APES: Monday, August 24th Today’s Agenda: • Tragedy of the Commons Lab Due in Inbox • Return & Review Tests & FRQ Practice 1 • FRQ Practice 2 •  Unit 2 Vocab (index cards or on NB paper-either

way its part of the next NB Check) • Start Unit 2 Notes: Environmental Science &

Natural Capital Reminders: •  Unit 2 Vocab quiz on Thursday, August 27th

•  Unit 2 Test Thursday September 3rd

Environmental Problems, Their Causes & Sustainability

(Unit 2: Chapter 1)

• Environmental science 3 goals: •  Learn how nature works • Understand how we interact w/ the

environment •  Find ways to deal with env. problems

and to live more sustainably • Environment: everything that

affects a living organism ▫  Includes the biotic (living) and abiotic

(nonliving)

• Environmental science: interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with their environment

• Integrates information from: ▫  Life Sciences: Biology

�  *Ecology: the study of the relationships between living organisms & their environment

▫  Chemistry ▫  Earth Sciences: Geology, Climatology ▫  Social Sciences: Geography, Economics, Politics ▫  Philosophy & Ethics

} All life depends on THREE PRINCIPLES: 1.   Reliance on Solar Energy: photosynthesis 2.   Biodiversity: variety of organisms & natural

systems and services 3.   Chemical cycling: cycling of nutrients

Natural Capital: } Solar capital: }  direct energy from sun & indirect forms of solar energy

– wind, hydropower, biomass

} Earth capital: } Resources: air, water, soil, minerals, biodiversity } Services: nutrient recycling, climate control, water

purification, etc.

RESOURCES

Air

Water Energy

Soil Minerals

EARTHCAPITAL

Climate Control

Waste Treatment

Pest & Disease Control

Population Control

Pollution Control

Biodiversity Nutrient Recycling

SERVICES

APES: Tuesday, August 25th Reminders: •  Unit 2 Vocab quiz on Thursday, August 27th

•  Unit 2 Test Thursday September 3rd

• Today’s Agenda: ▫  Continue Unit 2 Notes: Resources, Developed &

Developing Countries

Resources

Perpetual Nonrenewable

Renewable

Fresh air

Fresh water

Fertile soil Plants and

animals (biodiversity)

Direct solar energy

Winds, tides, flowing water

Fossil fuels

Metallic minerals

Non -metallic minerals

(iron, copper, aluminum)

(clay, sand, phosphates)

Resources

• Perpetual/ Inexhaustible = ▫ Renewed

continuously

• Renewable = ▫ Replenished

“rapidly” (days to hundreds of years) ▫ Ex: forests,

animals, air, soil

▫  Sustainable yield = highest rate at which renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply

▫ Env. degradation = exceeding a renewable resource’s natural replacement rate �  Examples: � Urbanization of productive land �  Topsoil erosion � Deforestation �  Groundwater depletion

Renewable resources can be depleted or degraded!

• Nonrenewable resources = •  Exist in fixed quantity in

earth’s crust ▫  Fossil fuels: coal, oil,

natural gas ▫  Metals ▫  Nonmetallic minerals

• Fossil fuels cannot be recycled

• Metals can be recycled ▫  Reuse is even better!

Resources

Perpetual Nonrenewable

Renewable

Fresh air

Fresh water

Fertile soil Plants and

animals (biodiversity)

Direct solar energy

Winds, tides, flowing water

Fossil fuels

Metallic minerals

Non -metallic minerals

(iron, copper, aluminum) (clay, sand,

phosphates)

Countries Differ in Resource Use! ▫ Economic growth: increase in a nation’s output

of goods & services; measured by:

� Gross domestic product (GDP): market value of all the products, goods, services of all businesses that operate within the country.

� Per capita (per person) GDP : GDP divided by total population. � Will reflect the standard of living

Developing Countries ≈80% of world’s population, Only uses ≈12% of the world’s resources Low industrialization & per capita GDPs Mostly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America Some are moderately developed (middle-income): China, India, Brazil Developed Countries ≈20% of world’s pop, Use 88% of the world’s resources, Produce 75% of world’s pollution & waste High industrialization & per capita GDPs US, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe ("nice Europe")

APES: Wednesday, August 26th Reminders: •  Unit 2 Vocab quiz on Thursday, August 27th

•  Unit 2 Test Thursday September 3rd

• Today’s Agenda: ▫  Unit 2 Notes: Environmental Problems ▫  Crash Course Videos

Environmental Problems include: � Destruction/ loss of biodiversity

� Human overpopulation & disease � Wasting of valuable and nonrenewable

resources � Production of waste � Greenhouse Effect and resulting climatic

changes

� Environmental impacts from human poverty and hunger

� Poor farming techniques (soil erosion, overuse of pesticides, livestock wastes, etc.)

� Genetic engineering of organisms

Important environmental problems:

▫ Pollution*

▫ Resource Use & Degradation

▫ Biodiversity Loss

▫ Climate Change

▫ Waste Production

• Pollution = presence of chemical or agent* at high enough levels within the environment to threaten the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms • Ex. of agent*: noise, light, heat

Categories of pollution: By Source: � Point Sources = single identifiable source,

easier to “fix” Ex: drainpipe dumping into river, smokestack of factory, tailpipe of car.

� Non-Point Sources = source is dispersed & difficult/impossible to identify. � Ex: Nitrate runoff from fields, pesticides sprayed in air.

By type: � Biodegradable = harmful materials that

natural processes can break down over time. Ex: human sewage, newspaper

� Nondegradable = harmful chemicals that natural processes cannot break down. � Ex: toxic chemicals/elements

Effects:

1.   Disrupt/degrade water, air, soil, etc.

2.  Damage wildlife, human health, & property

3.  Create nuisances: Noise, smells, tastes & sights

What can we do?

▫ Pollution cleanup (output control) - clean up pollution once it occurred ▫  But – only temporary & small fix

▫ Pollution prevention (input control) - reduces or eliminates production of pollutants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eTCZ9L834s

5 Human Impacts on the Environment: Crash Course Ecology #10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdDSRRCKMiI

Pollution: Crash Course Ecology #11 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kaeyr5-O2eU

Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Crash Course Ecology #12

APES: Thursday, August 27th

Reminders: •  Unit 2 Vocab quiz TODAY

•  Unit 2 Test Thursday September 3rd

• Today’s Agenda: ▫  Unit 2 Vocab Quiz ▫  Unit 2 Notes: Tragedy of the Commons, Causes of env. prob., Affluenza, Poverty & Env. impact

• Tragedy of the Commons

▫  1968 Essay by Garrett Hardin

▫  Each user of a shared common resource (air, water, soil) thinks:

▫  “If I do not use this resource, someone else will. The little bit that I use or pollute is not enough to matter, and it’s renewable anyway”

▫  If too many think this way à shared resource is degraded &/or exhausted

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLirNeu-A8I

Main Causes of Environmental Problems:

1.   Population growth

2.  Wasteful & Unsustainable Resource Use

3.  Poverty

4.  Not including environmental costs of economic goods and services in their market prices

} Human Pop Growth

Show Exponential Growth – over 7 billion people on the planet

▫ “increasing at an increasing rate”

▫ Animal example - a cat has 7 kittens, each of them has 7 kittens, in 2 years becomes 49 kittens, in three years becomes 350, in 7 years becomes a half million cats

▫ In 2010, an average of 227,000 people were born each day à like adding a new U.S. city every 2 weeks, a new France every 9 months, and a new United States every 4 years

• Pop growth is faster in developing countries

•  Pop Growth & Economic Development associated with high consumption & unnecessary waste

•  Affluenza = addiction to overconsumption & materialism exhibited in lifestyles in developed countries

•  More money à more stuff à greater use of resources & more waste

•  More money = more scientific & technological achievements to improve living conditions & environmental conditions

•  Poverty & Environmental Impact

}  Poverty & Environmental Impact

▫  Poverty = unable to fulfill basic needs for food, water, shelter, health, & education

▫  1 out of every 2 people today survives on less than $3 dollars a day.

▫  Poverty affects environment b/c impoverished may degrade soil, forests, fisheries, etc. just to survive.

▫  It’s hard to be concerned with the environment when your survival is on the line.

▫  It’s all about choices: the life of my child or cutting down more trees for crop land for food?

•  Poverty & Environmental Impact

APES: Friday August 28th Reminders: •  Unit 2 Test Thursday September 3rd

• Today’s Agenda: Water on Zork Lab with guest Mrs. Gail Westcott from the Warnell Center

APES: Monday August 30th Reminders: •  Unit 2 Test Thursday September 3rd

•  Today’s Agenda ▫  Water on Zork reflections (?) ▫  The Story of Stuff Video ▫  Unit 2 notes: ecological footprint model,

environmental impact model, world views

Modeling our effects on the environment:

▫ Ecological Footprint Model ▫ Environmental Impact Model

• Ecological footprint = amount of land & water needed to provide people with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to absorb & recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use

▫  Can also include nonrenewable resources

•  If a country’s ecological footprint is larger than its biological capacity to replenish its renewable resources and to absorb the resulting wastes & pollution, it has an ecological deficit

• Ecological Footprint Stats: ▫  The U.S. has the world’s second largest per

capita ecological footprint ▫ According to some, it would take the land

area of ~5 more planet Earths for the rest of the world to reach current U.S. levels of renewable resource consumption

• Environmental Impact Model: IPAT

▫  Impact (I) = Population (P) X Affluence (A) X Technology (T)

• Environmental Impact Model: IPAT

▫  Impact (I) = Population (P) X Affluence (A) X Technology (T)

▫  I = how much humanity is degrading the natural capital

▫  Pop Growth: high in developing, low in developed

▫  Affluence: high in developed, low in developing

▫  Technology can be good or bad ▫  Bad: polluting factories, motor vehicles ▫  Good: pollution control, clean energy

} People View the Environment Differently:

Environmental Worldview = how you think the world works, what you think your role in the world should be

Environmental ethics: what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment

Planetary Management Worldview � We are planet’s most important species;

are in charge of nature �  Nature exists to meet our needs

� Will not run out of resources because of our ingenuity & technology

� The potential for global economic growth is unlimited

� Our success depends on how well we manage the earth’s life-support systems for our own benefit

Stewardship Worldview

� We are planet’s most important species, but have an ethical responsibility to care for nature

� We will probably not run out of resources, but they should not be wasted

� We should encourage environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth and discourage environmentally harmful growth

� Our success depends on how well we manage the earth’s life-support systems for our benefit and for the rest of nature

Environmental Wisdom Worldview

� Nature exists for all species - not just us and we are not in charge of the earth

� Earth’s resources are limited and should not be wasted and are not all for us

� We should encourage earth-sustaining forms of economic growth and discourage earth-degrading forms

� Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating such lessons from nature in our own lives

• Ultimate goal à Sustainable Society

•  Meeting the basic needs of people indefinitely without degrading or depleting the natural capital that supplies the resources.

Main Sustainability Strategies 1.   Rely more on renewable energy forms

2.   Protect Biodiversity

3.   Sustain natural chemical cycles by reducing waste & pollution

Other Examples: �  Take no more than we need �  Try not to harm life, air, water, soil �  Help maintain Earth's capacity for self repair �  Don't use potentially renewable resources faster than they are replenished �  Don't waste resources �  Don't release pollutants faster than Earth's natural processes can dilute or

degrade them �  Slow the rate of population growth �  Reduce poverty