UNIVERSIDAD DIEGO PORTALESFACULTAD DE INGENIERIAESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL Inglés Instrumental I

English for Industrial Engineers

A Compilation for Beginners

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Index

Map of the book................................................................................ 3

One “Obamarama”............................................................................. 7

Two “Financial services” .................................................................... 10

Three “More service and support, please Mr. Dell” ................................ 13

Four “Financial Profile” ...................................................................... 16

Five “ Sales Terminology” ................................................................. 19

Six “Cristina’s Travails” ..................................................................... 23

Seven Wordcheck ............................................................................ 25

Eight “Retailers report dismal December sales” .................................... 28

Nine “Burris: I’m the legally appointed senator” ................................... 32

Ten “A day in the life of Bill Gates” ..................................................... 36

Eleven “Company problems” .............................................................. 42

Twelve “Scales and Graphs” .............................................................. 46

Thirteen “Alexander Graham Bell” ...................................................... 51

Fourteen “Job Adverts” ..................................................................... 59

Fifteen “The Inditex Group” ............................................................... 66

Sixteen “Optical Fibres” .................................................................... 70

Seventeen “Project Planning” ............................................................. 79

Eighteen “A Turnkey Project” ............................................................. 88

Students’ Notes ............................................................................... 94

Your Glossary................................................................................... 97

Annex 1 “False Cognates” ................................................................ 108

Annex 2 “Irregular and Foreign Plurals” ............................................. 113

Annex 3 “Irregular English Verbs” ..................................................... 116

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Lesson Learning Outcomes Content Vocabulary ActivitiesOne“Obamarama”

Identifying central ideas

Cognates and False Cognates

Indefinite article a / an

Political Crisis. Brainstorming activity about familiar words in EnglishOrganising cognatesReading Comp.Writing main ideas

Two“Financial services”

Offering financial services

Word Order (Adjective + Noun)

Financial world. Deciding the correct orderReading Comp.

Three“More service and support, please Mr. Dell”

Stablishing goals for a market leader company

Plural Nouns Regular Irregular Foreign plurals

Production processes.

Forming the pluralsReading Comp.Finding plurals in contextMaking a glossary

Four“Financial Profile”

Writing a profile for a business corporation in the stock market

Compound Nouns (Noun + Noun)

Corporation, stocks and shareholders.

Finding Spanish equivalentsWriting technical collocationsReading Comp.

Five“Sales Terminology”

Writing definitions Is – Are It – They Definitions

Retail and wholesale.Communication (1).

Comprehension exerciseCompleting sentencesReading comp.Writing definitions

Six“Cristina’s Travails”

Stating strengths and weaknesses in a

There is / There are

Financial crisis, inflation and

Using structuresCompleting a

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dispute. disputes. paragraphIdentifying central ideas

Seven“Wordcheck”

Making predictions No + Noun The adverb “no”

Communication (2)Wordcheck (previous lessons)

Reading comprehension.Making predictions.

Eight“Retailers report dismal December sales”

Writing short reports about sales

The ‘s Genitive Shopping itemsManagement positionsRetailers

Rewriting sentencesReading comp.Naming companies and related sales

Nine“Burris: 'I am the legally-appointed senator'”

Describing people’s positions and functions within a company

Word formation (1) Suffixes “ly” and “al” Prefixes “in” and “un”

Political positionsLegal words

Reading Comp.Matching columnsWriting exerciseCompleting a table

Ten“A day in the life of Bill Gates”

Describing job expectations and position obligations

The Present Simple

Frequency adverbs

Adjectives to qualify a job.Office habitsJob benefits

Reading Comp.Matching columnsWritingCompleting a table

Eleven“What are the biggest problems facing your company?

Reporting problems at work.

Studying a case

The Present Simple (negative form)

Words used to describe company problems.

Listing company problemsWorking with the dictionariesReading comp.Matching words and definitions

Twelve“Scales and Graphs”

Analysing scales, graphs and nomographs

Can / Can’t Percentile WagesThe language of scale and graphsRequests, offers and

Explaining variablesMatching columnsReading Comp.Writing

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possibilities

Thirteen“A space shuttle disaster”

Writing a biography The simple Past Tense (Affirmative, negative, and interrogative)

The World Bank glossaryIrregular and regular verbs

Reading a timelineWriting a biography using a timelineCloze procedureStudying a chartWorking with the dictionary

Fourteen“Job adverts”

Comparing job offers

Commenting on a pie chart

The comparison of adjectives

Types of marketsA pie chart

Writing using comparatives and superlativesMatching columnsComparing job advertsDescribing productsReading comp.

Fifteen“The Inditex Group”

Writing a sales report

Drawing conclusions from a store-layout

Comparing permanent and temporary situations

The present continuous

Verbs of actionA store layoutBusiness development

Writing a reportMaking a glossary on a company growthCompleting sentencesIdentifying tense conceptsCompleting a business profile

Sixteen “Optical Fibres”

Reporting based on a diagram

Analyzing a sales report

How much / how many

Quantifiers Numbers,

numerals, proportions

Sales report vocabularyTechnical quantifiers

Writing a description about quantitiesCompleting sentencesWriting a short reportVocabulary check

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Playing games with numbers

Seventeen“Project Planning”

“The role of an engineering consultant”

Organising time (Gantt Charts)

Understanding and writing a msn

Writing predictions based on the properties of materials

Future with Will Prepositions of

time If clauses type 1

(with will + simple present)

Engineering vocabulary.Properties of engineering materials.Stages of a consultancy.

Understanding a Gantt ChartReading Comp. Completing sentences using prepositions of timeWriting a msn in fullWriting predictions Answering questions.Making a glossary

Eighteen“A Turnkey Project” Describing the stages

of a project.

Verbs + prepositions

Nouns + prepositions

Glossary of a “turnkey project”

Completing sentences.Multiple choice.Reading ComprehensionMaking a glossary

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Muchas palabras en Inglés son SIMILARES EN FORMA Y SIGNIFICADO a palabras en español. Por ejemplo, en la oración

Communication is a basic function of society

hay palabras o combinaciones de palabras muy fáciles de entender:

Communication ………………………………………………..

basic function …………………………………………………..

society ………………………………………………………………

Estas palabras se conocen normalmente como COGNADOS y facilitan la comprensión ya que tienen raíz semejante en inglés y español, aunque varían mucho en sus terminaciones, ortografía en general, y pronunciación. Entre otros muchos ejemplos se pueden citar:

Mathematics telephone universe reciprocalBotany oscilloscope pressure complexEngineering antenna hypothesis principalEconomics thermostat air directPhysics capital television programme

De acuerdo a algunas terminaciones, los cognados pueden agruparse en:

(a) Palabras que en INGLËS tienen terminación “-TION”y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-CIÓN”

organization = organización integration = integracióninformation = información invention = invención

(b) Palabras que en INGLÉS tienen terminación “-SION” o “-SSION”y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-SIÓN”

division = división expresion = expresióncohesion = cohesión depression = depresión

(c) Palabras que en INGLÉS tienen terminación “-TY”y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-DAD”

society = sociedad quantity = cantidadactivity = actividad specialty =

especialidadEn los siguientes ejemplos, del mismo tipo anterior, los sustantivos llevan el artículo A o AN; las palabras descriptivas (conocidas como adjetivos) no lo llevan.

Lesson One(1) Cognates

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a base, a basis = una base a symbol = un símbolo basic = básico symbolic = simbólico

an experiment = un experimento a centenary = un centenarioexperimental = experimental centennial = centenario

Importante: existen los Falsos Cognados, es decir, palabras que en inglés y en español son muy PARECIDAS en FORMA, pero tienen DIFERENTE SIGNIFICADO.

Ejemplos de falsos cognados:

Actual = real,verdadero (current, present = presente, actual)

Alumnus = ex - alumno (student = alumno, estudiante)

Exit = salida (success = éxito)

Success = éxito (event = suceso, hecho, evento)

Tenant = arrendatario (liutenant = teniente)

(En el apéndice 1 se incluye una lista de los falsos cognados de uso más frecuente para utilizar como referencia.)

Exercise 1.1: Recognize and underline all the cognates you can find in the following text.

ObamaramaExtract form the Financial TimesPublished: December 29 2008 18:35 | Last updated: December 29 2008 18:35

“Oil prices going up and down. A year with the Obama-mania ended with the president-elect and his team at action stations, preparing themselves for government amid what looks to be the surprise of the decade.

The acute escalation of the financial crisis in the last weeks of the campaign has left little time for reflection on Mr Obama’s achievement. The world applauded as America, for the first time, sent a black man to the White House, but it is important to remember that the Democrats’ victory in November was arguably as much an expression of voter disgust with President George W. Bush and the Republican party as it was a reflection of the president-elect’s political skills.”

Exercise 1.2: Identify the central idea of the text and write it down.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 1.3.. Traduzca estos cognados al español.

1. application 10. capacity

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2. fission 11. equation

3. humidity 12. solution

4. destruction 13. lesion

5. definition 14. university

6. expression 15. alteration

7. ability 16. reduction

8. specialization 17. expulsion

9. expansion 18. function

Exercise 1.4.. Traduzca estos cognados al inglés.

1. velocidad 10. dimensión

2. acción 11. adaptabilidad

3. conclusión 12. producción

4. densidad 13. relatividad

5. electricidad 14. reacción

6. observación 15. exposición

7. fricción 16. fidelidad

8. visión 17. reducción

9. identidad 18. dirección

Exercise 1.5. Escriba las palabras equivalentes en español.

1. a society 11. a stimulus

2. social 12. stimulant

3. a space 13. an individual

4. spacious 14. individual

5. a line 15. a movement

6. linear 16. movable

7. an experiment 17. a nucleus

8. experimental 18. nuclear

9. a specialty 19. a distance

10. special 20. distant

En Inglés la POSICIÓN de las palabras descriptivas (adjetivos) es distinta a la del español. Observe:

Lesson Two(2) Word Order

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a Basic Function = una función básicaan Essential Social force = una fuerza social esencial

Exercise 2.1.Traduzca estas frases al español

1. Social organization

…………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Electric current

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. An energetic person

………………………………………………………………………………………

4. An adequate response

…………………………………………………………………………………

5. Physical contact ................................................................................

6. Nuclear physics .................................................................................

7. A relative difficulty ............................................................................

8. An evident result ...............................................................................

9. A collective stimulus ..........................................................................

10.Cellular biology .................................................................................

11.A linear program ...............................................................................

12.A simple linear equation .....................................................................

13.Descriptive statistics ..........................................................................

14.A stimulant discussion .......................................................................

15.A provisory solution ...........................................................................

16.Obligatory elementary education .........................................................

17.An experimental design ......................................................................

18.A complex social structure ..................................................................

19.Industrial Engineering ........................................................................

20.Financial crisis ..................................................................................

21.Political abilities ................................................................................

22.Election possibilities ..........................................................................

23.Democratic victory ............................................................................

Exercise 2.2.Reading Comprehension.

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Communication is not a human invention. In its broadest sense, communication is a social force. Communication occurs everywhere in the universe, and is occurring always. It is a function of all matter.

Vocabulary:

In its broadest sense: en su sentido más amplio

Occurs everywhere: ocurre en todas partes

Always: siempre

Matter: materia

Según el texto:

(a) La comunicación es una creación humana. SI NO

(b) La comunicación es una función del hombre. SI NO

(c) La comunicación es una función constante de toda materia. SI NO

(d) La comunicación como fuerza natural se manifiesta en todo

el universo. SI NO

The theme or centra idea in the text is:

(a) human invention(b) the universe(c) communication(d) matter

In the text, communication is defined as:

(a) a natural force(b) a function of all matter(c) both (ambos) a force and a function(d) a human invention

Exercise 2.3.Reading Comprehension. Use your dictionary to find and underline all the “adjective + noun” combinations.

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Financial Services1

Cooper Financial Services Ltd.

Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offers a vast range of financial solutions to suit the individual necessities of its clients. Today's investor has market comprehension and requires the tools to take advantage of knowledge. To that end, we provide advice based on our outstanding of information sources. Matching our knowledge-base with your understanding of individual markets can make you a big winner in the increasingly complex marketplace. Here are some of our offerings:

Historical fundamental equity database Strategic planning Comprehensive reports that permit industry-to-industry, company-to-industry and

company-to-company analysis. Report compilations detailing key items on market and industry performance Daily summary of stock market and industry tendencies (trends) Secure access to financial data on publicly traded companies Monthly reports that monitor company-to-peer performance

Exercise 2.4. Answer the following questions for general understanding

1. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. provide?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. match its knowledge-base to?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. What type of planning does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What type of daily summary does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. provide?

__________________________________________________________________________

6. What do monthly reports monitor?

__________________________________________________________________________

1 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial2.htm> (Consulta: Enero 2009)

Lesson Three(3) Plural Nouns

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El plural de los sustantivos en inglés se forma agregando “s” o “es” al singular como regla general.

Existen algunos casos especiales, los plurales irregulares, que no siguen la regla y que hay que memorizar. (Ver apéndice II)

Ejemplos:

SINGULARREGULAR PLURALS

SINGULARIRREGULAR PLURALS

A class Classes A man MenAn example examples A woman WomenA society Societies A foot FeetAn activity Activities A tooth TeethA church Churches A (PC) mouse (PC) mousesA dish Dishes A mouse (animal) MiceA car Cars A child ChildrenAn auction Auctions A goose Geese

Observa que el sustantivo en PLURAL se expresa SIN artículo A/AN ya que éste indica singular. (A/AN = 1)

Exercise 3.1. Forme el plural correspondiente.

1. an organization__________________________________

2. a function______________________________________

3. a university_____________________________________

4. an oscilloscope__________________________________

5. a division_______________________________________

6. an ability_______________________________________

7. an engineer_____________________________________

8. a business______________________________________

9. a company______________________________________

10. a problem______________________________________

Observe, en los siguientes ejemplos, que el adjetivo en inglés se mantiene INVARIABLE, sea

cual sea el número del sustantivo. Ejemplos:

Singular: a chemical reaction an important datum (*)

Plural: chemical reactions important data

Exercise 3.2. Cambie estas frases al plural. Recuerde consultar el anexo 2 para plulares extranjeros e irregulares.

1. A primitive man. ____________________________________________

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2. A modern communication system. ______________________________

3. A long-distance telephone call. _________________________________

4. A chemical analysis (*). ______________________________________

5. A basic criterion. (*). ________________________________________

6. An interesting phenomenon. (*)________________________________

7. A financial crisis. (*) _________________________________________

(*) “Plurales extranjeros” .

Exercise 3.3. Complete la tabla de singulares y plurales. Encuentre el par faltante en el siguiente texto.

More service and support please, Mr DellBy Michael Schrage Published: May 9 2006 20:00 | Last updated: May 9 2006 20:00Extract from the “Financial Times”

““We’re not going to be missionaries for innovation,” said Kevin Rollins, Dell’s chief executive. “We only want to go into a market where the product or service is definable, standardisable, simplifiable and repeatable . . . We don’t count on our margins existing because the technology is proprietary or because the customer is stupid.”

Indeed, the Dell production model remains as flexible, adaptable and opportunistic as when Mr Dell launched it in 1983 from his college dormitory. But market competition has relentlessly eroded vital elements of that model’s value proposition. Dell’s cost and price advantages have become less significant as Hewlett-Packard and Lenovo have retooled their own supply chains and production processes while becoming more innovative.

More serious for Dell, however, is that the perceived locus of value is evolving away from what the company does best. As prices have relentlessly dropped, customers increasingly appear less interested in the most cost-effective buy than in “convenience”, “ease of use” and “support”. Service matters more than ever.

As more people become more reliant and dependent on their personal computers, printers, servers and networks, they demand ever-higher quality of service and support. Managing expectations and execution around service-related “process innovation” has proven far more difficult and expensive than Dell expected – particularly for its cheapest and least profitable machines. The economics of support are hard.

So just as customers of all kinds were thrilled to have more computer for less money, they also expected more service and support for less, as well. For years, Dell enjoyed a top reputation for customer service and support. But as product portfolios and their inherent software complexity increase, Dell’s production challenge of “build to order” is giving way to the challenge of “service to order”. That is apparently not a natural extension.”

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

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missionary innovations

executives year

interviews markets

margins products

customers element

models dormitories

advantage costs

chain prices

process

loci companies

computer printer

server network

qualities expectation

machine

portfolio kind

complexities extensions

Exercise 3.3. Lea nuevamente el texto y haga un glosario. Use un diccionario.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

Lesson Four(4) Compound Nouns

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Cualquier palabra que se encuentre en POSICIÓN DE ADJETIVO califica o describe al sustantivo que le sigue, aunque dicha palabra funcione normalmente como sustantivo. Ejemplos:

NOUN COMPOUND NOUN (N + N)

An animal + a society = An animal society

Life + mechanisms = Life mechanisms

Esta combinación de sustantivo + sustantivo es muy usada en inglés y se conoce como “Compound Nouns” (N+N)

Exercise 4.1.Escriba estas frases en correcto español.

1. energy transmission _________________________________________________

2. life requirements ____________________________________________________

3. animal memory _____________________________________________________

4. animal communication system _________________________________________

5. a space station _____________________________________________________

6. group response _____________________________________________________

7. time concepts ______________________________________________________

8. an insect community _________________________________________________

9. TV production methods _______________________________________________

10. a telegraph message _________________________________________________

11. aerobic exercise ____________________________________________________

12. preliminary hyothesis _________________________________________________

13. universal studios ____________________________________________________

14. industrial engineering ________________________________________________

15. metal structure ______________________________________________________

16. telephone line ______________________________________________________

17. air conditioning _____________________________________________________

18. plastic figure _______________________________________________________

19. human society ______________________________________________________

20. radio antenna ______________________________________________________

Exercise 4.2. Match columns A and B to form compound nouns.

Example:

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A research program

Reasearch methods

A B

Program productionTransmission research (investigation)Society populationMethods organizationTheory probabilitySystem insectOrganization vectorIndustry communicationAnalysis spaceFatigue metalDistribution relativity

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.3. Find and underline the compound nouns in the text. Then write them in Spanish using your dictionary.

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Financial Profile: ViewSonic Computers Financial Profile 2

ViewSonic computers is a publicly traded corporation actively traded on the NASDAQ. The company was launched in 1999 with an IPO raising $70 million. Shareholders own more than 80% of the company while upper level management and employee stock options own the remaining 20%. ViewSonic is located in Denver, Colorado with manufacturing plants in Taiwan and Indonesia. The total cash flow during 2000 was $365 million. While total operating expenses for the past fiscal year totalled $180 million resulting in a pre-tax profit of $175 million. ViewSonic Computers market share in the US domestic market has grown from 2% to 5% during the past 18 months. Future plans include the development of a line of laptop computers to export to the Chinese Market. CEO, Kevin Connery, was optimistic in his vision of the future. While other computer manufactures are loosing market share, we are increasing our market share at over 100% annually. ViewSonic offers consumers computers that are made to meet their specific requirements, while pricing these computers at mass market prices. This unique combination ensures ViewSonic will be a major market player in the near future.

Exercise 4.4. Answer the comprehension questions about the text.

Which market is ViewSonic traded

on? ..................................................................................................

How much money did the IPO

raise? ..................................................................................................

Who owns 80% of stock?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……….……………

Where are ViewSonic manufacturing plants

located? .................................................................................................

.

How much has market share grown over the past 18

months? .................................................................................................

.

How much did ViewSonic spend on operating

expenses? ..............................................................................................

....

Which market is ViewSonic trying to enter with its new line of laptop

models? ..................................................................................................

2 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial1.htm > (Consulta: Enero 2009)

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IS (forma del verbo “be”) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y

DESCRIPCIONES EN SINGULAR.

Observe estos ejemplos:

A computer IS an electronic instrument.It IS a component of modern communication systems.

En la segunda oración, it reemplaza a computer – su antecedente en este caso – y evita su repetición.

ARE (otra forma del verbo “be”) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y

DESCRIPCIONES EN PLURAL.

Observe estos ejemplos; compárelos con los de arriba:

Computers ARE electronic instruments.They ARE components of modern communication systems.

En la segunda oración, they reemplaza a computers – su antecedente - y evita su repetición.

Exercise 5.1. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.

1. The molecule ________ the smallest unit of a compound.

2. Economics ________ a science. It _______ a social science.

3. Physics and Chemistry ________ sciences. They ________ natural

sciences.

4. Telstar ________ a satellite. It _________ a communication satellite.

5. Early Bird and Telstar ________ satellites. They ________ communication

satellites.

6. Ants ________ insects. They ________ social insects.

7. Sun and planets __________ in physical communication.

8. The principal characteristics of life _________ movement, change and

growth.

Lesson Five(5) Is – Are

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9. Botany _________ the study of plants. Zoology _______ the study of

anumals. They ________ branches of biology.

10. Measurement ________ a valuable and essential part of scientific

research.

Exercise 5.2. Complete these sentences using IT or THEY.

REMEMBER : IT = singular ............. (things, animals, plants)

THEY = plural ........... (things, animals, plants)

1. Metals are good conductors. _________ transmit energy.

2. Water is a chemical compound. ___________ is essential to life.

3. Adaptation is a characteristic of all living matter. __________ is essential

for survival.

4. Inflation and overpopulation are serious problems. ________ have

economic and social repercussion.

5. Mechanics is the study of the properties and motions of particles and

rigid bodies. _________ is a branch of physics.

6. Artificial satellite are man-made objects. ____________ are used for

scientific exploration, navigation, communication and military reconossaince.

7. Communication is a natural force. ________ occurs everywhere in the

universe.

8. All types of communication require a force, a signal and a receiver.

_______ are the three essential elements in the process.

9. Gravity is an exchange of energy in space. _________ is an example of

physical communication.

10. Verbal and non-verbal are other types of communication. ________ are

two basic kinds of communiation among humans.

Exercise 5.3. Comprehension Exercise.

All animals are capable of some type of communication. In simple form, animal communication is a response to a stimulus. The stimuli are, in some cases, simple changes or modifications in the environment of the animal. When the response to these changes is a modification of behaviour on the part of the animal or animal species, a type of “ecological” communication is complete.

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The annual migration of some species of birds is an example of a group response to changes in the environment. These changes are information to the birds: ‘It is time to migrate’. The birds are “in communication” with their environment, and a perceptible and characteristic pattern of behaviour is the result.

Choose the best alternative.

1. Animal communication is a :a. simple form of stimulusb. response to a stimulusc. change in the environmentd. modification of behaviour

2. The stimulus, in some cases, is :a. some type of communicationb. a simple form of responsec. a change of animal behaviourd. time for migration

3. The modification of behaviour on the part of the animal species is a type of:

a. animal communicationb. animal responsec. ecological stimulusd. ecological communication

4. The annual migration of birds is esentially a:a. reaction to changes in the environmentb. change in the pattern of behaviour of birdsc. type of information to the birdsd. perceptible and characteristic communication

Exercise 5.3. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.

Sales Terminology 3

Julian: I'm new to this job, could you explain some of the terminology? Jack: That ________ what I'm here for. Shoot.

Julian: What _______ the difference between retail and wholesale?Jack: Wholesale _________ to distributors. Retail to consumers.

Julian: Distributors? Consumers?Jack: Distributors ________ stores that sell our merchandise. Consumers ________ the people who buy the products.

3 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/od/businessreading/a/d_salest.htm > (Consulta: Enero 2009)

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Julian: Oh, I see. What __________ a bill of lading? Jack: The bill of lading __________ the list of shipped the merchandise. It ________ in every shipment or delivery.

Julian: I get what pre-paid means. That means the merchandise has been paid for. But, what ____________ C.O.D.?Jack: Cash on delivery.

Julian: What does that mean?Jack: Exactly what it says: cash is paid upon receiving the goods. Of course, it could be a credit card or a check, as well.

Julian: Oh, I understand. What _________ a delivery fee?Jack: The delivery fee __________ an extra charge that the customer pays to have the goods delivered.

Julian: I think I'm beginning to understand now.

Exercise 5.4. Answer True or False and check for understanding.

(a) Individuals usually buy from retailers. TRUE FALSE(b) Distributors sell merchandise. TRUE FALSE(c) Shipments include a bill of lading TRUE FALSE(d) You pay COD before your goods arrive. TRUE FALSE(e) Delivery fees raise the price of a shipment. TRUE FALSE

Exercise 5.5. Now rewrite the definitions included in the text.

Example: “The delivery fee is an extra charge.

__________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Lesson Six(6) There is - There are

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There is expresa existencia en singular (un, una, uno)

There are expresa existencia en plural(dos o más)

Observe estos ejemplos:

There is one (1) star in the solar system; the sun There are eight (8) planets.in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth,

Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Exercise 6.1. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.

1. ______________ a primitive indigenous civilization in Australia.

2. ______________ approximately 900,000,000 people in China.

3. ______________ responses for all stimuli.

4. ______________ women everywhere in the universe.

5. ________________ an element of reality in the human imagination.

6. ________________ a new oscillograph in Lab 2.

7. ________________ two electronic microscopes in Lab 1.

8. ________________ communication among various animal and insect

species.

9. ________________ psychological conflicts between impulses and reason.

10. ________________ speculation on the necessity of lunar experimentation.

11. ________________ 32 natural satellites or moons in the solar system.

12. ________________ five theories on the origin of the solar system.

13. ________________ always an exchange of energy in one form or another in

the universe.

14. ________________ more children in America than in Europe.

15. ________________ salmon in every Chilean lake.

16. ________________ a financial crisis going on.

Exercise 6.2. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.

Cristina’s travails (Adapted from The Financial Times Limited 2008)

23

________________ a new president in Argentina, Cristina Fernández, a surprising

victory of sorts. And _______________ controversial plans approved by legislators

and _____________ new export tariffs coming soon. But her difficulties are not

over by any means.

First, ________________ last minute concessions to farmers made by the

goverment that reduce the expected revenues from the new tariffs. Second,

_________________farm leaders who are still planning to resist the bill in the

Senate, where ________________discussion (in committee) starting on Monday.

Third, _________________the political alliance that has backed Ms Fernández as

well as the presidency of her husband, Néstor Kirchner, and which is seriously

divided. Finally, __________________an enormous political cost for taking such a

hard line in the dispute, with her poll ratings going down. Obviously,

______________ this loss of popularity which will be abundantly clear in next

year’s mid-term congressional elections.

All of this shows that _______________an overriding necessity for Ms Fernández

to adopt a more conciliatory approach as she refocuses on urgent economic

difficulties from which the farm conflict has diverted attention.

_______________inflation, which is one problem, and _____________ another

problem, how to deal with the $6.4bn in defaulted debt to the Paris Club of

Western creditor nations.

Original text by Jude Webber.

Exercise 6.3. The central idea in the text “Cristina’s Travails” is:

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

____________

Lesson Seven(7) No + NOUN

24

NO, en Inglés, indica cantidad o número cero (0), es decir, AUSENCIA DE, tanto en singular como en plural.

There is NO atmosphere on the moon.No hay atmósfera en la luna.

There are NO seas on the moon, but “maria”.No hay mares en la luna, sino “maría”.

Exercise 7.1. Lea estas oraciones y escriba si indican “existencia” o “ausencia” de.

EXISTENCE ABSENCE1. There are maria but there is no

water on the moon surface maria water2. There is a problem but there is no

solution stated in the report.3. The researchers have advanced

different hypotheses but there are no results yet.

4. Students have many exercises to complete but there is no time to do them.

5. There are more and more cases of VIH but there is no cure for it.

6. There is inflation all over the world, but there are no real measures to prevent a financial disaster.

7. There are elections coming soon, but there is no appropriate candidate.

8. There is a lot of delinquency, but there are no sufficient prisons.

9. There is a real necessity for work, but there are no opportunities for young professionals.

10. There are many political conflicts, but there is no social concern.

Exercise 7.2 Lea esta oración en Inglés.

“Where there is no communication among social groups, there is obvious social dissolution”

25

Esta oración significa:

(a) La comunicación entre los grupos no es necesaria para la cohesión social.

(b) Si falta comunicación entre los grupos que forman la sociedad, no hay disolución social.

(c) Donde no hay disolución social evidente, no hay tampoco necesidad de comunicación entre los grupos.

(d) La disolución social evidente es el resultado de la falta de comunicación entre los grupos de una sociedad.

(e) Hay pocas sociedades en donde la falta de comunicación afecta de manera evidente la propia cohesión social.

Exercise 7.3 Reading Comprehension Exercise.

“Communication is a basic function of society. It is a force of social organization. Where there is social organization there is communication. Where there is little communication, there is evident social dissolution. Where there is no communication, there is no society.”

Complete estas oraciones según el párrafo anterior.

1. Communication is:a) a social forceb) societyc) social dissolutiond) a function of social dissolutione) social organization

2. Social organization is based upon:a) no communicationb) little communicationc) communicationd) dissolutione) none of the above

3. Where there is little communication:a) there is no social cohesionb) there are problems of social integrationc) social disintegration is impossibled) no social dissolution is improbablee) social unity is automatic

4. Where there is no communicationa) social unity is automaticb) social dissolution is impossiblec) no social disintegration is possibled) there are no problems of social integratione) there is no social cohesion

26

Exercise 7.4 Writing negative predictions. (Group work sharing information to the class.)

Example: There is no chance that Chile avoids the world recession.

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

1. El genitivo –‘s generalmente indica posesión y se usa con:

- nombres propios Lincoln’s monument

Lesson Eight(8) The ‘S Genitive

27

(de personas o geográficos) Dr. Burn’s student

London’s transport

Europe’s future

- personas my sister’s book

the boys’ room (*)

- sustantivos colectivos the government’s policy

the nation’s social security

- animales superiores the horse’s tail

the lion’s hunger

Otros usos del genitivo –‘s incluyen

2. GENITIVE OF ORIGIN

- Torricelli’s theory the theory that Torricelli developed

- Ohm’s law the law that Ohm developed

3. DESCRIPTIVE GENITIVE

- a women’s college a college for women

- a doctor’s degree a doctoral degree / a doctorate

- the school’s library (**) the history of the school

- science’s influence (**) the influence of science

4. GENITIVE OF TEMPORAL MEASURE:

- a moment’s thought the thought that lasted a moment

- ten days’ absence the absence lasted ten days

28

(*) Cuanto el sustantivo termina en S, normalmente el genitivo agrega solamente el apóstrofe

(**) Generalmente el genitivo ‘S se usa con sustantivos que corresponden a seres animados; por extensión, se usa también con sustantivos de especial interés para la actividad humana.

NOTE: You should still use the genetive case when talking about things that belong to other

things.

For example:-

The door of the car.

The content of the website.

Tip - If you aren't sure what to use stick to (of the).

Exercise 8.1 Write the –‘s GENITIVE which could be related to the following sentences as in the example:

Example: WOMEN HAVE RIGHTS WOMEN’S RIGHTS

1. The world has problems. ___________________________

2. Europe has art treasures. ___________________________

3. Neruda wrote poetry. ___________________________

4. Einstein formulated the relativity theory.

____________________________________________________

5. The government has an international policy.

____________________________________________________

6. A school for girls. ___________________________

7. The work took a year. ___________________________

8. A planet has mass. ___________________________

9. The mean distance of the earth from the sun.

____________________________________________________

10.The total solid weight of the brain. ________________________

11.The general development of the mind.

____________________________________________________

12.Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation.

____________________________________________________

29

Exercise 8.2. Find all the genitive cases in the text.

Retailers report dismal December salesAdapted from the text written by ANNE D'INNOCENZIO, AP Retail Writer Anne D'innocenzio, Ap Retail Writer.AP – Pedestrians walk past Generations Menswear on 8th Ave. in New York Wednesday, Jan. 7, 2009. Retailers …

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NEW YORK – Retailers reported dismal sales figures for December on Thursday as even Wal-Mart

Stores Inc., one of the bright spots in the industry, finally buckled under the pressures of the

deteriorating economy.

Among the many retailers that reported steep sales declines were Sears Holdings Corp., which

operates Kmart and Sears stores, luxury retailer Saks Inc. and Gap Inc. But the biggest surprise

came from Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, which posted a smaller sales gain than what Wall

Street expected and cut its fourth-quarter earnings outlook.

"This suggests that the lower income group is feeling the pinch more than we thought and this is

clearly reflected in the lower-than-expected numbers at Wal-Mart," said Ken Perkins, RetailMetrics

LLC research company’s president. "I think it says the economy is in more dire straits than we

thought."

"The current economy remains challenging for all businesses, and retailers have already seen

customers pull back on discretionary spending," Wal-Mart's Chief Financial Officer Tom Schoewe

said in a statement. "Consumers are very focused on value and necessities."

Wal-Mart noted that health and wellness items were the categories that primarily fueled sales.

Electronics sales were solid, while the apparel and jewelry business was weak.

Given the disappointing sales and higher-than-anticipated expenses, Wal-Mart said it now expects

to earn 91 cents to 94 cents per share in the fourth quarter from continuing operations. That's down

from its previous projected range of $1.03 per share to $1.07 per share. Analysts surveyed by

Thomson Reuters expected $1.06 per share.

Discount rival Target Corp., which has been stumbling because its merchandise focuses more on

nonessentials like trendy clothes, announced a 4.1 percent decline in same-store sales, better than

the 9.1 percent drop that Wall Street analysts predicted.

30

Among department stores, Sears Holdings said its December same-store sales dropped 7.3

percent, weighed down by a 12.8 percent drop at domestic Sears stores. The company, whose

brands include Kenmore and Craftsman, said Kmart same-store sales fell 1.1 percent.

Macy's Inc. reported that same-store sales fell 4 percent in December, less than the 5.3 percent

decline that analysts had expected. For the combined November-December period, same-store

sales were down 7.5 percent. But the department store chain cut its fourth-quarter and full-year

earnings outlook due to heavy markdowns and announced plans to close 11 underperforming

stores. The chain operates more than 840 Macy's stores.

J.C. Penney Co.'s same-store sales within its department store division fell 8.1 percent, better than

the 10.3 percent decline analysts had expected.

"Customers waited until late in the month to shop and we faced a highly competitive promotional

environment," said Gap's Chief Financial Officer Sabrina Simmons.

Kitchen gadget chain Williams-Sonoma Inc., which didn't break out December figures, said its

same-store sales dropped more than 24 percent for the eight-week period ended Dec. 28 and

warned its fourth-quarter profit will likely come in at the low end of expectations.

Exercise 8.3. Name the business companies which reported declines in their earnings. (Also, list the most/least-sold items for Christmas and the positions associated to the financial world)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Una manera muy común de formar palabras en inglés es la de agregar PREFIJOS (al comienzo) o SUFIJOS (al final) de las palabras. Estudiando estas reglas de formación de palabras podrá aumentar su capacidad de reconocimiento de vocabulario.

Lesson Nine(9) Word Formation

31

1. Agregando el SUFIJO –“AL” a algunos sustantivos se forma el correspondiente adjetivo. Por ejemplo:

SUSTANTIVO ADJETIVOInstruction instructionALChemistry chemicALExperiment experimentALVision visual

Observe que, en algunos casos, ADEMÄS DEL SUFIJO, hay un cambio en la ortografía del sustantivo.

2. Anteponiendo el PREFIJO “IN” o “UN”, a algunos adjetivos se los hace negativos y expresan lo opuesto. Ejemplos:

A soluble solution An INsoluble solutionAnimate objects Inanimate objectsA stable economy An Unstable economyReliable data Unreliable data

3. Agregando el SUFIJO “LY” a cualquier adjetivo, se forma el correspondiente adverbio.

ADJETIVO ADVERBIOExact exactLYEssential essentialLYPosible possibLYNecessary necessariLY

Exercise 9.1. Complete el par correspondiente, agregando o quitando el sufijo “AL”. Use your dictionary to help you.

1. organization

12. universe

2. theoretical 13. Natural3. integration 14. Serial4. information 15.instrument5. material 16. conditional6. function 17. Social7. essential 18.physics8. principal 19. Additional9. motion 20.event10. hypothetical 21. Habitual11. gravitation 22.part

Exercise 9.2. Use el prefijo “IN” para negar estas ideas.

32

1. An adequate example. _______________________________________

2. Human conditions. __________________________________________

3. Direct communication. _______________________________________

4. A complete report. __________________________________________

5. Material causes. ____________________________________________

6. Essential information. ________________________________________

7. A correct response. __________________________________________

8. Accurate results. ____________________________________________

9. A frequent error. ____________________________________________

10.Valid conclusions. ___________________________________________

Exercise 9.3. Use el prefijo “UN” para negar estas ideas.

1. Natural causes. ______________________________________________

2. A sophisticated model. ________________________________________

3. Important effects. ____________________________________________

4. A clear explanation. __________________________________________

5. Interesting hypothesis. ________________________________________

6. Solved problem. _____________________________________________

7. A necessary change. _________________________________________

8. Successful experience. _______________________________________

9. A true statement. ___________________________________________

10. An able person. __________________________________________

Exercise 9.4. In the following text, find and underline all words using prefixes “in” and “un”, and suffixes “al” and “ly”. Then complete the table below.

Burris: 'I am the legally-appointed senator'

Adapted from (CNN) -- CNN's Wolf Blitzer spoke

Monday with Roland Burris, picked by Illinois Gov.

Rod Blagojevich to fill President-elect Barack

Obama's U.S. Senate seat. Below is a partial

transcript of the interview:

33

Mr. Burris, thanks very much for readily joining us here in The Situation Room.

Roland Burris, former Illinois attorney general: It is my pleasure. To all the CNN listeners, happy New Year.

Blitzer: Thank you very much. And happy New Year to you. All right.. We know that under Illinois law and

constitutional law that the secretary of state can in no way veto legal action of the governor. So that signature

is only ceremonial to put the seal on it. Tell us what your intention is?

Burris:: Well, Wolf, I intend to be sworn in. I will present myself to the Senate tomorrow. And should they turn

me away, I will then proceed to leave and then my lawyers will have to assess what the next course of action

will be.

But we have no intention to be confrontational. We're in contact with Sen. Durbin's people, and naturally we're

in touch with the sergeant-at-arms in the United States Senate.

Blitzer: Because yesterday Sen. Durbin, the senior senator from Illinois, and the Senate majority leader, Harry

Reid, they both said they were open to, quote, "negotiating" with you on this. So tell me what there is to

negotiate?

Burris: Well, I am the legally-appointed senator. And we've been trying to get everyone to recognize that the

governor of Illinois has incredible problems. God knows he has problems, but he is still the governor. And

based on that, I'm hoping that the Senate of the United States will honor that. I mean, it's just that simple.

All the people have to do is recognize that we now have a junior senator who is ready, willing, Wolf, and able to

go to work on behalf of the 13 million of our great state.

Blitzer: Some of the pundits in Chicago and in Illinois have suggested, rather informally, one of the things they

could negotiate, referring to you and the Senate majority leader, perhaps making an unbelievable commitment

only to serve for two years and not seeking a formal election in 2010. Is that unreasonable from your

perspective?

Burris: Well, Wolf, if you look at my record, I won four times statewide in Illinois. And I never lost a race to a

Republican. The races that they're talking about are Democratic primary races where you got the party

apparatus at work and thereby we don't have Republicans and independents voting in the Democratic primary.

Blitzer: So at least at this point, you're flatly rejecting this notion of making a commitment right now not to seek

election in 2010?

Burris: My friends and supporters said to me: "Roland, we don't need somebody to warm the seat. You know,

you have a statewide base, you've been elected statewide four times. So yes, we want you to run in 2010."

Blitzer: All right. One quick question on the issue of race. Is there a racial overtone involved in this whole

uproar right now?

Burris: Wolf, I have never in all of my years in public service injected race into any of my campaigns. I was

elected, I ran up and down this state, I was the first black elected, even when they -- remember they told

Barack Obama he was really out of his mind to be running for president? That the white folks weren't going to

vote for him?

34

Well, in 1977, they told me the same thing. Can you imagine, 1977? And here it's 2008? Well, I got that same

type of a reception, primarily from blacks. If I'd have listened to them, I never would have been elected.

Now complete the table using the underlined words and your dictionary.

Meaning Stem Word Prefix Suffix1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.

El SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE tiene solamente dos formas: La base (BASE) y la forma con –“s” (-S FORM)

BASE occurs with all persons EXAMPLES:(I, you, we, they) except third Most planets HAVE satellites.Except third person singular. Satellites REVOLVE around the planets.

Mercury and Venus CLASSIFY as “inner”Planets.

-S FORM occurs only with third Mars HAS two satellites.person singular (he, she, it) The moon REVOLVES arount the earth.

Jupiter CLASSIFIES as an “outer”planet.

En ESP, el SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE se usa para expresar GENERALIZACIONES: hipótesis, leyes, ideas centrales y hechos que los corroboran.

Lesson Ten(10) The Present Simple

35

Examples:

Exercise 10.1. In the following texts, identify all the BASE and –S FORMS. 4

A. Well, what matters to me is a high salary, long holidays and helpful colleagues. I only have two of these in my present job!

B. Bill wants to be a salesman, so what’s important for him is a company car, a mobile phone, and a laptop computer of his own.

C. Janet expects a friendly boss, travel opportunities, oh, and a large office.

D. I need fast promotion, flexible hours, and some sports facilities, because I play tennis and football.

Exercise 10.2. (A) What do people want from work? Read the texts again and make three compound nouns they use from the words in each box.

1. high colleagues

long salary

helpful holidays

2. Friendly office

Travel opportunities

Large boss

4 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2004, p14.

HYPOTHESIS A “cloud” of comets CIRCLES the sun at a distance of more

than one light-year.

PRINCIPLE Every object REMAINS at rest or MOVES at a constant speed

in a straight line unless made to change because of some

outside push or pull. (Newton’s principle of inertia).

CORE IDEA and All objects in the universe EXERT a force of attraction upon

each other. This force is called gravitation.

SUPPORTING FACTS Gravitation KEEPS the stars in their courses and the planets

in their orbits. It also KEEPS people and common objects

anchored to the surface of the earth

36

3. company phone

Mobile computer

Laptop car

4. fast facilities

Flexible promotion

Sports hours

(B) Match some compound words from exercise A to their meanings 1 to 6.

1. a lot of money high salary

2. a lot of time away from work..................................................................

3. good people to work with.......................................................................

4. the chance to go to different places on business .......................................

5. move quickly to a higher position at work................................................

6. you can change the times when you start and finish work...........................

(C) What are your job expectations? Write a short paragraph.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10.3. “A day in the life of Bill Gates” 5

The average day in the life of Bill Gates consists of attending meetings and reading e-

mail. He has three monitors in his office that contain his inbox, the current e-mail he

is reading, and a browser, respectively. Gates receives about 100 e-mails per day that

he reads, but his personal assistant filters out many unknown e-mails. For a man that

runs one of the most powerful companies in the world, that may not be as many as

you would have thought. Nevertheless, he still runs into information overload.

Staying focused is one issue; that's the problem of information overload. The other

problem is information underload. Being flooded with information doesn't mean we

have the right information or that we're in touch with the right people.

What is a man to do when there is more news than there is time? If that man is Bill

Gates, he turns to SharePoint.

5 1one Microsoft way < http://arstechnica.com/journals/microsoft.ars/2006/4/4/3461 > [Consulta, Enero de 2009]

37

SharePoint puts me in touch with lots of people deep in the organization. It's like

having a super-website that lets many people edit and discuss—far more than the

standard practice of sending e-mails with enclosures. And it notifies you if anything

comes up in an area you're interested in.

When the day has come and gone, Gates puts the kids to bed, and, get this, he reads

his e-mail! There's no better way to relax than by reading e-mails that may have

slipped past you during the day, right? 

Now that you have an idea of how Microsoft's head honcho lives out his day, do you

feel that you can relate? I do. Like a lot of us, his day is filled with meetings and

technology. That's just the way the IT industry works whether you are providing tech

support or managing a multi-billion dollar company.

(A) Now answer the questions about Bill Gates’ life.

1. How many e-mails does Bill Gates receive everyday?

_______________________________________________________________

2. Does he read all of them ?

_______________________________________________________________

3. Who “cleans” his infobox?

_______________________________________________________________

4. How does he solve his problem of not having time for everything?

_______________________________________________________________

5. How many monitors does he have in his office and for what purpose?

_______________________________________________________________

6. Does the author think of Bill Gates as a “normal” person? Why?

_______________________________________________________________

7. What company does Bill Gates own?

_______________________________________________________________

8. What do you think Bill Gates’ marital status is?

_______________________________________________________________

9. How much is Bill Gates’ company worth?

_______________________________________________________________

(B) Vocabulary. Match the columns. Relate the two columns according to their meaning.

38

Words in the text New words1. Be in touch A Direct an enterprise2. Underload information B Honorary secretary3. Run a company C Download data4. Honcho D Be present at a reunion5. Attend meetings E Be in contact

When we want to say how often something happens, it is common to use frequency adverbs. It is possible to use them when referring to the past, present or future:

The following list shows the most common adverbs of frequency, with the one that refers to things that happen most often at the top, and least often at the bottom:

Always Usually Frequently Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Seldom Hardly ever Never

I always brush my teeth before I go to bed. (=every night) I usually have toast for breakfast. (=happens most days) I frequently watch

the news before dinner. (=it's common) I often go to the park with my dog. (=many times) I sometimes see him down at the shops. (=at particular occasions but not all

the time) I occasionally visit the capital. (=not happening often or regularly) I rarely smoke cigars. (=it is not common) I seldom have a chance to go to the theatre. (=almost never) I hardly ever travel abroad. (=almost never) I never work on the weekend. (=not at any time or not on any occasion)

Adverbs of frequency can occupy different positions in the sentence. With most verbs, the normal position is between the subject and the verb. With the verb "to be", the adverb normally comes after the verb:

Pedro occasionally visits us on Sundays. She is often ill in winter.

Exercise 10.4. According to the reading and based on the grammar focus

above decide how often Bill Gates does the following things.

Grammar Focus: Frequency Adverbs

39

1. Have lunch at home

_______________________________________________________

2. Attend school meetings

_______________________________________________________

3. Put his kids to bed

_______________________________________________________

4. Check his infobox

_______________________________________________________

5. Have money problems

_______________________________________________________

6. Depend on his personal assistant

_______________________________________________________

7. Turn to SharePoint

_______________________________________________________

Exercise 10.5. Read the following interviews and complete the table below. Interview 1. (I. Interviewer/ R. Rosalinda)I. What do you do when you get to work?R. I always check my e-mail.I. Where do you have lunch?R. I usually have lunch at home because it’s close to my work.I. How often do you travel on business?R. I go to Italy one a month to meet customers.I. Where do you come from?R. Well, I am from Bolivia, originally.

Interview 2. (I. Interviewer/ Is. Isabella)I. What do you do when you get to work?Is I usually look in my diary. Then I have a coffee.I. Where do you have lunch?Is. I often have a sandwich at my desk.I. How often do you travel on business?Is. I never travel on business.I. Where do you come from?Is. I was born in Italy, but we moved to Wales years ago.

Interview 3. (I. Interviewer/ S. Steven)I. What do you do when you get to work?S. I always say hi to my colleagues. Then I check my e-mails.I. Where do you have lunch?S. I usually have lunch in the cafeteria with my colleagues.

40

I. How often do you travel on business?S. Twice a year I go to sales conferences in Europe and the U.S.I. Where dio you come from?S. I’m Australian.

Rosalinda(Bolivia)

Isabella(Italy)

Steven(Australian)

1. What do you do when you get to work?

2. Where do you have lunch?

3. How often do you travel on business?

4. Who do you have lunch with?

5. Where do you come from?

In the simple present tense, negative and question forms are made using the auxiliary verb "do".

Forming a negativeNegatives in the simple present are formed by adding don't or doesn't before the simple form of the verb:

Subject Auxiliary Example

I don't I don't sing

You don't You don't sing

He doesn't He doesn't sing

She doesn't She doesn't sing

It doesn't It doesn't sing

We don't We don't sing

Lesson Eleven(11) The Present Simple Negative

41

They don't They don't sing

Exercise11.1. Our agency interviewed four people about the biggest problems their companies are facing. Here are the answers:6

Match the answers in Exercise A with an appropiate heading. Use your dictionary.

A) changes at work

B) space problems

C) money problems

D) difficult people

Find words in the replies which mean the following.

6 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2004, p 24

Only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he, she and it) use DOESN’T – the rest use DON’T

B

CB

“We pay a lot of rent for an office floor in the city centre. There isn’t enough room for all our staff. Everyone is crowded into small offices. We really need a spacious office. We want to move outside the city centre a.s.a.p.”

“There are a lot of modifications in our company at the moment, and staff are worried about losing their jobs. They aren’t very happy. They don’t come to work on time and often leave early”

“One of our sales team is not

a team player. He doesn’t

work well with colleagues.

He doesn’t attend meetings.

He never helps anyone, and

he doesn’t send reports on

time. He isn’t very popular”

“Our biggest problem is that we spend too much money. We need to cut costs because we are having difficulties paying

our bills. We have a problem with our cash flow”

A

42

1. the money you pay regularly to use a building (reply 1) ____________

2. when a place is too full of people (reply 1) ___________3. large, with a lot of space (reply 1) __________4. unhappy about something (reply 2) ___________5. someone who works well with other members of a group (reply 3)

________6. people you work with (reply 3) ___________7. a piece of paper showing how much you have to pay for

something (reply 4) ________8. amount of money coming into and going out of a company (reply

4) ______

Exercise 11.2.: Study the Case, and list the problems that the companies involved are facing. (Use the Negative forms of the verbs)

DETROIT (AP) - February 4, 2008 -- A dispute between Chrysler LLC and parts supplier Plastech Engineered Products Inc. forced Chrysler to shut down or cancel a shift at five factories Monday, and the automaker said it could idle all 14 of its assembly factories. In its lawsuit filed Friday, Chrysler claimed Plastech no longer can meet its production demands.

Plastech has 36 facilities and 7,600 employees in the United States and Canada and supplies Chrysler with about 500 plastic interior, exterior and powertrain components for nearly all of its vehicles, according to a lawsuit Chrysler filed Friday in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Detroit. Chrysler terminated its contracts with the Dearborn-based supplier on Friday, before Plastech filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

Plastech's contracts with the automaker were worth about $200 million, Plastech spokesman Kelvin Scott said. Plastech does about $1.3 billion in total business, he said.

Faced with stiff competition and a shrinking market, many suppliers are willing to take on work if it means getting contracts, said Craig Fitzgerald, a partner in Plante & Moran's Strategy and Global Services Group.

Fitzgerald said Monday. "Production values are declining, there is high debt, weak earnings and cash flow, and difficulty in getting credit."

Although Chrysler has an inventory of vehicles made by the plants, it will not benefit from any plant closures, said Aaron Bragman, an auto industry analyst for the consulting company Global Insight. "When a plant is idle, you're not making any money. You've got people standing around, so it's just a cost," he said.

CASE STUDY: “ DETROIT ... WE HAVE A PROBLEM “

43

The shutdowns are having a ripple effect as auto parts maker Dana Corp. canceled Monday night's second-shift at its modules plant in Toledo. About 150 people work at the plant, which supplies drivetrain parts for Chrysler's Toledo Jeep plant.

Chrysler employees will be notified of return-to-work schedules from plant officials or through local media, the automaker said. Chrysler's work shutdown should last no more than a week or two, Fitzgerald said.

"I think they will not have any problems filling the void," he said. "There is a lot of excess capacity. Chrysler would do everything to get up and run."

Adapted from a report made by Corey Williams Associated Press Writer on the Net.Example: They don’t benefit from plant closure.

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En inglés existe un grupo de verbos DEFECTIVOS (también llamados MODALES) – muy usados en el lenguaje corriente – con el significado de poder, deber, querer. Estos verbos no se conjugan en todos los tiempos y presentan algunas características especiales.

Su infinitivo NUNCA va precedido de TO como los verbos comunes (to go, to read, to play, etc).  Son iguales para todas las personas En las formas negativa e interrogativa se comportan como el verbo auxiliar be. No llevan la s en la tercera persona del presente (he, she, it). CAN significa poder, ser capaz de, saber (tener capacidad física o conocimiento suficiente para hacer algo). Se utiliza tanto para el afirmativo como para el interrogativo y SIN auxiliares: CAN'T es la forma contraída o reducida de CANNOT (nunca se escribe separado):

Can I swim very well?

Yes, I can swim. No, I cannot swim.

You can swim.

Can you swim very well?

Yes, you can.

She can swim.

Can she swim very well?

Yes, she can.

Can he swim very well?

No, he can't. He can't swim.

Can we swim very well?

No, we can't. We can't swim.

Can you swim very well?

No, you can't. You can't swim

Can they swim very well?

No, they can't. They cannot swim.

Exercise 12.1 Choose the correct answer.

1. She can’t ___________ Italian.

Lesson Twelve(12) Can / Can’t (cannot)

45

a. speak b. to speak c. speaking

2. ________ play chess?

a. Does he can b. Is he can c. Can he

3. We ________ go to the party ?

a. don’t can b. aren’t can c. can’t

4. Can you help me ? Sorry, I ___________

a. don’t b. can’t c. ‘m cannot

5. __________ I see the doctor tomorrow, please?

a. Can b. Am c. Do

6. Can he swim ? Yes, he _________

a. do b. can c. is

Exercise 12.2 Mix and Match the columns. Draw an arrow.

46

Exercise 12.3 Decide whether the following uses of can refer to

requests, offers or possibilities..

Exercise 12.4 Read the following passage in your own time. Use your dictionary to help you. Then answer the questions.

SCALES AND GRAPHS. 7

In engineering it is often necessary to describe quantities and relationships. We can give a pictorial representation of vector quantities by using vectors. Scalar quantities are simply described by giving their magnitude in a suitable unit of measurement. For example, we can describe the mass of a body as a quantity of grammes, the capacity of a container as a number of cubic metres and a period of time as so many seconds. We can also illustrate scalar quantities by points or divisions on a scale. Thus, a clock is a scale for measuring time and the clock hands indicate the passage of time. Similarly

7

You can do it!

47

a metre stick is a scale for measuring length and a thermometer is a scale for measuring heat.

Scales can also be used to make calculations. For example, engineers use slide-rules for quick multiplication and division. The slide-rule consists of two

logarithmic scales.

When there is a relationship between two sets of observations, we can often express this as a mathematical formula. We can also use a graph. A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship. This is often more easily understood than a law. For example, if we make a graph to compare the safe working loads of steel ropes with the circumference of the ropes, it is easy to see how the safe working load varies with the circumference. In addition, we can use the graph as an information store, rather like a simple computer. In this way a graph can present at a glance the information contained in a law or a collection of tables.

A more complex kind of graph is the nomograph. This can show the relationship between more than two variables. A simple monograph can consist of a number of scales arranged in a special shape. For example, three scales could be placed parallel to each other or in the form of the letter N, or even in curves. Such a nomograph is read by drawing a straight line to cut through all three scales. With a nomograph of this type an engineer could relate information on the horse-power of a motor, its speed, and the diameter of driving

shaft necessary to transmit the motor’s power.

More complex monographs are made on special graph paper and may even be in three dimensions.

1. What is a vector used for ? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. How can we describe a scalar quantity ? _______________________________

?GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, 22p.

48

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3. In what way is a thermometer a scale ? ________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4. Name two uses of scales. ___________________________________________

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5. What is a slide-rule and what is it used for ? _____________________________

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6. Name two ways in which a relationship between two variables can be shown. __

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7. Describe the advantages of a graph. ___________________________________

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8. Give one difference between a graph and a monograph. ___________________

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Exercise 12.5 Study the following graph and then explain all the variables.

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El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se usa para describir acciones que

han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo:

She cleaned her house.

I broke the window.

Observa que la estructura de la oración es similar a la del Presente Simple:

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE

I worked Did I work ? I did not (didn’t) work

You worked Did you work ? You did not (didn’t) work

He worked Did he work ? He did not (didn’t) work

She worked Did she work ? She did not (didn’t) work

It worked Did it work ? It did not (didn’t) work

We worked Did we work ? We did not (didn’t) work

You worked Did you work ? You did not (didn’t) work

They worked Did they work ? They did not (didn’t) work

En las formas interrogativa y negativa se usa el auxiliar DID (que es la forma

pasada del verbo "TO DO") y el verbo principal va en su forma infinitiva. En las

negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contraída de DID NOT o sea DIDN'T. En

el cuadro superior se eligió el verbo work a modo de ejemplo.

Lesson Thirteen(13) Simple Past

50

Forming the simple past tense (with regular verbs)With most verbs, the simple past is created simply by adding -ED. However, with some verbs, you need to change the ending a little. Here are the rules:

Verbs ending in...How to make the simple

pastExamples

e Add -Dlive - lived

date - dated

Consonant + yChange y to i, then add

-EDtry - triedcry - cried

One vowel + one consonant (but NOT w or y)

Double the consonant, then add -ED

tap - tappedcommit -

committed

[anything else] Add -EDboil - boiledfill - filled

hand - handed

The three most important irregular verbsThe three most important irregular verbs are BE, HAVE, and DO. BE is the most difficult, because its forms are different depending on the subject:

Pronoun Verb

I was

You were

He / she / it was

We were

They were

HAVE and DO are more simple:

Base form Past Tense

have had

do did

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Other irregular verbsOther irregular verbs fall into three main categories:

Category Examples

Verbs which don't changecut - cuthit - hitfit - fit

Verbs which change their vowelget - gotsit - sat

drink - drank

Verbs which change completelycatch - caughtbring - broughtteach - taught

Exercise 13.1 Reading Comprehension.

Read and then do the exercises below.

A SPACE DISASTER 8

The wife of an Israeli astronaut who perished in the Columbia space shuttle disaster today paid tribute to the crew of "angels" who died onboard.Rona Ramon said she was consoled by the fact her husband Ilan had died chasing his dream and "with people he loved in a place that he loved".And she spoke of the comfort relatives of the Columbia crew gave each other."We are one big family," she said. "What unites us is the knowledge they really enjoyed being there and loved being with each other. They are all angels and will remain that way."The children are not saying much. They are trying to get used to the fact that he is no longer here." Rona revealed her last contact with Ilan was via email moments before the shuttle prepared for landing. He also sent emails to former US President Bill Clinton and ex-Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres who decided in 1995 to send an Israeli astronaut into space. Rona choked back tears as she recalled the moment she realised her husband was dead: "Just like at the lift-off, we counted back from 10, but we got to zero and nothing. "No sign - the shuttle wasn't drawing near, nor did we hear the sonic booms that we knew would be heard before the landing."There was an odd, terrible quiet...As the minutes passed we already knew that there was nobody to wait for and nothing to wait for."

QUESTIONS

1. Answer the following questions using your own words.

a. According to the text, who is comforting the widow right now?

8 http://www.miguelmllop.com/practice/intermediate/readingcomprehension/shuttle.pdf

A

BA

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_______________________________________________________________

b. How many e-mails did the astronaut send before the shuttle exploded and who to?_______________________________________________________________

2. Are the following statements true or false?

a. Bill Clinton decided to send an Israeli astronaut into space in the nineties. ____b. Bill Clinton sent an e-mail to Shimon Peres in 1995. _____

Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is similar in meaning to:

STAY: ________________ APPROACHING:________________

SHIP: ________________ TEAM:_______________________

DIE : ________________ HOMAGE:____________________

Choose a, b or c in each question below. Only one choice is correct.

1. Rona Ramon was comforted because her husband had died doing what he liked.

a. Yes.b. No.c. Possibly.

2. The astronauts on the shuttle got on with one another.a. Yes.b. No.c. Sometimes.

3. The children are getting used to:a. Their father’s absence.b. The shuttle.c. Their mother’s tears.

4. The noise that is heard before the landing was:a. None.b. Very low.c. Very loud.”

CA

DCA

E

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Look at the chart below, which shows the distribution of the World Bank lending various sectors in Fiscal Year 1982. 9

Note: Urbanization: the word ‘urban’ refers to cities.Sewerage: a sewer is an artificial conduit or channel (usually underground) for the disposal of waste matter.Rural Development: the word ”rural” refers to the countryside.Nonproject and Structural Adjustment: this sector consists of lending for special purposes not covered by the other categories; for example, lending for rehabilitation after natural disasters.

Now answer these questions.

1. Which sector received the largest amount of World Bank assistance in 1982? _______________________________________2. Approximately, what proportion of total lending went to that sector ?_______________________________________3. How much did the World Bank lend for Nonproject and Structural Adjustment ? _______________________________________4. Did the loans extended to Development Finance Corporation come to just under $1 billion ? __________________________________________5. Which sector received about one-tenth as much assistance as Energy ?

_______________________________________________________6. Why do you think Energy received so much assistance?

_______________________________________________________

Cloze Procedure. Alexander Graham Bell. As you read, choose the best alternative to complete the ideas.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and became a very famous man. He also wrote an article which he presented in 1883. His research paper was about deaf people.In his article, Dr. Bell explained why there were so many deaf children. He believed that when deaf adults married each other, they would have deaf children. He thought that this was bad. Bell blamed the schools for the deaf for causing marriages between deaf people. He did not like the idea of these intermarriages and tried to think of ways to stop them. He

9 CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English, 1984, R3.2.

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would have preferred that deaf children be taught at hearing schools. He did not ____1______ schools for the deaf. Bell felt that deaf people would not mix with hearing people if they went to _____2_____ schools.

Bell was ____3______ about other things, too. He noticed that deaf people socialized with other deaf people. He felt that socializing with other deaf people was bad. Deaf people should socialize with hearing people, he thought. Bell tried to start a new law that would make it illegal for deaf people to marry each other. He ____4______ up his idea when he realized that such a law could not be enforced.

Bell also had strong feelings about the ____5______ of deaf children. He wanted deaf children to be with hearing children in school. He thought that the deaf children could learn normal behavior from the hearing children. Bell was against the use of deaf teachers, too, because he thought this added to the ____6______ of a deaf "race" in America.

Bell had another theory which he never proved. He believed that deaf children who signed would not have good English skills. He could never prove this, and now many people have tried to prove the opposite! A lot of new research shows that many deaf children whose parents sign (and are deaf) do _____7_____ schoolwork than deaf children who do not sign at home!

1. Bell did not ___________ schools for the deaf.

a. observe b. describe c. support d. visit e. study

2. Bell felt that deaf people would not mix with hearing people if they went to

_________ schools.

a. larger b. nicer c. worse d. older e. separate

3. Bell was _________ about other things, too.

a. selfish b. upset c. shy d. careless e. unsure

4. Bell ________ up his idea when he realized that such a law could not be

enforced.

a. fixed b. gave c. wrote d. talked e. printed

5. Bell also had strong feelings about the ________ of deaf children.

a. discipline b. health c. safety d. effort e. education

6. Bell was against the use of deaf teachers, too, because he thought this

added to the _________ of a deaf “race” in America.

a. ability b. lossc. problem d. success e. cost

7. A lot of new research shows that many deaf children whose parents sign

(and are deaf) do _________ schoolwork than deaf children who do not

sign at home!

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a. more b. easier c. slower d. better e. quieter

Using the timeline below, choose the most important facts to write a biography of Marco Polo. You can also use your

dictionary to help you.

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________

Lesson Fourteen(14) The comparison of adjectives

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We compare two people or things with comparative forms of adjectives We compare three or more people or things with superlative forms of adjectives

Monosyllabic adjectives are compared with -er, -est.

positive comparative superlative

strong stronger strongest

small smaller smallest

late later latest

nice nicer nicest

big bigger biggest

thin thinner thinnest

fat fatter fattest

London is bigger than Vienna.

 Disyllabic adjectives ending with y, er, ow, are compared with -er, -est.

positive comparative superlative

easy easier easiest

happy happier happiest

clever cleverer cleverest

narrow narrower narrowest

What is the easiest exercise? 

All the other adjectives are compared with more, most.

positive comparative superlative

careful more careful The most careful

expensive more expensive The most expensive

difficult more difficult The most difficult

tired more tired The most tired

terrible more terrible The most terrible

Which dress is more expensive? Which dress is the most expensive?

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Irregular forms

positive comparative superlative

good better best

bad worse worst

much more most

many more most

little less least

(not) as ... as -

Ann is as tall as Mary I think tomorrow it will be as hot as today. This test was not as difficult as the last one.

Exercise 14.1 Reading Comprehension. Identify all the comparative and superlative forms in the text.

Los Angeles10

Los Angeles, also known as L.A., is the second largest city in the United States (after

New York). Most immigrants to the United States arrive in Los Angeles and many of

them stay here. The city is also famous for its two Olympic Games (1932 and 1984).

Hollywood

Hollywood is a district of Los Angeles and for a long time it was nothing more but the

name of a ranch. In the early 1900s, however, movie companies decided to move from

New York and New Jersey to California where they had more space and better

weather. Nestor Studios were the first to settle in the area. But more and more

followed and now Hollywood is famous all over the world for its movie studios and

stars.

On the Walk of Fame (along Hollywood

Boulevard and Vine Street) more than 2,000

prominent celebrities are honored with a star.

Disneyland (Anaheim, California)

10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR ON LINE ... the fun way to learn English > http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/usa/tour/los-angeles#exercises > [Consulta: Enero 2009]

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Disneyland is situated in Anaheim, just a little south of the City of

Los Angeles. The park opened on July 17, 1955 and was the first

Disney Park in the world. It has been visited by more than

500,000,000 people and has several theme parks:

Adventureland

Critter Country

Fantasyland

Frontierland

Main Street U.S.A.

Mickey’s Toontown

New Orleans Square

Tomorrowland

Grammar Exercise on the Text. Put the adjectives into the correct form.

1. Los Angeles is (large) ____________than Chicago.

2. But New York is (large) ___________city of the United States.

3. The weather in Hollywood is (good) ____________in New York or New Jersey.

4. Nestor Studios is (old) ____________movie company in Hollywood.

5. Disneyland is (interesting) _____________ any other amusement park.

6. Disneyland is (old) ________________ Disney park in the world.

7. Anaheim is (small) _______________ Los Angeles.

8. Doris Day was one of the (famous) _____________ actresses in the 60’s.

9. Mickey is (cute) _______________ mouse in the world.

10. Fantasilandia (in Chile) is (small) _______________ Fantasyland in L.A.

Grammar exercise. Write the correct form of the comparative or superlative.

1. A cheetah is ________________than a horse. (fast)

2. Susan’s hair is ________________than Betty’s. (short)

3. The Mt Blanc is ________________than the Großglockner, the Mt Everest is

the _______________mountain. (high)

4. June is ____________than May, but July is the______________. (hot)

A

B

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5. Table tennis is __________than tennis but badminton is the___________.

(easy)

6. French is _____________than English, but Chinese is the ____________

language. (difficult)

7. "Airforce One" is the _______________film I have ever seen. (interesting)

8. No, I don’t think so. "Contact" is ________________than "Airforce One".

(interesting)

9. Hot dogs are ________________________than hamburgers. (good)

10. This is the _______________chocolate cake I have ever eaten. (good)

11. Skiing is as _______________________as riding a bike. (easy)

12. Carol sings as ___________as Mary, but Cindy sings____________. (beautiful)

13. Tennis is ______________than skiing, but football is the ______________ .

(popular)

14. Detective films are as _________________as western films. (boring)

15. No, I don’t think so! Romantic films are ____________than western films,

but nature films are the ____________films I have ever seen. (boring)

16. The United States are ______________than Mexico, but Russia is the

________________. (large)

17. A mouse is as ___________as a hamster, but a rat is _____________ than a

mouse. (clever)

18. A canary is __________ than an eagle, but a parrot is _____________.

(colourful)

19. Peter is as _____________as George. (clever)

20. January is as ________________ as February. (cold)

Exercise 14.2. Read the following job adverts in the UK

Commercial Manager

Employer: Harvey Nash plc Posted: 12 Jan 2009 Reference: HN4277TOL Contact: Dorota Fila Location: North West Industry : Engineering and

Manufacturing – Utilities Position Type: Permanent Position : Commercial Manager Salary: Up to £75k + benefits

Technical Sales Manager / Business Development Manager

Employer BMS Posted 13 Jan 2009 Reference SE030908 Contact Patrick McKinney Location Reading Industry Engineering and Manufacturing, Sales Position Type Permanent Position Technical Sales Manager / Business

Development Manager Salary £30000 - £30000 pa

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(taken from the London’s Times) and compare them. (Use adjectives like interesting, important, challenging, permanent,well-paid, profitable, growing, attractive, declining, etc.)

________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________

UK General Manager

Employer: CRIPPS SEARS & PARTNERS Posted: 13 Jan 2009 Location: St Albans Industry: Energy - Non-Renewable, Energy - Renewable,

Engineering and Manufacturing - Environmental, Engineering and Manufacturing - Leadership/Management, Engineering and Manufacturing - Public, Engineering and Manufacturing - Utilities, Engineering and Manufacturing - General, Engineering and Manufacturing - Sales

Position Type: Contract Position: UK General Manager Salary: £ Executive Package

62

Match the beginning of the sentences 1 to 5 with their endings a) to e)

1. Coca-Cola is a mass market product; it

a) is a small but often profitable market

2. Selling special interest holidays is a niche market; it

b) is outside the producer´s country.

3. Rolex watches sell in a luxury market; they are

c) is in the producer´s country.

4. An export market d) high quality and expensive goods

5. A home market e) sells to large numbers of people

Now think of 4 products you know and write about their types of market, just like in exercise C.E.g. Puma shoes sell in a mass marketOmega watches are a luxury market product.

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____________

Take a look at the pie chart at the right.What can you conclude ? Write a small

paragraph.

C

D

E

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_____________________________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________

ACTIVITY: Lower-level and higher level generalisations11

Statements which contain higher-level items are more general than statements which contain lower-level items. Look at the following example:

Statement (a) is the most general statement. When statement (a) is true, statements (b), (c), and (d) must also be true.Study the following sentences. Column (a) contains statements with lower-level items. Column (b) contains more general statements with higher-level items. Match each lower-level statement with a general statement from column (b).Example : Iron rusts. Metals corrode.

A B1. Iron rusts.

2. Bronze contains copper and tin.

3. A square metre is made by multiplying a

metre by a metre.

4. Chromium makes steel corrosion-resistant.

5. A load of five tonnes compresses a

concrete column.

6. Zirconia heat shields withstand

temperatures over 2000° C.

7. Vinylite can be shaped in a lathe.

8. Railway lines extend in hot weather.

9. Four-stroke internal-combustion engines

Engines consume fuel.

Metallic elements are added to steel to improve

its properties.

Compressive forces shorten bodies.

Metals corrode.

Derived units are products of basic units.

Alloys are mixtures of metals.

Ceramics can resist high temperatures.

Plastics can be machined.

11 GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, 19p.

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burn petrol, diesel oil, and gas.

Metals expand when heated.

We use the present continuous to talk about temporary actions and situations that are happening now.The factory is working seven days days a weekWe are selling in 72 different countriesWhat is Gates doing? He is checking his e-mail The present continuous is formed with be and the –ing form of the main verb.

Complete these sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

1. BMW _______________ (sell) Minis in China now.

2. People _______________ (work) in the factory 51 weeks a year.

3. I _________________ (call) about a problem.

4. Many English people _______________ (learn) Chinese.

5. She ______________ (attend) a course on presentation.

6. He ______________ (not work) in the office today.

7. They ______________ (entertain) some foreign guests.

8. Janet ______________ (research) a project. She _____________ (use) the

Internet a lot.

9. Loreto _________________ (do) an MBA course.

10. Chrysler Co. _____________ (develop) a new model.

11. DKNY __________________ (launch) a new parfum.

12. They _________________ (start) the project.

Complete the article about the food group Angus Steak House. Use

the present continuous form of the words in italics.

increase export plan expand translate

The number of Angus Steak Houses ____________ not only in London, but also in

other parts of the UK. At present, Angus Steak House ____ _________ its overseas

business, particularly in Asia. Currently, it ___________its advertising materials into

Japanese. Angus Steak House its winning formula to India and Indonesia. It

_____________ to open new shops in New York.

Lesson Fifteen(15) The Present Continuous

A

B

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Write a small report on how your business, life, or institution is changing.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________

What is this typical store-layout indicating? Write your conclusions.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

_______________

Complete the sentences in the present continuous.

C

D

EF

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1. I (look for) ____________________my pen.

2. Jane (print out) __________________the contract.

3. As long as I am on holiday, Hannah and John (take care) ________________of everything.

4. Look! Graham (wear) _________________a tie today.

5. That's because he (meet) _______________________the big boss in the afternoon.

6. I (work / not) _____________________tomorrow.

7. Bob (talk / not) ______________________on the phone.

8. What (you / do)______________________?

9. Where (Mister Bradley / stay)__________________________?

Choose the correct answer.12

1. I am living in London now. - What does this sentence mean? a. I have moved to London to stay there for ever.b. I am in London only for a limited period of time.c. I am going to move to London soon.

2. We are meeting Tom tonight. - What does this sentence mean? a. The action is arranged for the near future.b. The action is taking place now.c. The action might take place.

3. I'm working hard at the moment. - Is the sentence correct even if I am not working at the moment of speaking? a. yesb. no

4. He is playing football. - Which situation cannot be expressed by present progressive? a. To express that the match is going on right now.b. To express that he does not play football regularly, but only for a limited period of time.c. To express that he plays football regularly.

12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR ON LINE ... the fun way to learn English > http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-3 > [Consulta: Enero 2009]

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PROFILE The Inditex Group

The name Zara _________ (seem) to come from Zaragoza, but nobody ________ (know) it for sure. The Inditex Group ________(own) six fashion chains including Zara. It __________ (have) around 1,500 stores worldwide. It _______ (operate) in 44 countries. Inditex ____________(employ) 27,000 people and __________ (have) more than 200 fashion designers.Currently the fashion designers ____________ (work) on next year’s designs. The Inditex group __________ (do) at the moment, and it ____________(try) to become a global fashion leader.Amancio Ortega, the founder of Inditex, also ___________ (invest) in property and hotels. Most of this year’s investment ___________(stay) in Spain

5. Look! The Millers are moving house. - Which of the following situations is expressed by the present progressive? a. They are in the middle of the action.b. The action is going to take place next week.c. They will come back to this place one day.

Complete the article with the present simple or the present continuous

of the verbs in brackets. Remember that:13

We use the present continuous to describe temporary situations, ones

which happen for a long time

We use the present simple to describe permanent situations, ones

which won’t change.

13 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2004, p 82

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Measurement and quantity14

Look at the diagrams

Make questions and answers like the following:

Example: How much liquid does the beaker contain ?

It contains a little liquid.

Now look at this:

14 BATES, Martin; DUDLEY-EVANS; Tony. General Science. English for Science and Technology. 5th ed. Hong Kong. Longman Group Ltd. 1985.63p.

Lesson Sixteen(16) How much / how many

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Note: Considerable means large enough to be important.

Negligible means too small to be important.

A lake contains a very large amount of liquid.

The sea contains an enormous amount of liquid

Exercise 16.1: Now write sentences describing the quantities of liquid in the

containers above.

1. ____________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________

Exercise 16.2: Give the names of elements which have, in one atom:

a. a few electrons

b. a large number of electrons

c. a very large number of electrons

d. a fairly large number of electrons

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e. a very small number of electrons

Exercise 16.3: Complete these sentences.

1. How __________ electrons does an atom of sodium possess?

2. How __________ oxygen does the atmosphere contain?

3. Our bodies contain a very large _________ of water.

4. There is an __________ number of stars in the universe.

5. For a rich man, one dollar is a _________ quantity of money, but for a poor

man it is a __________ amount.

6. The air consists of __________ nitrogen (78%); ___________ oxygen (21%);

________ argon (less than 1%) and _________ helium, neon, krypton and

xenon.

7. An orange contains _____________ seeds.

8. The _________ of bacteria in the air is _____________

9. ___________ people can speak more than five languages.

10.A large _________ of whales are found in the Pacific Ocean.

Exercise 16.4: Look again at the diagram of the containers (exercises 1

and 2) and read this:

The conical flask contains much more liquid than the beaker.

The beaker contains considerably less liquid than the gas-jar.

The beaker contains slightly more liquid than the spherical flask.

The dish on the right contains many more crystals than the dish

on the left.

The dish on the left contains considerably fewer crystals than the

dish in the middle.

Now complete these:

1. The conical flask contains _________ than the gas-jar.

2. The spherical flask contains _________ than the beaker.

3. The beaker contains ____________ than the conical flask.

4. The dish in the middle contains _________ than the dish on the right.

5. The dish on the right contains _________ than the dish in the middle.

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Exercise 16.5: Look at the following table. Compare the sales volume during

the year. Write a short report using the words of measurement and quantity.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

____________

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Exercise 16.6 : Reading Comprehension “Optical Fibres”

Optical fibre is a material used for transmitting sound and data: optical fibre.Optical fibre is made of glass and uses light (usually from a laser) to transmit messages.

Read this conversation between an engineer and a journalist about the advantages of optical fibre compared with conventional copper cable.

As you read, match the advantage with its effect(s). The first one has been done for you.

Optical Fibres. A conversation.

Engineer: There’s no doubt optical fibre systems have enormous advantages over existing transmission systems.

Journalist: So we have heard. But what are these advantages?Engineer: Well, first and foremost they have a much higher capacity than

copper wires. In other words, they can carry much more information — telephone calls or data, it doesn't matter which.Secondly they have a potentially lower material cost, At the moment, production costs of optical fibre are relatively high, but this is only because mass production hasn’t really started. In the long term, optical fibre will cost much less to produce than conventional cables. Another big advantage is their size , they take up much less space. With conventional cable you need many more ducts or pipes to carry the cable.

Journalist: What about quality of transmission ?Engineer: Yes they score very highly here as well. The signal doesn't need to

be amplified as often as with conventional cable, where signal loss means you need far more repeaters or boosters — in fact, every 2 or 3 kilometres as opposed to every 20 kilometres.As far as quality is concerned, optical fibres don’t suffer from interference or crosstalk as much as conventional cable.

Journalist: Anything else?Engineer: Yes, they also have complete electrical isolation and therefore

there's much more security on the line — the data can’t be corrupted or interfered with.

MATCH THE COLUMNS.

ADVANTAGE EFFECT1. higher capacity ( D ) a. less frequent repeaters2. lower material cost b. more security3. smaller size c. cheaper to produce4. higher quality of transmission d. more information5. complete electrical isolation e. less space in ducts

f. less interference/crosstalk

Remember: There is a difference between QUANTITY and AMOUNT:QUANTITY

A

B

With conventional cable, you need many more ductsWith conventional cable, you can transmit far fewer telephone calls

AMOUNTOptical fibres can carry much more informationOptical fibres take up much less space

Controlled Practice.

(1) Classify the followings nouns as either COUNTABLE (C) or UNCOUNTABLE (U)1. telephone call 5. duct 9. crosstalk2. Repeater 6. money 10. space3. information 7. security 11. capacity4. data 8. interference 12. equipment

(2)Complete these sentences.1. _________ _________ telephone calls can be transmitted using optical fibre.2.You hear ________ ________ crosstalk when using optical fibres.3. There is________ _________interference on copper cables.4.Optical fibres occupy__________ ___________ space.5. You need ______ ______ ducts or cables pipes with optical fibre.6.Conventional cable has _________ _________ capacity than optical fibre.7. Conventional cable will cost_________ ________ to produce in the future than

optical fibre.

WORD CHECK: Match the word(s) to its definition.

WORDS DEFINITIONScapacity — channels for carrying cables

material cost — a type of interference — sounds of another telephone call on the

line

ducts/pipes — to increase the strength of the signal

to amplify — a disturbance to the signal caused by unwanted signals

signal loss — how much something can hold e.g. the capacity of the truck is 200

cases.

repeater — outside electrical signals cannot interfere with the signal

interference — the information/data cannot be changed, accessed by other users

crosstalk — cost of the raw material (e.g.glass)

electrical

isolation

— to change or delete data.

security — type of amplifier

to corrupt

(data)

— decrease in the strength of a signal

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C

D

Size, quantity, dimensions and measurementsGames

The size, strength or capacity of things can be measured in many different ways. Cover the columns on the right and complete the following sentences with an appropriate word or phrase of measurement or size.

1. He’s bought himself a new 750 ... Kawasaki (a) Set2. We really need another 100- ... bulb. (b) lap3. We could also do with an extra 13-... plug. (c)area4. Her wedding ring is 24-... gold. (d) ratio5. It’s over 85 ... Fahrenheit in the shade today (e) Rate6. We sailed across the Atlantic in a 20,000- ... l iner

(f) Depth

7. The ship was travelling at an average speed of 28....

(g) Grade

8. Winds of gale ... 9 were reported. (h) Angle9. The Krakatoa explosion (1883) happened too long ago for the intensity of its sound to be measured in....

(i) Track

10. The recent earthquake gave a reading of point 7 on the Richter....

(j) Weight

11. The Empire State is a 102- ... building. (k)Scale12. Hong Kong has the highest ... of population of any country in the world.

(l) Storey

13. She passed her final exams with a ... 3. (m) Density14. The Tower of Pisa leans at an... of several .... to the vertical.

(n) Force

15. Parts of the Pacific Ocean are known to be well over 30,000 feet in ....

(o) decibel.

16. The people voted to remain in the Common Market by a ... of two to one.

(p) Degrees

17. Redundancies are being announced now at a ...of a thousand a day.

(q) Ton

18. A number of rock-groups now own their own 16 or 24-... recording equipment.

(r) Knots

19. The man thought to have been the heaviest ever is reported to have been over 70 stone in ....

(s)Carat

20. The final of the tennis championship — men’s singles — was the best of five....

(t) Degrees

21. The 800 metres is normally a two-... race (u) Watt22. The duke's farm extends over an ... of 640 acres.

(v) amp. (ampere)(w) c.c.

Games (2) Numerals and proportions

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There are several prefixes which indicate number in English. Try to find a word in the right-hand column which matches each definition 1 —21.

DEFINITION WORD

1 b e i n g a b l e t o s p e a k t w o l a n g u a g e s v e r y w e l l

a u n i f i c a t i o n

2 a p e r i o d o f t e n y e a r s b m o n o l o g u e3 a c r e a t u r e w i t h a b o u t a h u n d r e d l e g s

c s o l i l o q u y

4 a c h i l d ’ s t h r e e - w h e e l e d v e h i c l e

d b i n a r y

5 h a l f a p a i r o f g l a s s e s e b i a n n u a l6 t o c o p y a d o c u m e n t f o c t e t7 o n e t h o u s a n d w a t t s g d i o x i d e8 a t e n t h o f a c e n t i m e t r e h d u o d e c i m a l9 t h e p r o c e s s o f m a k i n g a c o u n t r y c o m p l e t e l y o n e

i u n i l a t e r a l

1 0 d e s c r i b i n g a d e c i s i o n t h a t h a d 1 0 0 % s u p p o r t

j u n a n i m o u s

1 1 a v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e a s a c r o w d

k p o l y g a m y

1 2 t h e s t a t e o f h a v i n g r a t h e r a l o t o f h u s b a n d s o r w i v e s a t o n c e

l . d u a l

1 3 a s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e o n l y d i g i t s u s e d a r e 1 a n d 0

m t r i c y c l e

1 4 d e s c r i b i n g a s y s t e m l i k e : 1 2 i n c h e s i n 1 f o o t

n m i l l i m e t r e

1 5 t h e O i n C O o k i l o w a t t1 6 a r o a d c o n s i s t i n g o f 2 p a r t s w i t h t r a f f i c g o i n g i n o n e d i r e c t i o n o n l y

p m u l t i t u d e

1 7 h a l f - y e a r l y q m o n o c l e1 8 a g r o u p o f e i g h t m u s i c i a n s r d u p l i c a t e1 9 o n e - s i d e d , t h e s o r t o f n u c l e a r d i s a r m a m e n t t h a t p a c i f i s t s w o u l d b e h a p p y w i t h

s b i l i n g u a l

2 0 a l o n g i s h p a s s a g e s p o k e n b y o n e p e r s o n

t d e c a d e

2 1 a m o r e r o m a n t i c s p e e c h u c e n t i p e d e

Games (3)Numerals and proportions

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Practice1 Which word or phrase is missing in each of the sequences

below? Complete and continue each sequence.

1 one two three four five six seven nine ten2 first second third fourth sixth3 once three times four times five times4 one a half a third a fifth5 solo trio quartet quintet6 think of a number double it quadruple it7 a double whisky a triple (or treble) whisky

2 Now see how quickly you can find the answer to this rather long sum.

Four add two, divide by three, subtract one, multiply by eight, take away four, times three, plus two, minus four, halved, equals what?

3 Of all these numbers, O presents the most linguistic problems.Try to read out loud the following expressions including various words for the figure O. Then work out the answer to questions 9 and 10. Look up the answers in the answer Key if you find this exercise difficult.

1 Manchester City 0, Manchester United 02 5,4,3,2,1,0!3 0.1% of the air4 Tel. 01 906 30025 H206 4+2—6=07 6—0,6—1,6—08 the temperature is below 0°9 How many fingers have you got on your feet?

4. For further practice of expressions describing numbers, give an example of each item below.

1 an odd number _____________________________

2 a three-figure sum ____________________________

3 three consecutive numbers after the decimal

point_______________________________________

4 a multiple of 49 ________________________________

5 an even number _____________________________

6 a fraction __________________________________

7 a number with 5 digits _________________________

8 an equation _________________________________

Lesson Seventeen(17) Will and Time Prepositions time

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El auxiliar de futuro “Will” expresa una decisión espontánea, una suposición

en relación al futuro o una acción en el futuro que no puede ser influenciada.

Funciona igual para todas las personas.

Formas del will

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

they.

} will speak

I

You

He

She

It

We

you

they

{will not speak.

(won’t speak)

Will

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

they

Speak ?

Uses of will

a spontaneous decision : “Wait, I will help you.”

an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future

“He will probably come back tomorrow.”

a promise: “I will not watch TV tonight.”

an action in the future that cannot be influenced: “It will rain tomorrow.”

conditional clauses type I: “If I arrive late, I will call you.”

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Exercise 17.1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the simple present or simple future (will). Pay attention to time indicators.

1. Today after I (get) _______out of class, I (go) _______to a movie with some friends. 2. When you (arrive) ________in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show) ________you around the city and help you get situated.

3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) __________? B: After I (receive) ________my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go) _________to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) _________ to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science.

4. This weekend, we (go) _________skiing near Lake Tahoe.

5. Your father (plan) _______to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He (meet) _______ you across the street near the ice cream shop. If he cannot be there, I (pick) __________you up instead.

6. If the people of the world (stop, not) ________ cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, we (experience) _________huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century.

7. If Vera (keep) _______ drinking, she (lose) ________ her job. 8. I promise you that I (tell, not) ________ your secret to anybody. I (reveal, not) __________the truth to a single person.

9. She (make) _______ some major changes in her life. She (quit) _______ her job and go back to school. After she (finish) ________studying, she (get) _______a better-paying job and buy a house. She is going to improve her life!

10. Tom (call) ________when he (arrive) ____________in Madrid. He (stay) __________ with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be) ________ available.

PROJECT PLANNING (Prepositions of time)

Las preposiciones de tiempo indican cuándo ocurre y cuánto dura una acción. Las frases preposicionales de tiempo responden a la pregunta WHEN?

Preposition Use Examples

in in months in July; in September

year in 1985; in 2002

seasons in summer; in the summer of 99

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part of the day in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening

duration in a minute; in two weeks

at

part of the day (special case) at night

time of day (hours) at 6 o'clock; at midnight

celebrations at Christmas; at Easter

fixed phrases at the same time

on

days of the week on Sunday; on Friday

date on the 25th of December*

special holidays on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my birthday

a special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th*

after later than sth. after school

ago how far sth. happened (in the past)

6 years ago

before earlier than sth. before Christmas

between time that separates two points between Monday and Friday

by not later than a special time by Thursday

during through the whole of a period of time

during the holidays

for period of time for three weeks

from ... tofrom... till/until

two points form a periodfrom Monday to Wednesdayfrom Monday till Wednesdayfrom Monday until Wednesday

Reading Comprehension: This text deals with the timing of a project. The project leader is responsible for different activities

including installation of equipment, testing of the equipment and training of the employee. Read the transcription of a long-distance conference call between Roger, manager of overseas operations at an engineering firm, and Colin, project leader in charge of setting up a new plant in Saudi Arabia. They discuss the schedule for the project. As you read, complete the key for the "Planner" below.

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“Planner” (Gantt Chart)Roger:Hi, Colin. It's Roger here. I'm calling about the Saudi project to find out

how the work's coming along.Colin: Not bad, we're mostly on schedule.Roger:Is all the equipment installed?Colin: Yes, we finished installation last week. We start testing the machines on

Monday next week.Roger:How long will that take?

Colin: Well. We've scheduled three weeks so we should finish at the end of the month.

Roger:Good. What else?Colin: Well, the operator training already started. We kicked off on Wednesday this week and the first course ends next Friday.Roger:Oh yes, that was one of the things I wanted to mention. Fred Hyman, the

maintenance trainer should arrive at the weekend.Colin: Fine, do you know what time?Roger:No, but I expect he'll arrive at 12 on Saturday. I'll telex you as soon as I

know for certain.Colin: OK. Anyway he'll have a week before he starts training. The first

maintenance course is due to begin a week from Monday.Roger: When do you plan to finish the training programme?Colin: Just a moment, I'll look at the planner . . . here it is. . . um, . . ., the last

course is in July — that's the Supervisor course — if all goes well, that'll finish at the end of the month and they'll be ready to start work at the beginning of August.

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Roger:So you plan to start up in August?Colin: Yes, if all the tests are OK, we have a provisional start-up date on 25th

August . . . for the first two weeks we'll be building up capacity slowly ... hope to reach full capacity by September 8th.

Roger:Right, that's the other thing I wanted to mention. The client wants an official opening date for the plant — when do you suggest?

Colin: Well. I talked to some of the Saudis here — in fact I talked to the Works Manager a couple of days ago — he reckoned the middle of September will be fine.Let me just look at my diary . . . about September 15th ?

Roger:Sounds fine. Anything you need ?Colin: Um. I don't think so. Oh yes. Can you send some more copies of the

Operators' Manual Let's say about 20.Roger:Of course. I’ll send them off by airmail. They will be with you by Monday.Colin: Right, thanks Roger.Roger:You're welcome. Speak to you again soon,Colin: Yes, Bye.Roger:Bye.

WORD CHECK. Match the columns. Draw an arrow.

WORDS DEFINITIONSTo schedule 1. to start

To be on schedule 2. to start (a process, factory, etc.)

To kick off 3. to arrive at the moment when the factory is

producing at full volume

To be due to 4. to plan into action at the right time

To start up 5. chart

To build up capacity 6. to increase production volume gradually

To reach full capacity 7. to plan activities in time

A planner 8. daily record of appointments, meetings, etc.

A diary 9. to be planned/scheduled to ...

During the telephone call, some of the following time expressions were used:

TIME RELATING TO NOW

Days: 2 days ago - yesterday - today - tomorrow - next Monday - a week from next MondayWeeks/Months2 weeks ago - last week - this week - next week - in 2 weeks' time

A. Use the planner to complete these sentences.

a. Installation work finished ____________ week.b. Testing will begin ___________ Monday ___________week.

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c. Testing will finish __________________________________ time.d. The first Operators Training Course began ___________________

Wednesday _____________ week.e. It'll finish _______________ week.f. The first Maintenance Course begins a week _______________________.g. The Supervisor's Course finishes ________________________________July.h. The Plant will start up ______________________ 25th August.i. We plan to reach full capacity _____________________ September 8th (at the

latest).j. The plant will be officially opened _________________ September 15th .

B. Write out the following msn in full:

Attention: Colin Kerridge, Project Leader

I confirm _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

____________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________

ATTN: Colin Kerridge, Project LeaderIcnfm F. Hyman arrives Riyadh Sat.1200. He expects start training 17June. Pls meet him airport. Sent 20operators manuals ysdy. Will arr.Beg. Nxt week..RgdsRoger Coleman

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Writing predictions based on the properties of materials 15

When we know what the properties of a material are we can predict how it will behave under different conditions. To make predictions of this type, we use an if-sentence with will in the next sentence. Look at this example:

If a material is flexible, it will bend easily.

Now write similar predictions for materials which have the properties listed in column A . Mix and Match the columns.

A Belasticityplasticity

toughnesscorrosion-resistance

rigiditywear-resistancebrittleness

hardnessflexibility

softness

will not bend easily will resist abrasion, deformation and indentation

will resist wear will regain its original dimensions after the forces which have caused deformation are removed will tend to fracture under impact loads will bend easily will not return to its original dimensions after the forces producing strain are removed will not fracture when indented or scratched will resist fracture when subjected to an impact load will resist corrosion

If a material is flexible, it will bend easily

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________

________________________________________________________

Glossary Time. Test your knowledge on what is the work of engineering

consultants.

15 GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, 68p.

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Read the text and then answer the questions.

“The role of an engineering consultant” 16

The task of assessing the feasibility of a sophisticated project such as the building of an industrial plant and of seeing it through completion is often beyond the capacity of a developing country. In such a case, the country usually turns to an engineering consultant for advice and guidance. Moreover, when an external source of finance such as the World Bank is involved in the project, the services of an engineering consultant become an essential part of the deal.The first task of an engineering consultant is to conduct a feasibility study. This will include a site survey – an examination of the physical characteristic of the area, such as the firmness of the ground on which the plant will be built. For this he will probably need the assistance of other specialists, such as surveyors and geologists. He will also have to consider whether there will be a market for the goods the plant will produce. Of equal importance is the question of whether the operation is likely to be profitable. The consultant’s financial projections will play an important role in determining if the whole project is feasible or not.If the consultant feels the project is basically viable, he will have to prepare a preliminary design and specifications. He will be establishing at this stage the fundamental engineering standards that companies wishing to bid for the project will have to meet. These companies will be furnished with this information. When the bids are submitted, the consultant will have to examine them in minute detail. As important as his technical evaluation, of course, is his assessment of the total cost of the project to the country concerned. It can happen that, in spite of its technical viability, it is simply going to be too expensive.Once the contract has been awarded, a consultant (though not necessarily the same one) will oversee the engineering and the construction work. His role can also extend to arranging the training of people who will operate the plant, and even to supervising the running of the plant for a certain period after it started operations. The consultant’s precise role varies according to the type of project he is working on. Now answer these comprehensive questions.

1. When a developing country is considering a major construction project,

in what circumstances will they employ an engineering consultant ?

_________________________________________________________

2. What does the consultant have to do first ?

_________________________________________________________

3. What financial factors does the consultant have to consider ?

16 CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English, 1984, R4.2.

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__________________________________________________________

4. Who will the consultant give his preliminary design and specifications to?

__________________________________________________________

5. What will he do when the bids come in ?

__________________________________________________________

6. What sort of work do engineering consultants have to supervise after the

contract has been awarded ?

__________________________________________________________

Prepare your own glossary on the subject. Use the underlined

words in the text.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

__

En Inglés hay muchos verbos que constan de dos partes: el verbo + una

preposición o partícula adverbial.

Los verbos preposicionales constan de un verbo más una preposición. La

preposición va detrás del objeto y en las oraciones interrogativas suelen

posicionarse al final.

I'm interested in this position.

What are you interested in?

Lesson Eighteen(18) Verbs + Prepositions

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Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct objects. Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:

prepositional verbs

meaning examples

  direct object

believe in have faith in the existence of

I believe in the stock market

look after take care of He is looking after

the bullions.

argue about discuss Did you argue about

money?

apply for Write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask

formally for

Mr. Green is applying for

a job.

*** Prepositional verbs cannot be separated.

Read the following table of prepositional verbs and then complete the sentences

below.

VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

Accuse of

Agree with

Apply to (somewhere)

Apply for (something)

apologize for

approve of

argue with

argue about

ask about

bid for

bring up

care for

carry out

concerned with

consist of

depend on

find out

give up

look forward to look

up

make up

pay for

prepare for

study for

talk about

think about

trust in

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ask for

belong to

grow up

interested in

look for

work for

worry about

1. Gates never argues ________ his employees. He simply fires them.

2. The Senate didn’t ________ the president’s new policy.

3. I’m reading the paper because I’m interested _________ this topic.

4. Laborum.com is a web page where people can apply _______ a job.

5. If you don’t have money, you cannot belong ______ a golf club.

6. The system consists ________ a four-stroke petrol engine.

7. He works _______ the Chrysler Co.

8. Obama is worried ________ the world’s financial crisis.

9. The chairman is accused ________ stealing intellectual property.

10. All the senators agreed ________ the president.

11. All national Car Companies bid _______ the project.

12. The scientists carried _________ a new investigation on the disease.

13. Teenagers and university students depend ______ their parents’ money.

14. Students will prepare ________ the tests.

Prepositions with Nouns.

Now pay attention to this table of nouns + prepositions, and then choose the best answer to complete the sentences below.

NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS

approval ofattitude toawareness ofcause ofconcern forconfusion aboutdamage to

decrease in decrease ofdifference betweenfall ingrasp ofinterest inneed for

participation in reason forrelationship withrespect forsuccess inunderstanding of

1. The decrease ________ demand caused a huge drop in their profits.

a. on b. in c. of

2. The crisis did a lot of damage _______ the world’s economy.

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a. at b. of c. to

3. There was a decrease _______ 10% last year.

a. for b. of c. to

4. His attitude ______ his work is very negative.

a. for b. of c. to

5. Did they give you reasons _______ their decision ?

a. for b. of c. in

6. There has been a fall _______ prices.

a. of b. in c. at

7. What was the cause _______ the problem ?

a. for b. in c. of

8. He has a difficult relationship ______ them.

a. with b. of c. between

9. I can’t tell the difference ________ them.

a. among b. of c. between

10.They were congratulated for their success _____sales profits.

a. on b. at c. in

In the following text, identify and underline all the prepositional verbs

“A Turnkey Project” 17

In the building of an industrial plant, the actual work involved consists of three

main components: engineering, procurement and construction. The

engineering work is concerned with identifying the equipment and materials

needed, producing the

necessary technical

specifications and

drafting the design of the

plant. The procurement

aspect involves the task

of getting the equipment

and materials to the site

within the time and

budget established for

17 CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English, 1984, R5.1..

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the job. This will involve locating suppliers when the equipment or materials in

question ar not available from any of the components engaged in the work. The

construction work covers the preparation of the site and the actual erection of

the plant, as well as the provision of off-site parts and facilities.

One organization can carry out this work. Alternatively, different companies

working independently can handle the three components. If one company has

complete responsibility for the work - in other words, if the whole project just

involves one contract – it can be regarded as a turnkey project. Such a

project will also include start-up assistance and operator training. One

company takes responsibility for the work as the prime contractor, with another

(or others) working as the subcontractor(s). Such a situation will be a joint

venture, though the owner will not notice the split of responsibility.

A consortium can also bid for the project on a turnkey basis if the companies

involved have the capacity to handle all the work themselves. In such a case

the participants willform an agreement among themselves (which the owner

will probably want to see). The company with the largest share in the project

will probably assume the dominant role and will be the one to negotiate with

the owner. The

three components

will be split amont

the several

companies

concerned, each

having its

specifically defined

area of

responsibility. The

engineering work,

however, will probably be co-ordinated by one company. Moreover, it is in the

nature of such work that the engineering and procurement people will have to

co-operate especially closely. It goes without saying, though, that co-operation

among all the companies working on a turnkey project is extremely important

to the success of the project as a whole.

D

90

Now answer the comprehensive questions.

1. What is involved in the building of an industrial plant ?

__________________________________________________________

2. How many contracts are involved in a turnkey project ?

__________________________________________________________

3. What other services are required in a turnkey project after the

completion of the construction of the plant ?

__________________________________________________________

4. In a joint venture, what is the company that takes responsibility for the

work called ?

__________________________________________________________

5. What is a consortium ?

__________________________________________________________

6. Which of the companies in a consortium usually negotiates with the

owner ?

__________________________________________________________

Glossary Time. Go back to the text, and find the meaning of the

following words in context. Use your dictionary to help you.

Procurement_____________________________________________________

Technical specifications ____________________________________________

Drafting ________________________________________________________

Budget _________________________________________________________

Suppliers _______________________________________________________

Engaged _______________________________________________________

Provision _______________________________________________________

Off-site parts ____________________________________________________

Facilities _______________________________________________________

Contract _______________________________________________________

Turnkey project __________________________________________________

Start-up assistance _______________________________________________

Operator training ________________________________________________

Prime contractor _________________________________________________

E

91

Sub-contractor __________________________________________________

Joint venture ____________________________________________________

Consortium _____________________________________________________

Turnkey basis ___________________________________________________

Agreement _____________________________________________________

Owner _________________________________________________________

Dominant role ___________________________________________________

Share __________________________________________________________

Success ________________________________________________________

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Student’s Notes

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106

Anexo (1)

False Cognates

1. an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto).

2. actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)

3. actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at

present)

4. to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)

5. advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)

6. application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)

7. to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)

8. apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)

9. argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película,

que se dice plot)

10. arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)

11. arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)

12. army: ejército (y no arma, que se dice navy)

13. assessment: evaluación (y no asesoría, que se dice consultancy)

14. to assist: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)

15. to attain: lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie)

16. attempt: intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)

17. attendance: asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention)

107

18. avocado: palta (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer)

19. balloon: globo (y no balón, que se dice ball)

20. bank: banco - la institución (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench)

21. bark: ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice boat o ship)

22. billet: acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice

ticket o note)

23. billion: mil millones (y no billón, que se dice trillion)

24. body: cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding)

25. brave: valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce)

26. camp: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice

field)

27. carpet: alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder)

28. cartoon: dibujos animados, tira cómica (y no cartón, que se dice

cardboard)

29. casual: fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice

accidental, chance)

30. casualty: víctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence)

31. cellular: celular, relativo a la célula (y no teléfono celular, que se dice

cell phone or mobile telephone)

32. collar: cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace)

33. to collapse: hundirse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill)

34. college: facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school)

108

35. commodity: mercancía o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice

comfort)

36. to complain: quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please)

37. complexion: tez, tono de la piel (y no complexión, que se dice body

type)

38. to compromise: ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso,

que se dice commitment, engagement o agreement)

39. conductor: director de orquesta (y no conductor, que se dice driver)

40. confident: seguro de sí mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant)

41. contest: concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer)

42. council: consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile)

43. crane: grúa (y no cráneo, que se dice skull)

44. curse: maldición (y no curso, que se dice course)

45. date: fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data)

46. deception: engaño (y no decepción, que se dice disappointment)

47. derogatory: despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en inglés)

48. desperate: desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)

49. dessert: postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert)

50. dinner: cena (y no dinero, que se dice money)

51. discrete: diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet)

52. diversion: desviación (y no diversión, alegría, que se dice fun)

109

53. dramatic: drástico, espectacular

54. economics: economía (y no económicos, que se dice cheap)

55. embarrassed: avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant)

56. eventual: definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual,

incidental)

57. eventually: finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se

dice by chance, possibly)

58. exit: salida (y no éxito, que se dice success)

59. fabric: tela (y no fábrica, que se dice factory)

60. familiar: conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar

(sustantivo), que se dice relative)

61. form: formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape)

62. fume: vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke)

63. to grab: agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record)

64. gracious: cortés (y no gracioso, que se dice funny)

65. grocery: tienda de comestibles (y no grosería, que se dice rudeness o

rude word/expression)

66. horn: cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven)

67. idiom: modismo, locución (y no idioma, que se dice language)

68. influenza: gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence)

69. ingenuity: ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety)

110

70. inhabitant: habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited)

71. to intend: tener la intención de (y no intentar, que se dice to try)

72. intoxicated: ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning)

73. involve: involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap)

74. large: grande (y no largo, que se dice long)

75. lecture: conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading)

76. lentil: lenteja (y no lente, que se dice contact lens)

77. library: biblioteca (y no librería, que se dice bookshop)

78. luxury: lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust)

79. mayor: alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger)

80. media: medios (y no media, que se dice sock)

81. misery: tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty)

82. to molest: abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o

to annoy)

83. notice: nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news)

84. occurrence: aparición (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea)

85. office: oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job)

86. once: una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven)

87. oration: discurso ceremonial (y no oración, que se dice sentence o

prayer)

88. ordinary: común (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar)

111

89. pan: cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread)

90. parade: desfile (y no parada, que se dice stopl)

91. parents: padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives)

92. pie: pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot)

93. place: lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square)

94. pendant: colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring)

95. policy: política (y no policía, que se dice police)

96. politic: diplomático, cortés o prudente (y no político, que se dice

politician)

97. preservative: conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom)

98. prize: premio (y no precio, que se dice price)

99. to quit: abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put

away)

100. recollection: recuerdo (y no recolección, que se dice harvest o

collection)

101. regular: de tamaño normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good)

102. relatives: parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective))

103. rope: cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes)

104. rude: maleducado, descortés (y no rudo, que se dice rough)

105. to realize: darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)

106. to record: grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember)

112

107. to remove: quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir)

108. to resume: reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to

summarize o to sum up)

109. salad: ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty)

110. sane: cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy)

111. scallop: ostión (y no escalopa, que se dice escalope)

112. sensible: sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive)

113. sensitive: sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses)

114. signature: firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject)

115. sin: pecado (y no sin, que se dice without)

116. soap: jabón (y no sopa, que se dice soup)

117. socket: enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle

sock)

118. spade: pala (y no espada, que se dice sword)

119. to stay: quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be)

120. to stir: revolver un líquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch)

121. stranger: desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice

foreigner)

122. success: éxito (y no suceso, que se dice event)

123. support: apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with)

124. sympathetic: comprensivo (y no simpático, que se dice nice, likeable)

113

125. sympathy: compasión, comprensión, pésame (y no simpatía, que se

dice friendliness, affection)

126. target: objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card)

127. tax: impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi)

128. terrific: fenomenal, genial (y no terrorífico, que se dice terrifying)

129. to traduce: calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate)

130. trait: rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment)

131. to translate: traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move)

132. tramp: vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap)

133. ultimate: final (y no último, que se dice last)

134. umpire: árbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire)

135. zealous: entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)

Anexo (2)

Irregular plurals

There are many types of irregular plural, but these are the most common:

Noun typeForming the

plural examples

Ends with feChange fe to

vesknife - knives

life - liveswife – wives

Ends with -f Change f ves

half - halveswolf - wolvesloaf – loavesleaf - leavescalf - calves

114

Ends with -o Add -espotato - potatoes

tomato - tomatoesvolcano - volcanoes

ALL KINDS

Change the vowel

orChange the

wordor

Add a different ending

man - menfoot - feet

person - peopletooth - teethmouse – mice

louse - lice

0 PluralSingular and

pluralare the same

sheepdeer

fish (sometimes)meansseries

speciesoffspringhundredthousand

million (sometimes)

Foreign(us)

Change US -> I

alumnus – alumnicactus – cacto

focus – focifungus – fungi

nucleus – nucleiradius – radii

stimulus – stimuli

Foreign (is)

Change IS -> ES

axis – axesanalysis – analyses

basis – basescrisis – crises

diagnosis – diagnosesoasis – oases

paralysis – paralysesellipsis – ellipses

hypothesis – hypothesessynthesis – synthesessynopsis – synopses

thesis - theses

Foreign (ix)Change IX ->

ICES

appendix –appendicesindex – indices

matriz - matrices

115

Foreign (eau) Add + x/sbeau – beaux

bureau- bureaus/bureauxtableau – tableaux/tableaus

Foreign (um) Change -> A

bacterium – bacteriacurriculum – curricula

datum – datamedium – mediastratum – strata

aquarium – aquariasymposium - symposia

Foreign (a) Change -> AE

antenna – antennaeformula – formulaenebula – nebulae

vertebra – vertebraevita – vitaealga - algae

Foreign (on) Change -> Aphenomenon- phenomena

criterion – criteriaautomaton - automata

Special cases Add + enox – oxen

brother – brethrenchild - children

116

Anexo (3)

List of Irregular English Verbs (the most frequent).

Present PastPast Participle

Meaning in Spanish

1. be was, were been

2. beat beat beaten

3. become became become

4. begin began begun

5. blow blew blown

6. break broke broken

7. bring brought brought

8. build built built

9. burst burst burst

10. buy bought bought

11. catch caught caught

12. choose chose chosen

13. come came come

14. cost cost cost

15. cut cut cut

16. deal dealt dealt

17. dig dug dug

18. do did done

19. draw drew drawn

20. drink drank drunk

21. drive drove driven

22. eat ate eaten

23. fall fell fallen

24. feed fed fed

25. feel felt felt

26. fight fought fought

27. find found found

28. fly flew flown

29. forbid forbade forbidden

30. forget forgot forgotten

31. forgive forgave forgiven

117

32. freeze froze frozen

33. get got gotten

34. give gave given

35. go went gone

36. grow grew grown

37. hang hung hung

38. have had had

39. hear heard heard

40. hide hid hidden

41. hit hit hit

42. hold held held

43. hurt hurt hurt

44. keep kept kept

45. know knew known

46. lay laid laid

47. lead led led

48. leave left left

49. lend lend lend

50. let let let

51. lie lay lain

52. lose lost lost

53. make made made

54. mean meant mean

55. meet met met

56. mistake mistook mistaken

57. pay paid paid

58. put put put

59. quit quit quit

60. read read read

61. ride rode ridden

62. ring rang rung

63. rise rose risen

64. run ran run

65. say said said

66. see saw seen

67. seek sought sought

68. sell sold sold

118

69. send sent sent

70. set set set

71. shake shook shaken

72. shine shone shone

73. shoot shoot shoot

74. shut shut shut

75. sing sang sung

76. sink sank sunk

77. sit sat sat

78. sleep slept slept

79. speak spoke spoken

80. spend spent spent

81. spring sprang sprung

82. stand stood stood

83. steal stole stolen

84. stick stuck stuck

85. swear swore sworn

86. sweep swept swept

87. swim swam swum

88. swing swung swung

89. take took taken

90. teach taught taught

91. tear tore torn

92. tell told told

93. think thought thought

94. throw threw thrown

95. understand understood understood

96. upset upset upset

97. wake woke (waked) woken (waked)

98. wear wore worn

99. win won won

100. write wrote written

119