Transplantations and BorderlandsIntroduction

Most Early English settlements in North America were business enterprises American society was a “middle ground” - disparate people and cultures coexist

o East   North America became dominate English settlements o “middle ground” societies lived up until the 19th century (mostly in the interior of

the continent)I. (The Early Chesapeake)

1606: James I issues a charter to the London and Plymouth Companies to colonize America (#1 problem was money)

o Plymouth Group: colonize Sagadahoc (coast of Maine) but was unsuccessful o London Company: went to Virginia w/ three ships (Godspeed, Discovery, and

Susan Constant) A. (The Founding of Jamestown)

1. 1607: sailed into Chesapeake Bay and established colony @ Jamestowna. Sought an easy place to defend  from Indians (learning from Roanoke)b. Was low, swampy, humid, and had outbreaks of malariac. Surrounded by thick woods (hard for cultivation) and local Indian tribes

2. Problems for English colonists a. Malaria killed or weakened the English = no power for workb. Did not worry about agriculture (assumed they could rely on Indians for food)c. Spent much of their limited time in search for gold (London wanted a quick

return) 3. London Company did not want a family community in the New World (sent no women)

a. made it hard for settlers to establish any type of “society: b. was rare for colonists to intermarry w/ natives

c. problems with no women: no real-households, no order in domestic lives, and had little feelings to have a permanent stake in the community

4. John Smith: famous world traveler and hero of implausible travel narratives he had written

a. 1608: came to Jamestown  - was facing extinction (38/104 original English were alive)b. Smith became council president

i. imposed work, established order, and had raids to steal nearby food from the natives

c. 1609: Smith was deposed from council (went to England) and colony showed promise of survival

B. (Reorganization)1. The London Company was now calling itself the Virginia Company

a. got a new charter from the king (increased the company’s power over the colony)

b. sold stock to people who lived in England (stockholders would gain future profits)

c. gained new settlers by offering stock to people who were willing to migrate there

i. provided a free passage for even the poorest as long as they served for seven years

d. launched a “great fleet” - nine vessels w/ 600 people (men, women, and children) to Jamestown, Virginia 2. Disasters of the Great Fleet

a. one ship was lost at sea and the other was stuck on an island for monthsb. “Starving Time” - the winter of 1609-1610

i. local Indians killed the livestock and kept colonists barricaded in their fencesc. Next May: the ship stuck on an island and took the fifty survivors and left for England3. The Revival of Jamestown

a. on the ships way back to England it meets another English shipb. the new ship contained supplies and Lord de La Warr (the colonies first

governor)c. the ships went to Jamestown and more colonists from England started to

arrive4. Lord de La Warr - imposed harsh discipline on the people of the colony

a. organized settlers in work gangs and hung sentenced offendersb. was not effective and settlers tended to evade work

5. Sir Thomas Dale (successor of Warr)a. provided colonists w/ personal incentives i. permitted the private ownership and cultivation of land

ii. in return, landowners would repay the company w/ part-time work and contributions of grain to its storehouses

6. New Settlements occurred because of the discipline of the governors, the increased military assaults on local Indians, and tobacco

C.(Tobacco) 1. England was aware of tobacco since Columbus’ returned from the West Indians

a. tobacco was in wide use in Europe when the Spanish colonized the New World

b. “A counterblaste to Tobacco” was King James I attack on tobacco in which he urged his people not to take part in something that the Indians doc. critics were also concerned because England purchased tobacco from Spain and that meant a England’s gold was going to Spain 2. 1612: John Rolfe (a Jamestown Planter) found tobacco the local natives used

a. he produced high quality and found many buyers from Englandb. led to more expansion (tobacco requires a lot of land since it exhausts the soil rapidly)

D. (Expansion) 1. 1616: The Virginia Company still paying debts from colonizing projects

a. 1618: launched their last project to make their colonies profitable 2. The Headright system - a way to recruit new settlers and workers to the coloniesa. headright - fifty-acre grant of land (could be acquired in multiple ways)

i. if currently living in a colony one receives 100 acre plot ii. each new settler gained one headrightiii. anyone who paid the passage for another they gained another headright

b. The Virginia Company hoped some colonists would gain sizable plantationsc. each year colonists paid a quitrent (a land tax) to the company

3. Other incentivesa. Company brought ironworkers and other skilled craftsmenb. brought women to marry colonists (colonists bought women w/ tobacco)c. got to create a self-government

i. July 30, 1619: delegates from multiple communities met @ the House of Burgessesii. was the first meeting of an elected legislature in the current day US

4. 1619: Dutch ship brought in twenty African American Slaves  a. was the first step in African enslavement in the American republic

b. at first: slaves were treated like servants and the English preferred indentured servants from Europe than any Africans5. Suppression of local Indians enabled expansion of the coloniesa. Sir Thomas Dale led attacks on Powhatan Indians

b. Dale kidnapped Pocahontas (the chief’s daughter)i. she converted to Christianity and married John Rolfeii. with her in England the chief ceased all his attacks

6. Opechancanough - son/successor of Powhatana. defended tribal lands after his father diedb. had to retreat on his second uprisings and from then stopped challenging whites

7. The Colony comes under the control of the crown (1624 - 1776)a. Virginia Company in London was going bankrupt (esp after Indian uprisings)b. 1624: James I revoked the company’s charter and came under control of the crown

E. (Exchanges of Agricultural Technology) 1. English used the Native agricultural technologies

a. big reason for why Jamestown survived as long as it didb. Indians built huge farms with lots of crops (some the Europeans had never seen)

2. English vs Indian Agricultural techniques (how to clear fields)a. Indians: either set fire to trees or “girdled”  (girdling: deep incisions around the base)b. English: cut down trees and uprooted them

3. English learned the value of corna. was easier to cultivate and produce than any other European cropb. growing corn next to beans enriched the soilc. corn spoiled less easier than other crops and were a source of sugar

F. (Maryland and the Calverts) 1. George Calvert - the first Lord of Baltimore, a recent convert to Catholicism and a businessman

a.wanted to create a new colony that was a venture in real estate and a new place for Catholics who felt oppressed by the Anglican establishment b. died before he could get a charter from the king

2. Cecilius Calvert: the second Lord of Baltimore and son of George Calverta. received a charter that gave him more land and power than expected

i. included present-day Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia b. he and his heirs were to hold their territories as “true and absolute lords”

i. paid and annual fee to the crown (to show the king’s power)3. Leonard Calvert : brother of Lord Baltimore (Baltimore made him governor and sent him to the colony in the New World)

a. Leonard took two ships (the Ark and the Dove)  with 200-300 passengersb. laid out the village St. Mary (named after the queen)c. were befriended by neighboring Indians, had no plagues, and never starved

i. exact opposite in comparison with the Virginia colony 4. Calverts had to encourage the immigration of Protestants and English Catholics to make their colony profitable

a. Protestants and Catholics = two percent of the English populationb. Calverts had to appease the non-Catholic majority (had more Protestant immigrants)

i. adopted a religious toleration policyii. appointed a Protestant as governoriii. “Act Concerning Religion” : assured freedom of worship to all Christians

5. Protestant majority and Christian minority tensions grew in Maryland a. Puritans antagonized Christians by making their religion dominant

i. Protestants didn’t let Catholics vote and repealed the Toleration Actii. led to a civil war and ended with Protestant dominance

6. 1640: Maryland faced labor shortages and became a lot like Virginiaa. adopted the “headright” system and became the center of tobacco cultivationb. preferred English indentured servants but then moved to African slaves

G. (Turbulent Virginia) 1. Mid-seventeenth Century: Virginia’s population and economy started increasing2. Biggest political dispute: how to deal with the natives

a. moving westward meant running into Indian territory and border conflicts3. Sir William Berkeley appointed governor of Virginia by the king in 1942

a. put the force together to take down the Indian uprising in 1644i. led to large area of land to the Englishii. Berkeley formally set rules w/ the Indians on border lines as an attempt to protect Indians (ended up being useless because of Virginia’s rapid growth)

b. during the 1660s Berkeley became an autocratic ruler (three English counties)i. restricted the vote of the burgesses from 17 year old men to landownersii. elections were rare w/ only two representatives per countyiii. people in the “backcountry” were either underrepresented or not represented

H. (Bacon’s Rebellion)1. 1676: the backcountry had major political rivalries that caused major conflicts

a. main issue the backcountry and eastern colonies fought on were the nativesb. many backcountry settlements were in Indian territory and faced being attacked

2. Nathaniel Bacon - a wealthy young graduate from Cambridge Universitya. Came to Virginia and bought lots of land and eventually became part of the governor’s council (member of the backcountry gentry) b. Berkeley resented Bacon by excluding him from the governor’s council (Green Spring Group)

i. Berkeley also did not allow Bacon in the Indian fur trade3. 1675: Doeg Indians attacked plantations (unhappy about Europeans on their land)

a.Whites responded by attacking the Doeg and Susquehannock tribes b. Berkeley told Bacon and his people to be precautious as the fighting escalated c. Bacon and his men refused and hit a tribe of Indians

i. was seen as an act of rebellion to colonial government (i.e Bacon’s rebellion)ii. was the biggest rebellion against the colonial government until the Revolution

4. Bacon went to Jamestown twicea. First visit: gained a temporary pardon from the governor b. Second visit: governor reneged on the pardon → Bacon burned Jamestown and

exiled the governor c. Bacon almost took control of Virginia but died of dysenteryd. Berkeley regained control of Virginia and w/ new British troops defeated natives

i. resulted in new border lines (whites gained more land)5. Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion

a. showed the struggle between boundary lines for whites and nativesb.  how whites did not keep their word and how natives would not tolerate itc. competition between eastern and western landownersd. what Bacon created without realizing it:

i. the potential for instability in the colony’s large population of landless menii. Bacon’s army consisted of indentured servants who had finished their serviceiii. the animosity of Bacon’s army gave reason to why the English turned to African slaves

II. New England the second settlement in English America (The Growth of New England) formed due to the discontent of Puritan Separatists in England

o were being imprisoned or executed for defying the government and Church wanted a place to worship their religion freely (did not believe other religions should)

A. (Plymouth Plantation)

1. Was illegal to leave England without the King’s consenta. Separatists from the Hamlet of Scrooby silently left to Holland

i. had to work poor jobs and could not get a could not create a strong Christian community

b. decided to move to the New World2. Leaders of Scrooby got permission from the Virginia Company and the king

a. permission from the king meant that all Protestants had the opportunity to leave3. William Bradford (leader) called the migrating Puritans: “Pilgrims”

a. left the port of Plymouth (English coast) on the Mayflowerb. aimed to reach present day New York but landed on the Cape Codc. settled in area just north of the cod called “Plymouth” (named after the port)

4. The Mayflower Compact: established a civil government and proclaimed allegiance to the king (signed by forty-one ment)

a. had to sign it because the Pilgrims settled in a place out of the Company’s land 5. December 21, 1620: Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock

a. was once a village of Indians but they died way before by European diseasesb. first winter killed half the colonists (malnutrition, disease, and exposure)

6. Survival of the colony was due to the good relations with the Indiansa. Squanto and Samoset showed them how to grow corn and hunt local animalsb. Squanto: had earlier been captured by Europeans and spoke English

i. helped formed an alliance with the Wampanoags tribe (under Chief Massasoit) c. Invited Indians to an October Festival to mark their alliance (first Thanksgiving)d. alliance did not last because 13 years later English caused a smallpox epidemic

7. Miles Standish - one of the leaders of the colonya. established a semi-military regime to impose discipline on the settlersb. eventually grew enough corn and other crops to have a trading surplus and a small fur trade w/ Indians of Maine c. after a decade of arriving the population reached 300

8. Plymouth Plantationa. chose William Bradford repeatedly to be their leader

i. persuaded the Council for New England to give them rights to live at Plymouth Plantation ii. destroyed the communal labor that Standish made  iii. distributed land among the familiesiv. paid off their debt w/ the money from the fur trade

b. were poor but believed God had put them there to live their Christian livesB. (The Puritan Experiment)

1. 1625: King James I died and is succeeded by his son Charles Ia. Charles favored Roman Catholicism which gave reason for him to attack the Puritans of England b. Charles disbanded the Parliament and was the final straw for peace with the Puritans

2. A group of Puritan merchants obtained a grant in New Englanda. consisted of current day Massachusetts and New Hampshire b. got a charter from Charles ( did not know they were Puritans) which led to the Massachusetts Bay Company and a colony in the New Worldc. 1629: took a large mass of Puritans to New England

3. Members of the Massachusetts Company saw their business as a way to create a safe haven for all Puritans in England

a. secretly met and bought out the non Puritan investors4. John Winthrop - was elected governor by the company

a. organized the migration that sailed for New England in 1630

i. 17 ships (1,000 people) and the largest single migration in the 17th centuryb. carried the charter which meant that the colonists would be responsible to no company officials in England and only to themselves

5. The result of the mass migrationa. produced several new settlements including Boston as the company’s headquarters and the colony’s capital b. the Company soon became a colonial government

i. the eight stockholders (“freemen”) were to meet as a court to choose officers and create rulesii. freemen later became all male citizensiii. usually dominated by John Winthrop but later officers had to be elected yearly

6. The Congregational Church was both in Plymouth and Massachusettsa. Puritans didn’t accept the rule of the Roman Catholic hierarchy or Church of Englandb. had a very similar idea that John Calvin presented (Calvinism) c. sought salvation as well as freedom (the right to worship without interference)d. were expected to be obedient but by authorities from the colonies not England

7. The Massachusetts Puritans were serious and pious peoplea. lived hardworking lives and believed to be a good model for the rest of the world

8. Massachusetts was a theocratic society (line between church and state was vagues)a. ministers had no formal political power but had influence on those who didb. people had to pay taxes (money went to the church) and government enforced people to attend services

9. Massachusetts Bay Colony Topographya. started of with a third of its colonists dead in the first winterb. grew more rapidly than Jamestown and Plymouth

i. had good relations with the natives which meant lots of tradingii. large number of family groups helped create a feeling of commitment to the community and sense of order (exact opposite in Jamestown)

C. (The Expansion of New England)1. More people arrived to Massachusetts who were not Puritan (could not vote)

a. either changed religions or had to leave (more left than stayed)2. The Connecticut Valley: on the edge of the European settlement around Boston

a. attracted many non Puritans who left Massachusettsb. appealed to Thomas Hooker: a minister of Newton

i. defied the Massachusetts government and led his congregation to establish the town of Hartford

c. Hartford and two other towns established a colonial governmenti. adopted their own Constitution (Fundamental Orders of Connecticut)

3. The New Haven Connecticut Colony a. was created by a Puritan minister and a wealthy merchant from Englandb. created the Fundamental Articles of New Haven: a religious government that was stricter than what was in Boston c. 1622: a royal charter combined New Haven with Hartford to create the colony of Connecticut

4. Roger Williams: a young minister who lived in Massachusetts and became the founder of the Rhode Island Colony  

a. was a confirmed Separatists who thought the Massachusetts Church should abandon all ties with the Church of Englandb. wanted a separate church and state to protect the church from corruptionc. for his unorthodox remarks he was abandoned from Massachusetts

d. bought land from a tribe and created a town called Providence (expanded to Rhode Island)

i. got a Charter from Parliament to establish a governmentii. Rhode Island gave no support to the church and all religions could practice their faith without interference

5. Anne Hutchinson - a women from a Boston familya. argued that the members of the Massachusetts Clergy had no right to spiritual office because they had no proper experienceb.caused alarm because she was not being a “proper” Puritan womenc. gained lots of women followers as well as others who did not like the repressive colonial government

i. her influence led to Winthrop not being re-elected as governor (was elected again a year later)ii. Winthrop accused Anne of heresy and embarrassed her accuser by revealing her knowledge of theology iii. she was banished and she and her followers moved to Rhode Island and she died in New York during an Indian uprising  

6. New Hampshire and Maine coloniesa. post Anne Hutchinson banishment the clergy restricted women even moreb. Hutchinson’s followers migrated to New Hampshire and Mainec. Captain John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges: founders of the two colonies

i. got a rant and divided it along Piscataqua River to create two provincesii. did not get many setters until Hutchinson’s followers left Massachusetts

d. 1679: New Hampshire became a separate colony e. 1820: Maine (was part of Massachusetts) became a separate colony

D. (Settlers and Natives)1. Praying Indians: natives who converted to Christianity and joined Puritan towns 2. Importance of Natives

a. showed new crops and how planting beans would replenish exhausted soilb. were important trading partners especially for fur trade

3. How tensions rose with natives and whitesa. Whites moved into Indian settlements

i. over hunting animals → domesticate animals → need more land b. moving farther west whites met much more powerful tribesc. Puritans view of the friendly Indians turned into “savages”

i. thought to convert them to Christianity (John Eliot converted the Bible to the Algonquian language)ii. other Puritans thought they should displace or exterminate all Indians

d. drove Indians to Christianity, alcoholism, or warfare E. (The Pequot War, King Philip’s War, and the Technology of Battle)

1. The Pequot War (1637): The Pequot tribes vs settlers of Connecticut Valleya. tensions rose with the two groups as they fought for trade with the Dutch and who got what piece of landb. The English allied with Mohegan and Narragansett Indians (rivals of the Pequot)c. Captain John Mason: led the act to set the Pequot tribe on fire which wiped out almost all Pequot Indians (the survivors were sold as slaves)

2. King Philip’s War: the Wampanoag rose up against the whitesa. Indians were under the leadership of King Philip/Metacomet (same person but English called him King Philip)b. Metacomet believed that armed resistance was the only way to stop the settlers from attacking his tribe and imposing English law on them

c. spent three years terrorizing white colonies and killing thousands of whitesd. White settlers allied with the Mohawks

i. Colonists attacked Wampanoag villages and destroyed their food suppliesii. Mohawks ambushed and killed Metacomet (brought his head to Boston)

e. Metacomet’s resistance plummeted as his leaders were sold as slaves or killed3. Post King Philip’s War the English had to be aware of threats from other Indian tribes

a. also had to watch out for the Dutch and French who fought for landi. French allied with the Algonquian tribe and did eventually attack New England

4. Flintlock Musket: the new weapon Indians gained from Miles Standisha. replaced the earlier colonial matchlock rifle (not as accurate and was too heavy)b. Indians purchased them in bulk as part of their regular tradec. Indians were self-taught on how to use and repair the riflesd. many of the deaths in King Philip’s War were by these rifles

5. Indians used forts in wars between them and the Englisha. Narragansetts (allies of Wampanoags) had a fort @ the Great Swamp in Rhode Island (was later burned down by the English)b. later built stone walls but were still later killed by English

III. (The Restoration Colonies) Colonies by the end of the 1630s: Virginia, massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut,

Rhode Island, and New Hampshire o Maine did not become a colony until after the American Revolution (was too

preoccupied in England to colonize) A. (The English Civil War)

1. Began with James I rulea. attracted opposition before he died

2. Charles I: caused lots of havoc when he dismissed Parliament in 1629a. was ruling as a monarch by getting rid of any one with power (Puritans) b. reassembled Parliament due to lack of money (wanted them to levy new taxes)

i. Parliament felt offended for being dismissed twice in two years and thus started the English Civil War

3. Cavaliers vs the Roundheads (lasted seven years) a. Cavaliers: supporters of the kingb. Roundheads: the forces of Parliament who were mostly Puritansc. Roundheads captured Charles and beheaded him

4. Oliver Cromwell: was a Roundhead and replaced Charles as the “protector”a. served for nine years and then diedb. his son was his successor but proved to be unsuccessfulc. Charles II (son of Charles I) returned and took control of the throne

5. Stuart Restoration - the return of Charles II and the Stuart royal familya. resumed colonizing the Americas by granting grants to faithful courtiers b. issued charters for four new colonies: Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (colonies were modeled by Maryland) c. Companies did not want to launch projects for colonizing because there was not quick profitd. new goal of the colonies was to have permanent settlements that have properties with land and power

B. Carolina: derived from the Latinate form of Charles (The Carolinas)1. was very to Maryland (was carved out from Virginia) 2. The territory was awarded to eight court favorites who were active in colonial affairs

a. received kingly powers over their grant and were expected to profit as landlords (similar to Lord Baltimore)

i. had large estates and used the headright system and collected annual payments (quitrents) from the settlers

b. guaranteed religious and political freedom to everyone who would worship as a Christian (Puritans, Anglicans, etc)

i. were incentives for settlers from existing colonies to move there, so they did not have to finance voyages from England

3. Anthony Ashley Cooper (later became the earl of Shaftesbury)a. convinced his partners to finance migrations to Carolina from Englandb. first voyage they established a settlement in the Port Royal off the Carolina Coast

i. later founded Charles Town (later named Charleston) the colonial capital4. The Fundamental Constitution for Carolina (1669)

a. was created by the earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke (English philosopher) b. created a system of fair land distribution and kept social order in tactc. Carolina developed much differently than Shaftesbury’s utopian vision

i. colony was never united togetherii. north consisted of farmers who were isolated from the rest of the worldiii. south had the capital which created a more economic and aristocratic society

d. rice became the colony’s principal crop5. Barbados: an overpopulated colony that had close ties with Southern Carolina

a. was Carolina’s most important trading partnerb. most settlers in the southern Carolinas were Barbadians

i. brought large groups of Africans slaves (Colonial African slavery took root here)  6. North and South Carolina

a. too much fighting between small farmers of the north and rich plantation owners in the southb. Lord Shaftesbury died and the colonists seized control of the colonyc. king divided the colony into two (North and South)

C. (New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey)1. 1644: Charles II granted his brother James - the duke of York - the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers

a. most of the land was claimed by the Dutch (settlements @ New Amsterdam)2. English vs the Dutch (in the Americas)

a. English did not like the Dutch because their colonies was in between the northern and southern English colonies

i. also gave Dutch smugglers a way to evade English customs lawsb. 1664: Richard Nicolls and an English ship sailed into a port @ New Amsterdam

i. Peter Stuyvesant (Dutch governor) surrenderedii. Articles of Capitulation: Dutch colony surrendered but British would not disperse current Dutch settlersiii. James the Duke of York renamed his territory New York

3. New York’s diversity a. had groups from Europe, Africa (slaves), and nativesb. James made no effort to impose Roman Catholicism c. James lived in england and appointed powers to a governor and council d. Distribution of power was very uneven (highly factious society)

i. Dutch patroons (large landowners), James political supporters, and fur traders were much more powerful than the rest

4. New York’s Rapid Growtha. James took the English throne and became James IIb. New York was about four times biggerc. most people lived in the town New York (formerly New Amsterdam)

5. The Creation of New Jersey a. James gave part of his New York territory to Sir John Berkeley and SIr George Carteret (both Carolina proprietors) b. was named New Jersey after the English Channel where Carteret was bornc. was profitless and had lots of dispute → proprietors took control back to the crown and New Jersey became a royal colony

D. (The Quaker Colonies)1. Pennsylvania was like Massachusetts in that it was founded by English Protestants who wanted to find a place of religious and political freedom 2. The Society of Friends (a.k.a Quakers)

a. led by the preachings of George Fox (a shoemaker) and Margaret Fellb. called Quakers because Fox wanted them to “tremble at the name of the Lord”

3. Differences between the Quakers and Puritansa. Quakers rejected the concepts  of predestination and original sin

i. believed people had divinity within themselves (an Inner Light guided them)b. Quakers gave women positions in the Church (similar jobs to the men)

i. equality was symbolized by the partnership between Fox and Fell4. Quakers were the most independent and democratic

a. no church government just periodic meetings of representatives b. had equality between women and men

i. used words like “thee” and “thou” w/ everyone (terms used to inferiors)c. were pacifist and commonly known by breaking up other religious groups during their worship (many were jailed)

5. William Penn: son of an admiral in the Royal Navy who had a lot of Irish estatesa. Refused his father who moved to nontraditional religionsb. Chose to follow the Quaker practices and became a huge supporter for Quakersc. Became an owner and proprietor of part of New Jerseyd. When his father died Penn inherited his father's Irish estates

6. Pennsylvania Originsa. Charles II owed Penn’s father a large debt but was short of cash

i. Since Penn’s father died, Charles II gave him territory between New York and Maryland (was named Pennsylvania after Penn’s father)

b. Penn attracted many settlers by advertising his colony in multiple languagesi. Pennsylvania was the best known and cosmopolitan colony so far

c. Penn ended his life in debt, poverty, and prisond. Philadelphia (“Brotherly Love”)

i. had rectangular streets and set the pattern for most later cities in the Americase. Penn had a good relations with the Indians

7. Conflicts in Pennsylvania a. residents resisted the absolute power of the proprietor b. Penn agreed to the Charter of Liberties for the colony

i. established a representative assembly which limited the power of the proprietorii. permitted “the lower counties” of the colony to create their own representative assembly (three counties did so and later became Delaware)

IV. (Borderlands and Middle Grounds) English settlements were nothing compared to the Spanish Empire to the South or the

French Empire to the North Interactions among these diverse empires were mostly seen at the borders of English

settlements and the Caribbean A. (The Caribbean Islands)

1. First half of the seventeenth century: the Caribbean was the most important destination for English immigrants 2. How the Caribbean changed with the influences from Europe

a. started off as a place for multiple native tribes (Arawaks, Caribs, and Ciboney)i. native population was quick wiped out once Columbus arrived (epidemics)ii. Indians were never a factor in European settlements @ the Caribbean

3. The Caribbean was dominated by the Spanish (English got the weak colonies) a. English got bigger colonies as the Spanish got distracted in war w/ Netherlandsb. When the war ended English settlements were under constant attacks

4. The Caribbean profits in sugarcanea. English unsuccessfully tried making a profit with tobacco and cottonb. Sugarcane became the main crop sold (led to forests being cut down, habitats being destroyed, and less space to grow food)

5. Introduction of African Slavery in the Caribbean a. Native population was too small to provide an adequate work forceb. Indentured servants did not adapt well to the hard work and tropical climatec. started to rely more on the work of African slaves

6. English Planters growing sugarcane became very wealthya. depended on African slaves as a workforceb. imported slaves rapidly (became the dominant part of the population)

B. (Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean)1. Caribbean grew fearful of slave revolts due slaves greatly outnumbering whites

a. created very strict laws about the relations between master and slave2. Treatment of the Slaves

a. Whites found it cheaper to buy new slaves then keep them well maintainedb. was common for slaves to be worked until death

3. The White Society in the Caribbean a. most of them were interesting in just getting rich and once accomplished would try to go back to England b. had some common farmers and laborers living in poverty c. very little white women = lack of stability (church, family, community)

4. The African Society in the Caribbean a. managed to create families, sustain religion and social traditions, and resistance

5. Connection between the Caribbean and British North Americaa. both important parts of the Atlantic trading world b. Caribbean provided most of the slaves for the mainland coloniesc. mainland colonies copied the plantations of the Caribbean (southern colonies had rich white plantation owners who grew wealth at the expense of slaves)

C. (The Southwestern Borderlands)1. Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere

a. had a small presence in present day United Statesb. Were mainly built in Mexico and South Americac. colonies they had in North America ( Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California) were primarily for religious minorities, Catholic missionaries, and Spanish troops

2. New Mexico - most successful Spanish outpost in North Americaa. Post Pueblo Revolt they worked well with the natives to create a good agriculture system (residents were still not as successful as people in Mexico)b. had the largest European settlement west of the Mississippi and north of Mexico

3. California: Spanish began to colonize when other Europeans were present nearbya. started with the governor of Baja California who created outposts farther north

i. led to a spike of missions, forts, and trading communities all over California b. Spanish brought diseases and destroyed most of the native population

i. surviving Indians worked as a labor force and were persuaded to convert to Catholicism

4. Texas: had to be fortified by the Spanish to stop further incursions from the Frencha. French had just claimed Louisiana for King Louis XIV

5. Arizona a. Northern Arizona was already part of the New Mexico colonyb. Southern Arizona was controlled by the Mexican region of Sonora

i. Arizona natives were much more prone to war but couldn’t stop the diseases 6. The Spanish differed from the English by the way they treated the natives

a. Spanish tried to convert them and make them a work rather than displace themD. (The Southeastern Borderlands)

1. The Spanish Empire had control of Florida and Georgiaa. wanted to expand north but were afraid of English settlementsb. land between Florida and the Carolinas was constant tension and disputesb. Spanish also had fights with French wanted to expand Louisiana

2. Was no formal war between Spain and English colonies but still had disputesa. English pirates harassed Spanish settlements (sacked St. Augustine) b. English tried to get natives in Florida to rebel against the Spanishc. Spanish promised slaves freedom from the English if they converted to Christianity and protected their bordersd. English prevailed and acquired Florida after the Seven Years War

E. (The Founding of Georgia)1. Founded by a group of unpaid trustees led by General James Oglethorpe

a. driven by military and philanthropic motivesi. military: wanted a barrier against Spanish landsii. philanthropic: wanted  a place where English could come for refuge

b. needed a buffer between Florida and the Carolinas because Spain still had some control within Florida

i. Indians from Florida attacked South Carolina (were directed by Spanish agents)ii. 1701: Spain and England went to war with each other which caused fighting in the Americas too

2. James Oglethorpe: head of parliamentary committee investigating English prisonsa. King George II gave him control of the land between the Savannah and Altamaha River (people who were likely to go to prison went there to be farmer-soldiers)b. settlement was compact so it was easier to defend against Indian attacks

i. excluded slaves (fear of rebellion), Catholics (might join the Spanish), and alcohol ( Oglethorpe’s morals/effects on Indians)ii. had very limited trade with Indians to limit the possibility of war

3. Early Population of Georgia: filled with impoverished tradesmen and artisans from England and Scotland and lots of refugees from Switzerland and Germany

a. had a small population of Jew (had the lowest proportion of English men than any other colony) b. people went to South Carolina rather than Georgia because it had less rulesc. people saw Oglethorpe as a dictator

4. Oglethorpe’s vision never comes truea. grew frustrated with the colony’s inability to grow and military failures b. trustees removed his limitation on landholdings and the ban on slaveryc. ended the prohibition of rum and gave control to the crown

F. Areas in which Europeans and Indians lived together (Middle Grounds)

1. Middle Grounds are places where Indians and Europeans lived together and neither side could establish dominance over one another

a. had to accommodate each other (usually Europeans more than Indians)b. occured in some parts of Virginia and New England c. Indians feared Europeans for their weapon but also saw them as people who could help them with internal disputes d. natives had no understanding of the concept of a “nation”

2. French had created mutual benefits with the Indiansa. over time the British became the dominant group in the middle groundsb. learned that raw force was less effective as mutual relationsc. led to peace with tribes in areas like the Great Lakes

3. Power Shifts between Indians and Europeans/later Americans a. new settlers had trouble with the “middle ground” ideologyb. relations with Indians worsened as middle grounds collapsedc. Indians were now treated like savages

V. (The Evolution of the British Empire) Colonies in America had all originated as separate projects Commercial success of the colonies caused England to make more uniform structure to

the empire A. (The Drive for Reorganization)

1. Imperial Reorganization was a way to increase the profitability of the coloniesa. would also increase the mercantile system (England’s economic foundation)

2. Mercantilism in England and the coloniesa. colonies provide a market for England’s goods and a source of raw materialsb. would have to exclude other nations from their colonial trade (any wealth going to another nation would cost England in a mercantilist eyes)c. some colonial goods were not suitable to go to England and found it more profitable to trade with Spanish, French, or Dutch goods

3. The Navigation Acts: three acts to regulate colonial commerce more strictly a. was adopted by Charles IIb. first act: closed the colonies to trade that did not have English ships and were required to export certain item (tobacco) c. second act: all goods being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England (England wanted to tax the goods)d. third act: created duties on the coastal trade among the English colonies and provided for the appointment of custom officials to enforce the Navigation Acts

i. this act was created to stop merchants from breaking the rulese. The Navigation Acts was the legal basis for England’s mercantile system

4. How the Navigation Acts benefited the colonistsa. encouraged the British colonists to create a shipbuilding industry of their ownb. encouraged  the development of American production of goods they need (iron, silk, and lumber)

B. (The Dominion of New England)1. Navigation Acts → new agencies in England to oversee colonial affairs

a. Charles II wanted more control in Massachusetts so he took their control of New Hampshire and made it a new colony w/ a governor of Charles choiceb.  Massachusetts General Court defied the Navigation Acts and Charles revoked its charter and made it a royal colony (MA was seen as a the leader of a new nation)

2. James II created a single Dominion of New Englanda. combined the government of Massachusetts with all other New England Colonies (later New York and New Jersey too)

b. appointed a single governor to rule all New England colonies from Boston3. Sir Edmund Andros - the governor of all of New England colonies (highly unpopular)

a. disliked in Massachusetts for trying to strengthen the Anglican Church C. (The “Glorious Revolution)

1. James II started losing popularity in England (already unpopular in the Americas)a. tried to have an autocratic rule over Parliamentb. people feared he was trying to make Catholicism the religion of England

i. gave Catholics high position in officeii. had a son who was going to be Catholic (his two daughters were Protestants)

2. Mary (daughter of James II) and William of Orange (Mary’s husband)a. Parliament made them ruler of Netherland and Protestant Champion of Europeb. James II fled to France thinking he would be killedc. the bloodless coup in which Mary and William ascended to throne = Glorious Revolution

3. Effects of the Glorious Revolution in the Coloniesa. Removed Andros as governor/imprisoned (tried to escape dressed as a girl) b. abolished the Dominion of New England and went back to separate coloniesc. Massachusetts had to combine w/ the Plymouth colony

i. only way to restore the General Court (Massachusetts’ legislature) ii. gave crown the right to appoint a governoriii. had to tolerate Anglican worship

4. Jacob Leisler - a German immigrant and prosperous merchant in New Yorka. New York was currently governed by Francis Nicholson and Androsb. most colonists (farmers, mechanics, etc) did not support Nicholson or Androsc. Leisler raised a militia, captured the city fort, and drove Nicholson into exiled. Leisler became the head of New York’s government for two years

i. William and Mary appointed a new governor and Leisler first refusedii. by refusing he was charged with treason and was hungiii. caused a great political rivalry in New York: Leislerians vs anti-Leislerians

5. John Coode’s Rebelliona. Lord Baltimore (Maryland’s proprietor) sided with James II instead of William and Maryb. John Coode who did not like proprietor’s government drove out Lord Baltimore’s officials c. Chose a committee to run the government and petitioned the crown for the charter to be a royal colony (William and Mary agreed) d. Maryland became a proprietor colony again when the fifth Lord Baltimore joined the Anglican Church

6. Results of the Glorious Revolution in the coloniesa. colonies revived their representative assemblies and prevented colonial unificationb. was NOT a clear demonstration for colonial self rulec. ended with governments that increased the crown’s authority in the colonies

VI. (Looking Back) English colonization in the Americas was due to the effort of several European nations

desire to expand Early Southern Colonies in the Americas: centered on tobacco, cotton, and slave labor Early Northern Colonies in the Americas: centered on food crops, free labor End of eighteenth century border: As far north as New England and as far south as

Georgia