autoimmune hemolytic anemiaAutoimmune hemolytic anemia– Transfusion reactionTransfusion reaction
Increased DestructionIncreased DestructionNON-IMMUNE MEDIATEDNON-IMMUNE MEDIATED
Extra-corpuscularExtra-corpuscular– Macro-circulatoryMacro-circulatory
HypersplenismHypersplenismExtracorporeal circulationExtracorporeal circulation
– Micro-circulatoryMicro-circulatoryDICDICTTPTTPHUSHUS
Intra-corpuscularIntra-corpuscular– RBC Wall (membrane or enzyme defects)RBC Wall (membrane or enzyme defects)– Heme or globin abnormalities (HbS, C)Heme or globin abnormalities (HbS, C)
Back to M.L.-Back to M.L.-You appropriately You appropriately decide to obtain more history!decide to obtain more history!
HPI: “I’ve been a little more tired than usual, but I’ve HPI: “I’ve been a little more tired than usual, but I’ve been busy at work. I’m getting close to retirement. been busy at work. I’m getting close to retirement. Nothing else is unusual. I avoid doctors if I can”Nothing else is unusual. I avoid doctors if I can”
PMH: Inguinal hernia repair 20 yrs agoPMH: Inguinal hernia repair 20 yrs ago
FH: F & MGF-heart attack(age 80), brother-alcoholismFH: F & MGF-heart attack(age 80), brother-alcoholism
SH: Married x44yr, smokes 1ppd, “a couple beers/night”SH: Married x44yr, smokes 1ppd, “a couple beers/night”
MEDS: daily multivitaminMEDS: daily multivitamin
ALLERGIES: noneALLERGIES: none
ROS:+fatigue, +urine seems a little darker latelyROS:+fatigue, +urine seems a little darker lately
More on M.L.More on M.L.
P.E. findingsP.E. findings– T 98.4 HR 98 Resp 20 BP 112/70T 98.4 HR 98 Resp 20 BP 112/70– Gen: NAD, appears younger than stated ageGen: NAD, appears younger than stated age– HEENT: skin and conjunctiva slightly paleHEENT: skin and conjunctiva slightly pale– NECK: no adenopathy or thyromegallyNECK: no adenopathy or thyromegally– Chest: CTABChest: CTAB– CV: RRR, no murmurCV: RRR, no murmur– ABD: no HSM, soft, normoactive bowel soundsABD: no HSM, soft, normoactive bowel sounds– GU: normal maleGU: normal male– Rectal: no masses, prostate smooth/not enlarged, Rectal: no masses, prostate smooth/not enlarged,
guaiac negative stoolguaiac negative stool
M.L.’s Initial LabsM.L.’s Initial Labs
Only a CBC w/ diff was obtained:Only a CBC w/ diff was obtained:– WBC: 8.2, HCT 32.2, MCV 79, Platelets 221, WBC: 8.2, HCT 32.2, MCV 79, Platelets 221,
differential - normaldifferential - normal
Initial Thoughts?Initial Thoughts?
Blood loss?Blood loss?– Age places him at risk for colon CAAge places him at risk for colon CA
Decreased Production?Decreased Production?– Alcohol use, Iron deficiencyAlcohol use, Iron deficiency
Increased Destruction?Increased Destruction?– ““Darker urine” latelyDarker urine” lately
Further Work-upFurther Work-up
CAGE questionsCAGE questionsPeripheral Blood SmearPeripheral Blood SmearReticulocyte countReticulocyte countIron StudiesIron Studies– FerritinFerritin– TIBCTIBC– % Saturation% Saturation
UrinalysisUrinalysisFOBT or colonoscopy referalFOBT or colonoscopy referal
More ResultsMore Results
CAGE screen reveals no positive responsesCAGE screen reveals no positive responsesSmear reveals microcytic, microchromic RBCsSmear reveals microcytic, microchromic RBCsRetic count is interpreted as “low”Retic count is interpreted as “low”Urinalysis negative for hemoglobinUrinalysis negative for hemoglobinFOBT: not completed by patientFOBT: not completed by patientIron StudiesIron Studies– Ferritin: 10Ferritin: 10– TIBC: 350TIBC: 350– % Sat: 15% Sat: 15
What’s next?What’s next?
Rule out Sources of BleedingRule out Sources of Bleeding– Counseling regarding colon CA and referral for Counseling regarding colon CA and referral for
colonoscopycolonoscopy
Consider oral iron therapyConsider oral iron therapyDietary counseling (iron sources, limiting etoh, Dietary counseling (iron sources, limiting etoh, etc)etc)Encourage follow-up for health care Encourage follow-up for health care maintenancemaintenance– Vaccinations (Tetnus/pneumovax)Vaccinations (Tetnus/pneumovax)– Other cancer screening Other cancer screening – Cholesterol ScreenCholesterol Screen
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Colonoscopy revealed Colonoscopy revealed small suspicious lesion in small suspicious lesion in sigmoid colon, pathology sigmoid colon, pathology revealing revealing adenocarcinoma. – adenocarcinoma. – Excised surgically, no Excised surgically, no mets.mets.Routine labs, one year Routine labs, one year later, reveal an HCT of later, reveal an HCT of 40%. He feels “better 40%. He feels “better than ever”!than ever”!
ReferencesReferences
Schrier, Stanley.Approach to the patient with Schrier, Stanley.Approach to the patient with anemia. Up to Date. 2004anemia. Up to Date. 2004Schrier, Stanley. Anemia of Chronic Disease. Up Schrier, Stanley. Anemia of Chronic Disease. Up to Date. 2004to Date. 2004Schrier, Stanley. Anemias due to decreased red Schrier, Stanley. Anemias due to decreased red Cell Production. Up to Date 2004Cell Production. Up to Date 2004Schrier, Stanley. Causes and diagnosis of Schrier, Stanley. Causes and diagnosis of anemia due to iron deficiency. Up to Date. 2004anemia due to iron deficiency. Up to Date. 2004Tierney, et al. Anemias. Current Medical Tierney, et al. Anemias. Current Medical Diagnosis and treatment. 2003. Pp469-489Diagnosis and treatment. 2003. Pp469-489