ANIMAL BREEDING IN TURKEY

ANIMAL BREEDING IN TURKEY

TURKEY ( )has a very young and growing human population. The need for foods of animal origin is also increasing and Turkey is also among the countries chosen as animal products markets.

When we look at the developed countries it can be seen that the daily protein consumption per person is 100 g and 70 g of this is composed of proteins of animal origin.

However, in Turkey only 17 g of a total of 84 g daily protein consumption is from proteins of animal origin. 73% of the protein consumed is from vegetal nutrients (Kutlu et al., 2003).

Thus, it is impossible for us to say that the people in Turkey are having an adequate and balanced human nutrition.

The proportion of farm animal breeding in the agriculture of Turkey is 23% (Tübitak, 2003). This ratio can be over 60% in the developed countries in animal production.

When the significance of animal products in human nutrition is taken in to consideration it is evident that the ratio of animal production in agriculture should be improved. However, the practice in Turkey has generally been in just the opposite way.

In 1930s the grazing lands and plateaus of Turkey were more than the half of the whole land of the country. However, with the mechanization of agriculture since 1950, large areas formerly used for grazing ruminants have been brought under cultivation. The main reason for this was to make Turkey the cereal depot of the Middle East. However, it can now easily be understood that this way selection was a mistake when it is considered that in some years Turkey has to import wheat from other countries.

The uncontrolled animal products imports to Turkey resulted with the breeders to give up animal breeding

As a result of reasons like these, although the need for milk and red meat has been increasing in Turkey, the ruminant populations has declined drastically since 1980s.

NUMBER OF BOVINE ANIMALS BY TYPE AND RACES IN TURKEY

Years Sheep Goat Cattle Water Buffalo

1990 40.553 10.977 11.377 371

1995 33.791 9.111 11.789 255

2000 28.492 7.201 10.761 146

2005 25.201 6.609 10.069 104

2007 25.475 6.286 11.037 84.7

NUMBER OF SHEEP AND GOAT BY TYPE AND RACES IN TURKEY

NUMBER OF OTHER ANIMALS BY TYPE AND RACES IN TURKEY

Despite of the decline in numbers, the ruminant population in Turkey is in the fourth place in Europe and still continues to be an important source to meet the animal products need of the country.

Product Quantity, ton kg/person/year

Milk (2007)

Sheep Goat Cattle Water Buffalo

12.329.800 782.600 (%6.4) 237.500 (%1.9) 11.279.300 (%91.5) 30.400 (%0.25)

174.7 kg

Red Meat(2007) Sheep Goat Cattle Water Buffalo

576.841 118.075(%18.06) 23.360 (%3.03) 432.406 (%78.77) 1.989 ( %0.39)

8.2 kg

Poultry meat(2007) 1.099.920 15.6 kg

Fish Meat(2007) Hunting Breeding

772.323 (%82) (%9.18)

10.9 kg

Total meat(2007) 2.449.084 ton 34.7 kg

Egg (2007) 12.700 million unit 10.1kg (180 unit)

Honey(2006) 73.935 ton >1.0 kg

DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN TURKEY

Fortunatelly, Our Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is trying to improve our animal breeding and agricultural activities.

And we are member of such cooperations :

•Cattle Breeders' Association Of Turkey

•IFCN, which Turkey is also represented by the Cattle Breeders' Association Of Turkey, is a network of dairy researchers from over 70 countries. Since the year 2000 it is analysing the economic situation of dairy farming world wide.

*ICAR , International Committee for Animal Recording

*Interbull

When we look at the distribution of total meat production in Turkey it can be seen that poultry meat has a leading role by 48% (Graphic 3). This distribution might be explained by the price of the poultry meat being cheaper.

The distribution of total meat production in TURKEY (Graphic 3.)

PoultryCattleSheepGoatW.Buffalo

3%

0,4 %

48 %

28 %

21%

Years Human Pop. (n)

Milk (kg) Red Meat (kg)

Poultry Meat (kg)

1980 44.739.000

107.68 4.56 1.54

1985 50.664.000

108.01 8.10 2.67

1990 60.611.000

159.54 7.86 4.77

1995 61.762.609

155.72 6.72 4.57

2000 67.804.000

148.61 7.24 9.49

2000 E.U 241.10 70.30 20.70

2000 U.S.A 258.40 74.60 47.60

POULTRY BREEDING

NATIVE RACES

Origin: TURKEY, İstanbul

Colour: White

Weight : Rooster : 2 Kg. Hen: 1.5 Kg.

Egg per year: 70 unit

Egg Colour: White

Incubation period:

21 days

SULTAN

GERZE

Origin : Sinop, Blacksea

Yield way: Egg - Meat

Rooster : 3,5 – 4 kg

Hen : 2,7 – 3,2 kg

Egg Colour : White

Egg yield : 110 unit/ year

Forked Cockscomb

DENİZLİ

Origin: Denizli

Yield way: Egg - Meat

Rooster : 3,5 – 4 kg

Chicken : 2,7 – 3,2 kg

Egg colour : White

Egg yield : 110-120 unit

Singing : 23-27 sn

CATTLE BREEDING IN TURKEY

The cattle population of Turkey is composed of 43% indigenous breeds, 15% improved breeds and 42% crossbreeds between improved and indigenous breeds.

This change to improved breeds has doubled the milk and meat production per cattle since 1980s. The average lactation milk yield has increased to 2000 kg per cow and the carcass yield to 170-180 kg per cattle (Akman et al., 2001). For sure, these averages are still very low and can be improved significantly.

To achieve this rise, the proportion of the use of artificial insemination and the genetic quality of the semen used must be improved.

As the genetic improvement is not enough for the desired results, sufficient breeding and feeding conditions should be provided.

When the needed practices could be applied, the cattle breeding has a great potential to improve animal production in Turkey.

INDIGENIOUS CATTLE BREEDS

There are 5 different types of indigenious cattle breeds in Turkey. They are;

1. Native Black Cattle,2. East Anatolian Red Cattle,3. Native South Anatolian Yellow Cattle ,

a. Native South Yellow Cattleb. Kilis Cattle

4. Anatolian Grey Cattle,5. Zavot Cattle.

Our indigenious cattle breeds are being protected

Native Black Cattle, Anatolian Black

Local Name of breed: Yerli Kara

It has the biggest population in native cattle breeds

NATIVE BLACK

Unicolor : Black It has the most little body in native breeds. Height : 100-115 cm Weight : 90-300 kg avarage: 200 kg, Birth weight :15 kg Grows lately, First kept for breeding age : 26-30 month Lactation days : 150-200 days, Milk yield : 900 kg If they find best conditions , can give 1500-2000 kg milk

NATIVE BLACK CATTLE

East and North-East Anatolian cattle Colour :Light red – dark chestnut Shorthorned Cidago Height : 115 cm, Mature cows : 250-350 kg, Birth weight: 15-20 kg Lactation days : 200-225 days, Milk yield :600-1200 kg

◦ In best conditions :2000 kg Fat ratio in milk : %5-7 Males used for fattening Fattening: 700-800 g

East Anatolian Red Cattle

South Anatolian Yellow – Red Cattle

Native breed of Middle East

East-Mediterrian and South-East Anatolia Region and Irak, Syria,Jordanian,Lebanese and Israel’s native cattle

Has 5 variates like Kilis, Native Yellow, Halep, Çukurova, Dörtyol Except Kilis and Native Yellow the other variates are disappeared

Native South Anatolian Yellow Cattle

South and South –East Anatolian Native cattle Color : changes between light yellow – dark red Cidago Height: 105-110 cm Mature females : 200-300 kg Lactation period : 6-7 month Milk yield : 600-1000 kg

South Anatolian Red – Kilis Cattle

South Anatolian Yellow- Red Cattle

Kilis

Colour : changes between light yellow – dark red Cidago weight : 120-135 cm, Cows : 340-500 kg, Birth weight : 20-25 kg. It is our the best milk type cattle. Lactation days : 270 days Milk yield : 2000-5000 kg Fat ratio in milk : % 4, Fattening gcaa : 800-900 g

SIMMENTAL CATTLE

Origin : Scotland Combined breed ( meat+ milk) High qualified meat Brought to Turkey in 1925s. In Aegean Region and East Anatolia it’s

hybrits and pure breeds are breeded. Colour : yellow-white, red-white

motled,head is usually white colour First pregnacy age: 27-30 month. Cows : 650-750 kg, Birth weight: 40-50 kg. Milk yield : 3000-5500 kg, Fat ratio in milk : % 4, Calfs have big head because of this hard

birth ratio is high Fattening: 1100-1500 gr.

SIMMENTAL

ANATOLIAN GREY CATTLE

Anatolian and Thracian’s indigenious race, Grows in Marmara and Aegean region and Bulgaria, Greece and

Romania (Balkan countries), It has great pull power, Height :120 cm, Weight: 300-400 kg Birth weight:15-20 kg First pregnacy : 4 aged (48 month) Lactation of milk : 240 days, Milk yield: 1000-1200 kg Fat race of milk >% 4 Male fattening period weight increasing : 800 g

ANATOLIAN GREY CATTLE

ZAVOT CATTLE

Mostly breeds in Kars Males are brought to

another regions for fattening

Colour: Cream Mature cows : 350 kg, Birth weight :25 kg Lactation milk yield :1600-

2000 kg Fattening period’s weight

increasing >1000 g

BLACKY CATTLE (MONTAFON)

Origin: Scotland Combined yield mountain race(meat+milk). The first breed that brought from another countrt

to Turkey. Breeds almost in every place in Turkey. Colour: grey- dark brown Cows Cidago : 130-140 cm. Weight : 600-750 kg, Birth weight : 40-45 kg First pregnacy: 24-30 month, Milk yield : 3000-6500 , Fat race in milk : %3.8-4.5 , Big productivity potential of meat and has

qualified meat. Fattening period weight increasing race: gcaa

1100-1500 g,

Blacky Cattle

Culture Breeds in Turkey

Milk Culture Races◦ Black- Motled ( Holstein)◦ Jersey

Combined (Meat+Milk) productive culture races ◦ Blacky Cattle◦ Simental Cattle

Meat Type Culture Races There are just little for searching in Turkey. Hereford, Angus, Brahman, Charolais, Limousin

Black – Motled( Holstein)

Big bodied, Origin: Holland, Brought to Turkey in 1958 Marmara and Aegean Regions are

places that lives mostly. Colour: black – white, mostled, Israel Black-mostled cattles give

12 ton milk In Turkey SV : 3000-8000 kg, In Aydın(a city of Turkey):5500 kg Fat in milk % : (%3-4 ), Height : 135-145 cm, Cows: 600-750 kg, Birth weight : 35-40 kg, First pregnancy : 24 month age Fattening power is good, Fattening: 1000-1500 g

BLACK - MOTLED (HOLSTEIN)

JERSEY CATTLE

Origin : Manş Sea Jersey Island Brought to Turkey in 1958 Blacksea is chosen the aea of

breeding Jersey cattle, Colour: changes below Light

yellow - brown Little bodied, 250-450 kg, Birth weight : 20-22 kg, Fat rate in milk : %5-8 Milk Yield : 2500-4500 kg, Fattening power is really low

level, Fattening: 600-700 g

HEREFORD

Hereford cattle are a widely used breed in temperate areas, mainly for beef production

Origin: England Colour : Red – White Motled Body Weight : between 600-800 kg High qualified meat and carcass

ANGUS CATTLE

Angus cattle is a term that refers to two Scottish breeds of cattle, which are naturally polled; that is, they don't have horns. Angus is one of the preferred breeds for beef .

The two breeds of Angus cattle are:

Black Angus, which refers to the predominant colouring amongst the original Scottish Aberdeen Angus population. If a colour is not specified when referring to Angus cattle, it's presumed to be black.

Red Angus, a breed resulting from the selection of red individuals from the Angus population, which has always had both red and black individuals

Brought to Turkey in 1958

Weight : 500-700 kg. Birth weight :25-30 kg.

BRANGUS IRKI

The Brangus breed was developed to utilize the superior traits of Angus and Brahman cattle. Their genetics are stabilized at 3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Angus.

The combination results in a breed which unites the traits of two highly successful parent breeds. The Brahman, through rigorous natural selection, developed disease resistance, overall hardiness and outstanding maternal instincts. Angusare known for their superior carcass qualities. They are also extremely functional females which excel in both fertility and milking ability.

Brangus Sığırı

Charolais (Şarole) Cattle

Charolais cattle are a beef breed of cattle which originated in Charolais, around Charolles, in France.

The biggest one in meat type cattles

Body Colour : Cream Mature cows : 600-900 kg Birth weight : 45 kg

Breeding Crossbreed Cattle in Turkey

Made by crossing culture breeds with native breeds.

The biggest population in cattle population in Turkey. (%40.46).

In Blacksea Region : Jersey x Native Black In Central East : Blacky x Native Black also Black- Motled x Native Black In Marmara Region: Black-Motled x Native Grey , Blacky x Native Grey In Aegean Region : Black - Motled x Native Grey

SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION IN TURKEY

Turkey is the leading sheep and goat

rearing country in Europe, ranking 5th or 6 th in the world with about 52 million head of small ruminants.

On the contrary, our production performance is

rather low. We are mainly kept on permanent grazing land and dry steppe areas with poor nutritive values in an extensive production system.

Sheep and goat are multipurpose animals that provide

milk, meat, fibre and skins for human needs and manure for the land in Anatolia since centuries.

The production level in this items is usually low. Small

ruminants (SR) could for various reasons play an ,important role for the country since they do not require costly inputs.

Their meat, milk and the converted dairy products are

valuable goods in Turkey. Other SR products such as wool, skin are considered of secondary importance because of economic reasons.

SR farming forms an integral part of agricultural production system. They are the main source of animal protein for people particularly live in rural areas.

SR contribution into total red meat and milk production of Turkey is 47.5 and 32.5%, respectively.

Demand for SR meat has always been high and its export share has also increased markedly after 1980.

A large part of SR is raised under extensive conditions. Most of the breeds kept

are native ones with low producing capacity.

The most known sheep and goat breeds, their production levels and share in population are given in Table 1 and 2.

Especially , goat meat and goat milk are the main sources of animal origin protein for the inhabitants in the mountainous region.

GOAT RACES

Most of the native sheep breeds are fat tailed (85%) and remaining part of population are thin-tailed native ones (10%) and crossbred genotypes(5 %).

HAIR GOAT

The dominant goat breed which raised all over Turkey is Hair goat (KıI Keçisi). Although there is a decline in the number of Hair goat in the last decade, its population is still about 9.5 million head.

Yield Features:

Weight: 45-50 kg

Milk yield: 70-100 kg

Lactation days: 180-200 days Twin birth ratio: % 5-15

Fat ratio in milk : % 4-5 Hair yield : 800-1200 g

KİLİS GOAT

South East Anatolia region’s breed,especially breeds in Hatay,Gaziantep and Urfa. Halep Goat ‘s that came from Syria and Hair Goat’s crossbreed. It has 100.000 population and the most productive milk type goat breed in Turkey. They have long, wide and pendulous ears. Because of their hair goat genotype they are stronger than other milk type goats. Their bodies are speacial for walking long.

Yield features:

Weight : 40-45 kg Lactation milk yield: 250-350 kg Lactation days: 200-240 days Fat ratio in milk: %4,3-4,7 Hair yield: 500-600 g Twin birth ratio: %15-25

If they find best conditions milk yield can increase to 500 kg.

SAANEN GOAT

Origin : Scotland

Adaptation habit is high.

Grows rapidly, high potential of milk and offspring.

Brought to Turkey in 1960, still breeding by pure and crossbreed.

Yield Features:

Weight : 50-55 kg

Milk Yield: 800-1000 kg

Lactation days: 250-300 days

Kid rate for a pregnacy: 1.8-1.9

Fat rate in milk: % 3.4-3.6

TOGGENBURG

Origin: Scotland

Medium size, sturdy, vigorous, and alert in appearance. Slightly smaller than the other Alpine breeds.

Toggenburgs perform best in cooler conditions.

High milk production

Yield Features:

Weight: 40-45 kg

Milk yield: 700-800 kg

Lactation days: 240-280 days

Kid ratio for a pregnacy : 1.7-1.8 Fat rate in milk: % 3.4-3.6

MALTA GOAT

Originates from the island of Malta.

It produces a large quantity of milk

In Turkey,breeds near Aegean and Marmara sea , especially in İzmir (Çeşme and Kuşadası)

It is characterized by a predominantly white coat coloration with a black head and ears and a thick white stripe running through the middle of the face.

Yield Features:Weight: 40-45 kg

Milk yield: 500-600 kg

Lactation days: 270-300 days

Fat rate in milk: %3,5-4

Kid ratio for a pregnacy: 2-3

WHITE GERMAN GOAT

Nature German white goat’s and Saanen’s crossbreed.

White colour, sturdy, vigorous, and alert in appearance.

Because of its’ high potential of adaptation, it is brought to a lot of countries.

Yield Features:

Weight: 60-70 kg

Milk yield: 1100 kg

Fat ratio in milk: %3,5

Kid rate for a pregnacy: 2,1

NUBIA GOAT

The typical Nubian is large in size and carries more flesh than other dairy breeds.

Standard specifies’ markings can be any color, the ears are long, pendulous

Yield Features:

Weight : 45-50 kg Lactation milk yield: 850-900 kg Lactation days: 270-300 days Fat rate in milk: %4-4,5

BOER GOAT

The Boer goat was developed in South Africa in the early 1900s for meat production

Boer goats commonly have white bodies and distinctive brown heads. Like the Nubian goat, they possess long, pendulous ears. They are noted for being docile, fast growing, and having high fertility rates. Does are reported to have superior mothering skills as compared to other goats.

Mature Boer bucks weight :between 110-135 kg ,

mature does weight :between 90-100 kg .

ANKARA GOAT

The Angora goat (Turkish: Ankara keçisi) is a breed of domestic goat that originated in Ankara (formerly known as Angora).

Yield Features:

Weight : 28-35 kg

Milk yield : 35-40 kg

Lactation days: 120-130 days Twin birth ratio : %2-5

Fat ratio in milk: % 3.4-3.6 Dirty mohair ratio: 3-4 kg Curl height: 13-16 cm Fiber diemeter: 30-33 micron

CASHMERE GOAT

A cashmere goat is any breed of goat that produces cashmere wool, which is the goat's fine soft downy winter undercoat, in commercial quality and quantity.

Most common goat breeds, including dairy goats, grow this two coated fleece.

Yield Features:

Weight: 30-40 kg

Cashmere yield per year: 150-250 g Fiber Thinness : 11-17 µ

SHEEP BREEDING IN TURKEY

Sheep have the ability to transform poor grasslands, which are widespread in Turkey, into valuable products like meat, milk, wool and skin.

In Turkey, sheep meat, sheep milk and products are valuable and generally preferred commodities. 97% of the sheep population in Turkey belong to the indigenous breeds (Yılmaz et al., 2003).

To maximize the sheep production, intensive breeding and feeding methods should be introduced to sheep breeding.

Likewise by the widening of the lamb-fattening programs in Turkey the carcass yield in sheep breeding has increased from 13 kg to 19 kg since 1980s (Kutlu et al., 2003).

INDIGENIOUS SHEEP BREEDS

İVESİ

Mostly breeds in East Anatolia.

It has a great milk production

Fatty tail Mature sheep weight:

44-48 kg

DAĞLIÇ

•West Anatolian indigenious breed

• It’s a suitable breed for Meat,

Milk and Fleece wool.

• Fatty sheep breed

• Mature ram weight : 50-60 kg

• Mature sheep weight: 35-40 kg

• Rams have spiral horns.

ACIPAYAM

Crossbred of İvesi and Dağlıç It has a big productivity of meat,

milk and fleece wool. Lives in Aegean region.

HERİK

•North Anatolian breed

• It has a big productivity of meat, milk and fleece wool.

• Rams have horns.

• Sheeps have no horn

•Lactation milk race : 20-25 kg

TUJ

• Breeds in East Anatolia

• It has a big productivity of meat, milk and fleece wool

• Short fatty tail sheep breed

• Rams have horns

• Sheeps has no horn

KIVIRCIK

• Breeds in Thrace and Aegean regions

• Productivity way is meat and milk production

• It has a great meat quality.

• Thin tail

• Mature ram weight : 40-45 kg

• Mature sheep weight : 30-40kg

• Rams have spiral horns

• Sheeps have no horn

SAKIZ• Mostly breeds in Aegean region, especially in Çeşme ( district of Izmir)

• It has a big potential of offspring and milk

• It is fatless tail sheep breed

• Rams have horn

•Sheeps have no horn

• Mature sheep weight 35-40 kg

• Mature ram weight 50-60 kg

• Milk race 200-230 lt

NORDUZ

• East Anatolian breed

• It has a big productivity of meat, milk and fleece wool

• Fatty tail sheep breed

• Rams have horns

• It is an endemic sheep breed

ÖDEMİŞ

• Breeds in Aegean region in Ödemiş

• It is an endemic sheep breed that has a fatty tail

• Unfortunatelly it is an extinct breed

KARAYAKA

Breeds in Blacksea area

It has a thin and long tail

Mature ram weight 40-50

kg

Mature sheep weight 35-

40 kg

Lactation milk yield 40-45

kg

Rams have horn

Sheeps have no horn

AKKARAMAN

Central Anatolian, Blacksea and Mediterrian breed

Rams have horn

Sheeps have no horn

Combined yield way

Fatty tail

PURPLE KARAMAN

Breeds in North and Northeast region

Fatty tail Mature sheep weight 45-50

kg Mature ram weight 60-70 kg Combined yield

HEMŞİN

North-East Anatolian breed Body colour is brown Little building It’s wool has wild-mixed

properties

İMROZ (GÖKÇEADA)

Breeds in Imbros and Çanakkale Rams have horns,sheeps have no

horn Long thin tail Lactation milk yield 70-100 kg

TAHİROVA Breeds in Aegean region Crossbred of Kıvırcık and Ost Friz It has a big potential of milk and offspring

KARAGÜL (KARAKUL)

Origin : Uzbekistan Breeds mostly in Afghanistan, Iran ve Russia Combined yield breed It’s important with its Astragan fur

KARYA Mostly breeds in Aegean Crossbred of Sakız and Kıvırcık Genotype of combined breed Lactation milk yield 90 lt It has a big yield of offspring and milk

ÇİNE ÇAPARI Breeds in Aydın city in Çine region and some

mountain villages It has a big adaptation habit Low yield breed Almost extinct Fatty tail (Body weight : 35-45 kg) Lactation milk yield 40-80 lt

FOREIGN SHEEP BREEDS

Merinos• Origin : Spain

• Mostly breeds in Australia

• Big potential of fleece wool and meat

Dorset•Origin : England

• Mature ram weight: 100-125 kg

• Mature sheep weight : 65-90 kg.

Rambouillet•Mature ram weight : 125-150 kg

• Mature sheep weight :75-100 kg

• Mature sheep’s wool yield : 4-9 kg

North Country Cheviot• Origin : Scotland

• It has features like Leicester

• Mature ram weight :150 kg

• Mature sheep weight : 90 kg

Cheviot• Origin : England and Scotland

•It’s meat and wool yield is good

• Mature ram weight : 80-100 kg.

• Mature sheep weight : 60-80kg.

Hampshire• Origin : England

• It breeds because of meat productivity

• Mature ram weight : 130 kg

• Mature sheep weight :100 kg

Southdown• Origin : England

• Used in crossbreeding

• Mature ram weight : 90-120 kg.

•Mature sheep weight : 65-90 kg

Suffolk• Origin : England

• Crossbreed of Southdown and Norfolk

•Mature ram weight :125-175 kg.

• Mature sheep weight :90-125 kg

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Hilal YAZAR Erasmus Student from TURKEY

Ege University / Agriculture Faculty / Agriculture Engineering

Contact : zoofagus@msn.com