Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2
15
TO BE • El verbo to be significa “ser” o “estar”. Comparte con to do y to have la
caractereristica de ayudar a formar otros tiempos verbales, por eso se le denomina verbo auxiliar. Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y también con: who, where, how, etc.
I’m Peter.
Peter’s here.
That’s Manoli.
Who’s that girl?
Yo soy Pedro.
Pedro está aquí.
Esa es Manoli.
¿Quién es esa chica?
• Las contracciones se suelen usar en las conversaciones. • Interviene en la formación de los tiempos continuos o progresivos. • Las formas negativas las hace añadiendo not y las interrogativas por medio de la
inversión, es decir, poniendo primero el verbo y luego el sujeto. Esta estructura la comparte con el verbo to havecuano indica posesión y con los verbos modales.
PRESENTE PASADO
FUTURO
I am/I'm. Yo soy o yo estoy.
I was. Yo era o yo estaba.
I will/ shall be. Yo seré o yo estaré.
You are/you're.
You were. You will be.
He is/he's.
He was. He will be.
She is/she's
She was. She will be.
It is/it's.
It was. It will be.
We are/we're.
We were. We will/ shall be.
You are/you're.
You were. You will be.
They are/they're.
They were. They will be.
Are not contrae en aren’t. Is not contrae en isn’t.
Was not contrae en wasn’t Were not contrae en weren’t
La contracción es ‘ l l . Will not contrae en won’t. Shall not contrae en shan’t.
16
Are you from Elda?
He is not from Elche
Were they in the cinema?
¿Eres de Elda?
Él no es de Elche.
¿Estaban ellos en el cine?
PRINCIPALES USOS Para preguntar la edad. How old are you?
¿Qué edad tienes? I am forty. Tengo cuarenta años.
Indicar la profesión. I am a teacher. Soy profesor.
La ideología. He is a socialist. El es socialista.
El credo religioso. He is a catholic. El es católico.
Formar los tiempos continuos. I am writing with a computer. Estoy escribiendo con un ordenador. I was swimming yesterday. Estuve nadando ayer. I will be walking on the beach. Estaré caminando por la playa.
La formación de la voz pasiva. The book was written by Emilio. Este libro lo escribió Emilio. Este libro fue escrito por Emilio.
Para medidas. I am six feet tall. Mido seis pies.
How big is the town? ¿Cómo es de grande el pueblo? It is quite big. Es bastante grande.
How wide is the river Vinalopó?
17
¿Qué anchura tiene el río Vinalopó? It is 200 metres wide. Tiene 200 metros de ancho.
How high is Bolón? ¿Qué altura tiene Bolón? It is nearly 1.000 metres high. Tiene casi 1.000 metros de altura.
How small is an atom? ¿Cómo es un átomo de pequeño? It is very small Es muy pequeño.
Indica tallas. I am size 8. Gasto la talla 8
Con adjetivos. I am happy and you are right. Yo estoy contento y tú tienes razón.
Unido a: Where (¿Dónde?) What (¿Qué?) Who (¿Quién?) Why, (¿Por qué?) etc,
Where’s the boy? ¿Dónde está el niño? When’s your birthday? ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
Con ciertas expresiones. I am right. Tengo razón. I am cold. Tengo frío.
Contrae con demostrativos y adverbios. That’s right. Así es. How’s that? ¿Cómo es eso?
18
1) I ......................sure I will. a - Am b - Are c - Is
2) I ................a teacher. a - Am b - Is c - Are
3) Camara.......in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am
4) Where...........you from? a - Is b - Are c - Am
5) How old ........you? a - Is b - Are c - Am
6) It.........hot today. a - Is b - Am c - Are
7) It.......a telephone. a - Am b - Are c - Is
8) They........students. a - Is b - Am c - Are
9) This dog.......................white. a - Am b - Is c - Are
10) The houses.........old. a - Am b - Is c - Are
11) ........these books interesting? a - Is b - Are c - Am
19
12) What........those people doing? a - Is b - Am c - Are
13) The baby.......eating the food. a - Am b - Is c - Are
14) The window........open. a - Am b - Is c - Are
15) Cats.........black or white. a - Is b - Are c - Am
16) Don't .............cheeky. a - Be b - Have c - Do
17) How old are you? I................ a - Have 20 years b - Am 20 years c - Have 20 years
18) That is Mr. Pedro Civera. How .................he? a - Old is b - Many years is c - Many years has
19) He ............in Madrid last week. a - Was b - Were c - Be
20) ......they in the same class as you at Azorín High School? a - Was b - Were c - Be
21) Yes, they........interesting books. a - Is b - Are c - Am
22) Manolo.......a boy. a - Am b - Is c - Are
23) I...........a teacher.
20
a - Is b - Am c - Are
24) Manuela.......tall. a - Am b - Are c - Is
25) The tables........not small. a - Is b - Am c - Are
26) ........the Plaza Mayor very big? a - Am b - Is c - Are
27) You.........the limit. a - Are b - Is c - Am
28) I .................... tal l . a - Is b - Am c - Are
29) My friends..........very nice. a - Am b - Is c - Are
30) Horacio ......in Elche. a - Am b - Is c - Are
31) Juan Carlos and Clemente........friends. a - Am b - Is c - Are
32) She.........36 years old. a - Are b - Is c - Am
33) My sister.......happy. a - Am b - Is c - Are
34) What......your name? a - Is
21
b - Am c - Are
35) How.............you? a - Am b - Is c - Are
36) Elda........in Alicante. a - Is b - Are c - Am
37) My name........Pedro. a - Am b - Is c - Are
38) I.........in the classroom. a - Am b - Is c - Are
39) Jose Pérez ....................a mechanic. a - Is b - Are c - Am
40) My mother ..................very good. a - Is b - Am c - Are
41) You..................... tal l. a - Is b - Are c - Am
22
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. B 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. A 40. A 41. B
23
TO HAVE • Se traduce por tener. Puede ir acompañado de la partícula “got”. No se produce
alteración del significado si aparece o no, pero cuando aparece el verbo puede ir contraido. Tampoco se usa en las respuestas breves.
PRESENTE PASADO
FUTURO
I have/l've. To tengo.
I had. Yo tuve o yo tenía.
I will have. Yo tendré.
You have/you've. You had.
You will have.
He has/he's. He had.
He will have.
She has/she's. She had.
She will have.
It has/it's. It had.
It will have.
We have/we've. We had.
We will have.
You have/you've. You had.
You will have.
They have/they've. They had.
They will have.
Have + not contrae en haven’t. Has + not contrae en hasn’t.
Had + not contrae en hadn’t.
I have a car. Tengo un coche. I have got a car. Tengo un coche.
PRINCIPALES USOS
Indicar posesión. I have a white car. Tengo un coche blanco. I have got a white car. Tengo un coche blanco.
Puede indicar otro tipo de actividades. Ingestión de alimentos tanto sólidos como
I have breakfast at 7:45. Desayuno a las 7:45.
24
líquidos. I have a drink on Friday. Me tomo una copa los viernes.
Otros. I have a bath and my wife has a shower. Yo me baño y mi mujer se ducha. We have a walk on Sunday. Damos un paseo los domingos. We had a good time there. Lo pasamos muy bien allí.
Construcción de tiempos perfectos. I have been in New York. He estado en Nueva York. I have had a headache. He tenido un dolor de cabeza. I will have gone to Madrid. Habré ido a Madrid.
Obligación. I have to go to Alicante tomorrow. Tengo que ir a Alicante mañana.
Combinado con better indica consejo. La contracción es You’d better.
You had better buy a new pair of shoes. Sería mejor que te comprases un par de zapatos.
La construcción causativo have, se utiliza cuando alguien hace algún servicio para nosotros.
I’m going to have my hair cut. Me voy a cortar el pelo.
• Con el significado de tener puede tener dos modos de hacer la forma interrogativa.
La segunda es más usada en inglés americano. Have you got a car? ¿Tienes un coche? Do you have a car? ¿Tienes un coche? • Utiliza de igual modo “do” para hacer la interrogativa cuando hace referencia a
usos idiomáticos. Did you have a bath? ¿Te bañaste?
25
1) I..........a white car. a - Have b - Has c - Is
2) Mary.........a German boyfriend. a - Has b - Have c - Are
3) We .....................a nice park near Sagasta Sqaure. a - Has b - Have c - Is
4) My flat.......................seven rooms. a - Has b - Have c - Having
5) My sister ...................a white car. a - Has b - Have c - Haveen
6) Pepita ........three daughters. a - Has b - Haave c - Having
7) My mother .......a lot of pictures. a - Have b - Has c - Having
8) Susana.......two cars. a - Is b - Have c - Has
9) Mr and Mrs García ........a house on the beach. a - Has b - Have c - Haveing
10) You..................two dictionaries. a - Has b - Have c - Jaf
11) My sister.....a new TV set and a DVD player. a - Has b - Have c - Having
12) Elda......................six parks.
26
a - Have b - Has c - Having
13) ......................she got a boyfriend? a - Has b - Have c - To have
14) We ......................three cinemas in Plaza Mayor. a - Has b - Have c - Haven
15) Manuela ..............a cat. a - Have b - Has c - Having
16) I........................to go to Madrid last month. a - Have b - Had c - Must
17) Hey...........a look, Rocio Jurado is there with her husband. a - Have b - Take c - Put
18) I 'd rather ..............paella than gazpachos. a - Have b - Has c - Had
19) "Do you have " a car and "Have you got a car " are: a - The same b - Not the same c - It depends
20) I ................................a headache. a - Has b - Have c - Is
21) She.................got a cold. a - Is b - Have c - Has
27
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. C
28
TO DO Se traduce por hacer. En presente tiene dos formas, “do” y “does”, esta última se usa en la Tercera Persona del Singular (He, she, it). La forma del pasado es “did”. Todas se usan como auxiliares para la forma interrogativa y la negativa del presente y del pasado simple de los verbos no modales. Recuerda que siempre que aparezcan, el verbo irá en infinitivo.
PRESENTE PASADO
FUTURO
I do. Yo hago.
I did. Yo hice.
I will do. Yo haré.
You do. You did.
You will do.
He does. He did.
He will do.
She does. She did.
She will do.
It does. It did.
It will do.
We do. We did.
We will do.
You do. You did.
You will do.
They do. They did.
They will do.
Do not contrae en don’t. Does not contrae en doesn’t.
Did not contrae en didn’t. Will not do contrae en won’t do.
PRESENTE
PASADO
Construir las formas negativas.
He doesn’t eat meat. No come carne. I don’t want to go to the cinema. No quiero ir al cine.
I didn’t go to the cinema. Yo no fui al cine.
Construir las formas interrogativas.
Do you love her? ¿La quieres? Does he speak Valenciano? ¿Habla valenciano?
Did you go to England? ¿Fuiste a Inglaterra?
29
Tiene también un uso enfático.
He does love running. Le encanta correr.
He did say what he wanted to say. Dijo lo que quería decir.
PRINCIPALES USOS
Otros usos idiomáticos. I did the shopping in Carrefour. Hice la compra en Carrefour. I do the washing up every night. Friego los platos cada noche. I never do the cleaning. Nunca hago la limpieza. Sometimes I do the cooking. A veces cocino. She hates doing the ironing. Ella odia planchar.
Con la expresión “Yo también”.
- I like María Callas. Me gusta María Callas. -So do I. Y a mí también.
Con la expresión “Yo tampoco”. I don’t smoke. Yo no fumo. Neither do I. Yo tampoco.
30
LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS • En inglés se hace necesario usar los pronombres personales, ya que de no hacerlo y
usar sólo la forma verbal existiría ambigüedad. En el ejemplo: Go to London, no sabríamos quién va, podría ser yo, tú, nosotros, nosotras, vosotros, vosotras, ellos o ellas.
• En castellano no pasa lo mismo. Si decimos Vamos a Alicante, las desinencias
verbales nos sacan de dudas. Está claro que somos nosotros. PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
SUJETO
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
COMPLEMENTO
ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
I . Yo.
Me. A mí, me. My. Mi. Mine. El mío. Myself. Me.
You . Tú.
You. A ti, te. Your. Tu. Yours. El tuyo. Yourself. Te.
He. Él.
Him. A él, le. His. Su de él. His. El suyo. (de él).
Himself. Se.
She. Ella. Her. A ella, le. Her. Su de ella.
Hers. El suyo. (de ella).
Herself. Se.
It. Ello.
I t. A ello, le. I t. Su de ello. Its. El suyo. (de ello).
Itself. Se.
We. Nosotros o nosostras.
Us. A nosotros, a nosotras, nos.
Our. Nuestro, nuestra.
Ours. El nuestro.
Ourselves. Nos.
You .Vosotros o vosotras.
You. A vosotros, a vosotras, os.
Your. Vuestro, vuestra.
Yours. El vuestro.
Yourselves. Os.
They. Ellos o ellas.
Them. A ellos, a ellas, les.
Their. Su de ellos, su de ellas.
Theirs. El suyo. Themselves. Se.
• Los pronombres personales pueden funcionar dentro de la frase como sujetos o
complementos
SUJETO
COMPLEMENTO
Ella es alta.
Dale esto a ella.
You are a teacher.
This is for you.
• “I” siempre se escribe con mayúscula. • “You” se puede traducir por Tú, Vd, vosotros, vosotras y Vds.
31
• “You” e “it” tienen la misma forma como sujetos que como complementos. You are young. Tú eres joven. I love you. Te quiero. • No utilizan preposición delante del objeto indirecto, pero sí, si sigue al Objeto
Directo. She gave me a kiss. Ella me dio un beso. She gave a kiss to me. Ella me dio un beso a mí. • El complemento Indirecto sin to se coloca delante del Complemento Directo I gave Sarah a kiss. Yo le di a Sara un beso. • El Complemento indirecto con to se coloca detrás del Complemento Directo I gave a kiss to Inma. Le di un beso a Inma. • It se usa generalmente para cosas y a veces también para bebés. Look at the baby, it is smiling. Mira al bebe, está sonriendo. • La diferencia entre un adjetivo y un pronombre posesivo es que el adjetivo
acompaña al nombre y el pronombre lo substituye.
ADJETIVO
PRONOMBRE
Mi casa es grande.
La mía también.
My house is big.
Mine is also big.
• Los pronombres reflexivos indican:
32
Acciones que recaen sobre el mismo sujeto.
He washes himself every morning. Se lava cada mañana.
Enfatizan.
He himself can go. Él puede ir solo.
Pueden ir precedidos de by, en cuyo caso significan “yo solo”, “tú solo..”
I went to Madrid by myself. Fui yo solo a Madrid.
Each other. “El uno al otro” They love each other.
Se quieren.
One Another. “A todos” They gave presents one another. Se hacen regalos.
One. She is the prettiest one. Ella es la más guapa. I was the second one in the race Fui el segundo en la carrera.
33
ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
THlS este, esta, esto.
THESE estos, estas.
THAT ese, esa, eso, aquel, aquella, aquello.
THOSE esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas.
• Como adjetivos concuerdan con el nombre. This man is my teacher of English. Este hombre es mi profesor de inglés. That woman is my wife. Esa mujer es mi esposa. These books are interesting. Estos libros son interesantes. Those girls are from Italy. Aquellas chicas son de Italia. Se usan cuando hablamos por teléfono.
This is Peter. Éste es Pedro.
En ciertas expresiones. That’s right. Es correcto.
En presentaciones This is Mary, my friend Ésta es María, mi amiga.
34
1) Let me introduce.......... a - Me b - Myself c - Mine
2) I hope you enjoy..........stay. a - You b - Your c - Yourself
3) .......am sorry. a - I b - Me c - My
4) I will show .........the house. a - Yours b - Your c - You
5) What's............name? a - You b - Your c - Yours
6) What is...........motto? a - Your b - You c - Yours
7) Peter and Mary have ................house in Villajoyosa. a - Their b - They c - Them
8) Sara is very happy with .........new doll. a - She b - Her c - Hers
9) Oscar is at home playing with...............toys. a - His b - He c - Him
10) Carlos is in Elche. .............works there in a shoe factory. a - Him b - He c - His
11) ..................says that Isabel is her best friend. a - She b - Her c - Hers
12) Felipe is very proud of ..................new car.
35
a - Him b - His c - He
13) Pilar and Paco are paying for...................new house. a - Them b - Their c - They
14) Barbie has ...........hair blonde. a - Her b - She c - Hem
15) The door is open because...............is very hot. a - It b - Its c - Itt
16) .....................play tennis with their sons. a - They b - Them c - Theirs
17) The girls are playing with ..................dolls. a - Them b - Their c - They
18) María is pretty and..............is also very tall and slim. a - She b - Her c - Hers
19) ...............doesn't like writing with a fountain pen. a - He b - She c - Me
20) ...............always play football in Castelar Square. a - Them b - Theirs c - They
21) Pepe is poor but he says that...............is happy. a - He b - Him c - Hers
22) The computer is old...........was bought in 1980. a - It b - Its c - Him
23) My sister is working with ..................new computer. a - Her
36
b - His c - She
24) Excuse....... a - Me b - My c - Mine
25) I am looking at.......... a - Your b - You c - I
26) Pleased to meet ............ a - Yours b - Us c - You
27) How do ............do? a - You b - Yours c - Him
28) Help .............., Pepe. a - You b - Yourself c - Yours
29) Here ...........are. a - We b - Us c - Our
30) Shut up and mind your ........business. a - Our b - Ours c - Own
31) ................Goodness. a - My b - Me c - I
32) ...........sounds great. a - I b - That c - Me
33) Give..........a ring when you get home please. a - Mine b - Me c - My
34) Didn't .............say you wanted to come with us? a - Yours b - Us
37
c - You
35) Thank ......very much. a - You b - Yours c - Youm
36) Please give ............a hand. a - Us b - We c - Our
37) Give.............regards to your family. a - Me b - My c - I
38) Let ........take a photograph of you. a - Me b - My c - Us
39) Let ...........introduce myself. a - Me b - I c - My
40) I l ike............ a - She b - Her c - Hem
41) I play football with......... a - He b - Him c - His
42) The book is............ a - My b - Mine c - Me
43) She is ..................secretary. a - Me b - My c - Mine
44) I am................father. a - He b - His c - Him
45) Inmita is ..................daughter. a - Me b - My c - Mine
38
46) The dictionary is............ a - Me b - My c - Mine
47) The umbrella is.......... a - He b - Her c - Hers
48) He is..................teacher. a - Our b - We c - Us
49) .........l ive in Elda. a - Us b - We c - Our
50) If you work for......you will not have to suffer a boss. a - You b - Yours c - Yourself
51) Many people nowadays live by....... a - Them b - Themselves c - Their
52) We enjoyed ..........in our honeymoon. a - Us b - Ours c - Ourselves
53) Help................Feel at home. a - Yourself b - You c - Yours
54) The keys on the table are.........Mine are here. a - You b - Your c - Yours
55) I am very proud of this town of...... a - Me b - My c - Mine
56) ........faithfully. a - Your b - Yours c - Yourself
57) Maika is a friend of.........................
39
a - Me b - I c - Mine
58) It was a problem of.........that made us arrive late. a - Hers b - She c - Her
59) I like swimming. -....... too. a - I b - My c - Me
60) Visit...........when you come to Elda. a - Us b - Our c - Ours
61) ....................wife's name is Inma. a - I b - Me c - My
62) .....................father was the Mayor. a - He b - His c - Him
63) She is ...................new teacher, her name is Laura. a - Us b - Our c - Ours
40
Soluciones 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. C 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. C 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. B 41. B 42. B 43. B 44. B 45. B 46. C 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. C 51. B 52. C 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. B 57. C 58. A 59. C 60. B 61. C 62. B 63. B
41
HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS • Se usa para indicar que hay una o más cosas. Al formarse con el verbo to be hace
las formas interrogativas y negativas como el mencionado verbo.
AFIRMATIVA
INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA
There is a car. Hay un coche.
Is there a car? ¿Hay un coche?
There is not a car. No hay un coche.
There was a boy. Había un niño.
Was there a boy? ¿Había un niño?
There was not a boy. No había un niño.
PRESENTE
PASADO FUTURO CONDICIONAL
There is.
There was. There will be. There would be.
There are.
There were.
There's.
There is someone waiting for you. Hay alguien esperándote. There are four biscuits on the plate. Hay cuatro galletas en el plato. Is there anything I can do for you? ¿Hay algo que pueda hacer por tí?
42
1) Crevillente is a very modern town. There.....................not many old buildings. a - Is b - Are c - Am
2) There.......................a photograph of the Mayor in the newspaper! a - Is b - Are c - Am
3) Excuse me, ..............there a restaurant near here? a - Is b - Are c - Am
4) There........................five people in my family. a - Is b - Are c - Am
5) There.....not a film in the camera. a - Is b - Are c - Am
6) How many cinemas…………………….. there in Villena? a - Is b - Are c - Am
7) .........................there a concert next Sunday? a - Is b - Are c - Am
8) ..........................there a bus from Alicante at 7.00? a - Is b - Are c - Am
9) There...........two trains to Madrid every day. a - Is b - Are c - Am
10) There.......some computers in this University. a - Is b - Are c - Am
11) .......there a nice park in Alicante? a - Is b - Are c - Am
43
12) ................there a supermarket near here? a - Is b - Are c - Am
13) There...........................two letters from the bank. a - Is b - Are c - Am
14) There.............many people in the club now. a - Is b - Are c - Am
15) There.................a parade next Saturday. a - Is b - Are c - Am
16) There........a football match on TV tonight. a - Is b - Are c - Am
17) ..............there a swimming -pool in your hotel? a - Is b - Are c - Am
18) There...............many restaurants in Benidorm. a - Is b - Are c - Am
19) There.............a concert next June in Santa Pola. a - Is b - Are c - Am
20) .....................there many people in the Festivities in Villena? a - Is b - Are c - Am
44
Soluciones 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B
45
LOS PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS SOME, ANY, NO y SUS COMPUESTOS • Expresan cantidades indefinidas. Some. Se usa con oraciones afirmativas. Se traduce por algo, algún, algo de.
I have some magazines from the library. Tengo varias revistas de la biblioteca.
En interrogativas cuando la respuesta que se espera es afirmativa.
Do you want some chocolates? ¿Quieres bombones?
Any. Se usa en oraciones interrogativas y negativas. Se traduce por “nada”, “ningún”, “algún”.
Have you any good book to lend me? ¿Tienes algún buen libro para dejarme? I haven’t any money. No tengo dinero.
No. Se usa en oraciones con el verbo en afirmativa pero el sentido de la frase es negativo.
I have no money. No tengo dinero.
• Los compuestos de some, any y no se comportan de la misma manera. Something. Algo.
Anything. Algo, nada.
Nothing. Nada.
Everything. Todo.
Somebody. Alguien.
Anybody. Alguien, nadie.
Nobody. Nadie.
Everybody. Todos.
Somewhere. Algún lugar.
Anywhere. Alguna parte, ninguna parte.
Nowhere. Ninguna parte.
Everywhere. Todas partes.
Someone. Alguien.
Anyone. Alguien, nadie.
No one. Nadie.
Everyone. Cada uno.
Is there anybody who wants to come with me to Madrid? ¿Hay alguien que quiera venir conmigo a Madrid? There is nothing more to say. No hay nada más que decir.
46
1) I want..........water please. a - Some b - Any c - Somebody
2) I want........................... ice. a - Myself b - Any c - Some
3) I haven't got...........................pets. a - A b - Some c - Any
4) I have.............................money. a - Some b - Any c - Do
5) Do you want..............................bread? a - Some b - Both c - Any
6) I want...........................coke. a - Any b - Three c - Some
7) I haven't ......................................money. a - Some b - Any c - Something
8) We haven't......................................matches. a - Some b - Everything c - Any
9) We have......................................French wines. a - Any b - Some c - Much
10) There aren't.................................biscuits. a - Some b - Any c - Anything
11) I have.............................old pictures of Elda. a - Me b - Some c - Any
47
12) Are there..................................... letters? a - Some b - Any c - No
13) Would you like .........................chocolates? a - Any b - Will c - Some
14) Have you seen ................ love fi lm lately? a - Some b - Any c - No
15) Have you got...........................brothers or sisters? a - Any b - My c - Some
16) There are.....................................boys playing football outside. a - These b - Some c - Any
17) Is there.........................................cinema in town? a - Any b - Some c - Six
18) Is there .....................................swimming pool in Petrel? a - Some b - Any c - Big
19) I 've got ....................................books on computers a - Any b - Some c - Me
20) I want...........................apples. a - Somenody b - Any c - Some
21) They haven't........................relatives in Seville. a - Some b - Any c - Theirs
22) Have you ........brothers or sisters? a - Some b - Any c - No
23) ..............understands me.
48
a - Onebody b - Nobody c - Anyboby
24) ...................smells nice! a - Anything b - Something c - Nothing
25) There's ...............like a siesta. a - Nothing b - Something c - Anything
26) is there .........we can do to help? a - Anybody b - Anything c - Anywhere
27) I would like to buy him .........typical of Spain. a - Something b - Nothing c - Anything
28) There is......milk in the fridge. a - No b - Some c - Many
29) I want..........to eat. a - Some b - Something c - Anywhere
30) There is .......which is not very clear in this. a - Something b - Anything c - Nothing
31) Would you like ..............more chocolates? I know they are your favourite ones. a - Any b - Much c - Some
49
Soluciones 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. C 21. B 22. B 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. C
50
OTROS INDEFINIDOS All. Hace referencia a más de dos.
All my friends came to my party. Todos mis amigos vinieron a mi fiesta.
Both. Se refiere a dos.
Both are 14. Los dos tienen catorce años.
Each. Cada.
Each and every day I sleep siesta. Todos los días duermo la siesta.
Either. O.
Either you stay here or come with us. O te quedas o vienes con nosotros.
Every. Cada.
Every day I go running. Todos los días voy a correr.
Neither. Ni.
Neither of them are happy. Ninguno de ellos está contento.
Neither…nor Ni..ni.
I neither like coffee nor tea. No me gusta ni el café ni el té.
None. Ninguno de los dos.
None wanted coffee. Ninguno quiso café.
51
PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS Who. ¿Quién? Se usa con personas.
Who came yesterday? ¿Quién vino ayer?
Whom. ¿A quién? Se usa compañado por preposiciones.
Whom did you speak to? ¿Con quién estabas hablando? The man with whom you spoke is Pepe. El hombre con quien estabas hablando es Pepe.
Whose ¿De quién? Se usa en la forma posesiva.
Whose car is this Ford Fiesta? ¿De quién es este Ford Fiesta?
Which. ¿Qué o Cuál?
Which is your favourite singer? ¿Quién es tu cantante favorito?
What ¿Qué? Se usa cuando no hay antecedentes.
What do you think of him? ¿Qué piensas de él?
How. ¿Cómo?
How is your mother? ¿Cómo está tu madre?
How many. ¿Cúantos?
How many books do you read a year? ¿Cuántos libros lees al año?
How much. ¿Cuánto?
How much is that CD? ¿Cuánto cuesta ese disco?
How long. ¿Cuánto tiempo?
How long will it take to go to Madrid by plane? ¿Cuánto tiempo tardará en ir a Madrid en avión?
How far. ¿A qué distancia?
How far is Elche from Santa Pola? ¿Qué distancia hay entre Elche y Santa Pola?
How fast. ¿A qué velocidad?
How fast can you type? ¿A qué velocidad mecanografías?
How often. ¿Con qué frecuencia?
How often do you play football? ¿Con qué frecuencia juegas al fútbol?
Why. Why was he late?
52
¿Por qué? ¿Por qué llegó tarde?
When. ¿Cuándo?
When did you go there? ¿Cuándo fuiste allí?
Where. ¿Dónde?
Where do you live? ¿Dónde vives?
What kind. ¿Qué clase?
What kind of music do you like? ¿Qué clase de música te gusta?
53
1) ........do you spend your free time? a - How b - When c - Which
2) ........your phone number? a - What is b - Where is c - How is
3) ........do you live with? a - Who b - Where c - How
4) ........do you do on Sundays? a - Where b - What c - How
5) ........were you born? a - Where b - Which c - What
6) ..........sports do you practise. a - Which b - Where c - How
7) ..............do you live? a - Where b - Which c - How
8) ................says this is a good film? a - Who b - Where c - What
9) He is the one ....is in London, isn't he? a - Who b - Which c - Where
10) ..............did you know it was my birthday today? a - Where b - What c - How
11) What ........good idea! a - A b - Some c - Few
54
12) Wow! ...........a sight. a - How b - Where c - What
13) ............sil ly! a - How b - Where c - Which
14) ..................delicious sweets you have in Elda. a - How b - Where c - What
15) …….. is Arguiñano?, -He is a marvellous cook, he came to Elda in 1997. a - Who b - Where c - Which
16) We both realise ...........important it is. a - How b - Which c - Where
17) ...............interesting! a - What b - What an c - How
18) Mercedes is ......................came to the party wearing the red dress. a - The one who b - What c - One which
19) Juan, .........................did you have lunch with, last Saturday? a - Who b - Whose c - Which
20) …….is Salvador? - The boy I met yesterday. a - Who b - What c - That
21) .................came yesterday? a - Who b - Whom c - Whose
22) .................... love opera a - Whom b - Who c - Whose 23) And this is ……..happened that night.
55
a - What b - Who c - That
24) Is that book ..............you wanted to buy? a - The one b - That c - What
25) Look at those boys, Mary....one is your brother? a - Who b - Where c - Which
26) This is the Harley .........I want to buy. a - Where b - What c - Which
27) ............is this penci l? a - How b - Whose c - Who
28) ........father is the President of The Moros Musulmanes? a - Whose b - What c - Which
29) .... . . . . .wrote several books on grammar? a - Who b - Where c - Which
30) ……is the restaurant? a - Where b - Which c - What
31) .........celebrate San Antón all together? a - What about b - Why don't we c - How about
32) .........very nice car is a Mercedes. a - What a b - How c - How a
33) ........I arrive in Moscow I will send a fax. a - As b - When c - Now
34) ......a pretty girl. a - What
56
b - What a c - How
35) ......pretty girls. a - What b - What a c - How
36) .........tall is the cathedral? a - What b - How c - Where
37) ..........silly of you is to say that! a - What b - How c - What a
38) ........long have you been studying English? a - Where b - How c - What
39) ........horrible weather you have in England! a - What a b - What c - How
40) ........paid the bill? a - Where b - Who c - How
41) ......did you see at the fair? a - Where b - Who c - Whose
42) ........is your favourite film? a - What b - Which c - Who
43) .........happened when we went? a - What b - Where c - How
44) ..........does she want? a - Where b - What c – Who 45) .......is this old car? a - Whose
57
b - Who c - Whom
46) .........did you give the parcel? a - Whose b - Whom c - How
47) .........was that pretty girl who was with you in the Plaza Mayor? a - Who b - Whose c - Whom
48) .......came with Pepe? a - What b - Who c - Where
49) ….....did he say? a - Who b - Which c - What
50) ………..is this car? a - Who b - Whom c - Whose
51) ….......did you givethe first prize in the contest? a - Whose b - Who c - Whom
52) ..........a pretty girl! a - What b - How c - What a
53) ........stupid of him! a - What b - How c - What a
58
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. A 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. A 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. B 38. B 39. A 40. B 41. B 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. A 46. B 47. A 48. B 49. C 50. C 51. C 52. A 53. B
59
El NOMBRE
CONTABLES E INCONTABLES • Los nombres se pueden clasificar en contables e incontables. • Contables son aquéllos que podemos contar con la ayuda de un numeral. Tienen
forma de plural y pueden llevar el artículo a/an o the, some, few etc. One book.
Two pencils.
Three boys.
Four cars.
Un libro.
Dos lapiceros.
Tres niños.
Cuatro coches.
• Los incontables no tienen plural, algunos de ellos pueden ser tanto contables como
incontables. Existe un cambio en el significado. I bought a paper. Give me some paper to write. Compré un periódico. Dame papel para escribir. She has a new iron. This is made of iron. Tiene una nueva plancha. Ésto está hecho de hierro. Give me a glass. This is Bohemian glass. Dame un vaso. Esto es cristal de Bohemia. I drink coffee. Give me two coffees. Bebo café. Dame dos cafés. • Algunos nombres incontables: Butter. Mantequilla.
Help. Ayuda.
News. Noticias.
Tea. Té
Chocolate. Chocolate.
Homework. Deberes.
Paper. Papel.
Time. Tiempo.
Coffee. Café.
Hope. Esperanza.
Physics. Física.
Toothpaste. Pasta de dientes.
Cream. Crema.
Hunger. Hambre.
Rubbish. Basura.
Trouble. Problema.
Dirt. Suciedad.
Information. Información.
Sand. Arena.
Water. Agua.
60
Flour. Harina.
Mathematics. Matemáticas.
Sky. Cielo.
Weather. Tiempo atmosférico.
Food. Comida.
Milk. Leche.
Soap. Jabón.
Work. Trabajo.
Fun. Diversión.
Money. Dinero.
Wine. Vino.
Silver. Plata.
Furniture. Mobiliario.
Music. Música.
Sugar. Azúcar.
Advice. Consejo.
61
MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE, A LOT OF
CONTABLES
Many. Muchos o muchas.
I have many friends. Tengo muchos amigos.
Few. Pocos o pocas. A few. Unos pocos o unas pocas.
She has read few books. Ella ha leído pocos libros. I have a few good friends. Tengo unos pocos buenos amigos.
So Many. Tantos.
We have so many books that I don’t know where to put them. Tenemos tantos libros que no sé dónde ponerlos.
So Few. Tan pocos.
He is alone, he has so few friends. Está solo, tiene tan pocos amigos.
Too Many. Demasiados.
Too many cooks spoil the broth. Demasiados cocineros echan a perder el caldo.
Too Few. Demasiado pocos.
There were too few to start the party. Había demasiado pocos para empezar la fiesta.
INCONTABLES
Much. Mucho.
I don’t drink much coke. No bebo mucha Coca-cola.
Litt le. Poco. A litt le Un poco.
He eats litt le fruit. Come poca fruta. With a little milk please. Con un poco de leche.
So Little. Tan poco.
He drinks so little water. Bebe tan poca agua.
Too Much. Demasiado. “más de lo necesario”.
They eat too much meat. Comen demasiada carne.
62
Too Little. Demasiado poco. “menos de lo necesario”.
They have too little money. Tienen demasiado poco dinero.
So Much. Tanto.
They spend so much on clothes that they never have enough money. Gastan tanto en ropa que nunca tienen suficiente dinero.
CON CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
A lot of. Mucho, muchos.
We have a lot of books. Tenemos muchos libros. We drink a lot of water. Bebemos mucha agua.
Lots of. Montones de. Mucho, Mucha.
Lots of people came yesterday. Mucha gente vino ayer.
Plenty of. Mucho, muchos. Tiene el matiz de “de sobra”.
There are plenty of good books in the library. Hay muchos buenos libros en la biblioteca. I don’t have to hurry, I’ve got plenty of time. No tengo que apresurarme, tengo mucho tiempo.
• Partitivos más utilizados con los nombres incontables. A bar of. Una barra de.
A bar of chocolate. Una barra de chocolate.
A bottle of. Una botella de.
A bottle of wine. Una botella de vino.
A can of. Una lata de bebida.
A can of coke. Un lata de Coca-cola.
A cup of. Una taza de.
A cup of coffe. Una taza de café.
A piece of. Un trozo de, una porción de.
A piece of paper. Un trozo de papel.
63
A tin of. Una lata de.
A tin of tuna. Una lata de atún.
A packet of. Una bolsa de.
A packet of crisps. Una bolsa de papas.
64
1) Only ....................live in the country nowadays. a - Few b - Little c - Much
2) There is....................noise in this city. a - Few b - Many c - Much
3) There are ........schools in Salinas.Only two. a - Little b - Few c - Much
4) I ' l l have........................coffee. a - Few b - A c - Any
5) In Petrel there are...................mountains. a - Many b - Much c - Little
6) There's...........................................whisky in the bottle a - Few b - Little c - Many
7) ....................good friends are better than many. a - Little b - Few c - Much
8) I have .........................money left. a - Little b - Few c - Many
9) I want..........................milk in my coffee please. a - Some b - Any c - Few
10) I spend.........................t ime watching TV. a - Much b - Many c - Few
11) We have to study.........................books. a - Much b - Many c - Any
65
12) There are .................................desks in this class. a - Much b - Little c - Many
13) Not ...................people smoke in this University. a - Manys b - Many c - Fews
14) They pay Zidane .......................money. a - Much b - Many c - Few
15) There aren't ..............................towns in Teruel. a - Many b - Much c - Little
16) I didn't drink ............................wine yesterday. a - Much b - Many c - Few
17) There are only ..........................people in the concert. a - Few b - Little c - Many
18) I want to have ............................fr iends. a - Little b - Many c - Much
19) Now I have.................................money. a - Few b - Many c - Little
20) They asked me ...........................questions. a - Many b - Little c - Much
21) I don't have ................................ t ime. a - Much b - Many c - Little
22) I ' l l try .............English tea. a - Some b - Many c - Any
66
23) Don't ask me so ..........questions. a - Many b - Much c - Less
24) How ..............shirts are you going to buy? a - Many b - Much c - Often
25) I have ..... t ime. a – Little b - Much c - Yet
26) How ...........people are living in Villena? a - Much b - Many c - Some
27) ...............much is the English book? a - How b - Which c - Where
28) I drink........................coke. a - Many b - Much c - Few
29) My wife eats ..................oranges. a - Many b - Little c - So
30) My brother has...................CDs. a - A lot os b - A lot of c - Much
31) I study.......... a - Few b - Many c - Much
32) Is there ..................water in the bottle? No, there isn't. a - Many b - Lot c - Much
33) There is .................milk in the jug. a - Many b - Much c - Lot of
67
34) We have.................magazines and books about Elda. a - A lot b - A lot of c - Lots
35) There are...................boys waiting for you outside. a - Much b - A few c - Fewing
36) I don't eat..........................meat. a - Many b - Much c - Few
37) We eat ...............fish. a - Many b - Much c - Few
38) Lorenzo has ....................money. a – Much b - Many c – Few
68
Soluciones 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. A 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. A
69
EL GENERO • Un gran número de nombres carecen de él, por eso tenemos la misma palabra para
masculino y femenino. Teacher. Profesor.
Doctor. Médico.
Student. Estudiante.
Lawyer. Abogado.
Artist. Artista.
Reader. Lector.
Musician. Músico.
Driver. Conductor.
• Otras palabras tienen una forma para el masculino y otra para el femenino y neutro.
MASCULINOS
FEMENINOS NEUTROS
Father. Padre.
Mother. Madre.
Flower. Flor.
Brother. Hermano.
Sister. Hermana.
Cat. Gato.
Boy. Chico.
Daughter. Hija.
Door. Puerta.
• Otros tienen forma masculina y femenina
MASCULINO
FEMENINO
A male doctor. Un doctor.
A woman doctor. Una doctora.
Actor. Actor.
Actress. Actriz.
Bachelor. Soltero.
Spinster. Soltera.
Boy. Chico.
Girl. Chica.
Brother. Hermano.
Sister. Hermana.
Bull. Cow.
70
Toro.
Vaca.
Cock. Gallo.
Hen. Gallina.
Duke. Duque.
Duchess. Duquesa.
Emperor. Emperador.
Empress. Emperatriz.
Father. Padre.
Mother. Madre.
God. Dios.
Goddess. Diosa.
Horse. Caballo.
Mare. Yegua.
Host. Anfitrión.
Hostess. Anfitriona.
Husband. Esposo.
Wife. Esposa.
Lion. León.
Lioness. Leona.
Lord. Señor.
Lady. Señora.
Man. Hombre.
Woman. Mujer.
Nephew. Sobrino.
Niece. Sobrina.
Poet. Poeta.
Poetess. Poetisa.
Prince. Príncipe.
Princess. Princesa.
Son. Hijo.
Daughter. Hija.
Steward. Stewardess.
71
Auxiliar de vuelo.
Azafata.
Tailor. Sastre.
Dressmaker. Modista.
Uncle. Tío.
Aunt. Tía.
Waiter. Camarero.
Waitress. Camarera.
Widower. Viudo.
Widow. Viuda.
• Curiosamente, “Baby” puede llevar el pronombre “it” y los gatos y los perros “he” o
“she”. • Los países, los barcos y los coches se consideran femeninos y a veces se
personifican. - Do you like my car? ¿Te gusta mi coche? - She is beautiful. Es bonito.
72
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES • La regla general es añadir (-s). Car. Coche.
Cars. Book. Libro.
Books. Pen. Boli.
Pens.
• En los nombres que acaban en , s, z, ch, x, sh y o se añade (-es) Potato. Patata.
Potatoes. Brush. Cepillo.
Brushes. Box. Caja.
Boxes.
Kiss. Beso.
Kisses. Pouch. Bolsa.
Pouches. Church. Iglesia.
Churches
Bush. Arbusto.
Bushes. Box. Caja.
Boxes. Church. Iglesia.
Churches.
• Sin embargo, las palabras de origen extranjero que terminan en “-o” solamente
añaden una “-s“. Kilo. Quilo.
Kilos. Kimono. Kimono.
Kimonos. Piano. Piano.
Pianos.
Photo. Foto.
Photos. Soprano. Soprano.
Sopranos. Solo. Solo.
Solos.
Piano. Piano.
Pianos. Radio. Radio.
Radios.
Tomato. Tomate.
Tomatoes.
• Los nombres acabados en “-y” precedida de vocal siguen la regla general, pero si la
“-y” va precedida de consonante se transforma en “-i” y se añade “-es”. Toy. Juguete.
Toys. Boy. Chico.
Boys. Monkey. Mono.
Monkeys.
Lady. Señora.
Ladies. City. Ciudad.
Cities. Country. País.
Countries.
73
• Hay doce sustantivos que terminan en “-f” o “-fe”, cuyo plural cambia por “-ves”. Wolf. Lobo.
Wolves. Thief. Ladrón.
Thieves. Sheaf. Gavilla.
Sheaves.
Loaf. Barra de pan.
Loaves. Leaf. Hoja.
Leaves. Half. Mitad.
Halves.
Wife. Esposa.
Wives. Shelf. Estantería.
Shelves. Self. Uno mismo.
Selves.
Life. Vida.
Lives. Knife. Cuchillo.
Knives. Calf. Ternero.
Calves.
• Las demás palabras que terminan en “-f” o “-fe” añaden una “-s“. Safe. Caja de seguridad.
Safes. Chief. Jefe.
Chiefs. Cliff. Acantilado.
Cliffs.
• Existen plurales irregulares. Man. Hombre.
Men. Woman. Mujer.
Women. Mouse. Ratón.
Mice.
Foot. Pie.
Feet. Goose. Ganso.
Geese. Ox. Buey.
Oxen.
Child. Niño.
Children. Tooth. Diente.
Teeth.
• Algunos animales o peces no cambian en plural: Sheep. Oveja.
Deer. Ciervo.
Trout. Trucha.
Cod. Bacalao.
Squid. Calamar.
Mackarel. Caballa.
Salmon. Salmón.
Carp. Carpa.
Plaice. Platija.
Duck. Pato.
Partridge. Perdíz.
• Al igual que otras palabras como: Aircraft. Spacecraft. Hovercraft.
74
Aeronave.
Nave espacial.
Aerodeslizador.
• Otros tan sólo tiene forma plural People. Gente.
Cattle. Ganado.
Police. Policia.
Folk. Gente.
Shorts. Pantalones cortos.
Jeans. Pantalones vaqueros.
Pyjamas. Pijama.
Glasses. Gafas.
Scissors. Tijeras.
Binoculars. Prismáticos.
Thanks. Gracias.
Trousers. Pantalones.
Stairs. Escaleras.
• Algunos de los acabados en “-s” van siempre en singular. Mathematics. Matemáticas
Gymnastics Gimnasia.
Politics. Política.
Phonetics. Fonética.
• Los nombres colectivos, police, crew, family, team, etc., pueden llevar el verbo en
singular o en plural, según el sentido que le demos a la frase: Our police is very efficient. Nuestra policía es muy eficaz.
Our team is the best. Nuestro equipo es el mejor.
The police are looking for the thief. La policía esta buscando al ladrón.
Our team are wearing the new T-shirts. Nuestra equipo lleva la nueva camiseta.
• Penny tiene dos posibles plurales. Pennies hace referencia a las monedas y pence a
la cantidad total. I have 4 pennies.
I paid 50 pence.
Tengo cuatro peniques.
Pagué cincuenta peniques.
• Las palabras compuestas formadas con preposiciones o adverbios forman el plural
en la primera parte del nombre Maid of honour. Dama de honor
Maids of honour. Brother in law. Cuñado.
Brothers in law.
75
• Las palabras que incluyen man o woman forman el plural modificando las dos partes Manservant. Menservants.
PRONUNCIACION DE LA DESINENCIA DE PLURAL. /s/. Cats.
/z/ Windows. /iz/ Houses.
Cuando los nombres acaban en consonante sorda.. p, t, k, f
Cuando los nombres acaban en consonante sonora o vocal. b, d, g, v, m, n, l, r, w, j
Cuando los nombres acaban en s, z, x, ch, ss, ...
76
1) El plural de dish es........ a - Dishes b - Dishs c - Dishen
2) Las palabras acabadas en vocal "+ y " como boy, hacen el plural...... a - Añadiendo s b - Cambiando la "y " por i y añadiendo s c - Añadiendo -es
3) Las palabras "glass, dish, church, fox y buzz " hacen el plural........ a - Añadiendo -s b - Añadiendo -es c - Añadiendo -ies
4) What are you.........? a - Hobby b - Hobbies c - Jobis
5) What .......have you visited? a - Country b - Countries c - Cantris
6) I want two ......................of Fanta. a - Glass b - Glassves c - Glasses
7) I l ike tomato .............. a - Sandwiches b - Sandwichs c - Sandwicheves
8) In the sea there are many ................. a - Fishess b - Fishs c - Fish
9) I bought three ............ a - Salmons b - Salmon c - Salmones
10) I l ike ........................................... a - Potatos b - Potatoes c - Pototaves
11) I do not like...... . . . . . a - Mouses b - Mouse c - Mice
77
12) My penthouse has two. a - Rooves b - Roofs c - Roofes
13) This tree has many .................................................. a - Leafs b - Leaves c - Leafss
14) I use paper ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a - Handkerchiefs b - Handkerchieves c - Handkerchiefes
15) In the zoo I saw four ..... a - Sheep b - Sheeps c - Sheppes
16) I never go to ............................................... a - Discoes b - Discos c - Discooes
17) In my kitchen there are many .............................. a - Shelves b - Shelfs c - Shelving
18) Europe has many different............................. a - Countrys b - Countries c - Countris
19) I prefer ghost ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a - Stories b - Storyes c - Storis
20) She has many ............................. a - Worries b - Worrys c - Worryes
21) We always use silver ................ a - Knives b - Knifes c - Knifs
22) The forest has many ....... . . . . a - Deers b - Deer c - Deeres
78
23) Las palabras " kilo, photo, piano , solo, dynamo y magneto " hacen el plural...... a - Añadiendo -s b - Añadiendo -es c - Añadiendo -ves
24) Las palabras "glass, dish, church, fox y buzz " hacen el plural.... . . . . a - Añadiendo -s b - Añadienod -es c - Añadiendo -ies
25) Sheep , deer, swine, fish, trout, salmon, aircraft hacen el plural........ a - Añadiendo -es b - Esa misma forma les sirve para el plural c - Añadiendo -s
26) The police ........coming very soon. a - Is b - Are c - Be
27) This mountain is more that 1500 ..........high. a - Foot b - Foots c - Feet
28) Which .................are you from? a - Country b - Countri c - Kantry
29) She gave him four .........of bread. a - Loafs b - Loaves c - Loavings
30) The indians had many....... a - Chiefs b - Chieves c - Cifs
31) My favourite.........were a ball and the Scalextrix. a - Toys b - Toyes c - Tois
32) In the Tarzan films there are many......... a - Monkeis b - Monkeys c - Mankis
33) A famous English king had six........ a - Wifes b - Wives c - Wivess
79
34) We always buy three.......of bread in Perete. a - Loafs b - Loaves c - Loavess
35) All of us have two....... a - Feet b - Foot c - Foots
36) The plural of goose is... a - Gooses b - Geese c - Gees
37) The plural of mouse is... a - Mouses b - Mice c - Mices
38) The plural of carp is... a - Carps b - Carpe diem c - Carp
39) The plural of partridge is a - Partridges b - Partdrigess c - Partridge
40) Para decir que hay muchos peces en el mar diremos...... a - There's a lot of fishes in the sea b - There's a lot of fish in the sea c - There are a lot of fishes in the sea
41) I l ike........................with cream. a - Strawberries b - Strawberryes c - Strauberries
42) Before my daughters were born I visited many....................with my wife. a - Countries b - Countryes c - Cauntries
80
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. A 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. C 40. B 41. A 42. A
81
FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE. FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS COMPUESTAS • Algunos nombres surgen de la combinación de dos palabras. Adjetivo + nombre.
Handful. Puñado.
Nombre + nombre.
Toothpaste. Pasta de dientes.
Ing + nombre.
Washingmachine. Lavadora.
Pronombre + nombre.
Shegoat. Cabra.
Verbo + nombre.
Breakfast. Desayuno.
Preposición + nombre.
Overwork. Exceso de trabajo.
Preposición + verbo.
Income. Ingresos.
• Todos los nombres pueden tener las siguientes funciones Sujeto.
María is a teacher. María es profesora.
Predicado.
María is a sociable woman. María es una mujer sociable.
Complemento Directo.
I saw a woman there. Ví una mujer allí.
Complemento Indirecto.
This present is for that woman. Este regalo es para esa mujer.
• Algunos sufijos nos pueden ayudar a identificar a los nombres. -er.
-er. -ee. - tion. - ist. - ism. -ness.
Profesiones. Cosas. Personas. Nombres Verbos.
Profesiones. Ideologías. Nombre.
Baker. Panadero.
Opener. Abridor.
Employee. Empleado.
Pollution. Contaminación.
Violinist. Comunism. Comunismo
Hapiness. Felicidad.
82
-ance. -hood. -ment. - tion. - ity.
Nombre. Nombre. Nombre. Nombre. Nombre. Abundance Abundancia.
Childhood. Niñez.
Shipment. Envío.
Education. Educación.
Ability. Habilidad.
• Algunos sufijos nos pueden ayudar a identificar a los adjetivos o adverbios. -al. - ic. - ive. - ful. - less. -ous. - ly.
Practical. Práctico.
Historic. Histórico.
Exclusive. Exclusivo.
Faithful. Leal.
Hopeless. Sin esperanza
Industrious Trabajador
Friendly. Amistoso.
-ed.
-en. -ant. - ive. - ible. - like. -worthy.
Excited. Excitado.
Wooden. De madera
Irrelevant. Irrelevante
Comprehensive. Comprensivo.
Sensible. Sensato.
Childlike. infantil
Trustworthy. Fiable
• Algunos prefijos negativos. Dis-
Il- Im- In- Ir- Non- Un-
Dishonest. Deshonesto
I l legal. Ilegal.
Impolite. Mal educado.
Invisible. Invisible.
Irregular. Irregular.
Non-smoker. No fumador.
Unthinkable Impensable
• Algunos prefijos de los más usados. Anti-
Over- Pre- Semi- Super- Post- Under
Antibiotic. Antibiótico
Overdose Sobredosis
Predictable. Predecible.
Semiprofessional. Semiprofesional.
Supernatural. Supernatural.
Postpone. Posponer.
Undermine Socavar.
83
GENITIVO SAJÓN • Es una construcción especial que se utiliza para indicar posesión. La estructura del
genitivo sajón es: Poseedor + ‘s + cosa poseída. • Normalmente la utilizamos con personas y rara vez con objetos. Añadir apóstrofo y una “s “es la regla general.
Peter’s bike. La bici de Pedro.
Acabados en s, como nombre propio añade sólo “ ’ ”.
Pits’ car. El coche de Pit.
Plurales irregulares no terminados en “s” o “-es” siguen la regla general.
A men’s club. Un club para hombres.
Más de un sujeto.
My brother and sister’s friends. Los amigos de mi hermano y de mi hermana. My brother’s and sister’s friends. Los amigos de mi hermano y las amigas de mi hermana.
Algunas expresiones. A day’s break. Un descanso de un día. Today’s paper. El periódico de hoy. The car’s engine. El motor del coche. A stone’s throw. A tiro de piedra.
Casas y tiendas.
I went to my sister’s Fui casa de mi hermana. She was at the baker’s. Estaba en la panadería.
Tiendas, hospitales e iglesias. He goes to his friend’s. Él va a casa de su amigo. He got married in Sant Louis’. Él se casó en la Iglesia de San Luis.
84
I was at the dentist’s. Yo estaba en el dentista.
Los plurales regulares acabados en “s” sólo añaden el apóstrofo.
A girls’ school. Una escuela de chicas.
85
1) This is the .............., isn't it? a - Balls' boys b - Boys' the ball c - Boys' ball
2) La casa de Manoli. a - House's manoli b - Manoli's house c - The manoli's house
3) El coche de mi amigo. a - The my friend's car b - My friend's car c - Car's my friend
4) La casa de los Torres. a - The Torres' house b - Torres'ss house c - The house of Torres'
5) Las obras de Cervantes. a - Cervantes' works b - Cervante's works c - The cervantes's works
6) El teorema de Pitágoras. a - Pythagoras's the therom b - The pythagora's theorem c - Pythagoras's theorem
7) La madre de mi suegra. a - My mother-in-law's mother b - My mother's- in- law mother c - My mother's-in -law's mother
8) Vamos a casa de Clemente. a - We are going to Clemente's b - We are going to the Clemente's c - We are going to Clementes
9) Ella está en la pelu. a - She's at the hairdresser's b - She is at hairdresser c - She is the hairdresser
86
Soluciones 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. A
87
EL ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO Los artículos preceden y detreminan a los sustantivos. • Su traducción es “un”, “una”. Tiene dos formas “a” y “an”. • Es invariable en género y número, por lo tanto la misma forma sirve para masculino
y femenino. Carece de plural. Se suele usar “some” para expresar el significado de unos.
• “A” se emplea con palabras que comienzan por sonido consonántico. • “An” va con las que comienzan por sonido vocálico. • Las palabras que comienzan por “h” muda como honest, llevan “an”. • Las palabras que comienzan por semiconsonantes como “university” llevan “a”. • Hace las misma funciones que el artículo español. Designa personas y cosas. • Se puede usar con el sentido de “ un tal” There is a Mr. Pérez waiting for you. Hay un tal señor Pérez esperándote.
A
AN
A house. Una casa.
An apple. Una manzana.
A car. Un coche.
An hour. Una hora.
A university. Una universidad.
An honest person. Una persona honrada.
A uniform. Un uniforme.
An honor. Un honor.
A union. Un sindicato.
An umbrella. Un paraguas.
A European. Un europeo.
An MP. Un miembro del Parlamento.
88
Acompaña a ciertos números y expresiones de cantidad.
A hundred. Cien. A couple of hours. Un par de horas.
Para indicar el precio de las cosas. It is 10 euros a kilo.. Cuesta 10 euros el kilo.
Usamos “a” o “an” cuando es la primera vez que hablamos de un objeto.
The woman had a nice house near the beach. La mujer tenía una bonita casa cerca de la playa.
Cuando la referencia no está clara. I want a book but I don’t want an English book. Quiero comprar un libro pero no quiero un libro inglés.
Con profesiones, religiones, e ideas políticas.
I am a lawyer and he is a nurse. Yo soy abogado y ella es enfermera. He is a Catholic and I am a Jew. Él es católico y yo soy judío. He was a socialist and now he is a conservative. Él era socialista y ahora es conservador.
Con enfermedades.
Last week I had a terrible cold. La semana pasada tuve un resfriado horrible. My wife has a toothache. A mi mujer le duele un diente
Con expresiones. As a rule. Por regla general. On a diet. A dieta.
Con exclamaciones.
What a pretty woman. Qué mujer más guapa!
Con adverbios.
Once a year. Una vez al año.
89
• “A” puede ser cambiado por “one” en algunos casos. One morning I saw him here. Una mañana le vi aquí.
90
EL ARTÍCULO DETERMINADO THE • Es parte invariable de la oración y va tanto con nombres en singular como con
nombres en plural. Se puede traducir por: el, la los y las. Tiene dos pronunciaciones según vaya precediendo a vocales o consonantes.
The girl.
The girls.
The car.
The cars.
La chica.
Las chicas.
El coche.
Los coches.
USOS Ríos.
The Nile. El río Nilo.
Mares.
The Black Sea. El mar Negro. The Atlantic Ocean. El Océano Atlántico.
Montañas.
The Alps. Los Alpes.
Islas.
The Canary Islands. Las Islas Canarias.
Desiertos.
The Sahara. El desierto del Sahara.
Países en plural.
The Netherlands. Los Países Bajos.
Cosas únicas. The Universe. El Universo.
The Sun. El Sol.
The Moon. La luna.
The Earth. La Tierra.
91
Con instrumentos musicales. I play the piano. Yo toco el violín.
Junto a un adjetivo hace referencia a un colectivo, a un tipo de personas.
The blind. Los ciegos. The rich. Los ricos. The poor. Los pobres. The British. Los británicos.
Con los superlativos. Water is in my opinion the best drink. El agua es en mi opinión la mejor bebida.
También con algunas expresiones.
He was in the navy. Él estuvo en la marina. The police. La policía. I went to the Post Office. Yo fui a la oficina de correos. They were in the radio this morning. Ellos estuvieron en la radio ésta mañana. I went to the cinema last Sunday. Yo fui al cine el pasado domingo. I have spent very good moments in the theatre. Yo he pasado muy buenos momentos en el teatro.
Con fechas se lee pero no se escribe.
30 th November is my birthday. El día treinta de noviembre es my cumpleaños. Esto debe leerse November the thirtieth o the thirtieth of November.
Con algunas palabras modifica el significado Bed, class, court, college, church, hospital, market, prison, university, town.
In hospital. En el hospital. (hospitalizado) In the hospital. En el hospital. (de visita)
92
Junto a las palabras Republic, State, Kingdom.
The United Kingdom. El Reino Unido. The Arab Republic. La República Árabe.
Con cosas únicas. The moon isn’t red. La luna no es roja.
Con contables en singular hace referencia a la totalidad.
The orange is an excellent fruit. La naranja es una excelente fruta.
Con los adjetivos pasa lo mismo. The rich also cry. Los ricos también lloran. The blind. Los ciegos.
Con apellidos. The Barrymore. Los Barrimore The Parker. Los Parker.
NO SE UTILIZA
Con días de la semana. I play tennis on Monday. Yo juego al tenis los lunes.
Meses. In July I go to San Juan beach. En el mes de julio voy a la playa de San Juan.
Estaciones y fiestas. Easter is a great holiday. Pascua es una gran fiesta.
Idiomas. Italian is very romantic. El italiano es muy romántico.
Meses, estaciones, semanas, años. On Monday El lunes
Colores. Red is my favourite colour. El color rojo es mi color favorito.
93
Deportes, actividades y juegos. Swimming is good for you. La natación es buena para ti. I don’t play cards. Yo no juego a las cartas.
Comidas. Lunch, breakfast and supper are the meals of the day. La comida, el desayuno y la cena son las comidas del día.
Expresiones. At night. Por la noche. At dawn. Al anochecer. At sunrise. Al amanecer.
Cuando nos referimos al sentido general de algo.
Wine is good for you. El vino es bueno para ti. The wine from Pinoso is the best. El vino de Pinoso es el mejor.
Con las partes del cuerpo. Wash your hair. Lávate el pelo.
Canales hechos por el hombre. Suez canal. El canal de Suez
Con las palabras “bed”, “school”, “hospital”, “prison”, college”, “university”.
He is in bed. El está en cama.
Con las comidas.
I have lunch at home. Como en casa.
Con “ver la tele”. I never watch TV. Nunca veo la tele.
Con personas. Doctor Ferreira no The doctor Ferreira. El doctor Ferreira.
94
1) He......... boy. a - An b - The c - That
2) Today I ate..........apple. a - An b - A c - Any
3) My sister is ..........doctor. a - An b - A c - Something
4) Mr. García is...........honest man. a - A b - An c - Both
5) I like drinking .........coke. a - An b - A c - Many
6) Is he ........architect? a - A b - An c - Little
7) Is Salinas............big city? a - A b - An c - These
8) I went to the swimming pool.......hour ago. a - An b - A c - The
9) He has ........cat. a - An b - A c - Many
10) I want to be ........lawyer. a - Some b - A c - An
11) Do you like .......English language? a - A b - The c - Some
12) He's ........engineer.
95
a - An b - A c - Some
13) I would like to be ........lawyer. a - A b - An c - Some
14) What ........................relief to get rid of him. a - An b - A c - Some
15) They only cost 30 euros ...........hour. a - An b - A c - The
16) I never listen to...radio at night. a - A b - The c - -
17) .......moon goes round the Earth. a - A b - The c - -
18) My father- in-law likes watching......TV. a - A b - The c - -
19) Why don't you eat..........breakfast? a - A b - The c - -
20) Tabarca is........island near Santa Pola. a - The b - A c - An
21) Tomás lives in........country. a - The b - - c - A
22) Before......lunch we played ATAJOS. a - The b - - c - A
23) .......capital of Spain is Madrid. a - The
96
b - - c - A
24) ...........Vinalopó is the only river we have. a - - b - The c - A
25) ........USA is a very big country. a - - b - The c - A
26) I would like to live near........sea. a - - b - The c - A
27) .......wine is good if you drink properly. a - - b - The c - A
28) ........wine from Rioja is my favourite. a - - b - The c - A
29) ......policemen have a hard life. a - The b - - c - A
30) My mother- in-law is always with........telephone in hand. a - The b - A c - -
31) I didn't learn to play .......guitar in don Emilio's. a - - b - The c - A
32) .............rich also cry. a - - b - A c - The
33) ......French drink more wine than we do. a - - b - A c – The 34) ......women like going to the hairdresser more than men. a - -
97
b - The c - A
35) Pepe had an accident so he is in ......hospital. a - - b - The c - A
36) I went to.......hospital to vist my friend Enrique who had a heart attack. a - The b - - c - A
37) Sarah goes to......church every Sunday with my wife. a - - b - The c - A
38) He was in........prison because he killed a cat. a - - b - A c - The
39) I studied at......Alicante University wih Bryn Moody. a - - b - The c - A
40) Vladi has gone to........work now. a - The b - A c - -
41) I prefer to stay...........home. a - The b - A c - -
42) Before .......work we go running. a - A b - - c - The
98
Soluciones 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. C 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. C 41. C 42. B
99
BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER, EITHER, EACH, EVERY, NO.
Both. Ambos.
Both Peter and Sarah like confetti. Tanto a Pedro como a Sara les gustan los confetis. We both like jazz. A los dos nos gusta el jazz. Both of the children have been to Paris. Los dos niños han estado en París. The children have both been to Paris. Los dos niños han estado en París. Give me both. Dame los dos.
Both….and . Tanto como.
I like both the film and the book. Me gusta tanto la película como el libro.
Both of them. Ellos dos.
Both of them are happy. Los dos son felices.
Neither. Ninguno. Ni.
Neither of them came to my party. Ninguno de los dos vino a mi fiesta. - I don’t like coffe. A mí no me gusta el café. -Neither do I. Ni a mí tampoco.
Either....or. O…..o.
Either you come with me or go with him. O vienes conmigo o vas con él.
Neither....nor. Ni….ni.
I like neither coffee nor tea. No me gusta ni el té ni el café.
Al l. Todos. Más de dos.
All the students were happy after the exam. Todos los estudiantes estaban contentos después del examen.
None. Ninguno. Más de dos
None of my friends wanted to buy my car. Ninguno de mis amigos quiso comprar mi coche.
Most. La mayoría, la
Most of them are from Canada. Los dos son de Canadá.
100
mayor parte.
Each. Cada uno.
Each student must buy a dictionary. Cada estudiante debe comprar un diccionario.
Every. Todos y cada uno
Every citizen paid the taxes. Todos los ciudadanos pagaron los impuestos.
No. Nada. I have no money now. Ahora no tengo dinero.
101
LOS ADJETIVOS. • Los adjetivos tiene la misión de modificar al sustantivo y normalmente le preceden. A red car. Un coche rojo. A beautiful woman. Una mujer guapa. • Al ser en inglés parte invariable, sólo tiene una forma para masculino, femenino,
singular y plural. I have a red car. Yo tengo un coche rojo. She has a red dress. Ella tiene un vestido rojo. My daughter wears red shoes. Mi hija lleva zapatos rojos. They have red skirts. Ellas tienen faldas rojas. USOS Detrás de los verbos copulativos: be, look, sound, taste, appear, seem, get, feel, stay, fall, etc.
She is nice. Ella es agradable. You look beautiful. Tú tienes buen aspecto. He feels strong. Él se siente fuerte.
Algunos adjetivos siempre llevan preposición.
I am interested in politics. A mí me interesa la política.
Los participios de presente y pasado pueden hacer las veces de adjetivos.
He is tired. El está cansado. He is tyring. El cansa. (es un pesado)
Los adjetivos que se colocan delante de los sustantivos se llaman atributivos.
A beautiful song. Una canción bonita.
102
Principal, sheer, chief y main. son atributivos.
The main road is closed today. La carretera principal está cerrada hoy.
Afraid, awake, asleep, ashamed, upset, alive, alone, asleep son predicativos y van detrás.
She is stil l alive. Ella está todavía viva.
El significado de late y early depende de su posición.
We caught an early plane to London. Cogimos un vuelo temprano para Londres. They were early at the party. Ellos llegaron temprano a la fiesta.
• Algunos nombres pueden funcionar como adjetivos. A gold chain. Una cadena de oro. A leather case. Una maleta de piel. • Muchos adjetivos son reconocibles por sus terminaciones. -Y
-Al - Ial -Ous -Ary - Ic
Happy. Feliz.
Professional Profesional.
Industrial. Industrial.
Famous. Famoso.
Voluntary. Voluntario.
Economic. Económico
-Ful
- Ive -Ent - Ible -Able -Ed -Less
Careful. Cuidadoso.
Competitive Competitivo.
Urgent. Urgente.
Legible. Legible.
Profitable. Beneficioso.
Limited. Limitado.
Useless. Inútil.
• Los siguientes prefijos indican lo contrario del adjetivo que acompañan. Un-
In- Dis- Il- Im- Ir-
103
Unhappy. Triste.
Incompetent Incompetente.
Dishonest. Deshonesto
I l legible. Ilegible.
Impatient. Impaciente
Irregular. Irregular.
• Otros prefijos también nos indican que estamos delante de un adjetivo. Auto- Bi- Extra- Hyper. Inter-
Automatic. Automático
Bisexual. Bisexual.
Extraordinary Extraordinario.
Hypersensitive Hipersensible
Interchangeable. Intercambiable.
Mono- Multi- Pre- Super- Ultra-
Monochrome Monocromo
Multilingual. Multilingüe.
Predominant. Predominante
Superstitious. Supersticioso.
Ultrasonic. Ultrasónico.
• Los adjetivos pueden estar formados por dos palabras unidas por un guión. Top-quality. De calidad suprema. Tax-free. Libre de impuestos. • Cuando aparecen varios adjetivos en una frase el orden debe ser el siguiente: Opinión.
Dimensiones. Color. Origen. Material.
Cheap. Barato.
New. Nuevo.
Blue. Azul.
French. Francés.
Plastic. Plástico.
Cualidad. Tamaño. Forma. Edad. Color.
Famous. Famoso.
Big. Grande.
Round. Redondo.
Old. Viejo.
Blue. Azul.
104
LA COMPARACIÓN CON ADJETIVOS • Puede ser de igualdad, inferioridad y superioridad.
IGUALDAD
As... As. Tan como. En los puntos va el adjetivo.
I am as tall as you are. Yo soy tan alto como tú.
So.....as. No tan como.
He is not so intelligent as his brother Mike. Él no es tan listo como su hermano Miguel.
• Los monosiíabos y bisílabos añaden “-er” en el comparativo. • Los monosílabos acabados en una consonante precedida de una única vocal,
duplican la consonante. Como en fat. Fatter. • Si acaban en “-y” se sustituye por “i”.
GRADO POSITIVO
COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
Tall. Alto.
Taller. Más alto. He is taller than you. Él es más alto que tú.
The tallest. El más alto
Big. Grande.
Bigger . Más grande. My car is bigger than yours. Mi coche es más grande que el tuyo.
The biggest. El más grande.
Happy. Feliz.
Happier. Más feliz. He is happier now. Él es más feliz ahora.
The happiest El más feliz.
105
• Algunos adjetivos de dos sílabas y todos los que tiene más de dos usan more ...than y the most.
GRADO POSITIVO
COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
Comfortable. Cómodo.
More comfortable. Más cómodo.
The most comfortable. El más cómodo.
Interesting. Interesante.
More interesting. Más interesante.
The most interesting. El más interesante.
COMPARATIVO
“-Er”. I am taller now. Ahora soy más alto.
More….than. It is more interesting than the film. Es más interesante que la película.
Comparativo + and + comparativo.
I am getting fatter and fatter. Cada vez me estoy poniendo más gordo.
The + comparativo, the + comparativo. The richer, the sillier. Cuanto más rico, más tonto.
SUPERLATIVO
The .....est con adjetivos de una o dos silabas. Se utiliza in para lugares y periodos de tiempo.
The richest people in Elda. Los más ricos de Elda.
The + most + adjetivo con los de dos o más silabas.
The most beautiful girl in town. La chica más guapa del pueblo.
106
COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD
Less + adj + than. She is less intelligent than Rose. Ella es menos inteligente que Rosa.
The least + adjetivo indican inferioridad.
The least important of all his novels. La menos importante de sus novelas.
GRADO POSITIVO
COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
Busy. Ocupado.
Less busy. Menos ocupado.
The least busy. El menos ocupado.
LOS IRREGULARES • Algunos hacen la comparación de forma irregular y no siguen reglas concretas. Good. Bueno.
Better. Mejor.
The best. El mejor
Bad. Malo.
Worse. Peor.
The worst. El peor.
Litt le. Poco.
Less. Menos.
The least. El menos.
Much / Many. Mucho.
More. Más.
The most. El más.
Far. Lejos.
Farther. Más lejos.
The farthest. Lo más lejano.
Old. Viejo.
Elder. Más viejo.
The eldest. El más viejo.
• Elder y eldest se utilizan cuando hacemos referencia a miembros de una misma familia.
My sister Berta is elder than me. Mi hermana Berta es mayor que yo.
107
1) This is ... . . . than this? a - Long b – Longer c - Longest
2) How.............are you? a - Tall b - Talling c - Tallest
3) Isabel is ...........................than last year. a - The thinnest b - Thiner c - Thinner
4) Everybody says that Jorge is ..............................than his brother. a - More clever b - The more clever c - The most clever
5) Alicante is ....................................................... than Elda. a - Hotting b - Hottest c - Hotter
6) I am .............................teacher here. a - The oldest b - Older c - Olderest
7) This park is ...............................................than the one in Almagro. a - Nicer b - Niceer c - Nicest
8) This sweater is ...........................................than the one we saw yesterday. a - Old-fashionest b - Old-fashionedest c - More old-fashion
9) A Mercedes is .....................................than a Seat Marbella. a - Most expensive b - More expensive c - Expensiver
10) He's ......................................................than he was a year ago. a - Healthier b - Healthiest c - Healthiere
11) Do you think English is ..............................than French? a - More difficult b - The most difficult c - Difficulter
108
12) He eats a lot - he's getting ...................... a - Fatting b - Fatter c - Fattest
13) I think that Pilar is ..................................than Manoli. a - More mature b - The most mature c - More maturest
14) He was the..................person I have ever met. a - The most dishonest b - More dishonet c - Most dishonest
15) My mother was getting ................ a - Redder and redder b - The more redest c - Most red
16) A bed is ..........................a sofa. a - More comfortable than b - The more comfortable c - The comfortablest
17) I think that Harry Potter's books are .....................................than the films. a - More interesting b - The most interesting c - Interestinger
18) Have you got a ........................size? a - Biggest b - Bigger c - Biger
19) My exam was ..........................................than I had thought. a - Badder b - Badding c - Worse
20) Now I have ...............................time than when I was single. a - Less b - Lesser c - Mucher
21) My neighbour María is ................................now that she has a new kitchen. a - Hapiest b - Happier c - Happyer 22) This exercise is .......................................than the previous one. a - Easier b - Easyer
109
c - Easiest
23) Mari Carmen is ........................................than her sister. a - Politest b - More polite c - The more polite
24) I t is .....................................to walk after having dinner. a - Better b - The good c - The gooder
25) When I was young Agustina was the .......................................swimmer in Elda. a - Fastest b - Fatesr c - The ffasterest
26) Sarah is ..........................................in the class. a - Tallest b - The tallest c - The taller
27) Paco was the................................of my friends. a - Craziest b - Crazier c - Crasiest
28) This is ........................................book I have ever read. a - The goodest b - The bester c - The best
29) Barcelona is .....................................than Madrid. a - Farer b - Farest c - Further
30) You should eat ....................................chocolate. a - Littler b - Less c - Littlest
31) Home.......home. a - Good b - Sweet c - Nice
32) I was ..........cross with him. a - So b - As c - The
33) Do you have to have the music ..........loud? a - As b - So
110
c - Some
34) He's the ...........person I know. a - Meanest b - Mean c - Meaner
35) You'll need it when it gets .......... a - Coldest b - Colder c - Colding
36) I 'd ............say goodbye to you now. a - Good b - Better c - Best
37) I don't mind, .......................the hours are reasonable and the pay is good. a - Long so b - As long as c - As long So
38) That sounds .........................! a - Exciteing b - Exciting c - Excite
39) He is as busy ............a bee. a - So b - The c - As
40) That is the ............compliment you can pay to a girl like her. a - Great b - Greater c - Greatest
41) So they have the ............of both worlds. a - Best b - Betteer c - Goodest
42) The ..........he starts Spanish lessons the better. a - Soon b - Soonest c - Sooner
43) They are ............than pears. a - Big b - Biggest c - Bigger
44) I was .................sorry that I felt ashamed. a - So b - As
111
c - So as
45) Everything is ........wonderful in Spain!! a - So b - As c - As so
46) The place I enjoyed .............was the museum of Moder Art. a - Most b - More c - Little
47) This quick test is.................than the one we did yesterday. a - Easiest b - Easier c - More easy
48) My mother's dress is.......................than my aunt's. a - Longer b - The longest c - More long
49) Loli was il l, but now she ........................... a - Looks best b - Looks better c - Is best
50) You have to be much .....................when you use this. a - More careful b - Carefuler c - Carefulest
51) The Vinalopó is ....................river in Elda. a - The longest b - Longer than c - Longest than 52) Many people say Barcelona football team is .............than Real Madrid. a - Better b - Best c - Good
53) This pullover is too big. I need a ...........one. a - Smallest b - More small c - Smaller 54) All these children are nice, but ours are ................ a - Niecerest b - Nicer c - Nicest
55) I think he is the ......................in the class. a - Good b - Better c – Best
112
56) I think that "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........book I have read in my life. a - The best b - Best than c - The better
57) This film is ........I have ever seen in my life. a - Baddest b - The worst c - The most bad
58) What a pity he is in Almeria. I wish he lived ............... a - Most near b - Nearer c - Nearest
59) She is very pretty but my girlfriend is ........ a - Prettier b - Prettiest c - The pretty
60) I am .............tall as Paco Cabrera. a - As b - So c - So as
61) I am .............than last year. a - More and more fat b - More fat c - Fatter
62) You'd ..........buy a better car. a - Best b - Better c - Good
63) My .......sister is married. a - Older b - Elder c - Oldesr
64) Novelda is.......than Monóvar. a - Far b - Further c - Furthest
65) Pepe is .......rich as Manolo. a - So b - As c - Than
66) I am not......tall as a basketball player. a - As b - So c - Than
113
67) The.........of a party is having to tidy the house. a - Bad b - Worse c - Worst
68) She is.................now than when she was 28. a - Prettyer b - Prettier c - Prittier
69) There are...............books in Martin Fierro for us. a – Most expensive b - Expensive c - Expensiver
70) You must buy these……….. pills. a - Good b - Gooder c – The good
71) She loves ..... . . . . . . a - Tall b – The tallest c - Tallerst 72) They drank..........................bottle of whisky. a - The most expensive b - Expensiver c – The expensiver
73) They said he was a ...................teacher. a - Bored b - Boring c - Borerst
74) I was .....................because the film was boring. a - Boring b - Borest c - Bored
75) In a couple we will be ..... . . . . a - Richer b – The rich c - Riching 76) They serve ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .coffee in town. a - Badder b - Gooder c – The worst
77) There are always ………........ . . . . . . . . . . trees in the park. a - Greener b - Greenest c – Gren
78) All the Chinese have ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .smiles.
114
a – Lovelier b - Lovely c - Lovlyest
79) Peter felt ..................of what he had done. a - Ashamed b - Ashamer c - Ashamest
80) The porter is a..................man. a - Happier b - Happiest c - Happy
81) Felipe was the....................President. a - Form b - Formerst c - Former
82) His .....................brother works in Perú. a - Elder b - Old c - Older
83) The ..................part of the book is not good. a - Major b - May c - Most of
84) He is a lonely man, he feels............ a - Aoner b - Alone c - Alonest
85) Parents are happy when their children are.............. a - Aleppest b - Aslepper c - Asleep 86) Sometimes she drives me............. a - Madder b - Mad c - Madest
87) I found a ................bottle on the beach. a - Broker b - Brokenest c - Broken
115
Soluciones 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. B 39. C 40. C 41. A 42. C 43. C 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. B 50. A 51. A 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. B 58. B 59. A 60. A 61. C 62. B 63. B 64. B 65. B 66. B 67. C 68. B 69. B 70. A 71. B 72. A 73. B 74. C 75. A 76. C 77. A 78. B 79. A 80. C 81. C 82. A 83. A 84. B 85. C 86. B 87. C
116
LAS PREPOSICIONES • Aunque la gramática inglesa es bastante simple, tiene partes que presentan cierta
dificultad como las preposiciones. Por ejemplo, para decir “en”, se pueden emplear “in” , “on” y “at”. Por lo tanto se les debe prestar mucha atención.
AT Puntos concretos. We stopped at the zoo.
Paramos en el zoo. He was at the station. Él estaba en la estación. I was at home and my wife was at a meeting. Yo estaba en casa y mi mujer estaba en una reunión.
Cafés y restaurantes We'll eat at MacDonald's, in San Juan Beach. Comeremos en el MacDonald’s de la Playa de San Juan.
Sitios donde se estudia o trabaja.
I was at school and then at university later on I worked at IBM. Fui al colegio, luego a la universidad y después trabajé en IBM.
Nombres de actividades de grupo
He was at a meeting, then at the theatre and later at a concert and at a lecture, afterwards at a match and finally at the cinema. Él estaba en una reunión, luego fue al teatro, después a un concierto y a una conferencia, después a un partido y, finalmente, al cine.
Con el número de la calle I lived at 35 Príncipe de Asturias. Yo vivía en la calle Príncipe de Asturias 35.
Horas I wake up at six. Me levanto a las seis.
Navidad y Pascua At Christmas I buy many presents and at Easter I go to the beach. En Navidad compro muchos regalos y en Pascua voy a la playa.
Expresiones At present I’m reading a novel. Ahora estoy leyendo una novela.
117
He died at the age of 81. Él falleció a la edad de 81 años.
At night. Por la noche.
At sunrise. Al amanecer
At noon. Al mediodia
At sunset. Al atardecer
At first sight. A primera vista.
At midnight. Al mediodia
At this moment. En este momento.
At last. Al fín.
At the bus-stop. En la parada del autobús.
At the office. En la oficina.
At the top. En la parte de arriba.
At work. En el trabajo.
At the station. En la estación.
At least. Al menos.
At the bottom. En la parte de abajo.
Otros. It was love at first sight.
Fue amor a primera vista. She is always at home. Ella siempre está en casa. At least it is a very good book. Al menos es un buen libro. At present they are working a lot. En este momento están trabajando mucho. They were at war. Ellos estuvieron en guerra. The boss is at work El jefe está trabajando.
118
• ON Algo que está tocando o cercano a una línea, o algo parecido a una línea.
We have a house on the river. Tenemos una casa al lado del río. Benidorm is on the coast. Benidorm está en la costa. Elche is on the road to Murcia. Elche está en la carretera de Murcia.
Cuando algo está tocando una superficie.
The keys are on the table. Las llaves están en la mesa. They fish on the lake. Ellos pescan en el lago. The new picture is on the wall. El nuevo cuadro está en la pared.
Con transportes públicos, caballos, motos y bicicletas.
I saw her on the plane/on the train/on the bus. Yo la vi en el avión, tren, autobús.
Con pisos. I live on the second floor. Yo vivo en el segundo piso.
Días. I study French on Monday. Yo estudio francés los lunes. On St. Valentine’s many people buy diamonds. El día de San Valentín mucha gente compra diamantes.
Expresiones. The train arrived on time. El tren llegó en punto. He is on a business trip. Está de viaje de negocios. The soldier is on duty. El soldado está de servicio. He came on foot. Vino a pie. The house is still on sale. La casa está todavía en venta.
119
On the other hand, I don’t like it. Por otra parte no me gusta. On the whole, It was a very good play. En resumidas cuentas, fue una buena obra.
Páginas. On page 26 you will find the exercises. En la página 26 encontraréis los ejercicios.
• IN Cuando algo está dentro de algo.
My friends are in the cuartelil lo. Mis amigos están en el cuartelillo. The bottles are in the fridge. Las botellas están en la nevera.
Con países. I live in Spain. Yo vivo en España.
Con regiones. They are in the Sahara. Ellos están en el desierto del Sahara.
Con grandes islas. We spent the summer in the Canary islands. Ellos pasaron el verano en las Islas Canarias.
Partes del cuerpo. I have a pain in my stomach. Me duele la barriga.
Con coche, taxi y avioneta. I saw him in a new Mercedes. Yo le vi en un nuevo Mercedes.
Con algunos lugares. In bed. En cama In hospital. En el hospital. In court. En el juzgado. In church. En la iglesia. In prison. En la cárcel.
120
Nombres de calles. I lived in Onesimo Redondo street.
Yo viví en la calle Onésimo Redondo.
Partes del día I read the paper in the morning. Yo por las mañanas leo el periódico.
Meses. I got married in October. Yo me casé en el mes de Octubre.
Años. I met my wife in 1982. Conocí a mi mujer en el año 1982.
Estaciones. I go to San Juan beach in summer. Voy a la playa de San Juan en verano.
Siglos. In he l9th century people did not wear jeans. En el siglo XIX la gente no llevaba pantalones vaqueros.
Períodos de tiempo. Spain was very rich in the Middle Ages. España era muy rica en la Edad Media.
Expresiones. He is always in a hurry. Siempre tiene prisa. In any case, you can come. De cualquier manera puedes venir. He was in danger. Estuvo en peligro. They are in love Están enamorados. Everything is in order. Todo está en orden. In other words, I love you. En otras palabras, te quiero. I will tell you in private. Te lo diré en privado. She was in tears Estaba llorando.
121
PREPOSICIONES MAS USADAS. Aboard. A bordo.
I was aboard a yatch. Estuve a bordo de un yate.
About. Sobre.
I was talking about music. Estuve hablando de música.
Above. Por encima de.
Above all I love my family. Quiero a mi familia por encima de todo.
Across. A través de.
I walked across the park. Caminé a través del parque.
After. Después.
After the meeting I went to the doctor. Después de la reunión fui al médico.
Against. Contra.
It was against the public opinion. Todo fue en contra de la opinión pública.
Along . A lo largo de.
I found many good people along the way. Me encontré mucha buena gente a lo largo del camino.
Among . Entre.
I found a letter among the books. Entre los libros encontré una carta.
Around . Alrededor de.
I travelled around the world. Viajé alrededor del mundo.
At. En.
I was at the zoo. Estuve en el zoo.
Before. Antes de.
Before eating I read the press. Antes de comer leo el periódico.
Behind . Detrás de.
There was a mouse behind the door. Había un ratón detrás de la puerta.
Below. Por debajo de.
The temperatures were below zero. Las temperaturas estaban por debajo de cero.
Beside. Al lado de.
I was beside the Mayor at the table. Estuve al lado del alcalde en la mesa.
Between. Entre (2).
Between you and me there is magic. Entre tú y yo hay magia.
122
Beyond . Mas allá de.
I live beyond the road. Vivo más allá de la carretera.
By. Por.
“Hamlet” was written by Shakespeare. Shakespeare escribió Hamlet. I always travel by plane. Siempre viajo en avión. He comes everyday by bus Él viene todos los días en autobús. He did it by chance. Lo hizo por casualidad. By far he is the best. Él es el mejor con mucho. You must learn this by heart Debes aprenderte esto de memoria. He did it by mistake. Lo hizo por error. He got me by surprise. Me cogió por sorpresa.
Down. Abajo.
Go down the street. Ve calle abajo.
During . Durante.
During the summer I have a great time. Durante el verano me lo paso muy bien.
Except. Excepto.
Except for the price, I like it very much. Excepto por el precio me gusta mucho.
For. Durante, desde, hace.
I have lived in this flat for 20 years. He vivido en este piso durante veinte años.
From. Desde.
From June to September I go swimming to the salt lake. Desde Junio a Septiembre voy a nadar al lago de sal.
In front of. Delante de.
She was sittting in front of me. Estaba sentada delante de mí.
In. I was in Greece in 1992.
123
En.
Estuve en Grecia en el año 1992.
Into. En, Dentro de.
I went into a taxi. Subí a un taxi.
Near. Cerca.
There was a disco near my house. Había una discoteca cerca de mi casa.
Next to. Al lado de.
I live next to the theatre. Vivo al lado del teatro.
Of. De.
The son of Peter and Mary is tall. El hijo de Pedro y María es alto.
Off. En frente y separado.
Tabarca is off the coast of Santa Pola. Tabarca está en frente de la costa de Santa Pola.
On. En. (Sobre).
My keys are on the table. Mis llaves están en la mesa.
Onto. En. (indica movimiento)
I jumped onto the car. Salté sobre el coche.
Opposite. Enfrente de.
I live opposite the cinema Vivo enfrente del cine.
Out of. Fuera de.
Please go out of the class. Por favor sal fuera de clase. He was out of control. Estaba fuera de sí. At the moment he is out of work. Ahora no tiene trabajo Out of sight out of mind. Ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente.
Over. Sobre.
There is a bridge over the Vinalopó river. Hay un puente sobre el río Vinalopó.
Past. Por al lado de.
I walk past your house in the morning. Paso por al lado de tu casa por la mañana.
Round . Alrededor.
We went round the park. Fuimos alrededor del parque.
Since. Desde.
She hasn’ t written to me since last January. No me ha escrito desde el pasado mes de Enero.
124
Through. A través de.
He came in through the gate. Entró a través de la puerta.
Til l. Hasta.
Til now I’ve lived in Monovar. Hasta ahora yo he vivido en Monóvar.
To. A.
I go to Sax every Saturday. Voy a Sax cada Sábado.
Towards. Hacia.
The WC is towards the end. El aseo está hacia el final.
Under. Debajo de.
The children are under the table. Los niños están debajo de la mesa.
Until. Hasta.
Until I was ten, I lived in Petrel. Hasta que tuve diez años viví en Petrel.
Up. Arriba
They are up the stairs. Ellos están arriba de las escaleras.
Upon. Sobre Once upon. Hace
It was upon a cushion. Estaba sobre un cojín. One upon a time a little rabbit called Perico…. Érase una vez un pequeño conejo llamado Perico..
With. Con
I was with him in the military service. Estuve con él en “la mili”.
Within. Dentro de.
It is within two kilometres. Está antes de dos kilómetros.
Without. Sin.
I can’t live without you. Yo no puedo vivir sin ti.
125
• Existen en inglés una gran cantidad de adjetivos que siempre van acompañados por
una preposición. To. With. About. At. Of. For.
Married to. Casado con.
Angry with. Enfadado con.
Worried about. Preocupado por.
Good at. Bueno en.
Proud of. Orgulloso de.
Ready for. Listo para.
Polite to. Educado con.
Satisfied with. Satisfecho con.
Sorry about. Triste por.
Bad at. Malo en.
Ashamed of. Avergonzado de.
Suitable for. Adecuado para.
Happy with. Feliz con.
Surprised at. Sorprendido por.
Afraid of. Temeroso de.
126
1) I will meet her.................the station. a - At b - In c - On
2) Please hang it................the wall. a - On b - At c - In
3) This happened ...................Saturday. a - On b - In c - At
4) ...................the past things were different. a - On b - At c - In
5) My grandmother was always.................home. a - At b - In c - On
6) You must change ................Albacete. a - In b - On c - At
7) I prefer to stay ........the right hand side. a - In b - On c - At
8) Please look...............the mirror. a - At b - In c - On
9) We live ...................the second floor. a - In b - On c - At
10) Monforte is .................the road to Alicante. a - On b - In c - At
11) He always pays.................cash. a - On b - In c - At
127
12) Arenales del Sol is .................the coast. a - On b - In c - At
13) He is very good .............music. a - In b - On c - At
14) I will see you........Monday. a - In b - On c - At
15) I saw you............television. a - In b - On c - At
16) I heard it........Radio Elda. a - In b - On c - At
17) He is always ......a bad mood. a - In b - On c - At
18) ......the moment things are very different. a - In b - At c - On
19) .......Christmas we eat a lot of nougats. a - In b - At c - On
20) ........Christmas day we eat relleno . a - In b - On c - At
21) He was ........the Navy. a - In b - On c - At
22) They were......both sides of the road. a - In b - On c - At 23) She drives ........full speed.
128
a - At b - In c - On
24) The house is ........good condition. a - In b - At c - On
25) It was always........my mind. a - In b - On c - At
26) My grandmother died........the age of 80. a - At b - In c - On
27) ........present they are very busy. a – In b - On c - At
28) Most people ............Elda prefer to go to the beach. a - In b - On c - At
29) Please don't speak................the same time. a - At b - In c - On
30) I don't work............Sunday. a - In b - On c - At
31) I wake up.........8.00. a - At b - In c - On
32) Aida was born.......1934. a - In b - On c - At
33) I run..............night. a - In b - On c - At 34) My daughters play with me .........home.
129
a - In b - On c - At
35) I look at the stars..................night. a - At b - In c - On
36) My birthday is .......November. a - On b - In c - At
37) The book is.......the table. a - On b - In c - At
38) The coke is.........the kitchen. a - In b - On c - At
39) I am writing .........the blackboard. a - In b - On c - At
40) The chocalates are ............the box. a - On b - At c - In
41) I am.................Spain. a - For b - From c - Foreign
42) They are .............the theatre now. a - At b - On c - In
43) The train arrives......................Victoria station. a - At b - In c - On
44) Please tell me..........................once. a - In b - At c - On
45) I waited for half an hour, and .......................last he came. a - On
130
b - In c - At
46) He is sitt ing...........................an armchair. a - In b - On c - At
47) The picture is .......................the wall. a - At b - In c - On
48) I put my hands ..................my pockets. a - On b - At c - In
49) The shop is ........................Juan Carlos I street. a - In b - At c - On
50) We go to church ......................Sundays. a - At b - In c - On
51) It is .............................the foot of the page. a - At b - On c - In
52) .....................my opinion, it is a very good book. a - In b - At c - On
53) He is...........................the garden. a - On b - In c - At
54) I am living .................a hotel near here. a - In b - On c - At
55) The milk 's ....................................... the fridge. a - In b - At c – On 56) They sat ...........................the wall. a - On
131
b - At c - In
57) They made the film ....................Petrel. a - In b - At c - On
58) I saw them ......................................the station. a - In b - At c - On
59) Mary's not here - she's....................the office. a - On b - In c - At
60) They were sitt ing ............................the floor. a - In b - On c - At
61) The ham is...................................the shelf in the kitchen. a - On b - In c - At
62) The money's.....................................my pocket. a - At b - On c - In
63) They are all......................................the garden. a - At b - In c - On
64) The papers are................................my desk. a - In b - At c - On
65) They are all.....................................the car. a - On b - At c - In 66) He's not..........................................work today. a - On b - In c - At 67) I ' l l see you ........................................Monday. a - In
132
b - At c - On
68) I met him .........................................the holidays. a - At b - In c - On
69) I ' l l pick you up..........................eight o'clock. a - At b - In c - On
70) I 'm going home.................................four. a - On b - In c - At
71) They came to visit us ....................my birthday. a - In b - At c - On
72) I can work ................the morning. a - At b - In c - On
73) Did you have a good time ......................Christmas? a - In b - At c - On
74) School finishes ..................................three o'clock. a - On b - In c - At
75) We arranged to meet ..........................Seven. a - At b - In c - On
76) I ' l l meet you............................the station. a - At b - In c - On
77) He's sti l l ..........................................school. a - At b - In c - On 78) That picture....................the wall was painted by Vladi Monzó. a - In b - At
133
c - On
79) He's................................................the building somewhere. a - On b - At c - In
80) You could phone me.....................work. a - On b - In c - At
81) Why don't you stay........................home? a - At b - In c - On
82) He'l l be...........................................prison for robbery. a - In b - At c - On
83) I 'm studying law..............................University. a - In b - On c - At
84) Is he...............................................hospital? a - In b - On c - At
85) I ' l l see you......................................the meeting tomorrow. a - At b - In c - On
86) We're meeting...............................7.00 on Tuesday. a - At b - On c - In
87) We usually go .................................holiday to Tabarca. a - At b - On c - In
88) What are you doing.........................Christmas? a - On b - In c - At
89) I don't sleep much.............................night. a - In b - On c - At
134
90) What about going to see 'Hamlet "....................the 15th. a - At b - In c - On
91) I’ll wait for you............the airport. a - At b - In c - On
92) My wife is........the kitchen. a - In b - On c - At
93) I was .......the station. a - In b - On c - At
94) The water is..........the fridge. a - On b - In c - At
95) They are........the floor. a - In b - On c - At
96) The book is ..........the table. a - In b - On c - At
97) My mother is.........home. a - On b - In c - At
98) My house is..............the road to Sax. a - In b - On c - At 99) I work..................Villena. a - In b - On c – At 100) The TV is… a - In b - On c - At
101) Come ........., let 's go and watch TV.
135
a - On b - In c - At
102) Teresa's ...........the phone. a - In b - On c - At
103) Please hurry ............. a - Down b - In c - Up
104) ............... last. a - At b - In c - On
105) Hold ......................a moment. a - In b - At c - On
106) It 's always better to try new clothes .......... a - On b - In c - At
107) .........cash. a - In b - On c - At
108) ..............credit card. a - By b - With c - In
109) I have to be..............home. I must study. a - At b - In c - On
110) Would you like to come ............a concert with me? a - To b - From c - At 111) Come ..............about ten o'clock. a - At b - In c - On
112) I was sitting .........the garden reading the news about Elda.
136
a - At b - In c - On
113) I ' l l ring ..............a pizza. a - For b - From c - To
114) There was a very beautiful woman ...................the crossroads near Castelar Square. a - In b - On c - At
115) What .......a T-shirt? a - Around b - About c - Again 116) Yes I went ........a tour in Mexico. a - On b - In c - At 117) The car is .............sale now. a - In b - On c - At 118) I 'm really looking ...............to the concert! a - For b - Forward c - Up 119) They are .................High School. a - At b - In c - On
120) That depends .....your grades. a - On b - In c - At
121) I intend to get a job ........weekends. a - In b - On c - At
122) It looks great ......! a - On b - In c - At
123) This is celebrated ......the fourth Thursday of November. a - On
137
b - In c - At
124) We can have a picnic ..................the beach. a - In b - On c - At
125) He's 10 and he's mad ................Harry Potter. a - In b - At c - On
126) He is the expert ......................computers. a - In b - On c - At
127) How ..............going out for a drink. a - Around b - Aside c - About
128) I 'll bring you a present ........the journey. a - In b - Up c - On
129) I 'm really looking ..........to visiting Berna. a - Forward b - For c - Fast
130) We look ............him as one of the family. a - On b - In c - At
131) Can I pay ........credit card? a - With b - By c - As
132) I must go ...........a diet. a - On b - At c - In
133) If you don't know the meaning of the word look it ........in the dictionary. a - Up b - For c - Forward
134) Perhaps I should give ............smoking. a - Up
138
b - At c - On
135) Many are open ........the public. a - Up b - To c - In
136) It's great while you are .....................holiday. a - On b - In c - At
137) Where did you park the car? It 's .............Pedrito Rico Road. a - In b - On c - At
138) Tommy, don't sit on the floor, sit..................the chair. a - On b - In c - At
139) Where is the supermarket? It 's ...............Dahellos Road. a - In b - Into c - On
140) Inma, please sit.....................the chair. a - On b - By c - At
141) They arrived ................Elda yesterday. a - In b - On c - At
142) I was listening to the news .........................TV when the baby began to scream. a - On b - In c - At
143) We waited a couple of hours......the airport. a - At b - In c - On 144) We play tennis.......the club every Monday. a - In b - On c - At
145) We were.......theatre last night. a - In
139
b - On c - At
146) I studied ........don Emilio's school from 1968 to 1975. a - In b - On c - At
147) I met her ..........a lecture. a - On b - In c - At
148) She studied........Oxford. a - On b - At c - Of
149) She lives.....Oxford. a - In b - On c - At
150) We live......the frontier. a - On b - In c - At
151) Elda is ......the road to Albacete. a - In b - On c - At
152) All the pictures are......the wall. a - On b - In c - At
153) I live ......the second floor. a - In b - At c - On
154) I was born......Elda. a - On b - In c - At 155) We have a house......the coast. a - In b - On c - At
156) I met her..........the croosroads. a - At
140
b - In c - On
157) I lived ......a desert island like Robinson Crusoe for a month. a - On b - In c - At
158) I always travel ..........the plane. a - On b - At c - In
159) I met her......the bus. a - On b - In c - At
160) I found a wallet.......taxi. a - In b - On c - At
161) I studied Shakespeare.........college. a - At b - In c - On
162) We arrived .......France in 1990. a - At b - In c - On
163) We arrived ........Paris in 1991. a - At b - On c - In
164) I live........1 Plaza Mayor. a - In b - On c - At
165) .......the weekend we go to Rabosa. a - At b - In c - On
166) ......lunch time we drink coke. a - In b - On c - At
167) ......the age of 11 I went to Alicante. a - In b - On
141
c - At
168) ......the beginning of the book I didn't like very much. a - In b - On c - At
169) ........first sight I fell in love with her. a - At b - In c - On
170) We became friends.......last. a - In b - On c - At
171) We go shopping..................Mondays. a - On b - In c - At
172) ........Christmas day my family come home. a - In b - On c - At
173) ........the morning I never drink coffee. a - At b - In c - On
174) .......1998 I got married. a - In b - On c - At
175) I like going to the mountains......spring . a - In b - On c - At 176) .......the Middle Ages many cathedrals were built. a - On b - In c - At 177) I 'll be back.......five hours. a - In b - On c - At
178) Trains in Spain now arrive........time. a - In b - On c - At
142
179) You must be ......time for the plane. a - In b - On c - At
180) In the USA everybody works.......nine to five. a - For b - From c - Since
181) Holidays in Spain are.......July to September. a - For b - From c - At
182) All the trains come......Alicante. a - From b - For c - Up
183) We are going .................the cinema tonight. a - At b - To c - In
184) They went .......the car. a - In b - Into c - On
185) We all ran ....................the church because it was raining cats and dogs. a - In b - Into c - At
186) When we go to Madrid we always go......train. a - By b - On c - In 187) The safest way to travel is.......road. a - On b - In c - By
188) We got.......the bus at 8.00. a - In b - On c - By
189) I go to work........foot. a - In b - On c - By
143
190) Most students at the University work ......part time jobs such as Tele Pizza and so on. a - As b - On c - In
191) A car came.......the right. a - For b - From c - By
192) A lorry crashed.......my car. a - Into b - Up c - To
193) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner together. a - In b - At c - On
194) Everybody in Elda is looking.......to the Moors and Christians festivities. a - For b - Forwards c - Forward
195) My factory passed ........the hands of my uncle. a - In b - Into c - To
196) The shop opened......the public in 1989. a - At b - For c - To 197) She is always worried........money. a - Around b - Aside c - About 198) You must always look........ a - Ahead b - Head c - Heading
199) ......Lent people many people don't eat meat. a - At b - On c - In
200) She won't be back......the end of May. a - As b - Until c - At
201) In the middle ....................August we organise many BBQs.
144
a - From b - Of c - On
202) People .......the beach should drink water all the time. a - In b - On c - At
203) I couldn't play tennis because I had to look...........my daughter. a - For b - After c - Up
204) I went for a walk........Castelar Square. a - About b - Afloat c - Around
205) Antonio Poveda gave a lecture.................Roman culture. a - For b - Of c - On
206) The girl........the window is María. a - By b - In c - On
207) You should send the letters ......advance. a - On b - At c - In
208) My father- in-law arrived...........Alicante airport from Italy yesterday. He went to Lineapelle. a - In b - At c - On
209) The tickets for the opera must be booked well........advance. a - In b - On c - At
210) Sarah has a room ........her own and so does Inmita. a - Of b - From c - For
211) You must be very good if you want to get........one these college. a - In b - Into c - To
212) It will depend....................the amount of money.
145
a - In b - On c - At
213) We always play badminton......weekends. a - On b - In c - At
214) Why don't we prepare a BBQ........San Juan beach. a - On b - In c - At
215) My friend is mad......books. a - In b - On c - At
216) He told her to shut......her mouth. a - Up b - At c - By
217) My house is ..................the cinemas. a - Near b - Near of c - Near off
218) The park is......................the hospital. a - Next b - Next to c - Next about
219) Sol y Nive is.....................the bookshop. a - Opposite b - Opposite of c - Off opposite 220) Jesús Ángel is.......Palencia a - From b - On c - At
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. A 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. A 36. B 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. C 41. B 42. C 43. A 44. B 45. C 46. A 47. C 48. C 49. A 50. C 51. B 52. B 53. B 54. A 55. A 56. A 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. B 61. B 62. C 63. B 64. C 65. C 66. C 67. C 68. B 69. A 70. C 71. C 72. B 73. B 74. C 75. A 76. A 77. B 78. C 79. C 80. C 81. A 82. A 83. C 84. A 85. A 86. A 87. B 88. C 89. C 90. C 91. A 92. A 93. C 94. B 95. B 96. B 97. C 98. B 99. A 100. B 101. A 102. B 103. C 104. A 105. C 106. A 107. A 108. A 109. A 110. A
146
111. A 112. B 113. A 114. C 115. B 116. A 117. A 118. B 119. A 120. A 121. B 122. A 123. A 124. B 125. C 126. B 127. C 128. C 129. A 130. A 131. B 132. A 133. A 134. A 135. B 136. A 137. C 138. A 139. A 140. A 141. A 142. A 143. A 144. C 145. C 146. C 147. C 148. B 149. A 150. A 151. B 152. A 153. C 154. B 155. B 156. A 157. A 158. A 159. A 160. A 161. A 162. B 163. C 164. C 165. A 166. C 167. C 168. C 169. A 170. C 171. A 172. B 173. B 174. A 175. A 176. B 177. A 178. B 179. A 180. B 181. B 182. A 183. B 184. B 185. B 186. A 187. C 188. B 189. B 190. C 191. B 192. A 193. C 194. C 195. B 196. C 197. C 198. A 199. A 200. B 201. B 202. B 203. B 204. C 205. C 206. A 207. C 208. B 209. A 210. A 211. B 212. B 213. A 214. A 215. B 216. A 217. A 218. B 219. A 220. A
147
ADVERBIOS • Son modificadores de adjetivos, adverbios y oraciones. Con el verbo ser y los verbos
defectivos, se colocan detrás. Algunos se forman añadiendo “–ly” al adjetivo, otros como: fast, hard, late, early tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos.
Modificando adverbios. He writes quite quickly.
Escribe bastante deprisa.
Modificando adjetivos. It is very cheap. Es muy barato.
Modificando frases. Perhaps they will win. Quizás ganen.
I am just going to sleep for half an hour. Voy a dormir media hora. He runs fast. Él corre rápido. • Los adverbios de lugar y tiempo se suelen colocar al principio o al final de una frase. Yesterday I bought a CD. Ayer compré un CD. I will go tomorrow. Yo iré mañana. • Los de lugar suelen preceder a los de tiempo I met Pilar at Castelar yesterday. Me encontré a Pilar ayer en Castelar. • El comparativo y superlativo lo hacen igual que los adjetivos. Soon. Pronto.
Sooner. Más pronto.
The soonest. Lo más pronto.
Quickly. Rápidamente.
More quickly. Más rápido.
The most quickly. Lo más rápidamente.
• Con los tiempos compuestos se coloca delante del verbo principal. They have nearly finished our swimming pool. Ellos casi han acabado nuestra piscina.
148
• Already, just, now y then, pueden ir entre dos formas verbales. I have already seen her. Ya la he visto. I have just come back from India. Acabo de regresar de India. • Los de frecuencia: always, never, usually, sometimes, se colocan entre el sujeto y el
verbo, pero cuando es el verbo to be, se colocan detrás. I never drink coffee. Nunca bebo café. I always go to Alicante in the summer. Siempre voy a Alicante en verano.
CLASIFICACIÓN FRECUENCIA LUGAR MODO GRADO TIEMPO
Often. Con frecuencia.
Away. Fuera.
Fast. Rápido.
Enough. Suficiente.
Yesterday. Ayer.
Frequently. Frecuentemente.
There. Allí.
Well. Bien.
Very. Mucho.
Daily. Diariamente.
Sometimes. A veces.
Near. Cerca.
Slowly. Lentamente.
Almost. Casi.
Last week. La semana pasada.
Always. Siempre.
Here. Aquí.
Undoubtedly Sin duda.
Hardly. A penas.
Tomorrow. Mañana.
Never. Nunca.
Rather. Bastante.
INTERROGATIVOS
Where. ¿Dónde?
When. ¿Cuándo?
How. ¿Cómo?
How far. ¿A qué
How long. ¿Cuánto
How often. ¿Con qué
149
distancia? tiempo? frecuencia? Why. ¿Por qué?
Which. ¿Cuál?
• Ojo con enough, pues puede tener dos posiciones: I have enough money. Tengo suficiente dinero. I am rich enough to buy a car. Soy lo suficientemente rico como para comprar un coche. • Recuerda RICH ENOUGH MONEY. Enough lleva delante a los adjetivos y detrás a
los nombres. • El orden de los adverbios suele ser modo, lugar y tiempo. I walk fast there in the morning. Yo ando allí rápido por la mañana. • Muchos adverbios tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos. A fast motorbike Una moto rápida. A motorbike that runs fast. Una moto que corre rápida.
150
1) That's ............. a - Enough b - Enougher c - Enoughing
2) It 's not .......................... long. a - To b - Too c - As
3) It 's .........fair. a - No b - None c - Not
4) In the USA there are ...........public and private universities. a - Both b - All c - Every
5) ............... is the University? a - Where b - When c - Whom
6) ............all cars here are automatic. a - Nearly b - Near c - Close
7) It says .......diving! a - Not b - No c - Any
8) ............would I. a - So b - As c - Some
9) I suppose ....... a - As b - So c - So as so
10) My wife feels ..........nervous about driving in England. a - Too b - To c - Tooth
11) There is ...........a variety of things. a - Such b - So c - Very
12) That girl is ............................pretty.
151
a - As b - So many c - So
13) I............smoke......drink alcohol. a - Either-nor b - Neither-nor c - Neither-nir
14) They went he cinema….. a - Now b – Yesterday c - Tomorrow
15) ¿Cuál es la correcta? a - The house is big enough b - The house is enough big c - The house enough big
16) ¿Cómo se denominan a los siguientes adverbios: almost, only, nearly, enough, far, just, quite, rather, so , too, very, etc? a - De frecuencia b - De grado c - De modo
17) ......Horacio and Pepe go to Elche on Monday. a - All b - Both c - None
18) This wine is........Rioja or Ribera del Duero. a - Either b - Neither c - So
19) We ..................speak Valenciano nor French. a - Either b - Neither c - Nor
20) I ....................smoke nor drink wine. a - Neither b - Either c - So
21) His French is very..... a - Well b - Good c - Better 22) My daughters are .......sleeping. a - Quietly b - Quiet c - Quieter 23) They prepare the gazpachos...... a - Perfect
152
b - Perfectly c - Perfecting
24) My friend Tomás is a .........driver. a - Carefully b - Care c - Careful
25) Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman were.......married until they got a divorce. a - Happy b - Happily c - Hapili
26) He is always very......and sends me a Jabugo ham on November the 30th. a - Kindly b - Kaind c - Kind
27) She is very......in English. a - Fluently b - Fluent c - Fluents
28) We never speak..........about our friends. a - Badder b - Badly c - Worse
29) Inma likes Nesquick because it melts................. a - Quick b - Quickly c - Quicker than
30) She never has.........to buy what she needs. a - Money enough b - Enough money c - Enough monei
31) Everybody has ..........to make the beds. a - Now b - Yesterday c - Best
32) There are.......good and bad methods of learning a language. a - All b - Neither c - Both
33) Everybody spent the afternoon... a - Happier b - Happy c - Happily
34) It was.............understood by all the students.
153
a - Easy b - Easily c - Easier that
35) It had been .........decided that a Ford Fiesta was the best option. a - Quick b - Quicker c - Quickly
36) The party was.........planned. a - Wonderfully b - Wonder c - Wonderful
37) ........it is not very clear if you are entitled or not to inherit the money. a - Legally b - Legal c - Legaly
38) I don't think so...... a - Personally b - Personal c - Personaly
39) He drives.......... a - Fast b - Fasting c - Fastest
40) We always arrive............... a - Early b - Earliest c - The earlier
41) My parents work.............. a - Hard b - Harder than c - The hard
42) María Callas sang .................... a - Beautifully b - Beautiful c - Beatifuler
154
Soluciones 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. A 21. B 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. B 29. B 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. C 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. A 41. A 42. A
155
YET, STILL, ALREADY, DURING Y AGO Yet. Va al final de la oración en interrogativas y negativas. Con el pretérito perfecto, aún, todavía.
I haven't finished the job yet. No he acabado el trabajo todavía. Have you seen her yet? ¿La has visto ya?
Stil l. Va detrás del verbo to be. Todavía. Va entre sujeto y verbo en afirmativas e interrogativas Va detrás del sujeto en negativas. Da énfasis
My sister is still working . Mi hermana está todavía trabajando. I still love her. Todavía la quiero. Do they still live in Sax? ¿Viven ellos todavía en Sax? He stil l hasn’t paid. Él todavía no ha pagado.
Already. Va detrás de to be.
This car is already too old. Este coche es ya demasiado viejo.
Already. En posición final enfatiza.
He has the tickets already. Él ya tiene las entradas.
Already. Se coloca entre el auxiliar y el verbo en afirmativas e interrogativas.
I have already bought the grapes. Ya he comprado las uvas. Have you already bought the books? ¿Has comprado ya los libros?
During. Indica un período de tiempo dentro de otro.
During the summer I go to Santa Pola. Durante el verano voy a Santa Pola.
Ago. Se coloca al final de la oración.
I went to Elche two days ago. Fui a Elche hace dos días.
156
1) He is ..........in bed. He has been sleeping all night long. a - Yet b - Still c - Already
2) She is ................waiting for the bus. a - Yet b - Still c - Since
3) They ..................go to the mountains although they are 80. a - Still b - Yet c - Already
4) Have you done your homework...................? a - Still b - Yet c - Already
5) I am .............working there but I will change very soon. a - Still b - Yet c - Already
6) Has he come..............? a - Yet b - Still c - Already
7) They are.....................playing football. a - Yet b - Still c - Already
8) He has.....................come back from school. a - Already b - Yet c - Still
9) I ' ve worked in Elche ...................six years. a - Since b - For c - Ago
10) l lived here in San Francisco ...................three months. a - For b - Since c - Ago
11) I 've worked in the same factory ...................1970. a - Since b - For c - Ago
12) He's been abroad ...................five years.
157
a - For b - Since c - Ago
13) I studied French .............twelve years. a - Since b - For c - Ago
14) I ' ve known her ..............1982. a - Ago b - Since c - For
15) I 've lived in Elda ...................I was a child. a - Since b - For c - Ago
16) We have not been in Rome ...........we were married. a - For b - Since c - Ago
17) I 've known them ................years. a - Ago b - For c - Since
18) We have been painting the room ...........2 months. a - Ago b - Since c - For
19) I studied Italian ........a couple of months. a - For b - Since c - Ago
20) She has been working here ...................she left school. a - For b - Since c - Ago
21) I have been working in the restaurant ................six months. a - For b - Ago c - Since
22) He has been in prison..................nine years. a - Ago b - Since c - For
23) I haven't been to Tabarca .................I was at the University. a - Since
158
b - For c - Ago
24) I haven't seen my friend María ...................several years. a - Since b - For c - Ago
25) We lived in Villena ........................1950. a - For b - Since c - Ago
26) I have been writing a novel .................seven years. a - Ago b - For c - Since
27) They have been going to England ...................1983. a - Since b - Ago c - For
28) Horacio has been waiting for his wife......................8 o'clock. a - Since b - For c - Ago
29) Pepica has lived in Salinas........................................she was ten years old. a - For b - Since c - Ago
30) They are married. They got married six months ........ a - For b - Since c - Ago
31) My sister has been reading a book ...........................a long time. a - Ago b - For c - Since
32) I 've been swimming every Friday ............................I was thirteen. a - Since b - For c - Ago
33) She is in London now. She arrived there four days ................ a - For b - Since c - Ago
34) Clemente has been writing an article ........................September. a - Ago
159
b - For c - Since
35) Ana has been working in Elche..................................9 o'clock. a - For b - Since c - Ago
36) Rosi has been buying presents...................................Christmas. a - Since b - For c - Ago
37) Maríano has been playing tennis ...............................he was thirty. a - Ago b - Since c - For
38) Jesús has been working in this project..............October. a - Since b - Ago c - For
39) She's been in London .....................Monday. a - For b - Since c - Ago
40) It is raining. It started an hour ............... a - Ago b - For c - Since
41) He has been ill .........a long time. a - For b - Since c - Ago
42) Manolín has lived in Aspe ..................................15 years. a - Since b - For c - Ago
43) That old house has been empty .............many years. a - Ago b - Since c - For
44) Pili is in her office. She's been there ..............7 o'clock. a - Ago b - For c - Since
45) The bus is late. We've been waiting .........................20 minutes. a - Since b - For
160
c - Ago
46) Tere is here. She has been in Majorca ..........6 months a - For b - Ago c - Since
47) I know Pepe. I first met him two years .............. a - Since b - For c - Ago
48) I have a camera. I have it .............................................1985. a - Since b - Ago c - For
49) Laura is studying Medicine ............................1987. a - Ago b - For c - Since
50) I 've been learning English.............................January. a - For b - Ago c - Since
51) My brother's been working in Alicante ................2 years. a - For b - Since c - Ago
52) We've been trying to buy a house..................years now. a - Since b - For c - Ago
53) I 've only been cycling to work......................two months. a - For b - Since c - Ago
54) Haven't you done it ....................? a - Ago b - Yet c - For
55) It 's very early, are you in bed …..? a - Yet b - Already c – Still 56) We haven't seen the new Harry Potter film ... a - Yet b - Already
161
c - Still
57) It 's late and Juan is ...........in bed. a - Already b - Still c - Yet
58) It 's very late and your brother is...... a - Still in bed b - Still in the bed c - Already in bed
59) How long has Pepe been in hospital? ........seven days. a - Ago b - For c - Since
60) It rained a lot.......the night. a - For b - Since c - During
61) ........our stay in London we visited many museums. a - Since b - During c - For
62) He ...........works in the same company. a - Still b - For c - Yet
63) Are they.........waiting for the doctor? a - Still b - Yet c - Already
64) I haven't read the book about Garzon...... a - Yet b - Still c - Already
65) I haven't written my Christmas cards...... a - Still b - Yet c - Already
66) My ford fiesta is.........very old. a - Already b - Still c - Yet
67) I ................know the answer. a - Still b - Already
162
c - Yet
68) The leathers came five minutes... a - Since b - For c - Ago
69) It 's at least five months ......I met her for the last time. a - Since b - For c - Ago
70) I haven't finished........ a - Yet b - Already c - Still
163
Soluciones 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. A 41. A 42. B 43. C 44. C 45. B 46. A 47. C 48. A 49. C 50. C 51. A 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. A 56. A 57. B 58. A 59. B 60. C 61. B 62. A 63. A 64. A 65. B 66. A 67. B 68. C 69. A 70. A
164
EL IMPERATIVO • Se usa para dar órdenes y hacer sugerencias o consejos. Carece de forma
interrogativa.
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
Infinitivo sin to.
Do not + Inf sin to.
Go home. Ve a casa. Come here. Ven aquí. Let’s go home, it’s late. Vayamos a casa es tarde.
Don’t drink too much. No bebas demasiado.
FORMA ENFÁTICA
Do go home. Vete a casa ya.
• El imperativo puede servir para hacer sugerencias, invitaciones, ruegos. • Do se puede usar con el verbo to be Do be quiet. Estáte quieto. Don’t be cruel to her. No seas cruel con ella. • Si utilizamos you indica irritación. Don’t you go. No se te ocurra ir. • El imperativo de la primera persona de plural se hace con let’s. La negativa con let’s
not. Let’s go. Vayamos
165
1) Let 's ....... a - Thinks b - Thinking c - Think
2) ..............that music down please. a - Play b - Turn c - Put
3) Let's ..............a good restaurant, I am very hungry. a - Finding b - Found c - Find
4) Why don't we go to the beach and ..............a swim. a - Have b - Has c - Had
5) Let 's .........home. a - Went b - Go c - Gone
6) Boys, ......................here. a - Come b - To come c - Comes
7) Manolo, .................go to the disco tonight. a - Let us b - We let's c - We let
8) Pepita, ...down here. a - Sitting b - Sits c - Sit
9) ........here at once. a - Come b - Coming c - To cime
10) …….the room before 7.00. a - Clean b - Cleaning c - Cleans
11) Let.................come. a - Her b - She c - Hers
12) Let................go.
166
a - Him b - He c - His
13) Let's......go to the cinema, it 's better a disco. a - Not b - No c - None
14) ......a girlfriend who share your hobbies. a - Choose b - To choose c - Choosing
15) ......your mouth close all the time, only answer if the teaches asks you. a - Keep b - To keep c - Keeps
16) Please.......................on the lights. a - To switch b - Switch c - Switching
17) Don't forget ...............the letters. a - Posted b - To post c - Posts
167
Soluciones 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B
168
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE • Equivale al presente de indicativo. Se forma con el sujeto más el infinitivo. La tercera
persona del singular, (he, she, e it) añaden “-s” o “-es”. Las reglas ortográficas que aprendiste en la formación del plural son las mismas que se aplican en este caso a los verbos. Los verbos que terminan en “-ss”, “-sh”, “-ch”, “-“x, “-o“ añaden “-es” en la tercera persona del singular:
AFIRMATIVA Sujeto + Inf sin to
I play tennis. Yo juego al tenis.
He, she, it añaden (s) o (es) He kisses his mother. Él besa a su madre. He watches TV everyday. Él ve la tele todos los días.
NEGATIVA Sujeto + do + not + Inf sin to.
I don’t like cocido. No me gusta el cocido.
He, She, It usan does. He doesn’t love her. Él no la quiere. He doesn’t want to come. Él no quiere venir. He doesn’t read much. Él no lee mucho.
Do + not contrae en don’t.
We don’t smoke. Nosotros no fumamos.
Does + not contra en doesn’t .
He doesn’t cook. Él no cocina.
INTERROGATIVA Do + S + Inf sin to. Do you love me? ¿Me quieres?
PRINCIPALES USOS
Indicar hábitos o costumbres. I never go to the university by car.
169
Yo nunca voy en coche a la Universidad.
Para indicar verdades universales. The sun rises everyday. El sol sale todos los días.
Para planes futuros. The play begins at 8 and ends at 10.30. La obra comienza a las 8 y acaba a las 10.30.
Para contar historias, cuentos, chistes, acontecimientos deportivos, etc.
A waiter asks a couple. Un camarero le pregunta a la pareja.
En el llamado presente històrico. Colombus discovers America in 1492. Colón descubre América en 1492.
Horarios. The plane leaves at 7.00. El avión sale a las 7.00.
Con refranes. Time flies. El tiempo vuela.
• Se suele usar con adverbios o frases adverbiales tales como Always. Siempre.
Never. Nunca.
Often. Con frecuencia.
Occasionally. Ocasionalmente.
Every day. Cada día.
Frequently. Frecuentemente.
On Sundays. Los domingos.
Sometimes. A veces.
Seldom. Rara vez.
In winter. En invierno.
Usually. Normalmente.
He always goes to Benidorm in summer. Siempre va a Benidorm en verano. She never tells me what to do. Ella nunca me dice lo que tengo que hacer. We play football every day. Jugamos al fútbol todos los días. • Cuando un verbo termina en “-y” detrás de una consonante, cambiamos la “-y” en
“-i”, y añadimos “-es”. I copy, he copies.
170
Yo copio, él copia. I try, he tries. Yo lo intento, él lo intenta. • Sin embargo, los verbos que terminan en “y” detrás de una vocal siguen la regla
general. I play, he plays. Yo juego, él juega. I obey, he obeys. Yo obedezco, él obedece. • Debido a su significado, algunos verbos usan siempre la forma habitual al no
admitir las formas continuas. I love you. Te quiero. She likes me. Me gusta I believe you. Te creo.
171
1) I ...................... l ike l iver. a - Does b - Doing c - Do not
2) ...........you like to go to the cinema? a - Does b - Do c - Are
3) What........your brother do? a - Do b - Does c - Is
4) Where .........you live? a - Is b - Do c - Does
5) What languages ........you speak? a - Does b - Are c - Do
6) He............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Is go
7) The Harry Potter film.........150 minutes. a - Takes b - Take c - Taking
8) My wife.............at Azorín High School. a - Teaches b - Teach c - Is tiching
9) Sometimes he.......his girlfriend who is stuying in England. a - Missing b - Misses c - Miss
10) There.......not sharks in Tabarca. a - Is b - Are c - Am
11) We........friends during our holidays. a - Visiting b - Visit c - Is visiting
12) In summer, my daughter ...........her friend Rocío.
172
a - Miss b - Misses c - Is missed
13) Laura ........magazines at night. a - Reading b - Read c - Reads
14) The Maths teacher never.......late. a - Come b - Comes c - Is comeing
15) He............the best player in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am
16) I ............................... l iving in Elda. a - Likes b - Like c - Liking
17) Mike .........potatoes and tomatoes in his cottages. a - Grow b - Grows c - Grounig
18) Where........? a - Does he lives b - Does he living c - Does he live
19) Which car ................................at the moment? a - Are you haveing b - Do you have c - Is having you
20) What ..........................................for a l iving? a - Does you do b - Do you do c - Do you does
21) I ...............................that this President will win again. a - Does not think b - Do not thinks c - Do not think
22) He .............most of the homework with his mother. a - Does b - Doing c - Do
23) I ..........................l ike Opera, I prefer Jazz. a - Dis
173
b - Do c - Do not
24) You ............................................know him. a - Don b - Do not c - Does not
25) I .............................enjoy the fi lm. a - Does not b - Do not c - Am
26) I .............................want to study French. a - Does b - Do c - Do not
27) Teresa ..........................................smoke. a - Do b - Does not c - Did will
28) My mother .................................wear glasses. a - Do b - Does c - Does not
29) Pepi..............................swim very fast. a - Do b - Does not c - Do
30) .........................you like football? a - Does b - Do c - Are
31) ...................Pepe read the paper? a - Do b - Does c - Is
32) Julia...........................drink wine. a - Do b - Does c - Does not
33) The doctor ...................................smoke at all. a - Do b - Does not c - Are
34) Vladimir.......................................run a lot. a - Does not b - Do not
174
c - Is not
35) My sister.......................................travel much. a - Does do b - Does not c - Are not
36) José Luis.......................................visit his relatives very often. a - Does not b - Do not c - Is will
37) I ............................eat meat. a - Do not b - Does not c - Will do
38) Where ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? a - Do he lives b - Does he lives c - Does he live
39) I ...............................…..........much of him as a writer. a - Does not think b - Do not think c - Thinking
40) I ............................to the swimming pool every day at 5.00. a - Going b - Goes c - Go
41) I think he ................................too hard at the moment. a - Works b - Is working c - Does working
42) ............................what he's saying? a - Do you understand b - Does you understand c - Did you understand
43) I can't answer the phone right now, I .................................a bath. a - Am haveing b - Am having c - Having
44) Excuse me...........................................I talian? a - Speaking b - Does you speak c - Do you speak
45) They ...............................television very often. a - Does not watch b - Do not watches c - Do not watch
175
46) Somebody...............................to us. a - Is listens b - Listens c - Is listening
47) She..........................to go home now. a - Is wants b - Is wanted c - Wants
48) How often ........................................a magazine? a - Do you read b - Does you read c - Did you reads
49) I 'm sorry, I ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a - Am not understand b - Does not understand c - Do not understand
50) Peter.............................................National Geographic? a - Does you reads b - Do you reads c - Do you read
51) What time ......................................work every day? a - Does she finishes b - Do she finish c - Does she finish
52) They.............................................lots of beer in Great Britain. a - Drinks b - Drink c - Drinking
53) He ..............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Going
54) The fi lm ..........................................sixty-one minutes. a - Taking b - Takes c - Take
55) Elia...........................at Azorín High School. a - Teach b - Teaching c - Teaches 56) Sometimes he ...............................his girlfr iend. a - Misses b - Misse c - Missing
176
57) It ..................................always sunny in Alicante. a - Are b - Is c - Were
58) We ...........................friends during our holidays. a - Visiting b - Visit c - Are visit
59) Manolo and Ana ......................the festivities a lot. a - Are like b - Like c - Liking
60) I ....................................................... l iving in Elda. a - Likes b - Is like c - Like
61) I ..............................to the San Juan Beach every July with my family. a - Goes b - Go c - Going
62) Malena ........................................a lot of icecreams. a - Eating b - Eats c - Eat
63) I 'm ........I will. a - Sure b - Suring c - Here
64) I ...........like kidney pie. a - Don't b - Doesn't c - Has
65) ..........you like bacon? a - Does b - Do c - Are
66) ............you like hamburguers? a - Does b - Is c - Do
67) Don't ...............to him. a - Listened b - Listen c - Listening
68) What do you do for a .............?
177
a - Living b - Live c - Liver
69) What does your father ...........? a - Do b - Does c - Doing
70) You really .........celebrate Christmas. a - Do b - Does c - Not
71) I ............you like it. a - Hope b - Hopes c - Hoping
72) I ..........hope you've got everything now, Pepe. a - Did b - Do c - Does
73) Everyone ...........paella and ham in Spain. a - Loves b - Love c - Loving
74) 5.900 ...............insurance and unlimited mileage. a - Including b - Includes c - Include
75) Juan, ...........................champagne on Christmas day? a - Are you going to drink b - Drink you c - You drink
76) Every day he ....................after he finishes at the office. a - Is going to run b - Run c - Runs
77) How much money ........................you spend on clothes ? a - Do b - Don't c - Does
78) She usually ...................fresh bread every day. a - Buys b - Bought c - Buying
79) Ismael ..............20 Kms a week. a - Run
178
b - Ran c - Runs
80) Oscar always ...................tennis a - Play b - Plays c - Is play
81) It ..............a lot in winter in Bocairente. a - Snows b - Is snowed c - Is snowing
82) What ..............you do on Monday evening? a - Don't b - Do c - Does
83) I want you to .................to my party. a - Came b - Coming c - Come
84) I can't .......chocolate. a - Resist b - Resisting c - Resisted
85) I ................................a letter to my friend once a month. a - Write b - Writing c - Am write
179
Soluciones 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. A 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. B 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. C 47. C 48. A 49. C 50. C 51. C 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. B 58. B 59. B 60. C 61. B 62. B 63. A 64. A 65. B 66. C 67. B 68. A 69. A 70. A 71. A 72. B 73. A 74. A 75. A 76. C 77. A 78. A 79. C 80. B 81. A 82. B 83. C 84. A 85. A
180
BE GOING TO • Su estructura es Sujeto + Be + Going to + Inf sin to. • Básicamente se usa para indicar acciones planeadas en un futuro cercano. Cuando se tiene intención de hacer algo. I am going to visit my friend.
Voy a visitar a mi amigo.
Para predecir algo. It’s going to rain. Va a llover.
Con un futuro relativamente inmediato. She is going to get married next Sunday. Se va a casar el próximo sábado.
181
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO • Al igual que todos los tiempos continuos, está formado por to be e “-ing”. Afirmativa. Sujeto + Am, Is, Are +
Verbo + Ing.
I am reading. Estoy leyendo.
Negativa. Sujeto + Am, Is, Are + Not + Verbo + Ing.
I am not cooking. No estoy cocinando.
Interrogativa. Am, Is, Are + Sujeto + Verbo + Ing.
Are you listening to me? ¿Me estás escuchando?
PRINCIPALES USOS
Acciones no acabadas que se encuentran en proceso.
I am paying my flat. Estoy pagando mi casa. I am reading a good book. Estoy leyendo un buen libro.
Acciones planificadas. I 'm playing golf with my friend Eduardo next Sunday.
Voy a jugar al golf con mi amigo Eduardo el próximo domingo.
Quejas sobre acciones que se repiten. They are always complaining and
asking for more. Siempre se están quejando y pidiendo más.
Situaciones temporales. I’m staying at a hotel because I’m having my house built. Estoy viviendo en un hotel porque me están construyendo mi casa.
• Suele ir acompañado de expresiones como: Now. Ahora.
At the moment. En este momento.
Right now. Justo ahora.
182
1) The dog......now. a - Is barking b - Is barks c - Barking
2) Rocío ............the potatoes. a - Is cutting b - Is cutted c - Is cuts
3) Marta..................in the street. a - Is danced b - Is dance c - Is dancing
4) I..................to my mother's house. a - Am go b - Are going c - Am going
5) Isabel...............a chocolate cake. a - Is eating b - Is eat c - Is ate
6) We..................a fi lm on Tele Elda. a - Are watching b - Are watched c - Watcheing
7) You..................too much. a - Are work b - Are working c - Are worked
8) I am .................my composition. a - Coeing b - Doing c - Duing
9) María Teresa................a new book. a - Are writing b - Is writeing c - Is writing
10) Someone ...............................can you open the door? a - Ring b - Is ringing c - Are ring
11) I ..................................a shower. a - Am having b - Has c - Has having
183
12) Be careful, a lorry ...............................................very fast. a - Come b - Comeing c - Is coming
13) Can you speak up, please? My elder daughter................a terribe noise. a - Is making b - Taking c - Is makeing
14) I ................................at the moment. a - Am smoking b - Smokeing c - Smoking
15) He is ......................of getting married soon. a - Think b - Thinking c - Thought
16) All this noise ....................................................your grandmother now. a - Annoys b - Is annoying c - Annoyed
17) He ..................................... fat. a - Get b - Is getting c - Gets
18) Carol ..........................................................................a lot of icecreams lately. a - Are eating b - Is eating c - Eat
19) We..................................... to the new restaurant next month. a - Are going b - Go c - Will go
20) We ..................................chess in the new tournament. a - Are going to play b - Plays c - Would plays
21) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow morning. a - Meet b - Are meeting c - Meets
22) I ...................................a Harley in November. a - Am driving
184
b - Is driving c - Driving 23) I ..............................him a María Callas CD for his birthday. a - Give b - Giving c - Am giving
24) The new teacher.................................at seven. a - Come b - Is comeing c - Is coming
25) We ...........................some money to charities. a - Gives b - Are giveing c - Are giving
26) You .................................................a motorbike if you pass your exams. a - Has have b - Are having c - Has
27) They ...........................to Majorca with all their friends. a - Are going b - Goes c - Are go
28) He ...............smoking next year. a - Give b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up
29) I ..........................her a new Polo for her birthday. a - Buys b - Am buying c - Buy
30) My friend ...............................................next summer with his family. a - Is coming b - Come c - Coming
31) I ............................lunch with him in La Sirena . a - Have b - Am having c - Has
32) My friend....................................a party next Saturday. a - Is celebrating b - Is celebreteing c - Is celebrate 33) María José and Marcial ..............................married next week in Santa Ana's.
185
a - Get b - Are getting c - Are geting
34) The King............................................Elda during the Festivit ies. a - Is visiting b - Is visitting c - Is visit
35) We ........................................the car on Sunday. a - Cleans b - Are cleaning c - Are cleanning
36) Mike .................................................a new book. a - Write b - Is writing c - Is wrtitteing
37) I ............................with the new boss tomorrow. a - Eat b - Eating c - Am eating
38) The sun ...............................................this afternoon. a - Shine b - Is shineing c - Is shining
39) The waiter ..............................................a bottle of Rioja wine. a - Bring b - Bringed c - Is bringing
40) Alejandro Sanz ...............................................a new album in March. a - Release b - Is releaseing c - Is releasing
41) The weather forecast says it .....................................this afternoon. a - Rains b - Is raining c - Would rain
42) Teresa and Horacio .........................................friends for dinner tonight. a - Has b - Are having c - Haveing
43) My wife...............................................a party for our daughters. a - Prepare b - Is prepare c - Is preparing
186
44) He .....................................a new CD now. a - Listens b - Is listening c - Are listening 45) Horatio ..........................................a shower at the moment. a - Is has b - Is having c - Has
46) I .....................a good CD. a - Am listening to b - I am listen c - Listening
47) I .........................................................how to get to Alicante. a - Am explaining b - Explains c - Does explain
48) He ......................................the violin in another orchestra. a - Play b - Is playing c - Playeds
49) I can't, I .....................................a shower. a - Am have b - Am having c - Am has
50) Sarah, be quiet I ............................on the phone. a - Talk b - Am talks c - Am talking
51) A motorbike .............................................................very fast. a - Comes b - Come c - Is coming
52) These children .........................a terribe noise. a - Are make b - Are makeing c - Are making
53) He is .....................of buying a house. a - Thinks b - Thinking c - Think
54) This music .................................................................your father. a - Is annoying b - Annoy c - Annoyeind
187
55) My friend Juan ............................................fat. a - Are getting b - Getting c - Is getting
56) We ..............................................................to the new restaurant. a - Going b - Are going c - Goes
57) My sister ...........................................................a chocolate cake for my birthday. a - Make b - Is making c - Is makeing
58) I ..........................tennis lessons in summer. a - Takes b - Is taking c - Am taking
59) She .................................with us next April in Cazorla. a - Is fishing b - Fishes c - Fish
60) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow morning. a - Meet b - Are meeting c - Meet
61) The football match ................................at 6:00. a - Starts b - Are starting c - Is start
62) I ................................her a new watch in the party. a - Give b - Gives c - Am giving
63) We ....................................some books to the Public Library. a - Are giving b - Gives c - Giving
64) The children ............................................their holidays in Benidorm. a - Are going to begin b - Is beginning c - Begins
65) She.........................to visit us in May. a - Is comeing
188
b - Comed c - Is coming
66) They .................................to Alpera with all their friends. a - Are go b - Are going c - Is going 67) He................................................smoking next year. a - Is give up b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up
68) I ..........................her a diamond ring. a - Am buy b - Am buying c - Am buyed
69) Pepe and Manolo ................................... in Plaza Mayor at 8.00. a - Meeting b - Is meeting c - Are meeting
70) Calixta and Marcial ...................................married next week. a - Are get b - Are getting c - Are geting
71) He ...............his girlfiend a lot at the moment. a - Misses b - Miss c - Is missing
72) I ...............................the grass on Sunday. a - Am cuting b - Am cutt c - Am cut
73) They ............................... the cuartelillo . a - Are clean b - Are cleaning c - Are cleaned
74) I like ..........................................fresh air in the mountains. a - Breathes b - Breathing c - Breathed
75) I 'm............for a cup of tea. a - Dyeing b - Dieing c - Dying
76) You are ....................me a lot. a - Annoying b - Annoy
189
c - Annoys
77) I 'm .........to report a traffic accident. a - Ring b - Ringing c - Rang 78) He likes ........and cycling. a - Swim b - Swimming c - Swims
79) They'll drive you crazy .............questions about your family. a - Asks b - Asking c - Asked
80) No, I ............................to have anything to eat today. a - Am no going b - Don't go c - Am not going
81) What ..................wine or beer? Wine, please. a - You drink b - Are you going to drink c - Drinks you
82) The sun is......today a - Shineing b - Shining c - Shaining
83) I am ............a Spanish omelette for the picnic. a - Makeing b - Making c - Meiking
84) I like..........everyday in La Ciudad Deportiva. a - Swim b - To swim c - Swimming
85) She hates...........the plates a - Washing b - Wash c - To wash
86) It is worth.........the Shoe museum, Castelar Square and taste the chocolates of Totel. a - Go b - To go c - Going
87) ........to write in English is not easy at the beginning. a - Have
190
b - Having c - To have
191
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. A 21. B 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. C 38. C 39. A 40. C 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A 47. A 48. B 49. B 50. C 51. C 52. C 53. B 54. A 55. C 56. B 57. B 58. C 59. A 60. B 61. A 62. C 63. A 64. A 65. C 66. B 67. C 68. B 69. C 70. B 71. C 72. A 73. B 74. B 75. C 76. A 77. B 78. B 79. B 80. C 81. B 82. B 83. B 84. C 85. A 86. C 87. B
192
CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA FORMA –ING • Los verbos que acaban en “-e“, la sustituyen por “-ing“ excepto dye. Have. Tener.
Having.
Come. Venir.
Coming.
Live. Vivir.
Living.
Practise. Practicar.
Practising.
Dye. Tintar.
Dyeing.
• Cuando el verbo acaba en “-ie” la “-i” se convierte en “-y”. Die. Morir
Dying.
Lie. Mentir, poner la mesa, poner huevos.
Lying.
• Cuando los verbos acaban en “-y” siguen la regla general, es decir, añaden “–ing”. Try. Intentar
Trying.
Study. Estudiar
Studying.
Play. Jugar.
Playing.
Buy. Comprar.
Buying.
193
• Ciertos verbos no se suelen usar en los tiempos continuos. Son los denominados verbos de los sentidos.
Believe. Creer.
Feel. Sentir.
Appear. Aparecer.
Consider. Considerar.
Smell. Oler.
Belong to. Pertenecer.
Depend. Depender.
Love. Amar.
Have. Tener.
Doubt. Dudar.
Fear. Temer.
Like. Gustar.
Guess. Adivinar.
See. Ver.
Forget. Olvidar.
Hope. Esperar.
Taste. Probar.
Owe. Deber.
Imagine. Imaginar.
Want. Querer.
Cost. Costar.
Prefer. Preferir.
Sound. Sonar.
Know. Saber.
Realise. Darse cuenta.
Dislike. Disgustar.
Own. Poseer.
Remember. Recordar.
Doubt. Dudar.
Wish. Desear.
Suppose. Suponer.
Hear. Oír.
Seem. Parecer.
Think. Pensar.
Hate. Odiar.
Possess. Poseer.
Understand. Comprender.
194
EL PASADO SIMPLE • Equivale al imperfecto y el indefinido y se usa con acciones concluidas. Los verbos
regulares lo hacen de la siguiente forma: Afirmativa. Sujeto + Inf sin to + Ed
Los acabados en “-e” solo “-d”.
I played chess. Jugué al ajedrez. I loved her. Yo la quería.
Negativa. Sujeto + Did not, + Inf sin to Did + Not contrae en din’t.
I didn’t go out. No salí.
Interrogativa. Did + Sujeto + Inf sin to.
Did you buy the new CD? ¿Compraste el disco?
LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES Afirmativa. S+ 2 columna de la lista de
verbos irregulares. I ate the cake. Me comí el pastel. I bought a new house. Compré una nueva casa.
Negativa. S+ Did + Not + Inf . I didn’t eat the cake. No me comí el pastel.
Interrogativa. Did + S + Inf. Did you eat the cake? ¿Te comiste el pastel?
• Para formar el pasado de un verbo regular se añade “-ed” al infinitivo. I worked. Yo trabajé You worked. Tú trabajaste. • Los verbos monosílabos, y los bisílabos que terminan en consonante, con acento en
la última sílaba, duplican la consonante final: Stop, Stopped Admit, Admitted Prefer, Preferred
195
Parar. Admitir. Preferir.
• El verbo travel es una excepción, pues acentúa en la primera sílaba. Travel, Travelled Viajar. • Si el verbo termina en “-e” sólo se añade “-d”. I lived in Petrel but now I live in Elda. Yo viví en Petrel, pero ahora vivo en Elda. • Los verbos que terminan en “-y” detrás de una consonante cambia la “-y” por “-i” al
añadir la “-ed”: Try, Tried. Intentar.
Cry, Cried. Llorar.
Carry, Carried. Llevar.
Study, Studied. Estudiar.
Acciones que se completaron en el pasado We went to Paris last year.
Fuimos a Paris el año pasado.
Acciones consecutivas I bought a car and went to Paris. Compré un coche y fui a Paris.
• Puede ir acompañado de expresiones temporales del tipo: Ago. Hace.
Yesterday. Ayer.
Last winter. El invierno pasado.
In 1984. En 1984.
I went to Paris when I was five years old. Fui a Paris cuando tenía cinco años. • Con did , do, does el verbo va siempre en infinitivo. Por lo tanto las formas
interrogativas y negativas del presente siempe y pasado simple siempre llevarán el verbo en infinitivo.
1) I ..........................dancing lessons every summer, but now I don't.. a - Take b - Took
196
c - Taken
2) She ................................with me to Petrel two days ago. a - Comes b - Came c - Is caming
3) They ...........................to Disneyland Paris last April. a - Went b - Goes c - Will go
4) The food ............................................horrible. a - Am b - Was c - Are
5) Last summer the weather ......................................worse than in England. a - Is b - Was c - Will be
6) The French ...................................Spanish very bad in the past. a - Speaks b - Spoke c - Speaking
7) We ............................Tarifa last summer. a - Visited b - Visits c - Vistting
8) Sarah ......................a present for her friends in her last visit to Terra Mítica. a - Is buy b - Bought c - Buys will
9) Inmita ..........to a swimming pool in the evenings when she was 3 years old. a - Went b - Go c - Wenting
10) When we lived in Alicante my wife ...........................her mother every night. a - Phone b - Phoned c - Phones will
11) My aunt ...........................................gazpachos in the Culebrón. a - Ate b - Eat c - Will eats
197
12) Pepi .............................to Alicante to buy some new clothes. a - Go b - Went c - Go will
13) We ...........................her in the market buying meat last Saturday. a – Saw b - Sees c - Seeing
14) I ..............................to her and I told her everything. a - Spoke b - Speaks c - Speaking
15) We.....................................a lot in England last summer. a - Enjoying b - Enjoys c - Enjoyed
16) I ...............................in love with her when I saw her. a - Fall b - Fell c - Fallen
17) Mr. García.....................................a new computer for his factory. a - Bought b - Buy c - Buying
18) Lady Hernández...............................her old boyfriend in a restaurant. a - Met b - Meeting c - Meets
19) Manuel ..................................the lesson when I explained it. a - Understands b - Understood c - Undertsanding
20) Marisa ..............................your boyfriend in Petrel last night. a - Saw b - Sees c - Seen
21) I ...............................more than ever last summer. a - Swim b - Swimming c - Swam
22) They .................................to Alicante when they were young. a - Will go b - Goes c - Went
198
23) She.........................in the opera with me. a - Were b - Was c - Be
24) We ............................many museums in Japan. a - Seen b - Saw c - Seen
25) The doctor ...........................................us hat it was nothing important. a - Tolds b - Telling c - Told
26) My wife and I .....................................in Madrid at 12:00. a - Arriveds b - Arrived c - Arriving
27) We ............................to buy the house but it was too expensive. a - Tryes b - Tried c - Tryed
28) She ................................it was hotter than in Alicante. a - Finds b - Founding c - Found
29) They ..........................all the night during the Festivities. a - Dances b - Dancing c - Danced
30) The bus ........................................... in every city. a - Stopped b - Stopping c - Stops
31) It ................................................during the festivies a - Rained b - Raining c - Raineing
32) They ............................to dinner but she feel ill. a - Has come b - Came c - Will come
33) I ........................................................Valle the Elda last Friday. a - Read b - Were reading c - Red
199
34) They ..............................to the cinema at 9.00. a - Goes b - Wenting c - Went
35) My parents ...................................................me some money when I got married. a - Giving b - Gaven c - Gave
36) Before I ................................they had come. a - Went b - Go c - Will go
37) When we.....................everything was ready at the party. a - Arrived b - Arrives c - Am arriving
38) We .................................the present until you rang us. a - Saw b - Did not see c - Will saw
39) The girls .....................................................a present for their parents. a - Bought b - Was buy c - Was buys
40) I .......................................................French before studying English. a - Studied b - Studyied c - Studies
41) We............................................with him the night before. a - Eats b - Ateing c - Ate
42) We .......................................your friends that you were out. a - Tells b - Told c - Was teeling
43) We............................. in Telepizza and Telefónica until I decided to quit. a - Invested b - Nvesting c - Invest
200
44) We .......................................all morning in Rabosa. a - Walked b - Walking c - Was walking
45) I ..........them yesterday. a - Took b - Take c - Taken
46) You .........them in the kitchen this morning. a - Left b - Leave c - Leaves
47) That was the first place I ................. a - Look b - Looked c - Looking
48) I didn't ..........you. a - Recognize b - Recognised c - Recognising
49) what time did you .......................to the cinema last night? a - Go b - Went c - Going
50) Lázaro. ........................in time yesterday. a - Arrived b - Goes c - Arrives
51) Mr. Martínez ......................for a loan, but then, he won the lottery. a - Asked b - Asking c - Askeing
52) When did you ..................your summary of English grammar for Pedro ? a - Finish b - Finishes c - Finished
53) Did you ..................in the San Silvestre race last year? a - Run b - Runed c - Running
54) There ..................only a little coffee in the cup. a - Had b - Was c - Were
201
55) I was going to write but the computer ...............down. a - Break b - Breaks c - Broke 56) Mary, ..........................to the Costa Brava last year. a - Went b - Go c - Goes
57) ......you born in Elda ? a - Had b - Are c - Were
58) The shop was open this morning. It ...at 4:45. a - Open b - Was open c - Opened
59) I ...............at the University from 1980 to 1985. a - Studied b - Studyed c - Studyed
60) I ...............at the traffic light because it was red. a - Stoped b - Stopped c - Stoppeed
61) She.......the big bags in our last travel. a - Carryed b - Carried c - Carryeed
62) We........because it was getting late. a - Hurryed b - Hurried c - Hurred
63) The thief........he had robbed all the jewels. a - Adnited b - Admitted c - Admitedd
64) I ................to London in 1987. a - Go b - Went c - Gone
65) I..........my friend Javi last Sunday. a - See b - Seen c - Saw
66) He ...................arrive late yesterday.
202
a - Do b - Does c - Did
203
Soluciones 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. A 21. C 22. C 23. B 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. A 31. A 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. C 36. A 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. A 41. C 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. A 50. A 51. A 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. C 58. C 59. A 60. B 61. B 62. B 63. B 64. B 65. C 66. C
204
EL PASADO CONTINUO Afirmativa. Sujeto + Was, Were + Ing.
I was reading Time. Yo estaba leyendo la revista Time.
Negativa. Sujeto + Was, Were + Not + Ing.
I was not sleeping. No estaba durmiendo.
Interrogativa. Was, Were + Sujeto + Ing.
Were they playing chess? ¿Estaban jugando al ajedrez?
PRINCIPALES USOS
Para hablar acerca de lo que estaba sucediendo.
I was reading when she came. Yo estaba leyendo cuando ella llegó.
Cuando dos acciones estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.
I was reading a novel while she was watching TV. Yo estaba leyendo una novela mientras ella estaba viendo la tele.
En descripciones.
I was riding a car and then... Estaba conduciendo cuando…
• Cuando hablamos de dos acciones pasadas, la más larga se expresa con pasado
continuo y la más corta en pasado simple It was raining when I went to bed. Estaba lloviendo cuando me fui a la cama. • Para indicar que una acción sucedió después de otra, usamos el pasado simple en
ambos casos. Yesterday I got up and had a shower. Ayer me levanté y me duché. • Puede ir con expresiones temporales del tipo: All night. Toda la noche.
The whole day. Todo el día.
The whole afternoon. Toda la tarde.
For a long time. Durante mucho tiempo
205
1) My wife .................................................a bath when her mother phoned. a - Was having b - Were having c - Was to have
2) Inma .................................................to the radio when I came home. a - Was listen b - Was listening c - Were listening
3) Mike ...............................in the sofa reading a magazine. a - Sit b - Were siting c - Was sitting
4) We ....................................in Almansa when my son was born. a - Was living b - Were living c - Living
5) It ................................................dark, so we went home. a - Get darker b - Got darking c - Was getting
6) The dog .....................................when a cat appeared. a - Was runing b - Was running c - Were runing
7) They ...............................in a karaoke when their friends arrived. a - Was singing b - Were song c - Were singing
8) I ......................................................when my mother came. a - Wrote b - Was writing c - Were writing
9) I .........................................................when the phone rang. a - Gotting dress b - Was getting dressed c - Were get dressed
10) The alarm clock...............................................but I couldn't stop it. a - Ringing b - Rings c - Was ringing
11) He ..................................................................TV when his girlfriend came.
206
a - Were watching b - Was watching c - Watching 12) We....................................and it began to snow. a - Riding b - Were riding c - Roding
13) She.........................the food before she served it. a - Tastes b - Taste c - Was testing
14) Yesterday they ..................................................siesta when I phoned. a - Was sleeping b - Sleep c - Were sleeping
15) We ................................tennis when she came. a - Plays b - Were playing c - Wil play
16) She ...............................letters before you rang. a - Was writing b - Were writing c - Writes
17) I ......................................................the press an hour before. a - Were reading b - Reads c - Was reading
18) I ..........wondering if you would like to marry me. a - Be b - Is c - Was
19) I was ................of going abroad. a - Think b - Thinking c - Thinks
207
Soluciones 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B
208
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO • Este tiempo, al igual que el resto de los tiempos perfectos, hacen referencia a
acciones ya acabadas, aunque también se use para acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y todavía tienen continuidad en el presente.
• Como todos los tiempos perfectos, se forma con el verbo to have y el Participio
Pasado. Afirmativa Sujeto + Have, Has +
Participio Pasado.
I have played tennis. He jugado al tenis. I have eaten paella. He comido paella.
Negativa Sujeto + Have, Has not + Participio Pasado.
I have not played chess. No he jugado al ajedrez. I have not eaten gazpachos. No he comido gazpachos.
Interrogativa Have, Has + Sujeto + Participio Pasado.
Have you played golf? ¿Has jugado al golf? Have you eaten octopus? ¿Has comido pulpo?
PRINCIPALES USOS
Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado pero se desconoce o no interesa el momento exacto en que ocurrieron.
I have eaten paella. He comido paella. I have visited Paris. He visitado Paris.
Acciones que se han repetido en el pasado. He has visited Madrid many times. Ha ido a Madrid muchas veces.
Con just, indica que la acción ha ocurrido recientemente.
I have just seen my wife. Acabo de ver a mi mujer.
Con ever. (alguna vez) Have you ever been to Rome?
209
¿Has estado en Roma alguna vez?
Con always.
I have always liked the country. Siempre me ha gustado el campo.
Con already. We have already finished. Ya hemos acabado.
• For y since suelen acompañar a éste tiempo para referirse a acciones que
empezaron en el pasado y que continuan hasta el momento presente. How long. Se utiliza para preguntar por la duración.
How long have you been wearing glasses? ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que llevas gafas?
For. Se emplea con períodos de tiempo. Desde hace.
I have lived in Elda for 40 years. Hace 40 años que vivo en Elda.
Since. Nos remonta a un punto concreto en el pasado. Desde o desde que.
She has had the same car since 1987. Tiene el mismo coche desde 1987. I have been wearing glasses since October. Llevo gafas desde octubre.
210
1) My sister ............................................a chocolate cake for my birthday. a - Has made b - Has be made c - Has been makeing
2) He has never ................................................ "Gone with the wind ". a - Seen b - See c - Saw
3) I have ..........................................................paella every Saturday for years. a - Ate b - Eat c - Eaten
4) They have just ............................................around Spain. a - Travel b - Traveled c - Travelled
5) He has ............................................Diet Coke since he was at University. a - Being drinking b - Been drunk c - Been drinking
6) Flavio has ............................................his girlfr iend. a - Forgave b - Forgive c - Forgiven
7) My mother has ........................................in Petrel all the morning. a - Be b - Been c - Was
8) Their friends have .......................................a new job in Elche. a - Finded b - Founded c - Found
9) Toni has ...............................................f ireworks for the summer party. a - Buyed b - Bought c - Boughting
10) Cayetano has ..........................................a new house for his family. a - Build b - Built c - Boughts
211
11) Mario has ........................................................ for the beers in the bar. a - Payed b - Paid c - Paying
12) I ........................................................ for this moment since I was a child. a - Have wait b - Have been waiting c - Have being waiting
13) We ............................in this house since 1997. a - Lived b - Have being living c - Have been living
14) He .......................in Terra since 1999. a - Is invested b - Is invest c - Has been investing
15) He ......................a book for a long time. a - Writes b - Is wrote c - Has been writing
16) Lucas .................................................since last summer in this project. a - Has been working b - Has working c - Had been working
17) I ....................................................this question many times. a - Have answered b - Has answer c - Had answering
18) They ..............................in the same house since they got married. a - Have living b - Have lived c - Has lived
19) We .....................................a single match this year. a - Haven't played b - Hasn't play c - Have play
20) They .............................a lot with this teacher. a - Has learnt b - Have learnt c - Have learned
21) We.........................................many good films, but this is the best one.
212
a - Has see b - Has seen c - Have seen
22) I ......................................................a new TV set this week. a - Have buy b - Have boughted c - Have bought
23) We .................................. "El Cid " many times in summer. a - Have climbt b - Have climbed c - Have climbing
24) He ...............................some shoes for his brother. a - Has bought b - Has buy c - Have bought
25) They ..............................the news in Hello magazine. a - Have readed b - Have read c - Have readt
26) He has.................................................on weight since he got married. a - Puts b - Put c - Putting
27) Pepe has......................................a new apartment in Santa Pola. a - Buying b - Boughted c - Bought
28) Mari Puri has.....................................all the chocolate cakes in the fridge. a - Ate b - Eating c - Eaten
29) Our new neighbours have ............................with us about their problems. a - Speaken b - Spoken c - Speaking
30) My brother- in-law has...................................football in Alicante. a - Plays b - Played c - Playeding
31) I have.............................four faxes today to the Consellería. a - Sent
213
b - Sended c - Sented
32) He .................................his book yet. a - Had finished b - Has finishing c – Hasn’t finished
33) Pepe.................................since last summer in this book. a - Has being working b - Has been working c - Has be working 34) Mary ......................................an affair with John since she got her divorce. a - Has been having b - Have being having c - Has been haveing
35) The neighbour's children ...................a terrible noise since we moved here. a - Has been making b - Have being making c - Have been making
36) Olga ..........................................a picture of her daughter for a month. a - Have being painting b - Has been paint c - Has been painting
37) Javi....................................................a lot of money in Russia since 1995. a - Has being making b - Has been making c - Has be making
38) Fermina....her journey since she knew that we were also going there. a - Has be preparing b - Has being preparing c - Has been preparing
39) We...........................................football this morning in "La Sirmat ". a - Has being playing b - Have been playing c - Had be playing
40) Alberto Navarro .................................his last book for over fifteen years. a - Has been writing b - Has be writing c - Has being writing
41) l have ..........my first marathon at the age of 42. a - Runing b - Run
214
c - Runed
42) I..........................Antonio Maestre since we went to don Emilio's school together. a - Know b - Have known c - Has been knowing
43) I..........................a lot with these quick tests. a - Has learnt b - Have learnt c - Have learning
44) They.........................................................me that she has won the lottery. a - Have tell b – Has told c – Have told
45) We ....................................... to move to a bigger house. a - Have decided b - Has decided c - Will decided
46) How long have you ....................there? a - Be b - Being c - Been
47) He's .............. a - Arrived b - Arrive c - Arrives
48) I 've just....................to the manager. a - Speak b - Spoke c - Spoken
49) Have you ...........my glasses? a - Seen b - See c - Saw
50) Have you .............in the bedroom? a - Looked b - Look c - Looking
51) They have just ...................... a - Disappeared b - Disappear c - Disappeareing
52) There has ........a car crash in Juan Carlos I street. a - Be
215
b - Was c - Been
53) What ................happened to him? he looks very sad. a - Is b - Has c - Have
54) A little boy called Jaime .………….....been here. a - Is b - Have c - Has
55) You have ........a great help to all of us, thanks a lot. a - Been b - Be c - Was
56) I 've .............the CD, but I prefer to see them live. a - Bought b - Buy c - Buys 57) I 've often ............them on TV, but this is something else! a - Seen b - See c - Saw 58) Well, I 've ..............packing. a - Finished b - Finish c - Finishing
59) He has ...........teaching me Spanish. a - Been b - Be c - Was
60) Jaime has never ..................late before. a - Come b - Came c - Comes
61) The Sax train ...........................It’s been half an hour late. a - Arrived has just b - Has just arrived c - Has arrived just
62) -“Have another chocolate”. -No, thank you very much indeed, .... . . . ......too much. a - I've eaten b - I eaten c - I ate
63) Hello, darling, have you ..........................dinner yet? a - Cooked b - Cooken
216
c - Do
64) My daughter hasn't ....................from school yet. a - Comed b - Coming c - Come
65) It was nice to see him again. I .........him for ages. a - Haven't seen b - Haven t see c - Saw
66) ................you done your homework? a - Have b - Has c - Have to 67) It ...........for ages in Almeria. a - Doesn't rain b - Did rain c - Hasn't rained
68) -Where is Clemente? -He ......to the bank. a - Is b - Has gone c - Has went
69) I ..........to London since 1993. a - Haven't been b - Haven't gone c - Haven't go
70) "Tres Superhombres en Tokyo " was the worst film I've ever .... . . a - See b - Saw c - Seen
71) I.........a cigarette since last Christmas. a - Haven smoked b - Haven't smoked c - Hasn't smoked
72) All flights to Madrid...........because of the fog. a - Has been cancelled b - Have been cancelled c - Cancelled
73) He has...................to bed because he was a litt le tired. a - Go b - Went c - Gone
217
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. C 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. C 37. B 38. C 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. B 43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. A 51. A 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. A 56. A 57. A 58. A 59. A 60. A 61. B 62. A 63. A 64. C 65. A 66. A 67. C 68. B 69. A 70. C 71. B 72. B 73. C
218
EL PRETÉRITO PERFECTO CONTINUO • Como todos los tiempos continuos, indica acciones en proceso.
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Have, Has +
Been + Ing. I have been reading the paper. He estado leyendo el periódico.
Negativa. Sujeto + Have, Has not + Been + Ing.
I have not been cooking. No he estado cocinando.
Interrogativa. Have, Has + Sujeto + Been + Ing.
Have you been walking? ¿Has estado dando un paseo?
PRINCIPALES USOS
Indica acciones muy recientes que acaban de terminar.
She has been swimming. Ella ha estado nadando. He has been crying Él ha estado llorando.
Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que todavía continuan.
I have been waiting for half an hour. Llevo esperando media hora.
Puede ir acompañado de expresiones como: the whole day, all week, etc.
He has been working the whole day. Ha estado trabajando todo el día.
219
EL PASADO PERFECTO Afirmativa. Sujeto + Had + Participio
Pasado.
I had seen her. Yo la había visto.
Negativa. Sujeto + Had not + Participio Pasado.
I had not gone. Yo no había ido.
Interrogativa. Had + Sujeto + Participio Pasado
Had she been with you? ¿Había estado ella contigo?
• Equivale al pluscuamperfecto. Es el tiempo más remoto en el pasado.
PRINCIPALES USOS
Acciones que ocurrieron antes que otra. When I had finished all my work, I went to the swimming pool. Cuando hube acabado mi trabajo me fui a la piscina.
• Suele usar expresiones del tipo: Since. Desde.
For. Desde hace.
Till. Until Hasta.
When. Cuando
Before. Antes.
By the time. Para cuando.
Always. Siempre.
220
EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO • Expresa acciones que habían estado ocurriendo en el pasado hasta un momento
concreto. Afirmativa. Sujeto + Had been + Ing. I had been sleeping
siesta. Había estado durmiendo la siesta.
Negativa. Sujeto + Hadn't been + Ing. She had not been reading. Ella no había estado leyendo.
Interrogativa. Had + Sujeto + Been + Ing.
Had you been working? ¿Habías estado trabajando?
We had been studying until her mother came. Habíamos estado estudiando hasta que vino su madre.
221
EL FUTURO SlMPLE Afirmativa. Sujeto + Will + Inf sin to. I will go with you.
Iré contigo.
Negativa. Sujeto + Will not, + Inf sin to.
I will not pay for that. No pagaré eso.
Interrogativa. Will + Sujeto + Inf sin to. Will you marry me? ¿Te casarás conmigo?
• Se puede usar shall en la primera persona del singular y del plural, aunque su uso
queda cada vez más restringido a la expresión de ofrecimientos. Se puede usar will en todas las personas de singular y plural. Tanto shall como will contraen en “-‘ll”.
PRINCIPALES USOS
En sugerencias. Shall we go to the cinema?
¿Vamos al cine?
En promesas. I will buy you the car. Te compraré el coche.
Determinaciones. I will go with you. Iré contigo.
Énfasis.
I will never do it again. No lo volveré a hacer.
Predicciones. They will win the match. Ellos ganarán el partido.
Lógicamente, indica acciones que ocurrirán.
I will buy a Harley next year. Me compraré una Harley el año que viene.
Con advertencias y condiciónes. If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late. Si no te das prisa llegarás tarde.
Para expresar deseo o rechazo ante algo. Don’t drink too much or you’ll get drunk. No bebas demasiado o te emborracharás.
Ofrecimientos. I 'll help you with your exercises. Te ayudaré con los ejercicios.
222
BE GOING TO • Indica planes para el futuro, también hace referencia a acciones que se ve que van a
ocurrir. I’m going to visit my mother. Voy a visitar a mi madre. It’s going to rain. Va a llover.
223
1) She ..................................with us next April in Cazorla. a - Will go fishing b - Would go fishing c – Went fishing
2) She .................................to Petrel next week. a - Is moving b - Is moved c - Is going to moving
3) We.........................................a new computer for the students. a - Are buy b - Are going to buy c - Will buys
4) I ....................................................... in Aspe tomorrow. a - Will be b - Will is c - Will am
5) I ......................................................my cousin in Madrid next week. a - Visited b - Will visit c - Visit
6) They ...........................a new road in 2007. a - Build b - Will build c - Builded
7) She .................................in the team next year. a - Played b - Playing c - Will play
8) I .............................with them to Toledo next March. a - Will go b - Go c - Went
9) They ...........................back at 8.00. a - Is b - Was c - Will be
10) He .................................her in Alicante in 2005. a - Will marry b - Married c - Would married
11) I ....................................to the Yelmo Cineplex cinemas tomorrow. a - Went b - Go c - Will go
224
12) I .............................all my friend s to a paella next Saturday. a - Invite b - Will invite c - Would invite
13) I..........with you if you pay. a - Will eat b - Would eat c - Had eaten
14) I will ........you your room. a - Shows b - Show c - Showing
15) I won't .............long. a - Be b - Have c - Do
16) I ' ll .......the waiter if they have Coke instead of Pepsi. a - Asks b - Ask c - Asking
17) He will ........you a parcel for me. a - Brings b - Bring c - Brought
18) We will ......immediately. a - Come b - Comes c - Cam
19) I will ...............the car tonight. a - Wash b - Washed c - Washing
20) Next Sunday I ....................play tennis with Eduardo. a - Was played b - Will plays c - Am going to play
21) How .......................you go to Sax tomorrow? a - Does b - Shall c - Will
22) -Where.......tonight? -Why don't we go to the new Mamma Luna? a - Shall we go b - We going c - Go can we
23) We ..................go to Madrid to see Beauty and the Beast next month.
225
a - Will b - Would c - Need
24) If you can't water the plants, I ........do it for you. a - Would b - Will c - going
25) ......you look after my daughters while I go to buy the paper? a - Will b - Must c - Need
26) I..........send a letter as soon as I arrive. a - Have b - Will c - Would
226
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C 21. C 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. 28. 29. 30.
227
EL FUTURO CONTINUO • Expresa acciones que con seguridad tendrán lugar en el futuro. Afirmativa. Sujeto + Will be + Inf sin to
+ Ing. I will be driving to Alicante. Estaré conduciendo hacia a Alicante.
Negativa. Sujeto + Will not + Inf sin to + Ing.
I will not be eating there. No estaré comiendo allí.
Interrogativa. Will + Sujeto + Be + Inf + Ing.
Will you be studying in Elx? ¿Estarás estudiando en Elx?
Suele ir acompañado de expresiones temporales como: At 7 o’clock, this time next year/month/week.
What will you be doing at 7 o’clok tomorrow? ¿Qué estarás haciendo mañana a las 7?
228
EL FUTURO PERFECTO • Indica acciones que habrán acabado en el futuro. Normalmente son suposiciones o
presunciones. Afirmativa. Sujeto + Will have +
Participio Pasado. I will have eaten. Habré comido.
Negativa. Sujeto + Will have + Not + Participio Pasado.
I will not have eaten. No habré comido.
Interrogativa. Will + Sujeto + Will have + Participio Pasado.
Will you have eaten? ¿Habrás comido?
I will have read the book next month. Habré leido el libro el próximo mes. • Puede ir acompañado de referencias temporales Tomorrow. Mañana.
In the year 2050. En el año 2050.
Next week. La próxima semana.
Soon. Pronto.
The day after tomorrow. Pasado mañana.
In the next year. El año que viene.
In the future. En el futuro
In a month. Dentro de un mes.
At 7 o’clock. A la siete en punto.
This time next year: A esta hora el año que viene.
By 8.30. Para las 8.30.
229
1) Barcelona............against Manchester United in June. a - Will be playing b - Will play be c - Will be played
2) Everybody..........at Christmas. a - Will have eat cocido b - Will be eating cocido c - Will cocido be eating
3) I .................................a new car by 2005. a - Will buy be b - Will have bought c - Will have be buying
4) She .................5 kilos with this new diet. a - Will have lost b - Will have loose c - Will have losted
5) I..................my first novel in 2007. a - Will have written b - Will have write c - Will have wrote
6) We ................our house by 2018. a - Will have pay b - Will have be payd c - Will have paid
7) My mother............her new portrait next week. a - Will have paint b - Will be paint c - Will have painted
8) We.............the cuartelillo in September. a - Will be bought b - Will have bought c - Will be buy
9) My friend ............his lecture in February. a - Will have given b - Will have gave c - Will have give
10) I ........................................................ in a new office next year. a - Will be working b - Will working be c - Will have working
11) They ........................... in La Sirena next Saturday. a - Will be having dinner b - Will dinner have c - Will be dinner
12) I..........to Berlín in August.
230
a - Will flying b - Will flying be c - Will be flying
13) We .....................................our daughter next Christmas. a - Will visitt b - Will visitting c - Will be visiting
14) They ................................for you at the airport. a - Will be waited b - Will be waiting c - Will be wait
15) I .......................................................some new books tomorow. a - Will be buying b - Will buying be c - Will bought
16) She...........................in the new disco next Saturday. a - Will dancing b - Will dancing be c - Will be dancing
17) It...........in Madrid. a - Will be snow b - Will be snowing c - Will snow be
18) I ......................tennis this evening. a - Will be playing b - Played c - Will be play
19) I hope I ...................................................the report on Monday. a - Will have finished b - Will finished c - Will be finish
20) By this time next year they .............................a lot with that teacher. a - Will learnt have b - Will have learnt c - Will have learn
21) We ............................all the beer before winter. a - Will drank b - Will be dranking c - Will have drunk
22) He ...............................many countries in April. a - Will have seen b - Will seen c - Will be seen
23) I .............................everything before 12:00. a - Will eaten
231
b - Will have eaten c - Will be ate
24) My friend ..........................................before Christmas. a - Will be come b - Will come be c - Will have come
25) Juan ...............................................a new computer in June. a - Will have bought b - Will bought c - Will be boughting
26) His friends ........................................the new baby on Monday morning. a - Have will visit b - Will have visited c - Will visited
27) The teachers .....................................all the exams this evening. a - Will have corrected b - Will be correct c - Will correcting be
28) Tomorrow my secretary ......................all the memos. a - Will have typed b - Will types c - Had typed
29) By twelve o'clock they will ...................studying English for two hours. a - Have b - Been c - Have been
30) By the end of the year I will .........twenty books. a - Have written b - Had written c - Writing
31) We..........by nine o'clock tomorrow night. a - Will have finished b - Will finished c - Finish
232
Soluciones 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. A 31. C
233
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE • El condicional se forma igual que el futuro, anteponiendo al infinitivo la partícula:
would o should.
• La partícula should sólo se usa en inglés muy formal. Normalmente se emplea para expresar consejos o advertencias.
• Puede contraer con el sujeto: I would en I’d
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Would + Inf sin
to.
I would go with you. Yo iría contigo. I ’d go to the cinema. Yo iría al cine.
Negativa. Sujeto + Would not + Inf sin to.
I would not pay that. Yo no pagaría eso. I wouldn’t buy it. Yo no lo compraría.
Interrogativa. Would + Sujeto + Inf sin to. Would you marry me? ¿Te casarías conmigo?
234
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO Afirmativa. Sujeto + Would + Have+
Participio Pasado.
I would have gone with you. Yo habría ido contigo.
Negativa. Sujeto + Would not/ won't + Have+ Participio Pasado.
I would not have paid that. Yo no habría pagado eso.
Interrogativa. Would + Sujeto + Have+ Participio Pasado.
Would you have married her? ¿Te habrías casado con ella?
235
CUADRO RESUMEN DE LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE Afirmativa. Sujeto + Inf.
3ª p. (He, She, It) añade “-s” o “-es
I l ive in Elda. He kisses her. She washes up every day.
Negativa. Sujeto + Don’t o Doesn’t + Inf
I don’t like coffee. She doesn’t smoke.
Interrogativa. Do o Does + S + Inf? Do you love me? Does he go to school?
Usos. Acciones habituales. Verdades universales. Horarios. Acciones en el futuro sujetas a un horario.
I get up at 7.45. Snow is cold. The match starts at 6.00. The train leaves at 6.00.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: every day, always, usually, often, never, generally, etc.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
Afirmativa. S + Be (am, is, are) +
Ing. I am reading.
Negativa. S + Be + Not + Ing. She is not smoking.
Interrogativa. Am, Is, Are + S + Ing? Are you running?
Usos. Acciones en proceso Planes futuros. Acciones repetidas.
I am readind a book. I am playing tennis tomorrow. He is always talking.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: at present, nowadays, now, at the moment, etc.
236
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO Afirmativa. S + Have (have o has) +
Participio pasado I have played tennis. I have eaten paella.
Negativa. S + Have + Not + Participo pasado.
I have not washed the dishes. I have not seen her.
Interrogativa. Have o Has + S + Participo pasado?
Have you been there?
Usos. Acciones acabadas de las que no se dice cuando sucedieron.
I have read the book.
Otros. Puede llevar just, for, since, already, yet, etc.
EL PASADO SIMPLE Afirmativa. S + Vb. Regular + ed
S + Vb Irr ( 2ªColumna). I played. I ate.
Negativa. S + Did + Not (didn’t) + Inf.
I did not play. I did not eat.
Interrogativa Did + S + Inf? Did you play? Did you eat?
Usos. Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado. A veces acompaña al pasado continuo
I went to Barcelona. I was reading the paper and then it began to rain.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: last year, yesterday, two days ago etc.
EL PASADO CONTINUO Afirmativa. S + Be (Was, Were) +
Ing. I was writing a letter.
Negativa. S + Was, Were + Not + Ing
I was not writing a letter.
Interrogativa. Was, Were + S + Ing? Were you writing a letter?
Usos. Acciones en proceso en el pasado. En narraciones. Para descripciones.
I was painting the gate. The girls were smiling.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO
237
Afirmativa. S + Have o Has + Been +Ing.
I have been learning English for 20 years.
Negativa. S + Have o Has+ not + Been + Ing.
I have not been sleeping.
Interrogativa. Have o Has + S + Been + Ing?
Have you been reading?
Usos. Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y todavía continuan o acaban de suceder, Resalta la duración de la acción.
Otros. For y since le suelen acompañar.
EL PASADO PERFECTO Afirmativa. S + Had + Participio
Pasado. I had gone.
Negativa. S + had + Not + Participio Pasado.
I had not gone.
Interrogativa. Had + S + Participio Pasado?.
Had she gone?
Usos. Acciones que ocurrieron antes que otra acción pasada.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: when, before, by the time etc.
EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO Afirmativa. S + Had + Been + Ing. I had been watching TV.
Negativa. S + Had + Not + Been
+ Ing. I had not been watching TV.
Interrogativa. Had + S + Been + Ing?. Had she been ironing?
Usos. Acciones que estaban en proceso antes que otra acción pasada ocurriera.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE
Afirmativa. S + Will o Shall + Inf. I will go.
238
Negativa. S + Will + Not + Inf. I will not go.
Interrogativa. Will + S + Inf? Will she come?
Usos. Acciones futuras. Predicciones
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: tonight, tomorrow, next year, in a month.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
Afirmativa. S + Wil be + Ing I will be reading Valle de Elda.
Negativa. S + Will + Not + Be + Ing.
I will not be watching TV.
Interrogativa. Will + S + Be + Ing? Will you be working?
Usos. Acciones futuras en progreso.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
Afirmativa. S + Will have + Participio Pasado.
I will have arrived at 7.00.
Negativa. S + Will + Not + Have + Participio Pasado.
I will not have finished.
Interrogativa. Will + S + Have + Participio Pasado?
Will she have paid?
Usos. Acciones acabadas en el futuro.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO CONTINUO
Afirmativa. S + Will have + Been + Ing.
I will have been working.
Negativa. S + Will + Not + Have + Been + Ing.
I will not have been working.
Interrogativa. Will + S + Have + Been + Ing.
Will you have been working?
Usos. Acciones que estarán finalizadas en el futuro.
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
Afirmativa. S + Would + Inf. I would go to London.
239
Negativa. S + Would + Not + Inf. I would not go to London.
Interrogativa. Would + S + Inf? Would you go to Lisbon?
Usos. Deseos en el presente o en el futuro.
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO Afirmativa. S + Would + Have +
Participio Pasado. I would have gone to London.
Negativa. S + Would + Not + Have + Participio Pasado.
I would not have gone to London.
Interrogativa. Would + S + Have + Participio Pasado?
Would you have gone to Paris?
Usos. Lamentos sobre acciones pasadas.
240
TIPOS DE ORACIONES • Podemos establecer dos grandes grupos: Las coordinadas y las subordinadas. Las
primeras son oraciones compuestas independientes entre sí. En cuanto a las subordinadas una depende de la otra.
• Los nexos más usados son los siguientes: Copulativas. And .
Y. He is tall and intelligent. Él es alto e inteligente.
Both…and.
Tanto...como.
They both teach French and Italian. Ellos dos enseñan francés e italiano.
Moreover. Además.
It rained a lot, moreover it snowed. Llovió mucho, además nevó.
Likewise. De igual modo.
I bought a ham; likewise did my neighbour. Compré un jamón, al igual que mi vecino.
Besides. Además.
I have no money, besides I don’t want to buy anything else. No tengo dinero, además no quiero comprar nada más.
Disyuntivas. Or.
O.
You can stay or come with us. Puedes quedarte o venir con nosotros.
Either…or. O…o.
They are either Italian or Greek. Ellos son o italianos o griegos.
Neither…nor. Ni...ni.
I neither like Wagner nor the Rolling Stones. Ni me gusta Wagner ni los Rolling Stones.
Adversativas But.
Pero. I like Verdi but I prefer Puccini. Me gusta Verdi pero prefiero Puccini.
Not only…but also. No sólo...sino también.
Not only I read Valle de Elda but I also read Vivir en Elda. No sólo leo Valle de Elda sino que también leo Vivir en Elda.
241
Yet. Aunque.
She is pretty, yet nobody loves her. Ella es guapa, aunque nadie la quiere.
Although. Aunque.
Although he is rich, he hasn’t many friends. Aunque es rico no tiene muchos amigos.
Causales. Because.
Porque.
I became rich because I saved a lot. Me hice rico porque ahorré mucho.
For. Para.
She studies for being a lawyer. Estudia para ser abogado
As. Como.
As I had studied French I could travelled alone. Como había estudiado francés pude viajar solo.
Since. Puesto que.
Since they are adults they can go. Ya que son adultos pueden viajar solos.
Owing to. Ya que, debido a.
The recital was cancelled owing to lack of audience. El recital se canceló debido a falta de público.
Finales. In order to.
Para.
In order to be accepted you have to pay first. Para que te acepten, debes pagar primero.
So as to. Con el fin de.
They voted so as to elect the new President. Votaron para elegir al nuevo presidente.
In case. En el caso de que. Por si.
I have an insurance in case I need it. Tengo un seguro por si lo necesito.
For fear. Por miedo a.
He eats a lot of oranges for fear of getting a cold. Come muchas naranjas por miedo a coger un catarro.
242
Consecutivas. So. Por eso.
He won the pools so he bought a new house. Ganó las quinielas y por eso se compró una nueva casa.
Therefore. Por lo tanto.
He has many friends therefore he is never alone. Tiene muchos amigos y por eso nunca está solo.
Which is why. Esa es la razón por la que.
He is boring, which is why he’s always alone. Es aburrido, esa es la razón por la que siempre está solo.
So…that. Para que.
I bought a present so that you liked it. Compré un regalo para que te gustara
Comparativas. As.
Como.
He is as intelligent as his sister. Él es tan inteligente como su hermana.
As…as. Tan como.
He is not as honest as his brother. Él no es tan honrado como su hermano.
So…as. No tan como.
He is not so tall as me. Él no es tan alto como yo.
Similarly. Del mismo modo.
Petrel has nice parks, similarly Elda has nice museums. Petrel tiene parques muy bonitos, de igual modo Elda tiene museos muy bonitos.
Modo. As.
Como.
As a pianist she is the best. Como pianista el es el mejor.
Like. Como.
He eats like a lion. Come como un león.
Concesivas. Although.
Aunque.
Although I prefer to stay I have to go now. Aunque prefiero quedarme tengo que irme.
243
Though. Aunque.
Though he is ill, he never complains. Aunque está malo, nunca se queja.
Even though. Incluso.
Even though he is rich he never shows off. Aunque es rico, nunca presume.
Even if. Incluso si.
Even if it rains I will go. Incluso si llueve iré.
However. Sin embargo.
I liked it, however, I didn’t buy it. Me gustó, sin embargo no lo compré.
No matter. No importa.
No matter if you love her, she doen’t love you. No importa si la quieres, ella no te quiere.
In spite of. A pesar de .
In spite of having lived in France she doesn’t speak French. A pesar de haber vivido en Francia no habla francés.
Despite. A pesar de.
Despite all the efforts he didn’t win. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos, no ganó.
Condicionales . If.
Si. If you need me, phone me. Si me necesitas, llámame.
Tiempo. When.
Cuando.
When you want to visit us, let us know. Cuando quieras visitarnos, háznoslo saber.
While. Mientras.
While I was in Italy I ate a lot of pasta. Mientras estuve en Italia comí mucha pasta.
Before. Antes.
Before I worked in Elda, I worked in Crevillente. Antes de trabajar en Elda, trabajé en Crevillente.
Since. Desde.
I have lived here since 1962 Vivo aquí desde 1962
244
Whenever.
Cada vez que Whenever he comes I visit him. Cada vez que viene le visito.
Until. Hasta.
Until I found it I was sad. Hasta que lo encontré estaba triste.
Now. Ahora.
Now I am hungry. Ahora tengo hambre.
Once. Una vez.
Once I pay the house I will buy a car. Una vez que haya pagado el piso compraré un coche.
No sonner…than. Apenas.
No sooner had they gone than I was asleep. Apenas se habían ido me quedé dormido.
Finally. Finalmente.
Finally I read the book. Finalmente leí el libro.
In short. En breve.
In short they will be here. En breve estarán aquí.
Lugar. Where.
Donde.
This is the house where we lived until 1996. Esta es la casa donde vivimos hasta 1996.
Wherever. Dondequiera que.
Wherever she goes she buys some clothes. Dondequiera que vaya se compra ropa.
245
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO • Este tipo de oraciones suelen añadir información a lo que ya se ha dicho en la
oración principal. • Usan los siguientes pronombres relativos: Personas. Who.
This is the man who came here yesterday. Este es el hombre que vino ayer.
That. This is the man that came yesterday. Este es el hombre que vino ayer.
Cosas. Which.
This is the book which I bought in Martín Fierro. Este es el libro que compré en Martín Fierro.
That. The house that I sold. La casa que vendí.
Posesión. Whose. The boy whose bike is this is Mike. El chico de quien es esta bici es Mike.
Lugar. Where. This is the school where I studied. Esta es la escuela donde estudié.
Tiempo. When. This is the day when I was born. Este es el día en el que nací.
Personas. Whom. The girl whom I loved. Es la chica a quien amé.
Why. The reason why I bought this is you. La razón por la que compré esto eres tú.
What.
And this is what he said. Esto es lo que él dijo.
The thing that. This is the thing that we should do. Esto es lo que deberíamos hacer.
• That puede utilizarse en lugar de who o which en las oraciones de relativo
especificativas (defining) This is the girl that I love.
246
This is the girl who I love. Esta es la chica a quien quiero. This is the car which I told you. This is the car that I told you. Este es el coche que te dije. • Las oraciones de relativo se dividen en: NON-DEFINING O EXPLICATIVAS. • Van entre comas. Añaden información extra que podría omitirse y no alteraría el
significado de la frase. No son imprescindibles para comprender el significado. Se trata de una explicación.
• Nunca llevan “that” y nunca se puede omitir el relativo. My wife , who is a teacher, reads a lot. Mi mujer, que es profesora, lee mucho. DEFINING O ESPECIFICATIVAS. Son más frecuentes y no van entre comas. Definen al antecedente. The woman who came is my wife. La mujer que vino es mi esposa • Who, which y that se pueden omitir cuando no son los sujetos de la oración. The girl (who) he met is Mary. La chica que conoció es María. The CD (which) I bought is very good. El disco que compré es muy bueno.
247
CONJUNCIONES According to. Según. I did it according to his instructions.
Lo hice según él me dijo.
After. Después. They came after I arrived. Llegaron después de que yo llegué.
Although. Aunque. Although It rained a lot the match wasn’t cancelled. Aunque llovió mucho, no se canceló el partido.
And. Y. I like wine and beer. Me gusta el vino y la cerveza.
As. Mientras que, así como.
As he came I saw him. Le vi mientras venía.
As a result. Como consecuencia. He became poor as a result of spending too much. Se empobreció como consecuencia de gastar demasiado.
As if. Como si. He behaves as if he doesn’t know me. Él se comporta como si no me conociera.
As long as. Mientras que. As long as you study you can play. Mientras que estudies puedes jugar.
As soon as. Tan pronto como. As soon as I found it I complained. Tan pronto como lo descubrí me quejé.
As though. Como si. Act as though nothing happens. Actúa como si no pasara nada.
As well as. Al igual que. She, as well as me, will go to Madrid. Ella, al igual que yo, irá a Madrid.
Because. Porque. We won’t go because it is very cold. No iremos porque hace mucho frio.
Because of Debido a. Because of her behaviour nobody likes her. Debido a su comportamiento nadie la
248
quiere.
Before. Antes. I read the paper before we eat. Leo el periódico antes de comer.
But. Pero. It is expensive but I will buy it. Es caro pero lo compraré.
Despite. A pesar. He came despite feeling bad. Él vino a pesar de sentirse mal.
Either..or. o….o. We can either go home or to the cinema. Podemos o bien ir a casa o al cine.
Even though. Aunque. Even though it’s late you can watch TV. Aunque es tarde, puedes ver la tele.
Except. Salvo. I will go except if I have to work. Iré salvo que tenga que trabajar.
Furthermore. Además. He doesn’t study and futhermore he doesn’t work. Él no estudia y además no trabaja.
However. Sin embargo. He didn’t study, however he passed his exams. Él no estudió, sin embargo aprobó sus exámenes.
If. Si. If he comes tell him to visit me. Si viene, dile que me visite.
In case of. En caso de. In case of fire ring the fire brigade. En caso de incendio llama a los bomberos.
In order to. Para. In order to pass you have to study a lot. Para aprobar debes estudiar mucho.
Moreover. Además. I went to London, moreover I went to Scotland. Fui a Londres y además a Escocia.
Neither…nor. Ni…ni. I neither like coffee nor tea. No me gusta ni el té ni el café.
249
Nevertheless. Sin embargo. I didn’t want to go, nevertherless I enjoyed the trip. No quise ir, sin embargo disfruté del viaje.
Notwithstanding. No obstante. I like the shoes, notwithstanding they are very expensive. Me gustan los zapatos, no obstante son muy caros.
Or. O. Phone or fax. Telefonea o manda un fax.
Otherwise. De otra manera. Send us the money, otherwise we won’t send you the shoes. Mándenos el dinero, de otra manera no le mandaremos los zapatos.
Provided. Siempre que. Provided you pay I accept the offer. Siempre que pague acepto la oferta.
Since. Ya que. Since I have been invited I have to go. Ya que me han invitado, tengo que ir.
So as to. Para. I save money so as to buy a new house. Ahorro dinero para poder comprar una nueva casa.
Therefore. Por lo tanto. There is a concert next Monday, therefore I’ll buy the tickets. Hay un concierto el próximo lunes, por lo tanto compraré las entradas.
Though. Aunque. He is rich though not very intelligent. Aunque es rico no es muy inteligente.
To. Para. I went to England to learn English. Fui a Inglaterra para aprender inglés.
Unless. A menos que. Unless they pay we won’t send them anymore shoes. A menos que paguen no les mandaremos más zapatos.
Until. Hasta que. Until I noticed I liked opera I listened to classical music. Hasta que me di cuenta de que me
250
gustaba la ópera yo escuchaba música clásica.
Whenever. Cada vez que. Whenever they feel like, they go to Madrid. Cada vez que les apetece, van a Madrid.
Where. Donde. They stopped where they saw a light. Ellos pararon donde vieron una luz.
Whereas. Mientras. He is shy whereas she is not. Él es tímido mientras que ella no.
Whether..or. Si…o. Whether you like it or not, we have to go. Te guste o no, tenemos que irnos.
Yet. Sin embargo. She is the most intelligent, yet she didn’t win the contest. Ella es la más inteligente, sin embargo no ganó el concurso.
251
LOS VERBOS MODALES • Los verbos modales se llaman así al carecer de las mayoría de las formas verbales.
Se usan para hacer suposiciones, sacar conclusiones, hablar de posibilidades y establecer conjeturas. No tienen todos los tiempos verbales, por ejemplo, “must” y “ought to” sólo tienen presente. Can, may, dare y need, tienen presente y pasado.
Can, could. Poder.
May, might. Poder.
Must. Deber.
Ought to. Deber.
Will, shall. Auxiliares de futuro.
Would. Auxiliar del condicional.
Dare. Atreverse.
Need. Necesitar.
• Tienen una única forma para todas las personas en presente: I can. He can. • No llevan “-s” en la tercera persona del singular. • Van seguidos de Infinitivo sin to. I can ski. He must study. • Hacen la negación y la interrogación como el verbo to be. Can you ski? • No se construyen con to do, to have y to be. Can she go? • No tienen imperativo, ni infinitivo, ni participio de presente ni de pasado por lo tanto
no forman tiempos continuos ni perfectos. Tampoco aparecen en formas pasivas. She can swim. Ella sabe nadar. He must study everyday. Él debe estudiar todos los días.
252
• Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias temporales, ya que no tienen forma para todos los tiempos. No tienen participio ni infinitivo.
He was able to go. Él pudo ir. I had to go alone. Yo tuve que ir solo. I must not eat so much chocolate. No debo comer tanto chocolate. Can you tell me the time? ¿Me puede decir la hora? • Van seguidos de infinitivo sin to, a excepción de ought to, have to y used to. I used to go to the disco. Yo solía ir a la discoteca.
253
CAN • Sólo se usa en el presente, para el resto de tiempos se utiliza to be able to. En
algunos casos puede ser sustituido por to know how to. Se puede traducir por poder o saber.
I can swim. Sé nadar. I know how to swim. Sé como nadar. l ' l l be able to go tonight. Podré ir esta noche. Will he be able to come in time? ¿Podrá venir a tiempo? I have been able to finish it in time. He podido acabar a tiempo. Expresa conocimiento y capacidad física e intelectual.
I can play the violin. Sé tocar el violín. I can read. Sé leer.
Posibilidad. I can go with you. Puedo ir contigo.
Tambien para dar y recibir permiso. Can I go with you? ¿Puedo ir contigo?
Puede indicar prohibición en la forma negativa.
You can’t smoke here. No puedes fumar aquí.
Deducción negativa. They can’t be at home. No deben de estar en casa.
Habilidad. I can swim. Sé nadar.
Ofrecimientos. Can I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarte?
Solamente se usa para el presente de indicativo.
She can do it alone. Lo puede hacer sola.
254
Could se usa para el pasado y el condicional.
I could go yesterday. Pude ir ayer. I could go tomorrow. Podré ir mañana.
Sugerencias. You can come with us. Puedes venir con nosotros.
• El verbo to know how le puede sustituir I know how to go. Sé ir.
COULD
Indica habilidad en el pasado. I could translate Italian at the age of 9. Sabía traducir italiano a los 9 años.
Peticiones formales. Could I go with you? ¿Podría ir contigo?
MAY Posibilidad. It may rain during the weekend.
Puede llover durante la semana.
Permiso. May I come in ? ¿Puedo pasar?
Prohibiciones. You may not stay here. No puedes estar aquí.
Especulaciones. He may be in Italy. Puede que esté en Italia.
Sugerencias. If I may say so I will buy it. Si se me permite decirlo, yo lo compraría.
255
MIGHT Expresa una posibildad más remota que may.
It might snow in Benidorm but I doubt it. Podría nevar en Benidorm, pero lo dudo.
Especulaciones. He might be working in a new book. El podría estar trabajando en un nuevo libro.
MUST Obligaciónes morales. I must visit my friend, he is ill.
Debo ir a visitar a mi amigo que está enfermo.
Consejos. You must visit the museum, it is one of the best in Spain. Debes visitar el museo, es uno de los mejores de España.
Deducciónes. He must be out because nobody answers the phone. Debe de haber salido, pues nadie contesta el teléfono.
Prohibiciones. You must not come here again. No debes volver a venir aquí.
HAVE TO Obligación normalmente impuesta. You have to drive with a helmet.
Debes conducir con casco.
Para indicar costumbres. I have to take an aspirin every night. Me tengo que tomar una aspirina cada noche.
En negativa, indica que algo no es necesario.
You don't have to stay if you have something to do. No tienes que quedarte si tienes algo que hacer.
256
SHOULD, OUGHT TO • Son prácticamente sinónimos. Para dar consejos. You should go to the Yemo Cineplex
cinemas. Debería ir a los cines Yelmo Cineplex.
You ought to spend more time with them. Deberías pasar más tiempo con ellos.
WILL Auxiliar del futuro simple. I will buy a sandwich when I finish
this. Me compraré un bocadillo cuando acabe esto.
Predicciones sobre el futuro.
It will be sunny. Hará sol.
Decisiones. I will buy a new car. Me compraré un coche nuevo.
Ofrecimientos. I will do it. Lo haré.
Peticiones. Will you pass me the salt? ¿Me pasas la sal?
WOULD Peticiones y ofrecimientos.
Would you like to come with me? ¿Te gustaría venir conmigo?
Hábitos y rutinas en el pasado.
In 1998 I would walk a lot. En 1998 yo paseaba mucho.
Como a
257
I would go out to the cinema with my friends in the summer nights when I was 6 Iba al cine con mis amigos en las noches de verano cuando tenía seis años.
SHALL • Es auxiliar de futuro, pero sólo para las primeras personas del singular y del plural I,
we. I shall go.
Iré.
Puede expresar cierta determinación We shall never surrender. Nunca nos rendiremos.
USED TO Hábitos en el pasado. I used to sing in the shower.
Yo solía cantar en la ducha.
• Los hábitos en el presente se pueden expresar con la estructura To be used to +Ing. I am used to reading. Suelo leer.
NEED • Puede actuar como verbo modal o verbo ordinario. • Como modal no añade “-s“ en la tercera persona del singular y no admite ni
auxiliares en la interrogativa y negativa. He needs a lot of money to get married. Necesita mucho dinero para casarse. • Needn't se usa para indicar que no hay obligación.
258
You needn’t come tomorrow. No es necesario que vengas mañana. • Need to indica necesidad. I need to consult a good doctor. Necesito consultar a un buen médico. He needs to have more money to buy this car. Necesita tener más dinero para comprar este coche. Para la forma negativa e interrogativa hay dos opciones: Need you buy so much? Do you need to buy so much? You needn't come with us. No es necesario que venga con nosotros. You don't need to come with us. No es necesario que venga con nosotros. • Para el pasado sólo hay una. You didn't need to wait for them. No era necesario que les esperases.
259
1) You ..........................study everyday. a - Can b - Must c - Are
2) The Town Hall ...........................................a new street to Alberto Navarro. a - Should dedicate b - Shall dedicating c - Should to dedicate
3) There's nothing in the fridge. They..............all. a - Must have eaten b - Must has ate c - Must had eaten
4) You ............try everything. a – Can to b - Must c - Need
5) you ..........the receipt here please? a – Can b - Musts c - Shall
6) You ............cry, it 's not worth. a - Should not b - Shaln't c - Won't
7) I. . . . . . . . . . .quit smoking. a - Wills b – Haves to c – Have to
8) ..........I speak to Jorge? a - Cans b - Can c - Was
9) He ..........be very rich, he is driving an expensive car. a - Is b - Must c - Should
10) We ........ be united. a - Ought b - Must c - Had
11) He wasn't .........to see the driver. a - Can b - Able c - May
260
12) Will we...........buy a dictionary? a - Must b - Have to c - Can
13) That ........be enough. a - Should b - Cans c - Musts
14) I .........send him something for his new baby. a - Must b - Has to c - Have
15) We .............................send the photograph to you. a - Will b - Do c - Did
16) I ...........like a window-seat please. a - Will b - Would c - Can
17) Yes, I guess we ...........buy them now. a - Shall b - Should c - Would
18) There's Marcelo and that ...........be his father. a - Must b - Has c - Mays
19) People of your age ............not drink beer. a - Shall b - Will c - Should
20) Girls, you ......................say those things about your friends. a - Haven't to b - Mustn't c - Mustn
21) I........................write to Gema I haven't written to her for ages. a - Must b - May c - Had
22) I think my brother ..................to come next month. a - Cans b - Could c - Will be able
23) I don't speak Valenciano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .you speak Castellano ?
261
a - Would b - Can't c - Are able
24) You ..................have a passport to travel to Petrel. a - Needn't b - Must c - Can
25) Felix, the Maths teacher ..................correcting the exams because he is not here. a - Must be b - Must has c - May have
26) Michael was dictating too fast, so I ...............copy what he said. a - Were able b - Couldn't c - Won't be able
27) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new computer, .............you? a - Would b - Wouldn't c - May
28) He ..............understand the problem if you explained it to him. a - Would b - Shall c - Will
29) What ....................happen if we didn't go to work? a - Will b - Would c - Must
30) The local Council ...........do something about those houses! a - Must to b - Have to c - Must
31) When you come again, you .........visit The Plaza Mayor and the museums. a – Has to b - May c - Should
32) Come on, boys. We .........win them this time. a - Must b - Have to c - Have
33) They didn't come to the meeting I suppose they ..........have gone to the beach. a - Must b - Has
262
c - May 34) I didn't go to the concert I.............have gone. a - Shall b - Should c - Must
35) This paella tastes very well. Lorenzo ...have made it. a - Must b - Had c - Has
36) I haven't seen María Luisa since Christmas. She.................be in New York. a - Must b - Can c - Shall
37) He........to find the restaurant after asking two or three times. a - Was able b - Couldn't c - Could
38) This book ..........at home. a - Must be read b - Have to be raed c - Has to bee read
39) It .......snow in "El Cid " but it is not very probable. a - May b - Might c - May be
40) It........rain tomorrow. a - May b - Must c - Can
41) We........some money to buy a new fridge. Can we borrow from you? a - Need b - Must c - May
42) You .......speak like this to your parents. a - Shalls b - Shouldn't c - Shall
43) I would........to have a better bike. a - Like b - To like c - Liking
44) Elda Shoes, .......I help you? a - Need b - Can
263
c - Must
45) I .....................buy the bread if you don't give me the money. a - Must b - Can't c - Can
46) You ........teach me how to prepare a paella. a - Ought b - Must c - Need
47) Your aunt is ill. We ........visit her. a - Can b - Should to c - Should
48) You ......go to bed. You look very tired. a - Should b - Should to c - Ought
49) We ought not to visit her. She........study. a - Has b - Must c - Have
50) “Thou........not kill” is one of the ten commandments that God gave us. a - Will b - Shall c - Shan't
51) ........we go to Panoramis? a - Able to b - Sahll c - Shall
52) I promise that you ........have a motorbike if you pass all your exams. a - Shall b - Would c - Wont
53) Students .........not use mobile phones during the lessons. a - Will b - Shall c - Wont
54) No smoking.........be allowed in all the premises. a - Will b - Shall c - Is
55) He ...........to have gone to Menorca instead of Ibiza. a - Ought b - Ouhgt c - Outhgt
264
56) You.........to visit your grandmother more often. a - Shall b - Should c - Ought
57) ........you like to come with us to the cinema? a - Will b - Shall c - Would
58) When my mother was young my grandmother ........look after her. a - Used b - Would c - To
59) You........treat everybody with respect. a - Has b - Should c - Will
60) If you.......see her tell her to phone me. a - Should b - Will c - Would
61) You ........visit the dentist twice a year. a - Would b - Should c - Shall
62) Why......you want to buy this? if it is of no use. a - Shall b - Will c - Should
63) The man with the moustache and the golden watch........be his father. a - Must b - Can c - Need
64) You ..................smoke in the classes, it is forbidden. a - Must not b - Must c - Can
65) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark. a - May b - Mays c - Mights
66) I .................................not go because I have not been invited. a - May b - Mei c - Can
265
Soluciones 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. C 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. C 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. A 41. A 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. B 46. B 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. B 51. C 52. A 53. B 54. B 55. A 56. C 57. C 58. B 59. B 60. A 61. B 62. C 63. A 64. A 65. A 66. A
266
TABLA RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS MODALES Can. Habilidades.
Petición de permiso. Imposibilidad.
I can swim. Can I come in? He can’t go now.
Could. Habilidad en el pasado. Posibilidad. Imposibilidad. Sugerencias.
He could read Russian. They could be in Tokyo. I couldn’t buy the car. You could try next year.
May. Posibilidad. Permiso. Prohibición
It may rain tomorrow. May I come in? You may not smoke here.
Might. Posibilidad remota. It might snow. Will. Predicciones.
Decisiones. They will come. I will buy a Harley.
Would. Peticiones formales. Acciones pasadas. Preferencias.
Would you marry me? I would play tennis when I was 10. I would rather go to the cinema.
Shall. Peticiones formales. Acciones futuras.
Shall I open the window? I shall visit her.
Should Ought to.
Consejos. You should buy her a diamond.
Must. Obligación. Prohibiciones.
I must study. You must not go with that boy.
Have to. Obligaciones impuestas. You have to drive on the right. Be able to. Habilidades. He is able to make a cake. Must, can’t have + PP.
Deducciones. They must have bought a new house. They can’t have come here this morning.
May, might Could, + Have + Participio Pasado.
Deducciones donde no tenemos mucha seguridad.
They may have gone. She could have seen her.
Need. Necesidad. You are going to need a lot of help.
Needn’t. Ausencia de necesidad. You needn’t come tomorrow.
QUESTION TAGS (COLETILLAS) • Son preguntas que sirven para confirmar una suposición. Tienen dos partes, si la
primera es afirmativa, la segunda será negativa. Si la primera es negativa, la segunda será afirmativa. Las frases con verbos auxiliares o defectivos forman la coletilla con el mismo verbo.
267
You are from Petrel, aren't you? Tú eres de Petrel, ¿no es cierto? You aren’t from Petrel, are you? Tú no eres de Petrel, ¿verdad? She isn’t from Sax, is she? Ella no es de Sax, ¿verdad? He has a Harley, hasn't he? El tiene una Harley, ¿no es cierto? You can swim, can't you? Tú sabes nadar, ¿verdad? She couldn't run fast, could she? Ella no podía correr deprisa, ¿no es cierto? • Con los demás verbos se usan las partículas do, does, en presente. You study every day, don't you? Tú estudias todos los días, ¿no? She plays golf, doesn't she? Ella juega al golf ¿verdad? You don't speak Chinese, do you? Tú no sabes hablar chino ¿verdad? She doesn't write very well, does she? Ella no escribe muy bien. ¿verdad? • En pasado se usa did . You went to Milan, didn't you? Fuiste a Milán, ¿no es verdad? She prepared a paella, didn't she? Ella hizo la paella, ¿verdad? • En futuro se usa will y won't. They will come tomorrow, won't they? Vendrán mañana, ¿no es cierto? They won't come tomorrow, will they? No vendrán mañana, ¿verdad?
268
• En condicional se usa would. They would buy it if they could, wouldn't they? Ellos lo comprarían si pudieran, ¿verdad? She wouldn't buy it, would she? Ella no lo compraría, ¿verdad?
269
SAY Y TELL • Tienen el mismo siginificado, decir y contar. To tell debe ir acompañado de un
complemento indirecto, mientras que to say tan solo necesita un complemento directo. I told her your story Le conté a ella tu historia. I told your story to her. Le conté tu historia a ella. I said that I was going to move to Sax. Dije que me iba a ir a vivir a Sax.
270
1) What did the teacher ........yesterday? a - Say b - Tell c - Said
2) What did your mother .......to you? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
3) Please ...............what happened? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
4) I wil l never....................a l ie. a - Say b - Tell c - Count
5) Will you please ................us all the truth? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
6) He didn't ...................anything. a - Say b - Tell c - Count
7) Yesterday Mr García .......it was going to rain. a - Say b - Said c - Tells
8) .........a joke. a - Say b - Tell c - Count
9) You've ........me that at least six times today. a - Tell b - Tollen c - Told
10) She is always asking you to .........her words in Italian. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
11) My mother wants to see Sarah.................to come her at once. a - Tell her b - Let her c - Let she
271
12) Did Pedro Civera ........anything about the exams? a - Tell b - Speak c - Say
13) ........me what happened yesterday. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
14) Don't..........you don't like good wine. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
15) I........my mother I wanted to be an artist. a - Said b - Told c - Spoke
16) What did she........? a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
17) He.........that he wants to go to Alicante. a - Tells b - Says c - Speaks
18) Don't ........it to your friends. a - Say b - Tell c - Speak
19) I.........my daughter a story every night. a - Speak b - Say c - Tell
20) She never..........lies. a - Says b - Tells c - Speaks
21) We always...............the truth. a - Tell b - Speak c - Say
22) I ...............them I was going to Australia. a - Told b - Tell c – Said
272
23) He........his wife he had had an affair with her best friend. a - Said b - Told c - Spoke
24) .......me the truth please. a - Say b - Speak c - Tell
25) They.......................that it was very cold in Disneyland Paris. a - Said b - Sayd c - Told
26) He ...........to the waiter that the wine was not very good. a - Told b - Said c - Sayd
27) He......so. a - Said b - Say c - Told
28) She always......us the story of her childhood in Salinas. a - Tell b - Tells c - Says
29) It is not easy to.........how it all began. a - Say b - Count c - Speak
30) He ...........the secretary to send the faxes. a - Told b - Said c - Order
31) My mother ....... "Let's visit the cousins " a - Said b - Told c - Sayd
32) I know two twin sisters in the Plaza Mayor who are very difficult to...................one from the other. a - Tell b - Say c - Mutter
33) Life is not easy. You can never..........what is going to happen. a - Say b - Tell c - Knows
273
34) When I went to England, a friend .....................me my fortune. a - Said b - Told c - Explaind
35) "It has been the best day of my life "......my sister. a - Told b - Said c - Gueses
36) The teacher......to the class that they should work more. a - Said b - Told c - Manded
37) It goes without........ a - Telling b - Saying c - Explainig
274
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. A 31. A 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. B 36. A 37. B
275
MAKE Y DO • Estos dos verbos comparten el significado de hacer y para cuyo uso no existen reglas
aunque to make tiene el matiz de fabricar, construir y to do se emplea con un sentido más general. Por lo tanto se deben aprender ciertas expresiones.
MAKE
DO
Everybody makes mistakes. Todo el mundo comete errores.
I always do the ironing. Siempre plancho.
He is always making friends. Siempre está haciendo amigos.
How do you do? ¿Cómo estás?
He makes a lot of noise. Hace mucho ruido.
I do the cooking. Cocino.
I´m going to make you my last offer. Te voy a hacer mi última oferta.
We do business with Japan. Hacemos negocios con Japón.
I make many telephone calls. Yo hago muchas llamadas.
His son is doing badly at university. A su hijo le va mal en la universidad.
I make the beds in the morning. Hago las camas por la mañana.
He does well in his job. Lo hace bien en su trabajo.
Make me a promise. Prométemelo.
I do the dusting on Tuesday. Quito el polvo los martes.
She is making coffee. Está preparando café
My sister does the washing up. Mi hermana lava los platos.
She made a fortune in Cuba. Hizo una fortuna en Cuba.
She did her hair yesterday. Se arregló el pelo ayer.
These shoes are made in Elda. Estos zapatos están hechos en Elda.
She does the housework. Ella hace las tareas del hogar.
They have made a lot of money. Han hecho mucho dinero.
We do the shopping on Saturday. Hacemos la compra el sábado.
They made a good choice. Hicieron una buena elección.
They did me a favour. Me hicieron un favor.
They made fun of the new pupil. Se rieron del nuevo alumno.
This will do you good. Esto te sentará bien.
276
They made us wait. Nos hicieron esperar.
This pill won’t do you any harm. Esta pastilla no te hará mal.
We made a complaint yesterday. Nos quejamos ayer.
I will do the cleaning. Haré la limpieza.
We made sure everything was OK. Nos aseguramos de que todo estaba bien.
Everyday I do the washing. Cada día hago la colada.
You have to make a decision. Tienes que decidirte.
Englishmen do the gardening on Sunday Los ingleses arreglan el jardín los domingos.
You will have to make an effort. Tendrás que hacer un esfuerzo.
He doesn’t do any exercise. No hace nada de ejercicio.
Make arrangements, we are going to Paris. Haz los preparativos, nos vamos a Paris.
She is doing up the house. Está decorando la casa.
The Mayor made a good speech. El alcalde hizo un buen discurso.
Make up your mind and buy the house. Decídete y cómprate el piso.
They made love. Hicieron el amor.
They made war. Hicieron la guerra.
277
1) What is she.....................in summer? a - Making b - Does c - Doing
2) Is there anyhing to.....................here in this city? a - Do b - Make c - Making
3) I hate ........................the housework. a - Doing b - Making c - Do
4) I am .........................my exercises now. a - Doing b - Making c - Does
5) I always.....................my bed. a - Make b - Do c - Doing
6) They were....................a fire yesterday. a – Made b - Making c - Doing
7) If you want to................progress you have to study a lot. a - Made b - Make c - Do
8) The first thing that you must.....................is your homework. a - Do b - Make c - Does
9) I never..................coffee. a - Do b - Make c - Does
10) I prefer...................the shopping. a - Doing b - Making c - Diding
11) Elena always.....................the ironing. a - Does b - Makes c - To make
12) You have to......................room for another desk.
278
a - Do b - Make c - Does
13) They always...................so much noise!!! a - Make b - Do c - Does
14) He ............a very good speech in Novelda about Gaudí. a - Made b - Did c - Do
15) Why don't we.....................a cake? a - Do b - Make c - Does
16) They..................friends very soon. a - Do b - Make c - Does
17) Hippies said. "...............love not war " a - Do b - Make c - Does
18) I was................the washing up when my boss phoned me. a - Doing b - Making c - Diding
19) It will ............you good to go to the beach. a - Do b - Make c - Does
20) You must .........it for us. a - Make b - Makes c - Made
21) I 'm ..............the Christmas cake. a - Making b - Doing c - Madeing
22) .................sure you have everything you need. a - Is b - Make c - Do
279
23) All right, but .........sure you put plenty of suncream on or you will get burnt. a - Do b - Are c - Make
24) I 'm going to ....................coffee. a - Made b - Do c - Make
25) You should ......an effort now. a - Make b - Do c - Made
26) People ...........a lot of money selling shoes to The USA in the 60s. a - Made b - Make c - Did
27) ......sure everything is in order. a - Make b - Do c - Is
28) I have................the decision of going back to teaching again. a - Do b - Done c - Made
29) She is always........................friends. a - Doing b - Made c - Making
30) My daughters..................so much noise! a - Do b - Make c - Making
31) I............some cakes for my guests. a - Did b - Made c - Maded
32) What are you..................? -Just reading the paper. a - Making b - Doing c - Make
33) The doctor always .................wait a lot. a - Does b – Makes c - Making
280
Soluciones 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. A 21. A 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. C 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. B
281
EXCLAMACIONES • Las oraciones exclamativas pueden tener alguna de las siguientes estructuras. What a. Se usa con sustantivos.
What a yacht. Qué yate.
También con adjetivos What a pretty girl. Qué chica tan guapa.
What. Se usa con plurales e incontables.
What pretty girls. Qué chicas tan guapas. What horribe films. Qué películas más malas. What weather. Qué tiempo.
How. Se usa con adjetivos y adverbios.
How beautiful. Qué guapa. How fast. Qué rápido.
Oraciones interrogativas negativas. Isn’t he the perfect football player? ¿No es él el perfecto jugador de fútbol?
282
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES • Describen situaciones hipotéticas. Podemos distinguir básicamente tres tipos de
oraciones condicionales: el primer tipo plantea situciones reales. El segundo, indica hipótesis, deseos difíciles de conseguir pero posibles. El tercer tipo, hace referencia a situaciones e hipótesis irreales e imposibles en el pasado, imposibles de conseguir.
PRIMER TIPO
SEGUNDO TIPO TERCER TIPO
Acciones probables que se refieren al presente o al futuro.
Acciones improbables y situaciones hipotéticas.
Acciones imposibles.
Si llueve me mojo. Si lloviera me mojaría. Si hubiera llovido me habría mojado.
• No importa qué oración se pone primero, pero sí la condición es la primera se
deben separar entre comas. If you play tennis, buy good tennis shoes. Si juegas al tenis, cómprate una buenas zapatillas. Primer tipo: If + presente + presente. También podemos tener: If + presente + futuro.
If I eat chocolate, I get fat. Si como chocolate engordo. If I eat chocolate, I will get fat. Si como chocolate engordaré.
Segundo tipo: If + pasado simple + conditional simple.
If I ate chocolate, I would get fat. Si comiera chocolate engordaría.
Tercer tipo: If + pasado perfecto + condicional perfecto.
If I had eaten chocolate, I would have get fat. Si hubiera comido chocolate habría engordado.
• En el primer tipo se trata de una referencia al futuro donde cualquiera de las dos
acciones puede ir en primer lugar. Indica verdades universales y consecuciones lógicas de acontecimietos. Son acciones que pueden ocurrir.
If he doesn’t pay, he’ll have to face the music. Si no paga, tendrá que afrontar las consecuencias.
283
Existen otras posibles combinaciones: If + presente + modal. If I finish early I can go.
Si acabo pronto podré ir.
should + imperativo. Should you see her give her my regards. Si la ves, dale recuerdos.
Imperativo + conjunction + clause Stop shouting or I will get angry. Para de gritar o me enfadaré.
Unless se suele emplear en lugar de if not. We won’t go out unless you pay. No nos iremos a menos de que pagues.
Con imperativo. If you are hungry, eat something ! Si tienes hambre, come. Travel the world if you want to be wise. Si quieres ser sabio, viaja.
• Cualquiera de las dos oraciones puede ir colocada en primer lugar, pero si la
subordinada que empieza con if va la primera, debe ir seguida de coma. Las oraciones del segundo tipo expresan acciones que pueden ocurrir. Expresan deseos y anhelos. If el Fari came here, I would ask for an autograph. Si el Fari viniera le pediría un autográfo. • También se usan para dar consejos. If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with him. Yo de tí no iría con él. • Were se puede usar en lugar de was. No hay diferencia en el significado, pero were
es más formal, y se usa para posibilidades remotas: If I were rich, I would not buy a yacht. Si fuera rico no me compraría un yate. • También expresan esperanzas y deseos. If I could, I would go to Mexico. Si pudiera, iría a Méjico.
284
• Este tipo suele referirse al presente. • Could y might se pueden usar en lugar de would. • Las oraciones del tercer tipo hacen referencia a acciones imposibles de realizar, pues
son hipótesis en el pasado, lamentos, etc. If I had met her, I would have told you. Si la hubiera visto, te lo habría dicho.
OTRAS FORMAS DE CONDICIONALES: Suppose. Suppose you are rich, would you live
in a big house? Suponiendo que fueras rico, ¿Vivirías en una casa grande? Suppose he comes, would you visit him? Supón que viene, ¿le visitarías?
Supposing. Supposing you find a wallet with money, what will you do? Suponiendo que encuentras una cartera con dinero, ¿Qué harías?
As long as. You could go as long as you pay your part. Podrás ir mientras pagues tu parte.
On the condition that. On the condition that you pay you can be with us. Con la condición de que pagues puedes estar con nosotros.
Provided. Provided you want it I will give it to you. Si lo quieres te lo daré.
285
1) If you eat all these cakes you...............................................i l l. a - Are b - Will be c - Is
2) If I want to go with you I ...............................................you tonight. a - Would telephone b - Will telephone c - Had telephoned
3) If you had read Mortadelo you.........a good time. a - Would have had b - Will have had c - Will had have
4) If you clean my bike I .............................you to go to the cinema. a - Invites b - Invite c - Invited
5) I .........................you my car if you pay the petrol. a - Would lend b - Will lending c - Lend
6) If you say that again she...........................................crossed with you. a - Is b - Will be c - Would be
7) Unless you study everyday you ....................................able to pass the exam. a - Would not be b - Will not be c - Shall be not
8) If you put ice in the sun it..............................................to water. a - Turn b - Turns c - Turning
9) If the house...........................................on fire call the firemen. a - Go b - Going c - Goes
10) If you...........................................this one I ' l l bring you another. a - Doesn't like b - Didn't like c - Don't like
11) British people .....................................to Alicante because of the climate. a - Come b - Comes
286
c – Coming 12) If I had money I.........................................a new computer and a Harley. a - Will buy b - Would buy c - Would bought
13) If he ...............................................eating chocolates he will get fat. a - Don't stop b - Doesn't stop c - Didn't stop
14) If I ................................................studied I would get a better job. a - Has b - Have c - Had
15) If it ............more we could grow more trees. a - Rain b - Rained c - Raining
16) If I had known that you wanted to eat out I ......to book a table in a restaurant. a - Will has telephoned b - Would have telephoned c - Will have telephone
17) I.............................you something if I had known that you wanted a drink. a - Would have brought b - Had brought c - Will bring
18) If I had known that you had a new house I..............................to visit you. a - Will have gone b - Would have gone c - Would have went
19) If the boss had been a good one, this shop................................. a - Wouldn't have closed b - Would has closed c - Will have close
20) If you had studied more you.......................................your degree last year. a - Would have got b - Would has got c - Will had got
21) If you...........................here this morning you would have seen my new car.
287
a - Had been b - Had being c - Had be
22) If I had bought lottery yesterday, today I..............................................r ich. a - Would have being b - Will have been c - Would have been
23) If they had offered him to be the President of the club he...................... . . . . . . . . . a - Would have accepted b - Will have accepted c - Had accepted
24) If I had known that they were in Elda l...............them to have lunch in La Sirena. a - Willl have invited b - Would have invited c - Had invited
25) If I had known that Penelope Cruz was invited to this party I ..........................earl ier. a - Would have come b – Have tohave came c - Will had come
26) If I had know that Benidorm had so many discoes I....................... a - Would has gone b - Would have went c - Would have gone
27) If you ........the bean, it means you are going to pay "the roscón ". a - Find b - Found c - Had found
28) Well, you have to study a lot, if you ...........to get into a good university. a - Want b - Wanted c - Wants
29) Don't ring ...........................there is anything you need. a - Unless b - Or c - Both
30) If I could, I ......................go to Continente with you, darling. a - Went b - Must c - Would
31) What ....................if you won the lottery?
288
a - You do b - Would you do c - Had you done
32) If I were you, I .............work in that bank anymore. a - Would b - Wouldn't c - Can 33) If I were you I ........buy the house today. a - Will b - Would c - Must
34) If you study, you...............pass all the subjects with flying colours. a - Will b - Can c - Would
35) If you ...............worried, tell your mother about it. a - Were b - Are c - Had been
36) If you................earlier tonight, we could go to the cinema. a - Come b - Came c - Comes
37) If I ............too much chocolate I get fat. a - Eat b - Ate c - Would eat
38) ......he rich he would buy a Mercedes. a - Was b - Were c - Is
39) ......you tell me the truth you will be punished. a - As long as b - Unless c - In order to
40) I paid a lot of money......that you repaired my car. a - On condition that b - With the condition that c - At the condition of
41) ......you pay there is no problem. a - As long as b - So long c - With as
42) .........Antonio had won the elections what would have happened?
289
a - Suppose b - Supponing c - Supposing
43) ........that Pepe were rich he would not be here. a - Provides b - Provided c - Providind 44) ..........Manolo the Mayor, nothing of this kind would happen. a - Is b - Are c - Were Soluciones 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. A 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. B 32. B 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. A 38. B 39. B 40. A 41. A 42. C 43. B 44. C
290
LA VOZ PASIVA • Se usa para resaltar más la acción que el sujeto. Puede que desconozcamos al autor
de la acción o que no nos interese. • La voz pasiva en inglés se usa mucho más que en castellano. Se forma con el
auxiliar to be en el mismo timepo que el verbo de la forma activa y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga.
• En la transformación a pasiva se produce un cambio de sujeto, que lógicamente,
debemos hacer concordar con el verbo.
ACTIVA PASIVA Presente Simple
I eat bread with olive oil.
Bread with olive oil is eaten. El pan con aceite es comido.
Pasado Simple
I ate bread with olive oil.
Bread with olive oil was eaten. El pan con aceite fue comido.
Futuro Simple
I will buy a car.
A car will be bought. Un coche será comprado.
Condicional Simple
I would eat a sandwich.
A sandwich would be eaten. Un bocadillo será comido.
Presente Perfecto
I have made a photograph.
A photograph has been made. Una fotografía ha sido hecha.
Pasado Perfecto
I had found a wallet.
A wallet had been found. Se había encontrado una cartera.
291
Futuro Perfecto
I will have seen the sea.
The sea will have been seen. El mar habrá sido visto.
Condicional Perfecto
I would have bought a Cadillac.
A Cadillac would have been bought. Un Cadillac habrá sido comprado.
• Usamos la preposición by para indicar el complemento agente It was done by my mother. Fue hecho por mi madre. • Los siguientes verbos llevan complemento directo e indirecto. Con estos verbos se
puede usar el complemento indirecto como sujeto al transformar las oraciones a pasiva. Esto no ocurre en español.
Give. Dar.
Lend. Prestar.
Offer. Ofrecer.
Pay. Pagar.
Promise. Prometer.
Refuse. Negarse a.
Send. Enviar.
Show. Mostrar.
I gave Mary a kiss. Mary was given a kiss.
Le dieron un beso a María.
I showed my friend my house.
My friend was shown my house. A mi amiga le fue enseñada la casa.
• Si el complemento es un pronombre complemento. Him, them, her, etc., en la
oración pasiva, éste complemento pasará a la forma de sujeto. He gave her a rose. She was given a rose.
Se le dio una rosa.
• También se suelen usar los siguientes verbos en estructuras pasivas: To know. Saber.
To believe. Creer.
To think. Pensar.
To consider. Considerar.
To say. Decir.
292
It is said that he is going to be promoted. Se dice que le van a ascender. 1) The book ..........by Emilio Maestre. a - Was write b - Was written c - Was to written
2) Those pictures .....................by my mother. a - Were taken b - Took c - Tooks
3) The streets ...........decorated. a - Are b - Is c - Will
4) Shoes are traditionally .............with leather. a - Made b - Makes c - Mades
5) Ham in Spain is .......as a starter. a - Eat b - Eaten c - Ate
6) I was........a very nice present in my last birthday. a - Gave b - Given c - To give
7) The boy is .........Pepet and his sister María. a - Calles b - Called c - Calling
8) "The Roscón " has things ..........in it. a - Hide b - Hid c - Hidden
9) It 's very difficult to get ...............in a school like that. a - Accept b - Accepted c - Accpeting
10) When we stay up late studying we phone and have one pizza .......... a - Delivered b - Deliveres c - Delivering
11) My brother- in-law Jesus wrote this article. It ...................by him. a - Is witten
293
b - Was wrlte c - Was written 12) Plaza Mayor .......in 1996. a - Was built b - Will be built c - Built
13) Barcelona scored seven goals yesterday. All ........by Ronaldo. a - Were scored b - Scored c - Will be scored
14) She's .........to watch TV on Friday. a - Allowed b - Alloweed c - Alowed
15) All the shoes were........during the shoe fair in Milan. a - Sell b - Sold c - Selling
16) Many boxes are..........due to bad handling. a - Damaged b - Damage c - Damaging
17) People from Elda are........to be very hardworking. a - Say b - Says c - Said
18) The best shoes are......here in Elda. a - Make b - Making c - Made
19) The fire was......by an electrical fault. a - Causing b - Causes c - Caused
20) The leathers were.........from Italy as usual. a - Import b - Importted c - Imported
21) Hotels for the shoe fairs must be......well in advance. a - Book b - Booked c - Boked
22) Someone has......................the book from the library. a - Steal
294
b - Stole c - Stolen
295
Soluciones 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. C 21. B 22. C
296
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO • Para contar lo que dijo alguien, podemos hacerlo de dos maneras, repitiendo las
palabras exactas, o usando el estilo indirecto. • Como se utiliza para contar lo que sucedió, los verbos suelen ir en pasado. • En estilo indirecto la frase suele empezar con un verbo como: Say. Decir
Tell. Contar.
Ask. Preguntar.
Inquire. Solicitar.
Think. Pensar.
Explain. Explicar.
Complain. Quejarse.
Warn. Advertir.
Point out. Señalar.
Remark. Remarcar.
Declare. Declarar.
State. Afirmar.
Announce. Anunciar.
Protest. Protestar.
Claim. Reclamar.
• El tiempo de lo narrado da un salto hacia atrás y las preguntas dejan de serlo.
También debemos de tener en cuenta una serie de cambios: en expresiones temporales, en los tiempos verbales y en los pronombres.
Presente Simple.
Pasado Simple.
I l ive in Elda.
He said he lived in Elda.
Presente Continuo.
Pasado Continuo.
I am reading a book.
He said he was reading a book.
Presente Perfecto Simple.
Pasado Perfecto Simple.
I have bought a car.
He said he had bought a car.
Presente Perfecto Continuo.
Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
I have been working with him.
He said he had been working with him.
Pasado Simple.
Pasado Perfecto.
I went to London.
He said he had gone to London.
Pasado Continuo.
Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
297
I was writing a letter.
He said he had been writing a letter.
Pasado Perfecto.
Pasado Perfecto.
I had been there.
He said he had been there.
Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
I had been waiting for you.
He said he had been waiting for him.
Futuro Simple.
Condicional Simple.
I will live in Alicante.
He said he would live in Alicante.
Futuro Continuo.
Condicional Continuo.
I will be singing in a karaoke.
He said he would be singing in a karaoke.
Can.
Could.
I can swim.
He said he could swim.
Shall.
Should.
I shall do it.
He said he should do it.
May.
Might.
It may rain today.
He said it might rain that day.
Must. Have To.
Had To.
I must study.
He said he had to study.
Now.
Then.
I am happy now.
He said he was happy then.
Today.
That day.
I am sad today.
He said he was sad that day.
Yesterday.
The day before, The previous day.
298
Yesterday I went to Madrid. He said he had gone to Madrid the previous day.
Tomorrow. The next day. The following day. The day after.
I will go to Valencia tomorrow.
He said he would go to Valencia the day after.
Next week.
The following week.
Next week I will be in Milan. He said he would be in Milan the following week.
Last week.
The previous week.
I cooked paella last week. He said he had cooked paella the previous week.
A Week Ago.
The Week Before.
A week ago I played tennis in Almeria.
He said he had played tennis in Almería the week before.
This.
That.
I am going to buy this.
He said he was going to buy that.
These.
Those.
These are my friends.
He said that those were his friends.
Here.
There.
I live here.
He said he lived there.
Now.
Then.
Now I want a coffee.
He said that then he wanted a coffee.
• Las ordenes tambien sufren modificaciones: Debemos cambiar el imperativo por
infinitivo Go out.
He told us to go out. Nos dijo que nos fueramos.
299
Drink the mik.
He ordered me to drink the milk. Me ordenó que me bebiera la leche.
Go out. He invited me to go out. Me invitó a que saliera.
• Las órdenes negativas generalmente se expresan con not + infinitive. Don’t smoke in the corridor.
He ordered us not to smoke in the corridor. Nos ordenó que no fumaramos en el pasillo.
• Las sugerencias con let’s se intoducen con el verbo suggest que puede tener dos
construcciones. Seguido de gerundio o con una oración subordinada introducida por that.
Let’s take a taxi.
He suggested taking a taxi. Él sugirió coger un taxi. He suggested that we should take a taxi. Sugirió que deberíamos coger un taxi.
• En las preguntas, además de cambiar los tiempos se omite el signo de interrogación
y se usa el orden de la afirmativa. What does she do?
He asked what she did. El preguntó qué hacía.
When did you go to Petrel?
He asked me when I had gone to Petrel. Me preguntó cuándo había ido yo a Petrel.
• Cuando en el estilo directo se hagan preguntas, en el indirecto debemos utilizar
inquire, wonder, want to know, etc. Where's Mary?
He asked where Mary was. Me preguntó dónde estaba María.
How can I go to Elche?
He asked me how he could go to Elche? Me preguntó cómo podría ir a Elche.
300
Why do you smoke?
He wanted to know why I smoked. El quería saber por qué fumaba yo.
• Cuando no empleemos un pronombre interrogativo usaremos i f o whether. Is anyone interested in coming? ¿Está alguien interesado en venir? He asked whether anyone was interested in going. El preguntó si alguien estaba interesado en ir.
301
EL GERUNDIO • En inglés se puede usar como Sujeto de una oración. Swimming is very good.
La natación es muy buena.
Complemento directo.
I like reading the paper. Me gusta leer el periódico.
Con ciertos verbos. I avoid going out at night alone. Evito salir solo por la noche. I keep on dancing on Saturday. Sigo bailando el sábado.
En prohibiciones. No cycling. Prohibido ir en bicicleta.
Detrás de las preposiciones. I gave up smoking in 1998. Dejé de fumar en 1998.
Detrás de after, before, since, when, while. Before eating I have a coke. Antes de comer tomo una coca-cola. After eating I sleep siesta. Después de comer duermo la siesta.
302
1) There's sure ................a long line for the concert. a - To be b - To have c - There is
2) Wasn't it worth .................all those cars? a - Washing b - Wash c - Washed
3) ...............in a pub or a pizzeria is good for me. a - Work b - Working c - Works
4) It was difficult at first..........to live alone in England. a - Have b - Has c - Having
5) I don't mind ............the same clothes everyday. a - Wearing b - Wear c - Weared
6) I hate going ............on Saturday. a - Shops b - Shopping c - Shopper
7) I will get ............to living in Alicante very soon. a - Use b - Used c - Uses
8) I just love ..............all the people and listening to the music. a - Watching b - Watch c - Watched
9) I will not get ...........to living in England in winter. a - Use b - Using c - Used
10) Imagine .........to work in the Sahara. a - Have b - Having c - Has
11) I 've got ...........to it. a - Used b - Use c - Using
303
12) I am going to get ............to getting up early willy nilly. a - Used b - Use c - Using
13) I like........in the kitchen. a - Help b - Helping c - To helping
14) My wife has never liked .........to the opera. a - Gone b - Going c - Went
15) I l ike........ a - Read b - To read c - Reading
16) She hates....... a - Wash b - Washing c - Washed
17) I prefer...... a - Swimming b - Swim c - Going swim
18) I went to England.............English. a - To learn b - Learn c - Learning
19) My sister wants......a cottage. a - To buy b - Buy c - Buying
20) They have nowhere........ a - To go b - Go c - Going
21) My sister is not easy ....... a - Convincing b - To convince c - Convince
22) May I....... a - To go b - Go c - Went
23) Does she ......chocolate?
304
a - To like b - Likeing c - Like
24) Do........home now it 's very late! a - Go b - To go c - Goed
25) Paco Claros ........me laugh. a - Makes b - To make c - To made
26) We'd rather.........home. a - To stay b - Stay c - Staying
27) Why .......him about the accident? a - To tell b - Tell c - Telling
28) My keys are ........found. a - Be b - To be c - Beeing
29) There are many letters........written. a - Be b - To be c - Being
30) I went to the disco....... a - To dance b - Dance c - Dancing
31) My family couldn't...................to buy a car. a - Afford b - To afford c - Affording
32) I ...............................to buy the house for a cuarteli l lo. a - Agree b - To agree c - Agreeing 33) You ..................to go tomorrow to the meeting. a - Are b - Be c – Was 34) I have decided .................a new bike. a - Buying
305
b - Buy c - To buy
35) They deserve.......................treated better. a - Be b - To be c - Being
36) My brother happened .......................Paloma in the cinema. a - Meet b - To meet c - Meeting
37) I have planned....................on holidays to Menorca In spring. a - Go b - To go c - Going
38) She pretended not ........................them in the street. a - To see b - See c - Seeing
39) I refused.............the bill because it was very expensive. a - Paying b - Pay c - To pay
40) In court you must ........................the truth. a - Swear b - Swearing c - To swear
41) Please remind me...................the new customers. a - Call b - Calling c - To call
42) You had better...........................the car now. Next year the prices will go up. a - To buy b - Buy c - Buying
43) She can ............better than last year. a - Swim b - To swim c - Swimming
44) He must......................hard if he wants o pass the exams. a - To study b - Study c - Studying
45) She would rather........................the night in Alicante than in London. a - Spent
306
b - Spend c - Soending
46) Yo must avoid........................to him. a - Speaking b - To speak c - Speak
47) He admitted.......................the jewels. a - Stealing b - Steal c - To steal
48) We can't help.....................chocolate after lunch. a - Eat b - To eat c - Eating
49) My sister hates..........................to the beach. a - To go b - Go c - Going
50) I finished................the novel last summer. a - Writing b - To write c - Write
51) I don't mind..........................to wait. a - To have b - Having c - Have
52) She misses..........................to the mountains now that she is 89. a - Go b - Goes c - Going
53) I suggest.............................to a good restaurant. a - To go b - Going c - Go
54) I am used to............................at night. a - Drive b - Driving c - To drive
55) They boast of.............................the best beaches in the province. a - Have b - To have c - Having
56) It consists of.............................many problems. a - Solve b - Solving
307
c - To solve
57) She dreams of.................................an actress. a - Becoming b - Become c - To become
58) I gave up......................last year. a - Smoking b - To smoke c - Smoke
59) They ended by...........that the goal was scored when the match had finished. a - Say b - Saying c - To say
60) We are looking forward to........................to Madrid. a - Going b - To go c - Go
61) Refrain from........................... a - Smoke b - Smoking c - To smoke
62) We are thinking of...........................a bigger flat. a - Buy b - To buy c - Buying
63) I will never forget........................ in London. a - Walk b - Walking c - To walk
308
Soluciones 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. A 21. B 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. B 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. A 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. C 41. C 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. B 46. A 47. A 48. C 49. C 50. A 51. B 52. C 53. B 54. B 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. A 59. B 60. A 61. B 62. C 63. B
309
EL INFINITIVO • Se emplea Detrás de algunos verbos: afford (permitirse), agree (estar de acuerdo), learn (aprender), want (querer), wish (desear), prepare (preparar).
I learnt to drive in 1977. Aprendí a conducir en 1977.
Detrás de adjetivos como: sad, ready, easy.
It is difficult to translate Latin. Es difícill traducir Latín. It is sad to say Es triste decirlo. It is easy to memorize. Es fácil de memorizar.
Detrás de “enough”. He has enough to live on his own. Tiene suficiente para vivir por su cuenta.
Con: order, invite, tell, etc They invited me to parade inVillena. Me invitaron a desfilar en Villena.
Con los verbos modales. I can swim. Sé nadar. I must go. Debo ir.
Como sujeto. To walk is good. Andar es bueno.
VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO • Algunos verbos siempre van en gerundio y otros siempre van en infinitivo. Otros
como: advise (aconsejar), allow (permitir), permit (permitir), begin (empezar), continue (continuar), intend (tener la intención de), love (amar), prefer (preferir), hate (odiar) etc, pueden ir seguidos de gerundio o de infinitivo sin cambiar el significado.
I started smoking at 17. Empecé a fumar a los 17.
310
I started to smoke at 17. Empecé a fumar a los 17. • Otros, como: stop (parar), remember (recordar), forget (olvidar), regret
(lamentar), pueden ir seguidos tanto por un gerundio como por un infinitivo, pero con sentidos diferentes.
Stop. I stopped to smoke.
Paré para fumar. I stopped smoking. Dejé de fumar.
Forget. I forgot to post the letter. Olvidé echar la carta. I will never forget visiting my uncle. Nunca olvidaré visitar a mi tío.
Regret. I regret doing this. Lamento hacer esto. I regret to tell you this. Lamento tener que decirte esto.
Remember. I remember swimming in the lake. Recuerdo cuando nadaba en el lago. Remember to buy bread. No te olvides de comprar el pan.
Try. I tried to buy it. Intenté comprarlo. I tried working as a lawyer but I didn’t like it. Intenté trabajar de abogado pero no me gustaba.
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR INFINITIVO Afford. Permitirse.
Arrange. Preparar.
Care. Cuidar.
Decide. Decidir.
Forget. Olvidar.
Agree. Ask. Claim. Deserve. Hope.
311
Estar de acuerdo.
Pedir.
Reclamar. Merecer. Desear.
Appear. Aparecer.
Beg. Suplicar.
Consent. Consentir.
Expect. Esperar.
Manage. Arreglarselas.
Mean. Querer decir.
Offer. Ofrecer.
Pretend. Fingir.
Refuse. Negar.
Remember. Recordar.
Need. Necesitar
Stop. Parar.
Swear. Jurar.
Wait. Esperar.
Want. Querer.
Seem. Parecer.
Wish. Desear.
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR GERUNDIO Admit. Admitir.
Avoid. Evitar.
Dislike. Disgustar.
Enjoy. Disfrutar.
Finish. Acabar.
Advise. Aconsejar.
Complete. Completar.
Forget. Olvidar.
Miss. Echar de menos.
Quit. Abandonar.
Anticipate. Anticiparse.
Delay. Retrasar.
Regret. Lamentar.
Resist. Resistir.
Understand. Comprender.
312
ESTRUCTURAS DE INTERES
WHAT IS LIKE? • Se utiliza para recabar información sobre el aspecto físico de alguien pues para
saber cómo es alguien de carácter usamos how. What is your girlfriend like? ¿Cómo es físicamente tu chica? She is very pretty. Ella es muy guapa. How is she? ¿Cómo está ella? Very well, thank you. Muy bien gracias. • Las siguientes estructuras nos serán de utilidad a la hora de formular deseos, quejas
etc. Wish. Expresa deseos, para su traducción se debe usar el subjuntivo.
I wish I had lived in America. Ojalá hubiera vivido en América. I wish you would be rich. Ojalá fueras rico. I wish you were quiet. Ojalá te estuvieras quieto.
Would like. I would like to go to Paris. Me gustaría ir a Paris. I would like you to come with me. Me gustaría que vinieras conmigo. I would like a sandwich. Me gustaría comerme un bocadillo.
Would prefer. I’d prefer a coffee. Preferiría un café. I would prefer to go with you. Preferiría ir contigo.
313
Prefer. I prefer tea to coffee. Prefiero el té al café. I prefer swimming to running. Prefiero nadar a correr. I prefer to stay at home. Prefiero quedarme en casa.
If only.
If only she would stop complaining. Con tan sólo que dejara de quejarse. If only he would do what he has to do. Con tan sólo que hiciera lo que tiene que hacer.
Would rather. I’d rather not go. Preferiría no ir. I’d rather not go now. Preferiría no ir ahora.
Had better. I had better go to have a drink. Preferiría ir a tomar una copa.
It 's time.
It 's time to eat. Es hora de comer. It 's time for us to eat. Es hora de que comamos. It 's time we ate. Es hora de que comamos.
It 's about time. It’s about time he came. Ya es hora de que venga.
Used to. He used to drink quite a lot. Él solía beber mucho. I used to wear glasses, but now I use contact lenses. Yo solía llevar gafas pero ahora uso lentillas.
To be used to. I am used to reading the paper. Estoy acostumbrado a leer el periódico.
314
Enough. I have enough money. Tengo suficiente dinero. I am rich enough. Soy lo suficientemente rico.
Too. She is too old to climb the mountain. Es demasido vieja para subir las montañas.
Fairly. He speaks English fairly well. Él habla inglés bastante bien.
Quite. He speaks English quite well. Él habla inglés muy bien.
Rather. He speaks English rather well. Él habla inglés muy bien.
Pretty. He speaks English pretty well. Él habla inglés muy bien.
315
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE • Esta estructutura se usa para indicar que el que realiza la acción no es el sujeto sino
otra persona. Se usan los verbos causativos have y get. Indica acciones como cortarse el pelo, hacerse un empaste donde lógicamente el sujeto no se hace un empaste ni se corta el pelo, sino que contrata un servicio.
I have my hair cut every month. Me corto el pelo cada mes. I have my car repaired when it breaks down. Me reparan el coche cuando se estropea. • Esta estructura se puede usar en todos los tiempos. • En la interrogrativa y negativa utilizan los auxiliares, do, does, did. Did you have your tooth fill? ¿Te hicieron un empaste? Do you have your carpets cleaned every year? ¿Te limpian las alfombras cada año?
316
VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN • Muchos verbos ingleses van acompañados de preposiciones o adverbios. Si
observamos por ejemplo el verbo look y sus posibles combinaciones nos daremos cuenta de que en muchos casos nos sería difícil averiguar el significado.
I 'm looking for a new job. Estoy buscando empleo. I am going to look up a word in the dictionary. Voy a buscar una palabra en el diccionario. We are looking forward to the festivities. Estamos esperando con deseo que lleguen las fiestas. • Los verbos con preposición se pueden dividir en: separables e inseparables. Serán
separables si podemos colocar los complementos entre el verbo y la preposición. I am going to put my coat on. Me voy a poner la chaqueta. I am going to put on my coat. Me voy a poner la chaqueta. • Algunos ejemplos con el verbo to come. Come across. Come along. Come off. Come out.
Encontrarse. Venir. Desprenderse.
Publicar.
• Algunos ejemplos con to get. Get on.
Get up. Get over. Get into. Get at.
Llevarse bien. Levantarse. Recuperarse. Entrar. Llegar.
Look up. Look after.
Look forward to.
Look for. Look into.
Mirar el significado de una palabra en el diccionario.
Cuidar. Esperar con deseo.
Buscar. Investigar.
317
VERBOS Y ADJETIVOS CON PREPOSICIONES • Muchos verbos y adjetivos van siempre seguidos por una preposición: About. He is always dreaming about being
rich. Siempre sueña con ser rico. He is worried about the future. Está preocupado por el futuro.
After. He is always looking after his daughter. Siempre cuida a su hija.
At. He is good at Maths. Es bueno en matemáticas. He is bad at History. Es malo en historia. Look at me please. Mírame por favor. Don’t shout at me. No me chilles.
For. I am ready for the party. Estoy listo para la fiesta. He is responsible for the damages. Es responsable de los daños.
In. I believe in God. Creo en Dios.
Of. He is fond of running. Le gusta correr. She is afraid of spiders. Le asustan las arañas. She is proud of her daughter. Está orgullosa de su hija. This consists of three parts. Tiene tres partes.
318
I will remind him of his duties. Le recordaré sus obligaciones.
On. That depends on you. Eso depende de ti. He insisted on going. Insistió en ir.
To. He was married to Helen. Estaba casado con Helen. He was polite to the old man. Fue educado con el viejo. You must listen to me. Debes escucharme.
With. He was angry with me. Estaba enfadado conmigo. I was satisfied with the work. Estaba satisfecho con el trabajo. I agree with you. Estoy de acuerdo contigo.
319
CONTRACCIONES • Normalmente se usan en el lenguaje hablado. Recuerda que “-s” puede
corresponder a to be o to have pero sólo seguido de got o participio. He’s a boy. He is a boy Él es un chico He’s got a car. He has got a car. Él tiene un coche. Del mismo modo “-d” puede ser la contracción de had o would. I’d gone there. I had gone there. Yo había ido. I’d like to go. I would like to go. Me gustaría ir. I’m. I am.
I’ve. I have.
I’ll. I will.
I’d. I had o I would.
You’re.
You are.
You’ve. You have.
You’ll. You will.
You’d. You had o you would.
He’s. He is o he has.
He’ll. He will.
He’d . He had o he would.
She’s. She is o she has.
She’ll. She will.
She’d . She had o she would.
320
It’s. It is o it has.
It’ll. It will.
It’d. It had o it would.
We’re. We are.
We’ve. We have.
We’ll. We will.
We’d. We had o we would.
They’re. They are.
They’ve They have.
They’ll. They will.
They’d. They had o they would.
Let’s. Let us.
Isn’t. Is not.
Aren’t. Are not.
Wasn’t. Was not.
Weren’t. Were not.
Don’t. Do not.
Doesn’t. Does not.
Didn’t. Did not.
Haven’t. Have not.
Hasn’t. Has not.
Hadn’t. Had not.
Can’t. Can not.
Couldn’t. Could not.
321
Won’t. Will not.
Wouldn’t. Would not.
Shan’t. Shall not.
Shouldn’t. Should not.
Oughtn’t. Ought not.
Mustn’t. Must not.
Needn’t. Need not.
Mightn’t. Might not.
Daren’t. Dare not.
322
CAMBIOS ORTOGRÁFICOS • El plural de las palabras que terminan en “-y” se forma cambiando la "-y" por "-ies"
cuando va precedida de consonante. Lady. Señora.
Ladies.
City. Ciudad.
Cities.
• Si la “-y” va precedida de vocal no se producen cambios. Boy. Chico.
Boys.
Day. Día
Days.
• Lo mismo sucede a los verbos que acaban en “-y” al formar la tercera persona del
singular del presente de indicativo. Carry. Llevar.
He carries.
Study. Estudiar.
She studies.
Play. Jugar.
Mary plays.
Annoy. Molestar.
John annoys.
• Las palabras que terminan en “-s”, “-ss”, “-zz”, “-sh”, “-x” añaden “-es” para formar
el plural si son nombres o la tercera persona del singular si son verbos.
NOMBRES
Bus. Autobús.
Buses.
Glass. Vaso.
Glasses.
323
Dish. Plato.
Dishes.
Church. Iglesia.
Churches.
VERBOS
Pass. Pasar.
Passes.
Buzz. Zumbar.
Buzzes.
Wash. Lavar.
Washes.
Fix. Fijar.
Fixes.
Algunos nombres acabados en “-o” añaden “-es” para formar el plural. Potato. Patata.
Potatoes.
Tomato. Tomate.
Tomatoes.
Piano. Piano.
Pianos.
Biro. Bolígrafo.
Biros.
• El pasado y el Participio Pasado de los verbos regulares se froman añadiendo “-ed”
al infinitivo. Solo se añade “-d” si el verbo acaba en “-e”. Answer. Contestar.
Answered.
Listen. Escuchar.
Listened.
324
Ask. Pedir.
Asked.
Live. Pedir.
Lived.
Practise. Practicar.
Practised.
Love. Amar.
Loved.
• Si el verbo acaba en “-y” precedido de consonante se cambia por “-ied”. Si acaba
en vocal se añade “-ed”. Carry. Llevar.
Carried.
Study. Estudiar.
Studied.
Play. Jugar.
Played.
Die. Morir
Died.
Dye. Teñir.
Dyed.
• Al añadir “-ing” al infinitivo la “-e” desaparece excepto en dye. Live. Vivir.
Living.
Practise. Practicar.
Practising.
Dye. Teñir
Dyeing.
• Cuando el verbo acaba en “-ie” la “-i” se convierte en “-y”. Die. Dying.
325
Morir.
Lie. Mentir.
Lying.
• Cuando los verbos acaban en “-y” se añade “-ing”. Try. Intentar.
Trying.
Study. Estudiar.
Studying.
Play. Jugar.
Playing.
Buy. Comprar.
Buying .
• Al añadir cualquier sufijo “-ful”, “-ness”, “-er”, “-est”, la “-y” se convierte en “-i”. Beauty. Guapa.
Beatiful.
Steady. Listo.
Steadily.
Happy. Feliz.
Happiness.
Pretty. Guapa.
Prettier, Prettiest.
Sly. Astuto.
Slyly.
• Los adjetivos acabados en “-al”, doblan la “-l” al formar los adverbios. Practical. Práctico.
Practically.
Economical. Económico.
Economically.
Historical. Historically.
326
Histórico. • Lo mismo sucede con los acabados en “-ful”. Beautiful. Bonito.
Beautifully.
Faithful. Fiable.
Faithfully.
• Las siguientes palabras pierden una “-l” al tomar un sufijo Skill. Destreza.
Skilful.
Well. Bien.
Welcome.
Will. Deseo.
Wilful.
• La terminación “-re” pertenece al inglés británico y “-er” al americano
BRITÁNICO
AMERICANO
Centre. Centro.
Center.
Theatre. Teatro.
Theater.
• La terminación “-our” pertenece al inglés británico y “-or” al americano
BRITÁNICO
AMERICANO
Favour. Sabor.
Favor.
Honour. Honor.
Honor.
Colour. Color.
Color.
327
• Algunas palabras cambian.
Británico
Americano
Aerial. Antena.
Antenna.
Angry. Enfadado.
Mad.
Anywhere. Cualquier parte.
Anyplace.
Autumn. Otoño.
Fall.
Bil l . Cuenta del restaurante.
Check.
Car park. Aparcamiento.
Parking lot.
Chemist’s. Farmacia.
Drugstore.
Film. Película.
Movie.
Holiday. Vacaciones.
Vacation.
Label. Etiqueta.
Tag.
Lorry. Camión.
Truck.
Mad. Loco.
Crazy.
Motorway. Autopista.
Freeway.
Nappy. Pañal.
Diaper.
328
Petrol. Gasolina.
Gas.
Queue. Cola.
Line.
Rubber. Borrador.
Eraser.
Shop. Tienda.
Store.
Single ticket. Billete de ida.
One way ticket.
Sunglasses. Gafas de sol.
Shades.
Sweets. Caramelos.
Candy.
Taxi. Taxi.
Cab.
Tin. Lata.
Can.
Trousers. Pantalones.
Pants.
Underground . Metro.
Subway.
Wire. Telegrama.
Telegram.
• Algunas palabras usan “-c” en el nombre y “-s” en el verbo
NOMBRE
VERBO
Advice. Consejo.
Advise.
Practice. Practicar.
Practise.
329
Licence. Permiso.
License.
• Los monosilabos acabados en una sola consonante y precedidos de una sola vocal,
doblan la consonante final al añadir un sufijo. Plan. Planear.
Planning.
Dad. Papa.
Daddy.
Let. Permitir.
Letting.
Beg. Suplicar.
Beggar.
Sit. Sentarse.
Sitting.
Put. Poner.
Putting.
Fat. Gordo.
Fatter.
Star. Estrella.
Starring.
Stir. Remover.
Stirring.
Fur. Piel.
Furry.
330
VERBOS IRREGULARES Infinitivo Pasado Participio Pasado Traducción Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, presentarse Be Was Were, Been Ser, estar Bear Bore Borne Llevar, soportar Beat Beat Beaten Batir, golpear, latir Become Became Become Llegar a, ser, hacerse Begin Began Begun Empezar Bend Bent Bent Doblar Bet Bet Bet Apostar Bid Bade Bidden Mandar, ordenar Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar Bite Bit Bitten Morder Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar Blow Blew Blown Soplar Break Broke Broken Romper Bring Brought Brought Traer Build Built Built Edificar Burn Burnt Burnt Arder, quemar Burst Burst Burst Estallar Buy Bought Bought Comprar Catch Caught Caught Atrapar Choose Chose Chosen Escoger Come Came Come Venir Cost Cost Cost Costar Creep Crept Crept Arrrastrarse Cut Cut Cut Cortar Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar Dig Dug Dug Cavar Do Did Done Hacer Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar, sacar, tirar Dream Dreamt Dreamt Soñar Drink Drank Drunk Beber Drive Drove Driven Conducir Eat Ate Eaten Comer Fall Fell Fallen Caer Feed Fed Fed Alimentar, Feel Felt Felt Sentir, palpar, tocar Fight Fought Fought Luchar Find Found Found Encontrar Fling Flung Flung Lanzar Fly Flew Flown Volar Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
331
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar Freeze Froze Frozen Helar Get Got Got Conseguir, obtener Give Gave Given Dar Go Went Gone Ir Grow Grew Grown Crecer, cultivar Hang Hung Hung Colgar Have Had Had Haber, tener Hear Heard Heard Oir Hide Hid Hid Esconder Hit Hit Hit Golpear Hold Held Held Sostener, agarrar Hurt Hurt Hurt Hacer daño, doler Keep Kept Kept Guardar, conseguir Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse Know Knew Known Saber, conocer Lay Laid Laid Poner Lead Led Led Guiar Leap Leapt Leapt Saltar Learn Learnt Learnt Aprender Leave Left Left Dejar, salir Lend Lent Lent Prestar Let Let Let Dejar, permitir Lie Lay Lain Tumbarse Light Lit Lit Iluminar Lose Lost Lost Perder Make Made Made Hacer Mean Meant Meant Querer decir, significar Meet Met Met Encontrar Mow Mowed Mown Segar Pay Paid Paid Pagar Put Put Put Poner Quit Quit Quit Abandonar Read Read Read Leer Ride Rode Ridden Montar, cabalgar Ring Rang Rung Sonar, tocar el timbre Rise Rose Risen Levantarse Run Ran Run Correr, dirigir un
negocio Say Said Said Decir See Saw Seen Ver Sell Sold Sold Vender Send Sent Sent Enviar Set Set Set Poner, establecer Sew Sewed Sewn Coser Shake Shook Shaken Agitar
332
Shine Shone Shone Brillar Shoot Shot Shot Disparar Show Showed Shown Mostrar Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse Shut Shut Shut Cerrar Sing Sang Sung Cantar Sink Sank Sunk Hundir, sumergirse Sit Sat Sat Sentarse Sleep Slept Slept Dormir Sling Slung Slunk Lanzar, tirar Smell Smelt Smelt Oler Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear, hechizar Spend Spent Spent Pasar el tiempo, gastar Spill Spilt Spilt Derramar Spoil Spoilt Spoilt Estropear Spread Spread Spread Extender Stand Stood Stood Ponerse de pie Steal Stole Stolen Robar Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Sting Stung Stung Picar Strike Struck Struck Golpear Swear Swore Sworn Jurar Swim Swam Swum Nadar Take Took Taken Tomar, llevar Teach Taught Taught Enseñar Tear Tore Torn Rasgar Tell Told Told Decir, contar Think Thought Thought Pensar, creer Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Understand Understood Understood Comprender Wake Woke Woken Despertar Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto, usar Win Won Won Ganar un premio Wind Wound Wound Dar cuerda al reloj Write Wrote Written Escribir
333
CONECTORES • A la hora de redactar un texto necesitarás usar palabras o expresiones que te
permitan unir ideas en forma de frases y organizar el texto. • Primero debes tener claro qué te piden y haz un esquema donde aparezcan las ideas
que quieres desarrollar. Usa un papel y anótalo todo. Luego tacha las ideas que no te gusten y ordenalas y clasifícalas.
• Recuerda que puede ser una buena idea que la composición tenga tres partes
diferenciadas: introducción, desarrollo y conclusión. • A continuación encontrarás algunas expresiones que te pueden servir para organizar
tus ideas.
Para introducir. In the first place.
En primer lugar.
To begin.
Para empezar.
First of all.
Lo primero de todo.
It is obvious.
Es óbvio que.
It is certain that.
Es cierto que.
It is a commonly held belief among people that.
Es una creencia bastante extendida entre la gente que.
It goes without saying that.
Ni que decir tiene que.
A controversial question facing our society is.
Un asunto controvertido que afecta a nuestra sociedad es.
Whether we like it or not.
Nos guste o no.
As regards.
Por lo que respecta.
334
Expresar opinión. In my opinion.
En mi opinion.
In my view.
Tal y como yo lo veo.
Personally.
Personalmente.
As far as I’m concerned.
Por lo que a mí respecta.
From my point of view.
Desde mi punto de vista.
I would like to point out a couple of things.
Me gustaría puntuaalizar un par de aspectos.
I believe/consider/think.
Creo que.
I feel very strongly that.
Estoy convencido de.
I’m absolutely convinced that.
Estoy absolutamente convencido de.
I’m inclined to believe that.
Tiendo a pensar que.
I am totally opposed to.
Estoy totalmente en desacuerdo con.
I am in favour of.
Estoy a favor de.
I strongly disagree with.
No estoy nada de acuerdo con.
It seems/ appears to me that.
Me parece que.
There is no doubt that.
No hay duda de que.
One thing that is sure is.
Algo que es seguro es.
It is true that.
Es cierto que.
I very much doubt that.
Dudo mucho de que.
We should all have to take into account that.
Deberíamos tener en cuenta que.
Every now and then.
De vez en cuando.
335
A favor y en contra. One of the strongest arguments in favour of... Is that.
Uno de los argumentos mas sólidos a favor de ...
On the other hand.
Por otra parte.
There are several arguments against...
Hay varios argumentos en contra de...
Yet there is another side to the picture.
Aunque hay otros aspectos que se deben tener en cuenta.
There is bitter controversy over. Existe gran controversia por lo que respecta a.
On the one hand. Por una parte.
On the other hand. Por otra parte.
While there are many supporters of the idea, there are also people who have reservations about it.
Mientras que hay mucha gente que apoya esta idea, hay otros que tienen ciertas reservas.
There are valid arguments for... Hay argumentos muy validos a favor de.
There are also other good reasons against.
Aunque también existen buenas razones en contra de.
...has both advantages and disadvantages.
...tiene tanto ventajas como desventajas.
Para expresar la opinión de otros. An increasing number of people believe that.
Un gran número de personas cree que.
Today many people are worried about.
Hoy en día mucha gente está preocupada con.
Half the population are in favour/ against of...
La mitad de la población está a favor/en contra de...
These people firmly believe that... Estas personas creen firmemente en...
336
Para continuar. In the second place. En segundo lugar.
Secondly. En segundo lugar.
Next. Después.
Besides. Además.
In addition. Además.
Apart from that. Además de.
Moreover. Y además.
What is more. Además.
Futhermore. Además.
Another aspect to be considered can be.
Otro aspecto para tener en cuanta es.
Para expresar contraste. On the one hand. Por una parte.
On the other. Por otra parte.
While. Mientras que.
Whereas. Mientras.
In spite of the fact that. A pesar de.
Although. Aunque.
In spite of. A pesar de.
However. Sin embargo.
Given the differences between. Teniendo en cuenta las diferencias entre.
337
At the same time
Al mismo tiempo
Para comparar. At the same time. Al mismo tiempo.
Similarly. Del mismo modo.
Likewise. Del mismo modo.
Para expresar causa. Because. Porque.
Because of. A causa de.
The main purpose of...is... El propósito principal es.
The reason is very simple. La razón es bien sencilla.
For this reason. Por esta razón.
Para expresar resultado. Therefore. Por lo tanto.
As a result. Como resultado.
Consequently. Como consecuencia.
In consequence. En consecuencia.
Thus. Por lo tanto.
So. Así.
Para ejemplificar. A good ilustration of this is. Un buen ejemplo de esto es.
Nothing could better demostrate this Nada podría demostra esto mejor.
338
that. We have an obvious proof of this in...
Tenemos una prueba clara de esto en.
This is best exemplified by.
Esto está muy bien explicado con.
This is best shown in the following example.
Esto se puede apreciar mucho mejor con el siguiente ejemplo.
In other words.
En otras palabras.
That is to say.
Es decir.
For instance.
Por ejemplo.
For example.
Por ejemplo.
Para incluir datos y estadísticas. Recent studies have found that.
Estudios recientes han demostrado que.
Researches claim that.
Los investigadores afirman que.
According to recent studies.
Según estudios recientes
Para narrar. When.
Cuando.
While.
Mientras que.
Before.
Antes.
After.
Después.
By the time.
Por esas fechas.
During.
Durante.
It all began when.
Todo empezó cuando.
It all happened.
Todo ocurrió.
339
Once upon a time.
Érase una vez.
Suddenly.
De repente
All of a sudden.
De repente.
First.
Al principio.
At first.
Al principio.
Later.
Más tarde.
Afterwards.
Depués de todo.
Meanwhile.
Mientras tanto.
In the meantime.
Mientras.
Finally.
Finalmente.
In the end.
Al final.
Para concluir. The conclusion to be drawn from this is that.
La conclusión que podemos sacar es.
We can conclude by saying that.
Podemos concluir afirmando que.
To sum up.
Para resumir.
Summing up.
Resumiendo.
In brief.
En breve.
In conclusion.
Como conclusión.
In short.
En breve.
Finally.
Finalmente.
All this suggests that.
Todo esto nos sugiere que.
We should all work elbow to elbow in Creo que todos deberíamos trabajar de
340
this respect.
forma conjunta en la misma dirección.
In conclusion.
Como conclusión.
Although there are two sides to a picture I believe that.
Aunque hay dos caras de la moneda yo tiendo a creer que.
All things considered, I am in favour of/against...
Teniendo en cuenta todos los aspectos, estoy a favor/en contra de.
Lastly. Por último.
As was previously stated. Como ya se ha dicho.
341
FALSOS AMIGOS Son palabras que pueden fácilmente inducir a error. Muchas son de origen latino y han cambiado el significado. Un buen consejo es no dejarse llevar por las apariencias y comprobar siempre el significado en el diccionario. Pues en la lengua inglesa las apariencias engañan. Abuse. Insultar.
Actually.
En realidad.
Advertise.
Anunciar.
To advise.
Aconsejar.
Agenda.
Orden del día.
Anxious.
Nervioso. Deseoso.
Apology.
Disculpa.
Apparent.
Evidente.
Application.
Solicitud.
Argument.
Discusión.
To assist.
Ayudar.
To assume.
Asumir.
Avocado.
Aguacate.
Cabinet.
Gabinete de ministros, vitrina.
Career.
Carrera.
Carpet.
Alfombra.
Cartoon.
Dibujos animados.
Casual.
Informal.
Casualty.
Baja militar.
Character.
Personaje.
342
Collar.
Cuello.
Collector.
Coleccionista.
Complexion.
Color de la piel.
Conductor.
Cobrador de autobús. Director de orquesta.
Conference.
Congreso.
Conservatory.
Invernadero.
Constipated.
Estreñido.
Disgust.
Asco.
Embarrassed.
Avergonzado.
Eventually.
Finalmente.
Exit.
Salida.
Fabric.
Tejido.
Firm.
Empresa.
Idiom.
Expresión idiomática.
Insane.
Loco
Intoxicated.
Borracho.
Large.
Grande.
Parents.
Padres.
Physician.
Médico
Policy.
Política
To presume.
Suponer.
To pretend.
Fingir.
Quiet.
Callado.
Rare. Poco frecuente.
343
To remove.
Quitar.
Sensible.
Sensato.
Signature.
Firma.
Spectacles.
Gafas.
Suburb.
Barrio residencial.
Success.
Éxito.
Sympathy.
Compasión.
To pretend.
Fingir.
Tramp.
Vagabundo.
Vicious.
Malvado.
344
EXPRESIONES PARA LA COMUNICACIÓN ORAL Saludos y Felicitaciones .
How do you do? ¿Cómo estás?
How are you? ¿Cómo estás?
Very well thank you. Muy bien gracias.
Fine thanks, and you? Bien y tú?
Good morning. Buenos días.
Hi. Hola.
Good afternoon. Buenas tardes.
Congratulations. Enhorabuena.
Good evening. Buenas tardes- noches.
So long. Hasta luego.
Good night. Buenas noches.
See you. Nos vemos.
Hello. Hola.
Happy birthday. Feliz cumpleaños.
Good bye. Adiós.
Happy Christmas. Feliz Navidad.
How are things? ¿Cómo te van las cosas?
Well. Bien.
See you tomorrow. Hasta mañana.
So long. Hasta luego.
Happy anniversary. Feliz aniversario.
How is it going? ¿Cómo te va?
Up and down. Así así.
345
Para dirigirse a un desconocido. Excuse me. Disculpe.
I beg your pardon. Disculpe.
Presentaciones Peter, this is Mary. Pedro esta es María.
Mary, do you know Michael? ¿María, conoces a Miguel?
Let me introduce my friend Paul. Permíteme que te presente a mi amigo Pablo.
Cuando no entendemos algo bien Can you repeat it please? ¿Puede repetirlo por favor?
Can you speak more slowly? ¿Puede hablar más despacio?
I’m sorry I don’t understand Lo siento, pero no lo entiendo.
Para preguntar la hora Would you mind telling me the time? Me dice la hora por favor?
What’s the time please? ¿Qué hora lleva?
Hablando por teléfono Hello, could I speak to Manuel? ¿Hola, podría hablar con Manuel?
Para agradecer algo Thank you. Gracias.
Thank you very much. Muchas gracias.
That’s very kind of you. Thanks.
346
Es muy amable por su parte.
Gracias.
You’re welcome. De nada.
Don’t mention it. No hay de qué.
Expresiones de cortesía Excuse me. Disculpe.
Sorry Lo siento
I beg your pardon. Perdón.
347
DÍAS DE LA SEMANA A diferencia de en español en inglés se escriben en mayúsculas.
Monday. Lunes.
Tuesday. Martes.
Wednesday. Miércoles.
Thursday. Jueves.
Friday. Viernes.
Saturday. Sábado.
Sunday. Domingo.
Día de la luna.
Tiw era un dios de la guerra.
Día de Odín. Día de Thor.
Frig era la esposa de Odín.
Día de Saturno.
Día del sol.
DÍAS DE FIESTA Easter. Pascua.
Whitsun. Pentecostes.
Halloween.
Christmas day. Día de navidad.
Boxing day. 26 de diciembre.
New year’s day. Día de año nuevo.
New year’s eve. Nochevieja.
Midsummer’s eve. Noche de san Juan.
MESES DEL AÑO
Al igual que los días también se escriben en mayúsculas. January. Enero.
February. Febrero.
March. Marzo.
April. Abril.
May. Mayo.
June. Junio.
July. Julio.
August. Agosto.
September. Septiembre.
October. Octubre.
November. Noviembre.
December. Diciembre.
ESTACIONES Spring. Primavera.
Summer. Verano.
Autumm. Fall (USA) Otoño.
Winter Invierno.
348
PUNTOS CARDINALES North. Norte.
South. Sur.
East. Este.
West. Oeste.
LOS COLORES White. Blanco.
Black. Negro.
Pink. Rosa.
Green Verde.
Orange. Naranja.
Purple. Morado.
Yellow. Amarillo.
Red. Rojo.
Brown. Marrón.
Blue. Azul.
Navy blue. Azul marino.
Beige. Beige.
Chestnut. Castaño.
Colored. Coloreado.
Grey. Gris.
Lilac. Lila.
Blond. Rubio.
Dark. Oscuro.
349
ADJETIVOS Big. Grande.
Cheap. Barato.
Clean. Límpio.
Easy. Fácil.
Good. Bueno.
Long. Largo.
Nice. Agradable.
Fair. Justo.
Fat. Gordo.
Hot. Caliente.
Cold. Frio.
Short. Corto.
Angry. Enfadado.
Happy. Feliz.
I l l . Enfermo.
Thirsty. Sediento.
SIGNOS DEL ZODIACO Aquarius. Acuario.
Pisces. Piscis.
Aries. Aries.
Taurus. Tauro.
Gemini. Geminis.
Cancer. Cancer.
Leo. Leo.
Virgo. Virgo.
Libra. Libra.
Scorpio. Escorpio.
Sagittarius. Sagitario.
Capricorn. Capricornio.
350
LA HORA Usamos el verbo to be para indicar las horas junto a las siguientes estructuras: Para preguntar la hora usamos What’s the time? What time is it? Could you tell me the time please? O’clock. En punto. Proviene de la expresión of the clock.
It is 8 o’clock.
Half past. Y media. It is half past 9.
A quarter to. Menos cuarto. It is a quarter to 6.
A quarter past. Y cuarto It is a quarter past 7.
To. Menos It is twenty to 4.
Past. Y It is twenty past 4.
Usamos a.m y p.m para indicar antes del mediodía y después del mediodía. También podemos usar In the morning. In the afternoon. At night. Midday= 12.00 am Midnight= 24.00 Los horarios de los medios de transporte se rigen por el sistema de 24 horas. I took the 18.30 plane to London.
351
NÚMEROS CARDINALES
One. Uno.
Eleven. Once.
Two. Dos.
Twelve. Doce.
Three. Tres.
Thirteen. Trece.
Four. Cuatro.
Fourteen. Catorce.
Five. Cinco.
Fifteen. Quince.
Six. Seis.
Sixteen. Dieciséis.
Seven. Siete.
Seventeen. Diecisiete.
Eight. Ocho.
Eighteen. Dieciocho.
Nine. Nueve.
Nineteen. Diecinueve.
Ten. Diez.
Twenty. Veinte.
Thirty. Treinta.
Eighty. Ochenta.
Forty. Cuarenta.
Ninety. Noventa.
Fifty. Cincuenta.
A hundred. Cien.
Sixty. Sesenta.
A thousand. Mil.
Seventy. Setenta.
A milion. Un millón.
352
• Se usa un guión entre los números comprendidos entre el 21 y 99. A partir del 100
se usará and. Twenty-one. Veintiuno. One hundred and three. Ciento tres. En Estados Unidos 1 billón equivale a 1,000,000,000. En Europa 1 billón equivale a 1,000,000,000,000. • Hundred, thousand, million y billion como son adjetivos no añaden “-s” I paid three million pesetas in 2001 for a car. Pagué tres millones de pesetas en el año 2001 por un coche. • Las fechas se indican de dos en dos I was born in 1962. Nací en en el año 1962. My grandmother Berta was born in 1900. Mi abuela Berta nació en (nineteen hundred). El 00 es hundred. • Los números de teléfono de uno en uno
My phone number is 965436789. Mi número de teléfono es...
• Se usa coma con los números: 1,000. • Se usa el punto con los decimales: 4.5. • En las horas se pueden usar uno o dos puntos: 3.45 o 3:45. • El 0 se pronncia /ou/
353
LOS NÚMEROS ORDINALES • Con la excepción de first, second y third, los números ordinales se forman añadiendo
“-th” a los ordinales. • Existen algunos que sí que se ven modificados: 5th
8th 9th 12th 20th
Fifth.
Eighth. Ninth. Twelfth. Twentieth.
First. Primero.
Eleventh. Undécimo.
Second. Segundo.
Twelfth. Duodécimo.
Third. Tercero.
Thirteenth. Decimotercero.
Fourth. Cuarto.
Fourteenth. Decimocuarto.
Fifth. Quinto.
Fiftteenth. Decimoquinto
Sixth. Sexto.
Sixteenth. Decimosexto.
Seventh. Séptimo.
Seventeenth. Decimoséptimo.
Eighth. Octavo.
Eighteenth. Decimoctavo.
Ninth. Noveno.
Nineteenth. Decimonoveno.
Tenth. Décimo.
Twentieth. Vigésimo.
354
• En las decenas “y” cambia por “-ie”. Hundred, thousand y million añaden “-th” Twenty. Thirty.
Forty. Fifty. Sixty. Seventy.
Twentieth. Thirtieth.
Fortieth. Fiftieth. Sixtieth. Seventieth.
USOS
En fechas. November 30 t h .
Capítulos. Chapter III.
Monarcas. Juan Carlos I. ( The first)
EQUIVALENCIA DE PESOS Y MEDIDAS 1 ounce.
28,35 gramos.
1 pound.
454 gramos.
1 inch.
2,45 centímetros.
1 foot.
30 centímetros.
1 mile.
1.610 metros. Milla terrestre.
1 mile.
1.852 metros. Milla marina.
1 pint.
0,57 litros.
1 gallon.
4,54 litros.
1 stone 6’356 kilos.
12 inches = 1 foot. 30,48 centimetros.
3 feet = 1 yard.
91,44 centimetros.
1760 yards= 1 mile=. 1,61 kilometres.
16 ounces= 1 pound 0,454 kilos.
355
PAISES Y NACIONALIDADES Brazil. Brasil.
Brazilian.
Britain. Gran Bretaña.
British.
Canada. Canadá.
Canadian.
China. China.
Chinese.
Denmark. Dinamarca.
Danish.
Egypt. Egipto.
Egyptian.
Europe. Europa.
European.
Finland . Finlandia.
Finnish.
France. Francia.
French.
Germany. Alemania.
German.
Greece. Grecia.
Greek.
Holland . Holanda.
Dutch.
Ireland . Irlanda.
Irish.
I taly. Italia.
Italian.
Japan. Japón.
Japanese.
356
Mexico. Méjico.
Mexican.
Norway. Noruega.
Norwegian.
Poland . Polonia.
Polish.
Scotland . Escocia.
Scottish.
Spain. España.
Spanish Spaniard.
Portugal. Portugal.
Portuguese.
Sweden. Suecia.
Swedish.
Switzerland . Suiza.
Swiss.
Turkey. Turquía.
Turkish.
Wales. Gales.
Welsh.
357
LA FAMILIA Ancestor. Antepasado.
Grandfather. Abuelo.
Grandmother. Abuela.
Relative. Pariente.
Father. Padre
Mother. Madre.
Twin. Gemelo.
Son. Hijo.
Daughter. Hija.
Mum. Mamá.
Brother. Hermano.
Sister. Hermana.
Dad. Papá.
Husband . Esposo
Wife. Esposa.
Cousin. Primo.
Uncle. Tio.
Aunt. Tia.
Nephew. Sobrino.
Grandson. Nieto.
Granddaughter. Nieta.
Niece. Sobrina.
Brother-in-law. Cuñado.
Sister- in-law. Cuñada.
Widow. Viuda.
Father- in-law. Suegro.
Mother-in-law. Suegra.
Widower. Viudo.
Son-in-law. Yerno.
Daughter- in-law. Nuera.
358
PROFESIONES Lawyer. Abogado.
Teacher. Profesor.
Actor. Actor.
Farmer. Agricultor.
Bricklayer. Albañil.
Mayor. Alcalde.
Artist. Artista.
Housewife. Ama de casa.
Barber. Barbero.
Librarian. Bibliotecario.
Waiter. Camarero.
Singer. Cantante.
Butcher. Carnicero.
Carpenter. Carpintero.
Surgeon. Cirujano.
Conductor. Cobrador de autobus.
Driver. Conductor.
Janitor. Conserje.
Accountant. Contable.
Priest. Sacerdote.
Headmaster. Director de un colegio.
Economist. Economista.
Nurse. Enfermera.
Chemist. Farmacéutico.
Manager. Gerente.
Blacksmith. Herrero.
Researcher. Investigador.
Jeweller. Joyero.
Judge. Juez.
Cleaner. Limpiador.
Sailor. Marinero.
Typist. Mecanógrafo.
Dressmaker. Modista.
Baker. Panadero.
Hairdresser. Peluquero.
Painter. Pintor.
Secretary. Secretario.
Soldier. Militar.
Grocer. Tendero.
Shoemaker. Zapatero.
Salesman. Vendedor.
359
LA CASA Bedroom. Dormitorio.
Hall. Entrada.
Door. Puerta.
Bathroom. Cuarto de baño.
Kitchen. Cocina.
Corridor. Pasillo.
Air conditioning. Aire acondicionado.
Lift. Ascensor.
Central heating. Calefacción central.
Water heater. Calentador de agua.
Diningroom. Comedor.
Garage. Garaje.
Curtains. Cortinas.
Study. Despacho.
Loft. Desván
Attic. Ático.
Stairs. Escaleras.
Doorbell. Timbre.
Letterbox. Buzón.
Aerial. Antena.
Garden. Jardín.
Roof. Tejado.
Window. Ventana.
Chair. Silla.
Shelf. Estantería.
Wall. Pared.
Light. Luz.
Toilet. Aseo.
Heating. Calefacción.
Corridor. Pasillo.
Basement. Sótano.
Ceiling. Techo.
360
LA COCINA Tin opener. Abrelatas.
Refrigerator. Nevera.
Microwave oven. Horno microondas.
Sink. Fregadero.
Spoon. Cuchara.
Knife. Cuchillo.
Fork. Tenedor.
Toaster. Tostadora.
Saucepan. Cacerola.
Freezer. Congelador.
Pantry. Despensa.
Broom Escoba.
Oven. Horno.
Tap. Grifo.
Washing machine. Lavadora.
Washing up liquid. Liquido para fregar los platos.
Dishwasher. Fregaplatos.
Iron. Plancha.
Saucer. Platillo.
Corkscrew. Sacacorchos.
Ironing board. Tabla de planchar.
Cup. Taza.
Mug. Tazón.
Telephone. Teléfono.
Teapot. Tetera.
Cloth. Trapo.
Glass. Vaso.
Dishes. Platos.
Litter. Basura.
Coffe pot. Cafetera.
Pan. Sartén.
361
EL CUARTO DE BAÑO Toilet. Taza del WC.
Towel. Toalla.
Mirror. Espejo.
Washbasin. Lavabo.
Bath. Bañera.
Bidet. Bidé.
Shower. Ducha.
Plug. Enchufe.
Soap. Jabón
Towel. Toalla.
Toothbrush. Cepillo de dientes.
Razor. Maquinilla de afeitar.
Toothpaste. Pasta dentífrica.
Comb. Peine.
Shower. Ducha.
Emergency kit. Botiquín.
Brush. Cepillo.
Shampoo. Champú.
Hairspray. Laca.
Comb. Peine.
Dryer. Secador.
Cologne. Colonia.
Compresses. Compresas.
Makeup. Maquillaje.
Sponge. Esponja.
Lipstick. Lapiz de labios.
Tissue. Papel higiénico.
Nail polish. Laca de uñas.
Eyeliner. Rímmel.
Eyeshadow. Sombra de ojos.
Comb. Peine.
Eye-shadow. Sombra de ojos.
Lipstick. Barra de labios.
Mirror. Espejo.
Nail varnish. Esmalte de uñas.
Perfume. Perfume.
Aftershave. Loción.
Hairbrush. Cepillo.
Deodorant. Desodorante.
To shave. Afeitarse.
To have a bath. Bañarse.
To have a shower. Ducharse.
To dry. Secar.
Showergel. Gel.
Sanitary towel. Compresa.
El DORMITORIO Alarm clock. Bed. Duvet. Bedclothes.
362
Despertador.
Cama. Edredón. Ropa de cama.
Sheet. Sábana.
Dressing table. Tocador.
Alarm clock. Despertador.
EL SALON Television. Television.
Telephone. Teléfono.
Lamp. Lampara
Sofa. Sofa.
Bokcase. Librería.
Window. Ventana.
Ashtray. Cenicero.
Fireplace. Chimenea.
Cushion Cojín.
Picture. Cuadro
Rocking chair. Mecedora.
Table. Mesa
Carpet. Alfombra.
Wallpaper. Papel pintado.
Lampshade. Pantalla.
Clock. Reloj.
Chair. Silla.
Sofa. Sofá.
MUEBLES Wardrobe. Armario.
Sideboard. Aparador.
Chest of drawers. Cómoda.
Bed. Cama.
Table. Mesa.
LA CIUDAD
363
Airport. Aeropuerto.
Bus station. Estación de autobuses.
Car park. Parking.
Cinema. Cine.
Hospital. Hospital.
Hotel. Hotel.
Market. Mercado.
Police station. Comisaría.
Post office. Oficina de Correos.
Toilets. Aseos.
Restaurant. Restaurant.
Station. Estación
Bank. Banco.
Beach. Playa.
Book shop. Libreria.
Library. Biblioteca.
Chemist. Farmacia.
Church. Iglesia.
Petrol station. Gasolinera.
Phone box. Cabina de teléfono.
Sea. Mar.
River. Río.
Supermarket. Supermercado.
Street. Calle.
Cathedral Catedral.
Cementery. Cementerio.
Building. Edificio.
School. Escuela.
Sculpture. Escultura.
Stadium. Estadio
Statue. Estatua.
Fair. Feria.
Art gallery Galería de arte.
Hospital. Hospital.
Garden. Jardín.
Monastery. Monasterio.
Museum. Museo.
Pavilion. Pabellón.
Palace. Palacio.
Park. Parque.
Square. Plaza.
Bridge. Puente.
River. Río.
Ruins. Ruinas.
Theater. Teatro.
Zoo. Zoológico.
Cinema. Cine.
Baker. Panadería.
Butcher. Carnicería.
Drugstore. Droguería.
Delicatessen. Fishmonger. Pescadería.
Greengrocer. Verdulería.
Grocer. Ultramarinos.
Hardware store. Ferretería.
Newsagent. Prensa.
Off-licence. Bodega.
Post office. Oficina postal.
364
TIENDAS
365
PARTES DEL CUERPO Eye. Ojo.
Mouth. Boca.
Nose. Nariz
Hair. Pelo.
Chest. Pecho.
Leg. Pierna.
Elbow. Codo.
Knee. Rodilla.
Stomach. Estómago.
Head. Cabeza.
Ear. Oreja.
Chin. Barbilla.
Foot. Pie.
Arm. Brazo.
Hand. Mano.
Throat. Garganta.
Fist. Puño.
Thumb. Dedo pulgar.
Finger. Dedo.
Mouth. Boca.
Moustache. Bigote.
Tongue. Lengua.
Brain. Cerebro.
Heart. Corazón.
Lung. Pulmón.
Kidney. Riñon.
Muscle. Músculo.
Neck. Cuello.
COMIDA Biscuits. Galletas.
Cakes. Pasteles.
Chewing gum. Chicle.
Sweets. Golosinas.
Fruit juice. Zumo.
Milk. Leche.
Sugar. Azúcar.
Tea. Té.
Eggs. Huevos.
Butter. Mantequilla.
Bread. Pan.
Cheese. Queso.
Rice. Arroz.
Spaghetti. Espaguetis.
Chips. Patatas fritas.
Meat. Carne.
Fish. Pescado.
Chicken. Pollo.
Sandwich. Bocadillo.
Meatballs. Albóndigas.
Lambchops. Chuletas de cordero.
Fillet. Filete.
Hamburguer. Hamburguesa.
366
EN LA MESA Sugar caddy. Azucarero.
Bottle. Botella.
Cafetera. Coffepot.
Glass. Vaso.
Tablecloth. Mantel.
Bread. Pan.
Salt. Sal.
Napkin. Servilleta.
Cup. Taza.
Fork. Tenedor.
Teapot. Tetera.
Vinager. Vinagre.
Oil. Aceite.
Garlic. Ajo.
Cinnamon. Canela.
Hot pepper. Guindilla.
Butter. Mantequilla.
Mustard. Mostaza
Parsley. Perejil.
Pepper. Pimienta.
Salt. Sal.
Vinegar. Vinagre.
Smoked. Ahumado.
Grilled. Asado.
Breaded. Empanado.
Fried. Frito.
Boiled. Hervido.
Rare. Poco hecho.
Well done. Bien pasado.
Medium. Al punto.
Baked. Cocinado.
Roasted. Asado.
SABORES Acid. Ácido.
Bitter. Amargo.
Hot. Caliente.
Sweet. Dulce.
Fresh. Fresco.
Cold. Frío.
Tasty. Sabroso.
Spicy. Picante.
BEBIDAS Water. Agua.
Tap water. Agua del grifo
Mineral water. Agua mineral.
Sparkling water. Agua con gas.
367
Tonic water. Tónica.
Black coffee. Café solo.
Short coffee. Cortado.
Decaffeinated coffee. Descafeinado.
Espresso. Café exprés.
Long coffee. Café largo.
Coffee with milk. Café con leche.
Tea. Té.
Beer. Cerveza.
White wine. Vino blanco.
Rose wine. Vino rosado.
Red wine. Vino tinto.
Orange juice. Zumo de naranja.
Hot chocolate. Chocolate.
Soda. Gaseosa.
Gin. Ginebra.
Whisky. Whisky.
Rum. Ron.
Draft beer. Caña.
Soft drink. Refresco.
Coke. Coca cola.
Juice. Zumo.
FRUTAS Y VERDURAS Apple. Manzana.
Musrhroom. Champiñón.
Broccoli. Brécol.
Asparagus. Espárragos.
Tomato. Tomate.
Artichokes. Alcachofas.
Escarole. Escarola.
Cucumber. Pepino.
Cabbage. Repollo.
Endives. Endivias.
Lettuce. Lechuga.
Avocado. Aguacate.
Brussels sprouts. Coles de Bruselas.
Peas. Guisante.
Carrot. Zanahoria.
Apricots. Albaricoques.
Spinachs. Espinaca.
Radishes. Rábanos.
Potato. Patata.
Plums. Ciruelas.
Leeks. Puerros.
Onion. Cebolla.
Banana. Plátano.
Coconut. Coco.
Carrot. Zanahoria.
Orange. Naranja.
Zucchinni. Calabacín.
Date. Dátil.
Raspberries. Frambuesas.
Strawberries. Fresas.
Lemon. Limón.
Mandarin. Mandarina.
368
Mango. Mango.
Peaches. Melocotones.
Quince. Membrillo.
Orange. Naranja.
Pear. Pera.
Pineapple. Piña.
Watermelon. Sandía.
Melon. Melón.
Raisin. Pasa.
Aubergine. Berengena.
Celery. Apio.
POSTRES Pudding Pudin.
Icecream Helado.
Custard. Natillas
Marmalade. Mermelada.
Honey. Miel.
Honey. Miel.
Cake. Tarta
Yogurt. Yogur.
Chocolate. Chocolate.
Cookies. Galletas.
PESCADOS Anchovy. Anchoa.
Elver. Angula.
Octopus. Pulpo.
Shrimps. Gambas.
Angler. Rape.
Hake. Merluza.
Oysters. Ostras.
Sole. Lenguado.
Clams. Almejas.
Herring. Arenque.
Prawn. Langostino.
Squids. Calamares.
Cockle. Berberecho.
Lobster. Langosta.
Razor clam. Navajas.
Sword fish. Pez espada.
Cod. Bacalao.
Mackerel. Caballa.
Salmon. Salmón.
Turbot. Rodaballo.
Crab. Cangrejo.
Mussels. Mejillones.
Sardine. Sardina.
Cuttlefish. Norway lobster. Sea bream.
369
Sepia.
Cigala.
Besugo.
CARNES Bacon. Tocino.
Deer. Ciervo.
Hen. Gallina.
Partridge. Codorniz.
Chicken. Pollo.
Goose. Ganso.
Lamb. Cordero.
Pork. Cerdo.
Cow. Vaca.
Hare. Liebre.
Ox. Buey.
Rabbit. Conejo.
Turkey. Pavo.
FRUTOS SECOS Almonds. Almendras.
Hazelnuts. Avellanas.
Chestnuts. Castañas.
Pinenuts. Piñones.
Sunflowerseeds. Pipas.
Pistachios. Pistachos.
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE Car. Coche.
Bus. Autobús.
Taxi. Taxi.
Ship. Barco.
On foot. A pie.
Plane. Avión.
ACTIVIDADES DIARIAS
370
Wake up. Despertarse.
Get up. Levantarse.
Have a shower. Ducharse.
Get dressed. Vestirse.
Have breakfast. Desayunar.
Go to work. Ir al trabajo.
Have lunch. Comer.
Watch TV. Ver la TV.
Buy the newspaper. Comprar el periódico.
Go for a walk. Dar un paseo.
Have dinner. Cenar.
Go to bed. Irse a la cama.
ACTIVIDADES DE TIEMPO LIBRE Meet friends. Reunirse con amigos.
Go to the cinema. Ir al cine.
Go to the mountains. Ir al campo.
Go shopping. Ir de compras.
Go to the pub. Ir al pub.
Go to the disco. Ir a la discoteca.
ROPA Coat. Abrigo.
Cap. Gorra.
Pocket. Bolsillo
Skirt. Falda.
Belt. Cinturón
Clogs. Zuecos.
Purse. Monedero.
Sleeve. Manga
Bikini . Bikini.
Dress. Vestido
Pyjamas. Pijama.
Stockings. Medias.
Blouse. Blusa.
Dressing gown. Bata.
Ring . Swimming trunks.
Tie. Corbata.
Boots. Botas.
Handbag. Bolso.
Sandals. Sandalias.
Trainers. Zapatillas de deporte.
Bow. Lazo.
Hat. Sombrero.
Shirt. Camisa.
Trousers. Pantalones.
371
Bra. Sujetador.
Jacket. Chaqueta
Shoes. Zapatos.
T-shirt. Camiseta
Bracelet. Pulsera
Jeans. Vaquero.
Shorts. Pantalón corto.
Umbrella. Paraguas.
Braces. Tirantes.
Knickers. Bragas.
Size. Talla.
Underpants. Calzoncillos.
Vest. Camiseta.
Slippers. Zapatillas de ir por casa.
Jacket. Chaqueta.
Wellingtons. Botas de agua.
Socks. Calcetines.
Cap. Gorra.
Raincoat. Gabardina.
Zipper. Cremallera.
Scarf. Bufanda.
Glasses. Gafas.
Gloves. Guantes.
Watch. Reloj de pulsera.
Ear-rings. Pendientes.
Bracelet. Pulsera.
Necklace. Collar.
Handkerchief. Pañuelo.
Jacket. Chaqueta.
Scarf. Bufanda.
Socks. Calcetines.
Vest. Chaleco.
Belt. Cinturón.
Zipper. Cremallera.
Slip. Enagua.
Gloves. Guantes.
COMPLEMENTOS Y JOYERIA Bracelet. Pulsera.
Brooch. Broche.
Earring. Pendiente.
Necklace. Collar.
Watch. Reloj.
Ring. Sortija.
Chain. Cadena.
Pendant. Colgante.
TEJIDOS Y MATERIALES Acrylic. Acrílico.
Cotton. Algodón.
Leather. Piel.
Knitted. De punto.
372
Wool. Lana.
Corduroy. Pana.
Silk. Seda.
Velvet. Terciopelo.
Cloth. Tela.
Fur. Piel.
Glass. Cristal.
Leather. Cuero.
Oil. Aceite.
Silver. Plata.
Stone. Piedra.
Wire. Alambre.
Bronze. Bronce.
Canvas. Lona.
China. Porcelana.
Corduroy. Pana.
Iron. Hierro.
Linen. Lino.
Porcelain. Porcelana.
Steel. Acero.
Vervet. Terciopelo.
Aluminium. Aluminio.
Brass. Latón.
Clay. Arcilla.
Clay. Arcilla.
Denim. Tela vaquera.
Marble. Mármol.
Plaster. Yeso.
Suede. Ante.
Tinfoil. Papel de aluminio.
Wax. Cera.
373
ADJECTIVOS PARA LA DESCRIPCION FIGURE
FACE NOSE HAIR EYES SKIN CHARACTER
Tall. Alto.
Round. Redonda.
Long. Larga.
Straight. Liso.
Bright. Brillantes.
Pale. Pálido.
Humble. Humilde.
Short. Bajo.
Oval. Ovalada.
Flat. Chata.
Wavy. Rizado.
Large. Grandes.
Tanned. Bronceado.
Proud. Orgulloso.
Stout. Robusto.
Long. Larga.
Prominent. Prominente
Tangled. Enredado
Small. Pequeños.
Flecked. Con pecas
Greedy. Avaricioso.
Thin. Delgado.
Small. Pequeña.
Brown. Marrón
Blue. Azules.
Selfish. Egoista.
Athletic. Atlético.
Wrinkled. Arrugada.
Auburn. Castaño.
Grey. Grises.
Miserable. Triste.
Muscular. Musculoso.
Golden. Rubio.
Merry. Alegres.
Honest. Honrado.
Silky. Sedoso.
Mean. Tacaño.
Blonde. Rubio.
Stubborn. Cabezota.
Enthusiastic. Entusiasta.
374
ADJETIVOS PARA DESCRIBIR EL CARACTER Boring. Aburrido.
Pleasant. Agradable.
Cheerful. Alegre.
Ambitious. Ambicioso.
Adventurous. Audaz.
Greedy. Avaricioso.
Bright. Brillante.
Loving. Cariñoso.
Gossipy. Chismoso.
Sympathetic. Compasivo.
Polite. Cortés.
Careful. Cuidadoso.
Determined. Decidido.
Amusing. Divertido.
Boastful. Fanfarrón
Childish. Infantil.
Clever. Listo
Crazy. Loco.
Proud. Orgulloso.
Vain. Presumido.
Wise. Sabio.
Stubborn. Testarudo.
375
LA ESCUELA Book. Libro.
Desk. Pupitre.
Blackboard. Pizarra.
Paper. Papel.
Teacher. Profesor.
Bulletin board. Tablón de anuncios.
School. Colegio.
University. Universidad.
Pen. Bolígrafo.
Notepad. Bloc de notas.
Notebook. Cuaderno.
Sheet of paper. Hoja de papel.
Pencil. Lapicero.
Eraser. Borrador.
Paste. Pegamento.
Ruler. Regla.
Sharpener. Sacapuntas.
Chalk. Tiza.
College. Universidad.
Essay. Trabajo.
Exam. Examen.
Fountain pen. Pluma estilográfica.
Holidays. Vacaciones.
Lecture. Conferencia.
Homework. Deberes.
Lesson. Lección.
Map. Mapa.
Mistake. Error.
Question. Pregunta.
Reading. Lectura.
Rubber. Borrador.
Schoolbag. Cartera.
Timetable. Horario.
Break Recreo.
Dictation Dictado.
Janitor. Conserje.
To pass. Aprobar.
To fail. Suspender.
Term. Trimestre.
Blot. Borrón.
Canteen Cantina.
Calculator. Calculadora.
Spelling. Ortografía.
Nursery school. Parvulario.
Primary school. Escuela primaria.
Infants school. Escuela (5-7 años)
Junior school. (7-11 años)
High school. Instituto.
Grammar school. Instituto de bach.
Secondary modern school. Formación prof.
University. Universidad.
Polythecnic. Universidad politécnica.
Playground. Patio.
Geography. Geografía.
Chemistry. Química.
Mathematics. Matemáticas.
Physics. Exam. Degree. Teacher.
376
Física.
Examen. Licenciatura. Profesor.
Principal. Director.
To revise. Repasar.
Subject. Asignatura.
LA OFICINA Letter. Carta.
Envelope. Sobre.
Computer. Ordenador.
Label. Etiqueta.
Printer. Impresora.
Keyboard. Teclado.
INSTRUMENTOS
DEPORTES Tennis. Tenis.
Football. Fútbol.
Handball. Balonmano.
Basketball. Baloncesto
Swimming. Natación.
Ice hockey. Jockey sobre hielo.
Billiards. Billar.
DOLENCIAS Headache. Dolor de cabeza.
Toothache. Dolor de muelas
Backache. Dolor de espalda.
Sore throat. Dolor de garganta.
Break a leg. Romperse una pierna.
Temperature. Fiebre.
Stomachache. Dolor de barriga.
Measles. Sarampión.
377
TAREAS DOMESTICAS To do the washing. Lavar la ropa.
To do the washing up. Lavar los platos.
To do the ironing. Planchar.
To do the cleaning. Limpiar.
To make the beds. Hacer las camas.
To do the dusting. Quitar el polvo.
To do the gardening. Arreglar el jardín.
To tidy. Ordenar.
TIEMPO ATMOSFERICO Fine. Bueno.
Sunny. Soleado.
Hot. Caluroso.
Wet. Humedo
Warm. Templado.
Windy. Ventoso.
Swony. Nevado.
Frosty. Helado.
Freezing. Mucho frio.
Centigrades. Centígrados.
Sunny. Soleado.
Degree. Grados
Foggy. Con niebla.
Hot. Caluroso.
Cold. Frio.
Cloudy. Nublado.
Rainy. Lluvioso.
Windy Ventoso.
EL DOCTOR
ANIMALES Cow. Vaca.
Calf. Ternero.
Horse. Caballo.
Duck. Pato
Bull. Toro.
Pig. Cerdo.
Goat. Cabra.
Chicken. Pollo.
378
Dog. Perro.
Bitch. Perra.
Hen. Gallina.
Tortoise. Tortuga.
Goldfish. Pez de colores.
Pelican. Pelícano
Swan. Cisne.
Seagull. Gaviota.
Cod. Bacalao.
Herring. Arenque.
Shark. Tiburón.
Sole. Lenguado.
Trout. Trucha.
Hake. Merluza.
Crab. Cangrejo.
Mussel. Mejillón.
Prawn. Gamba.
Squid. Calamar.
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE
ARBOLES, FLORES Y PLANTAS Daisy. Margarita.
Tulip. Tulipán.
Carnation Clavel.
Thistle. Cardo.
Oak. Roble.
Elm. Olmo.
Ash. Fresno.
Pine. Pino.
Palm. Palmera.
Cedar. Cedro.
Geranium. Geranio.
Jasmine. Jazmín.
Orchid. Orquídea.
Rose. Rosa.
Violet. Violeta.
HERRAMIENTAS
POLITICA
379
Prime minister. Primer ministro.
MP. Diputado.
Parliament. Parlamaento.
Cabinet. Gobierno.
House of commons. Cámara de los comunes.
House of lords. Cámara de los lores.
President. Presidente.
Governor. Gobernador.
Congress. Congreso.
Senate. Senado.
Mayor. Alcalde.
Council. Ayuntamiento.
Councillor. Concejal.
To vote. Votar.
Conservative party. Partido conservador.
Liberal. Liberal.
Democracy. Democracia.
RELIGION Faith. Fe.
God. Dios.
Virgin Mary. Virgen María.
Angel. Ángel.
Devil. Demonio.
Saint. Santo.
Priest. Sacerdote.
Vicar. Vicario.
Bishop. Obispo.
Monk. Monje.
Nun. Monja.
Heaven. Cielo.
Abbey. Abadía.
Cathedral. Catedral.
Monastery. Monasterio.
Church. Iglesia.
Temple. Templo.
Synagogue. sinagoga
Mosque. Mezquita.
To pray. Rezar.
Prayer. Oración.
Holy. Sagrado.
BANCO Bank. Banco.
Account. Cuenta.
Withdraw. Reintegro.
Savings. Ahorros.
380
Cash. Dinero en metálico.
Profit. Beneficio.
Loss. Perdida.
Loan. Préstamo.
381
SIMILES As agile as a monkey.
Muy ágil.
As bitter as gall.
Más amargo que la retama.
As black as coal.
Más negro que el carbón.
As blind as a bat.
Más ciego que un topo.
As brave as a lion.
Más valiente que un león.
As brown as a berry.
Muy moreno.
As busy as a bee.
Ocupadísimo.
As clean as a new pin.
Más limpio que el jaspe.
As clear as crystal.
Más claro que el agua.
As cool as a cucumber.
Más fresco que una lechuga.
As cunning as a fox.
Más astuto que una zorra.
As dead as a doornail.
Completamente muerto.
As deaf as a doorpost.
Más sordo que una tapia.
As different as chalk to cheese.
Diferente como de la noche al día.
As dry as a bone.
Más seco que la mojama.
As easy as ABC.
Muy fácil.
As fit as a fiddle.
En forma.
As flat as a pancake.
Liso como una tabla.
As fresh as a daisy.
Más fresco que una lechuga.
As good as gold.
Muy bueno.
As green as grass.
Verde como la hierba.
As happy as a king.
Más alegre que unas Pascuas.
382
As hot as fire.
Muy caliente.
As light as a feather.
Ligero como una pluma.
As like as two peas.
Como dos gotas de agua.
As mad as a hatter.
Más loco que una cabra.
As old as the hills.
Más viejo que Matusalén.
As pale as death.
Más blanco que la pared.
As patient as Job.
Más paciente que el santo Job.
As poor as a church mouse.
Más pobre que una rata.
As proud as a peacock.
Más orgulloso que un pavo real.
As quiet as a mouse.
Más callado que nunca.
As red as betroot.
Más rojo que un pimiento.
As right as rain.
Más derecho que una vela.
As round as a barrel.
Más gordo que un barril.
As sharp as a razor.
Muy ingenioso.
As silent as the grave.
Más callado que una tumba.
As slippery as an eel.
Escurridizo como una anguila.
As slow as a tortoise.
Más lento que una tortuga.
As smooth as velvet.
Más suave que un guante.
As sweet as honey.
Más dulce que la miel.
As thin as a rake.
Más delgado que un palo.
As timid as a mouse.
Más tímido que nadie.
As white as snow.
Más blanco que la nieve.
As wise as an owl.
Muy sabio.
383
REFRANES A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando.
A cat may look at a king.
Nada es imposible.
A friend in need is a friend indeed. Un amigo en la necesidad es un amigo de verdad.
A man is known by his friends.
Dime con quién andas y te diré quién eres.
A stich in time saves nine. Quien no arregla la gotera, arregla la casa entera.
Actions speak louder than words.
Obras son amores y no buenas razones.
All roads lead to Rome.
Todos los caminos conducen a Roma.
All that glitters is not gold.
No es oro todo lo que reluce.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
Debe de haber tiempo para todo.
Among the blind the one-eyed is king.
En el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Una manzana al día, mantiene al doctor en la lejanía.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
Perro ladrador, poco mordedor.
Better be alone than in ill company.
Más vale solo que mal acompañado.
Better late than never.
Más vale tarde que nunca.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.
Blood is thicker than water.
La familia es lo que más tira.
Constant dripping wears the stone.
La constancia lo puede todo.
Courtesy cost nothing.
La amabiliad no cuesta nada.
Cut your coat according to your cloth.
Amóldate a tu presupuesto.
Don’t count your chickens until they are hatched.
No hagas como en el cuento de la lechera.
384
Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
Acostarse pronto y levantarse temprano hacen al hombre sano, rico y sabio.
Example is better than precept.
El ejemplo es el mejor precepto.
God helps those who help themselves.
Dios ayuda a los que se ayudan a sí mismos.
He who laughs last laughs longer.
El que ríe el último, ríe mejor.
He who pays the piper calls the tune.
El que paga manda.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
Agua pasada no mueve molino.
Look after the pence and the pounds will look after themselves.
Cuida de los peniques y las libras se cuidarán solas.
Make hay while the sun shines.
Disfruta mientras puedas.
Never look a gift horse in the mouth.
A caballo regalado no le mires el diente.
One good turn deserves another.
Un buen favor se paga con otro.
Out of sight, out of mind.
Ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente.
Practice makes perfect.
La práctica hace maestros.
Such a father, such a son.
De tal palo, tal astilla.
The early bird catches the worm.
A quien madruga Dios le ayuda.
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Demasiados cocineros echan a perder el caldo.
Two heads are better than one.
Cuatro ojos ven más que dos.
What’s worth doing is worth doing well.
Lo que vale la pena hacer, vale la pena hacerlo bien.
When the cat is away the mice will play.
Cuando el gato está ausente, los ratones se divierten.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Querer es poder.
You can not have your cake and have it.
No puedes tenerlo todo.
385
EXPRESIONES IDIOMATICAS A close shave.
Por los pelos.
A crying shame.
Una vergüenza.
A day off.
Un día libre.
A dish.
Estar como un tren.
A slip of the tongue.
Un lapsus.
All alone.
Más solo que la una.
All in all.
En resumidas cuentas.
All over the world.
Por todo el mundo.
All the same.
A pesar de todo.
April fool.
Inocente.
As a matter of fact.
De hecho.
As good as done.
Dar algo por hecho.
Be in a hurry.
Tener prisa.
Be in the red.
Estar en números rojos.
Be moody.
Estar de mal humor.
Be the talk of the town.
Ser la comidilla del pueblo.
Be your age.
No seas niño. Compórtate.
Brand new
Nuevo.
By heart.
De memoria.
By the way.
A propósito.
Call a spade a spade.
Al pan pan y al vino vino.
Crack a joke.
Contar un chiste.
386
Every now and then.
De vez en cuando.
Feel homesick.
Sentir morriña.
First things first.
Lo primero es lo primero.
Follow suit.
Seguir el ejemplo.
Get rid of.
Librarse de.
Give someone a cold shoulder.
Dar de lado a alguien.
Give someone the sack.
Despedir a alguien del trabajo.
Go out on a spree.
Irse de marcha.
Go to hell.
Irse a la porra.
Goodness.
Cielos.
Have a good time.
Pasarlo bien.
Have a sweet tooth.
Ser goloso.
Have forty winks.
Dar una cabezadita.
Have fun.
Pasarlo bien.
Have the knack of.
Tener habilidad para algo.
Hit the jackpot.
Tocarle a uno el gordo.
I don’t give a damn.
Me importa un bledo.
If the cap fits wear it.
Si te pica, te aguantas.
In black and white.
Por escrito.
In the twinkling of an eye.
En un abrir y cerrar de ojos.
In time.
A tiempo.
Inside out.
Al revés.
It goes without saying.
Ni que decir tiene.
It’s up to you. Depende de ti.
387
Jump to conclusions.
Sacar conclusiones.
Keep one’s fingers crossed.
Tocar madera.
Last but no least.
El último pero no por eso menos importante.
Love at first sight.
Amor a primera vista.
Many happy returns of the day.
Que cumplas muchos más.
Mind your own business.
Métete en tus asuntos.
Off the beaten track.
Fuera de lo común.
On leave.
De permiso.
On second thoughts.
Pensándolo mejor.
On time.
Puntual.
Once and for all.
De una vez por todas.
Once in a blue moon.
De uvas a peras.
Once upon a time.
Érase una vez.
One’s cup of tea.
Santo de devoción.
Out of the blue.
De repente.
Over and over again.
Una y otra vez.
Owe someone a grudge.
Tenérsela jurada a alguien.
Play host.
Hacer los honores.
Rack one’s brains.
Devanarse los sesos.
Ring a bell.
Ser familiar.
Show off.
Presumir, ostentar.
Sleep on it.
Consultarlo con la almohada.
Talk shop.
Hablar del trabajo fuera de horas.
388
The coast is clear.
No hay moros en la costa.
The last but one.
El penúltimo.
There’s no accounting for taste.
Sobre gustos no hay nada escrito.
Third time lucky.
A la tercera va la vencida.
Time is money.
El tiempo es oro.
Time is up.
Ser la hora.
To be like a bull in a china shop.
Ser un desmañado.
Turn over a new leaf.
Borrón y cuenta nueva.
Two heads are better than one.
Cuatro ojos ven más que dos.
391
ABREVIATURAS a.m.
Before noon.
A/c.
Account.
AD.
Anno Domini.
B.A.
Bachelor of Arts.
B.C.
Before Christ.
B/E.
Bill of exchange.
B.B.C.
British Broadcasting Corporation.
Bros.
Brothers.
c.a.d.
Cash againts documents.
C.O.D.
Cash on delivery.
C.W.O.
Cash with order.
Cfm.
Confirm.
CIA.
Central Intelligence Agency.
Co.
Company.
Dept.
Department.
e.g.
For example.
FBI.
Federal Bureau of Investigation.
G.M.T.
Greenwich Mean Time.
GCE.
General Certificate of Education.
H.M.
Her Majesty.
H.R.H.
His or Her Royal Highness.
I.O.U.
I owe you.
392
IBM.
International Business Machine.
IRA.
Irish Republican Army.
ISBN.
International Standard Book Number.
K.
A thousand.
K.O.
Knock-out.
L/C.
Letter of credit.
Ltd.
Limited.
m.p.h.
Miles per hour.
MP.
Member of Parliament.
NASA. National Astronautic and Space Administration.
NATO.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
NHS.
National Health Service.
o.n.o.
Or nearest offer.
P.
Pence.
p.a.
Per annum.
P.T.O.
Please turn over.
Pls.
Please.
POB.
Post Office Box.
R&D.
Research and development.
R.S.V.P.
Répondez s’il vous pliat.
Rgds.
Regards.
SOS.
Save our souls.
Thx.
Thanks.
393
U.N.O.
United Nations Organization.
U.S.A.
United States of America.
U.S.S.R.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
UFO.
Unidentified Flying Object.
V.A.T.
Value Added Tax.
V.I.P.
Very Important Person.
Y.M.C.A.
Young Men’s Christian Association.
396
1) Mary.........a German boyfriend. a - Has b - Have c - Are
2) We .....................a nice park near Sagasta Sqaure. a - Has b - Have c - Is
3) Yesterday Mr García .......it was going to rain. a - Say b - Said c - Tells
4) They were....................a fire yesterday. a - Made b - Making c - Doing
5) My grandmother was always.................home. a - At b - In c - On
6) Monforte is .................the road to Alicante. a - On b - In c - At
7) He is very good .............music. a - In b - On c - At
8) He is always ......a bad mood. a - In b - On c - At
9) ......the moment things are very different. a - In b - At c - On
10) He was ........the Navy. a - In b - On c - At
11) She drives ........full speed a - At b - In c - On
12) I am .............working there but I will change very soon.
397
a - Still b - Yet c - Already
13) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Three b - Sheep c - Ship
14) El verbo "to be " significa ....... a - Tener b - Ser o estar c - Parecer
15) Si hablamos de un perro usaremos el pronombre........ a - It b - He c - She
16) ¿A qué categoría gramatical pertenece: " My, your, his, her, its, our, your y their "? a - Pronombres personales b - Pronombres posesivos c - Adjetivos posesivos
17) ¿Qué preposición debemos usar cuando hablamos de los dias de la semana? a - On b - In c - At
18) El verbo to have se usa para formar los tiempos......... a - Simples b - Continuos c - Perfectos
19) How.............you do? a - Do b - Am c - Is
20) Let me introduce...... . . . . a - Me b - Myself c - Mine
21) I hope you enjoy..........stay. a - You b - Your c - Yourself
22) Here you.......... a - Are b - Is c - Am
398
23) He.........a boy. a - Am b - Is c - Are
24) Isabel...............a chocolate cake. a - Is eating b - Is eat c - Is ate
25) You..................too much. a - Are work b - Are working c - Are worked
26) María Teresa................a new book. a - Are writing b - Is writeing c - Is writing
27) My sister is ..........doctor. a - An b - A c - Something
28) Is Salinas............big city? a - A b - An c - These
29) I went to the swimming pool.......hour ago. a - An b - A c - The
30) He has ........cat. a - An b - A c - Many
31) I don't work............Sunday. a - In b - On c - At
32) I wake up.........8.00. a - At b - In c - On
33) I look at the stars..................night. a - At b - In c - On
34) I ...................... l ike l iver.
399
a - Does b - Doing c - Do not
35) Where...........you from? a - Is b - Are c - Am
36) What........your brother do? a - Do b - Does c - Is
37) How old ........you? a - Is b - Are c - Am
38) What languages ........you speak? a - Does b - Are c - Do
39) ........were you born? a - Where b - Which c - What
40) He............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Is go
41) My wife.............at a High School. a - Teaches b - Teach c - Is tiching
42) In summer, my daughter ...........her friend Marta. a - Miss b - Misses c - Is missed
43) He............the best player in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am
44) I ..................................a shower. a - Am having b - Has c - Has having
45) I ................................at the moment. a - Am smoking
400
b - Smokeing c - Smoking
46) He .....................................fat. a - Get b - Is getting c - Gets
47) My sister ............................................a chocolate cake for my birthday. a - Has been making b - Has be made c - Has been makeing
48) They are.....................playing football. a - Yet b - Still c - Already
49) He has.....................come back from school. a - Already b - Yet c - Still
50) She ..................................with us next April in Cazorla. a - Will fish b - Would fishing c - Would been fishing
51) They ................................her at the airport tomorrow morning. a - Meet b - Are meeting c - Meets
52) I ...................................a Harley in November. a - Am driving b - Is driving c - Driving
53) I ..............................him a María Callas CD for his birthday. a - Give b - Giving c - Am giving
54) The new teacher.................................at seven. a - Come b - Is comeing c - Is coming
55) We ...........................some money to charities. a - Gives b - Are giveing c - Are giving
56) They ...........................to Majorca with all their friends. a - Are going
401
b - Goes c - Are go
57) He ...............smoking next year. a - Give b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up
58) I ..........................her a new Polo for her birthday. a - Buys b - Am buying c - Buy
59) The sun ...............................................this afternoon. a - Shine b - Is shineing c - Is shining
60) The waiter ..............................................a bottle of Rioja wine. a - Bring b - Bringed c - Is bringing
61) Barcelona............against Manchester United in June a - Will be playing b - Will play be c - Will be played
62) Alejandro Sanz ...............................................a new album in March. a - Release b - Is releaseing c - Is releasing
63) What .................................................for a l iving? a - Does you do b - Do you do c - Do you does
64) I ...............................that this President will win again. a - Does not think b - Do not thinks c - Do not think
65) He .............most of the homework with his mother. a - Does b - Doing c - Do
66) I have ..................................................paella every Saturday for years. a - Ate b - Eat c - Eaten
67) They have just ............................................around Spain.
402
a - Travel b - Traveled c - Travelled
68) Flavio has ............................................his girlfriend. a - Forgave b - Forgive c - Forgiven
69) Toni has ...............................................f ireworks for the summer party. a - Buyed b - Bought c - Boughting
70) Cayetano has ..........................................a new house for his family. a - Build b - Built c - Boughts
71) Mario has ........................................................the beers in the bar. a - Paid b - Payed c - Paying
72) My mother............her new portrait next week. a - Will have paint b - Will be paint c - Will have painted
73) We ............................in this house since 1997. a - Lived b - Have being living c - Have been living
74) He ......................a book for a long time. a - Writes b - Is wrote c - Has been writing
75) ........these books interesting? a - Is b - Are c - Am
76) The baby.......eating the food. a - Am b - Is c - Are
77) Cats.........black or white. a - Is b - Are
403
c - Am
78) Pepita ........three daughtres. a - Has b - Haave c - Having
79) Carlos is in Elche. .............works there in a shoe factory. a - Him b - He c - His
80) ..................says that Isabel is her best friend. a - She b - Her c - Hers
81) I haven't ......................................money. a - Some b - Any c - Something
82) Would you like .........................chocolates? a - Any b - Will c - Some
83) Have you seen ................love film lately? a - Some b - Any c - No
84) There are.....................................boys playing football outside. a - These b - Some c - Any
85) Is there.........................................cinema in town? a - Any b - Some c - Six
86) I 've got ....................................books on computers. a - Any b - Some c - Me
87) ..........................there a bus from Alicante at 7.00? a - Is b - Are c - Am
88) There...........two trains to Madrid every day. a - Is b - Are c - Am
404
89) ................there a supermarket near here? a - Is b - Are c - Am
90) There.................a parade next Saturday. a - Is b - Are c - Am
91) There...............many restaurants in Benidorm. a - Is b - Are c - Am
92) There.............a concert next June in Santa Pola. a - Is b - Are c - Am
93) Pepi..............................swim very fast.. a - Do b - Does not c - Do
94) .........................you like football? a - Does b - Do c - Are
95) ...................Pepe read the paper? a - Do b - Does c - Is
96) I ............................eat meat. a - Do not b - Does not c - Will do
97) I want two ......................of Fanta. a - Glass b - Glassves c - Glasses
98) This tree has many .................................................. a - Leafs b - Leaves c - Leafss
99) In the zoo I saw four ..... a - Sheep b - Sheeps c - Sheppes
100) She has many .............................
405
a - Worries b - Worrys c - Worryes
101) There are ........schools in Salinas. Only two. a - Little b - Few c - Much
102) I have .........................money left. a - Little b - Few c - Many
103) We have to study.........................books. a - Much b - Many c - Any
104) Not ...................people smoke in this University. a - Manys b - Many c - Fews
105) They pay Zidane .......................money. a - Much b - Many c - Few
106) There aren't ..............................towns in Teruel. a - Many b - Much c - Little
107) They asked me ...........................questions. a - Many b - Little c - Much
108) I don't have ................................t ime. a - Much b - Many c - Little
109) Everybody says that Jorge is ..............................than his brother. a - More clever b - The more clever c - The most clever
110) I am .............................teacher here. a - The oldest b - Older c - Olderest
111) This exercise is .......................................than the previous one. a - Easier
406
b - Easyer c - Easiest
112) When I was young Agustina was the ..... . . . . . . . . . .........................swimmer in Elda. a - Fastest b - Fatesr c - The ffasterest
113) This is ........................................book I have ever read. a - The goodest b - The bester c - The best
114) You should eat ....................................chocolate. a - Littler b - Less c - Littlest
115) The picture is .......................the wall. a - At b - In c - On
116) We go to church ......................Sundays. a - At b - In c - On
117) The milk's ....................................... the fridge. a - In b - At c - On
118) They sat ...........................the wall. a - On b - At c - In
119) They made the film ....................Petrel. a - In b - At c - On
120) Mary's not here - she's....................the office. a - On b - In c - At
121) The ham is...................................the shelf in the kitchen. a - On b - In c - At
122) They are all......................................the garden. a - At
407
b - In c - On
123) The papers are................................my desk. a - In b - At c - On
124) He's not..........................................work today. a - On b - In c - At
125) I ' l l see you ........................................Monday. a - In b - At c - On
126) They came to visit us ....................my birthday. a - In b - At c - On
127) Did you have a good time ......................Christmas? a - In b - At c - On
128) School finishes ..................................three o'clock. a - On b - In c - At
129) I ' l l meet you............................the station. a - At b - In c - On
130) He's sti l l..........................................school. a - At b - In c - On
131) That picture....................the wall was painted by Vladi Monzó. a - In b - At c - On
132) We're meeting...............................7.00 on Tuesday. a - At b - On c - In
133) I ............................to the swimming pool every day at 5.00. a - Going b - Goes
408
c - Go
134) ............................what he's saying? a - Do you understand b - Does you understand c - Did you understand
135) Horatio ..........................................a shower at the moment. a - Is has b - Is having c - Has
136) Somebody...............................to us. a - Is listens b - Listens c - Is listening
137) She..........................to go home now. a - Is wants b - Is wanted c - Wants
138) How often ........................................a magazine? a - Do you read b - Does you read c - Did you reads
139) The Town Hall ...........................................a new street to Alberto Navarro. a - Should dedicate b - Shall dedicating c - Should to dedicate
140) I ....................................................... in Aspe tomorrow. a - Will be b - Will is c - Will am
141) I .........................................my cousin in Madrid next week. a - Visited b - Will visit c - Visit
142) They ...........................a new road in 2007. a - Build b - Will build c - Builded
143) I ........................................to the Yelmo Cineplex cinemas tomorrow. a - Went b - Go c - Will go
144) They ...........................in La Sirena next Saturday. a - Will be having dinner
409
b - Will dinner have c - Will be dinner
145) I..........to Berlín in August. a - Will flying b - Will flying be c - Will be flying
146) They .............................a lot with that teacher. a - Will learnt have b - Will have learnt c - Will have learn
147) He ...............................many countries in April. a - Will have seen b - Will seen c - Will be seen
148) I .............................everything before 12:00. a - Will eaten b - Will have eaten c - Will be ate
149) Next summer he ............................................a new car. a - Will bought b - Will buying c - Will have been driving
150) In May he .......................................with a new team in France. a - Will played b - Will have been playing c - Will playing be
151) We.........................................many good fi lms but this is the best. a - Has see b - Has seen c - Have seen
152) He ...............................some shoes to his brother. a - Has bought b - Has buy c - Have bought
153) The food ............................................horrible. a - Am b - Was c - Are
154) The French ...........................Spanish very bad in the past. a - Speaks b - Spoke c - Speaking
155) Inmita .......to a swimming pool in the evenings when she was 3 years old. a - Went
410
b - Go c - Went
156) When we lived in Alicante my wife ....................her mother every night. a - Phone b - Phoned c - Phones will
157) My aunt ............................gazpachos in the Culebrón. a - Ate b - Eat c - Will eats
158) We.....................................a lot in England last summer. a - Enjoying b - Enjoys c - Enjoyed
159) Lady Hernández...............................her old boyfriend in a restaurant. a - Met b - Meeting c - Meets
160) I ...............................more than ever last summer. a - Swim b - Swimming c - Swam
161) They .................................to Alicante when they were young. a - Will go b - Goes c - Went
162) The doctor .......................us hat it was nothing important. a - Tolds b - Telling c - Told
163) The bus ...........................................in every city. a - Stopped b - Stopping c - Stop
164) It ..........................................during the festivies. a - Rained b - Raining c - Raineing
165) The alarm clock...............................................but I couldn't stop it. a - Ringing b - Rings c - Was ringing
411
166) He has............................................on weight since he got married. a - Puts b - Put c - Putting
167) Pepe has...................................a new apartment in Santa Pola. a - Buying b - Boughted c - Bought
168) My brother- in-law has...................................football in Alicante. a - Plays b - Played c - Playeding
169) Manuela ..........................................................aspirins for a long time. a - Is takes b - Is took c - Has been taking
170) Alberto Navarro ...........................his last book for over fifteen years. a - Has been writing b - Has be writing c - Has being writing
171) There's nothing in the fridge. They..............all. a - Must have eaten b - Must has ate c - Must had eaten
172) My parents .............................me some money when I got married. a - Giving b - Gaven c - Gave
173) I ............................................that she had won the lottery. a - Have knew b - Have known c - Has know
174) Last summer they .......................................siesta before six. a - Was sleeping b - Sleep c - Were sleeping
175) I .........................................................how to get to Alicante. a - Am explaining b - Explains c - Does explain
176) I ' ve worked in Elche ...................six years. a - Since
412
b - For c - Ago
177) I 've lived in Elda ...................I was a child. a - Since b - For c - Ago
178) We have not been in Rome ...........we were married. a - For b - Since c - Ago
179) I 've known them ................years. a - Ago b - For c - Since
180) She has been working here ...................she left school. a - For b - Since c - Ago
181) He has been in prison..................nine years. a - Ago b - Since c - For
182) Pepica has lived in Salinas.............................she was ten years old. a - For b - Since c - Ago
183) He has been ill .........a long time. a - For b - Since c - Ago
184) Pili is in her office. She's been there ..............7 o'clock. a - Ago b - For c - Since
185) The bus is late. We've been waiting .........................20 minutes. a - Since b - For c - Ago
186) Laura is studying Medicine ............................1987. a - Ago b - For c - Since
187) I 've been learning English.............................January. a - For b - Ago
413
c - Since
188) I 've only been cycling to work......................two months. a - For b - Since c - Ago
189) If you put ice in the sun it..............................................to water. a - Turn b - Turns c - Turning
190) If you...........................................this one I ' l l bring you another. a - Doesn't like b - Didn't like c - Don't like
191) If I ................................................studied I would get a better job. a - Has b - Have c - Had
192) If it ............more we could grow more trees. a - Rain b - Rained c - Raining
193) If I had bought lottery yesterday, today I..............................................r ich. a - Would have being b - Will have been c - Would have been
194) If I had known that they were in Elda l............................................ them to have lunch in La Sirena. a - Willl have invited b - Would have invited c - Had invited
195) Indicativo, Subjuntivo e Imperativo son: a - Modos verbales b - Formas del adjetivo c - Tipos de adverbios
196) ¿Qué nombre reciben los siguientes verbos: "to be, to have y to do "?. a - Auxiliares b - Modales c - Ordinarios
197) My wife is........the kitchen. a - In b - On c - At
198) I was .......the station.
414
a - In b - On c - At
199) The water is..........the fridge. a - On b - In c - At
200) The book is ..........the table. a - In b - On c - At
201) My mother is.........home. a - On b - In c - At
202) My house is..............the road to Sax. a - In b - On c - At
203) The football match ................................at 6:00. a - Starts b - Are starting c - Is starting
204) We ....................................some books to the Public Library. a - Are giving b - Gives c - Giving
205) He................................................smoking next year. a - Is give up b - Is giveing up c - Is giving up
206) They ............................... "the cuartelillo ". a - Are clean b - Are cleanig c - Are cleaned
207) I l ike ..........................................fresh air in the mountains. a - Breathes b - Breathing c - Breathed
208) Pleased to meet ............ a - Yours b - Us c - You
209) I ' l l try .............English tea. a - Some
415
b - Many c - Any
210) Don't ...............to him. a - Listened b - Listen c - Listening
211) You must .........it for us. a - Make b - Makes c - Made
212) How long have you ....................learning English? a - Be b - Being c - Been
213) That's .... . . . . . . . . . a - Enough b - Enougher c - Enoughing
214) Teresa's ...........the phone. a - In b - On c - At
215) Please hurry ............. a - Down b - In c - Up
216) How ..............shirts are you going to buy? a - Many b - Much c - Often
217) .........cash. a - In b - On c - At
218) ..............credit card. a - By b - With c - In
219) Shut up and mind your ........business. a - Our b - Ours c - Own
220) The streets ...........decorated. a - Are b - Is
416
c - Will
221) Come ..............about ten o'clock. a - At b - In c - On
222) Let's ..............a good restaurant, I am very hungry. a - Finding b - Found c - Find
223) There has ........a car crash in Juan Carlos I. a - Be b - Was c - Been
224) What ................happened to him, he is very sad. a - Is b - Has c - Have
225) A little boy called Jaime ......been knocked off by a bike. a - Is b - Have c - Has
226) That ........be enough. a - Should b - Can c - Must
227) Thank ......very much. a - You b - Yours c - Youm
228) You'll need it when it gets .......... a - Coldest b - Colder c - Colding
229) I ..........hope you've got everything now, Pepe. a - Did b - Do c - Does
230) I 'm really looking ...............to the concert! a - For b - Forward c - Up
231) Wasn't it worth .................all those cars? a - Washing b - Wash c - Washed
417
232) I intend to get a job ........weekends. a - In b - On c - At
233) I don't mind, .......................the hours are reasonable and the pay is good. a - Long so b - So long as c - As long as
234) It was difficult at first..........to live alone in England. a - Have b - Has c - Having
235) ............all cars here are automatic. a - Nearly b - Near c - Close
236) This is celebrated ......the fourth Thursday of November. a - On b - In c - At
237) Give.............regards to your family. a - Me b - My c - I
238) Everyone ...........paella and ham in Spain. a - Loves b - Love c - Loving
239) It says .......diving! a - Not b - No c - Any
240) I don't mind ............the same clothes everyday. a - Wearing b - Wear c - Weared
241) I 'll bring you a present ........the journey. a - In b - Up c - On
242) I suppose ....... a - As b - So c - So as so
418
243) That is the ............compliment you can pay to a girl like her. a - Great b - Greater c - Greatest
244) José Luis says you are a very good ......... a - Cooker b - Cooking c - Cook
245) 5.900 ...............insurance and unlimited mileage. a - Including b - Includes c - Include
246) ...............interesting! a - What b - What an c - How
247) I was .................sorry that I felt ashamed. a - So b - As c - So as
248) You can ..............a taxi and go sightseeing. a - Spend b - Hire c - Look up for
249) Can I .........a bike? a - Hire b - Spend c - Renting
250) Imagine .........to work in the Sahara. a - Have b - Having c - Has
251) People of your age ............not drink beer. a - Shall b - Will c - Should
252) The place I enjoyed .............was the museum of Moder Art. a - Most b - More c - Little
253) At what time did you .......................to the cinema last night? a - Go b - Went c - Going
254) I play football wi th.........
419
a - He b - Him c - His
255) She is ..................secretary. a - Me b - My c - Mine
256) My wife eats ..................oranges. a - Many b - Little c - So
257) The umbrella is.......... a - He b - Her c - Hers
258) If I could, I ......................go to the cinema with you, darling. a - Went b - Must c - Would
259) Girls, you ......................say those things about your friends. a - Haven't to b - Mustn't c - Mustn
260) Have another chocolate. No, thank you very much indeed, ....................too much. a - I've eaten b - I eaten c - I ate
261) I think my brother ..................to come next month. a - Cans b - Could c - Will be able
262) Mr. Martínez ......................for a loan, but then, he won the lottery. a - Was asking b - Asking c - Askeing
263) That girl is ............................pretty. a - As b - So many c - So
264) How .......................you go to Sax tomorrow? a - Does b - Shall c - Will
265) My daughter hasn't ....................from school yet.
420
a - Comed b - Coming c - Come
266) Haven't you done it ....................? a - Ago b - Yet c - For
267) Manolo, .................go to the disco tonight. a - Let us b - We let's c - We let
268) You have to be much .....................when you use this. a - More careful b - Carefuler c - Carefulest
269) It was nice to see him again. I .........him for ages. a - Haven't seen b - Haven t see c - Saw
270) Those are the ones .................came yesterday. a - Who b - Whom c - Whose
271) It ...........for ages in Almeria. Said the weather forecast yesterday. a - Doesn't rain b - Did rain c - Hasn't rained
272) I was going to write but the computer ...............down. a - Break b - Breaks c - Broke
273) Oscar always ...................tennis a - Play b - Plays c - Is play
274) ......you born in Elda ? a - Had b - Are c - Were
275) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new computer, .............you? a - Would b - Wouldn't c - May
276) My grandmother died at the .......of 89. a – Age
421
b - Years c - Years of
277) Hey...........a look, Rocio Jurado is there with her husband. a - Have b - Take c - Put
278) Plaza Mayor .......in 1996. a - Was built b - Will be built c - Built
279) What ....................happen if we didn't go to work? a - Will b - Would c - Must
280) The local Council ...........do something about those houses! a - Must to b - Have to c - Must
281) All these children are nice, but ours are ................ a - Niecerest b - Nicer c - Nicest
282) The shop was open this morning. It ...at 4:45. a - Open b - Was open c - Opened
283) It ..............a lot in winter in Bocairente. a - Snows b - Is snowed c - Is snowing
284) We haven't seen the new Harry Potter film ... a - Yet b - Already c - Still
285) It 's late and Juan is ...........in bed. a - Already b - Still c - Yet
286) I think that "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........book I have read in my life. a - The best b - Best than c - The better
287) If I were you, I .............work in that bank anymore. a - Would
422
b - Wouldn't c - Can
288) Come on, boys. We .........win them this time. a - Must b - Have to c - Have
289) She is very pretty but my girlfriend is ........ a - Prettier b - Prettiest c - The pretty
290) I was listening to the news ...........TV when the baby began to scream. a - On b - In c - At
291) This is the boy........father is the President of "The Moros Musulmanes ". a - Whose b - What c - Which
292) I ..........to London since 1993. a - Haven't been b - Haven't gone c - Haven't go
293) She doesn't live in Novelda, ...she? a - Do b - Does c - Doesn't
294) It........rain tomorrow. a - May b - Must c - Can
295) I am .............tall as Paco Cabrera. a - As b - So c - So as
296) This is the restaurant.........we celebrate our anniversary every year. a - Where b - Which c - What
297) We........some money to buy a new fridge. Can we borrow from you? a - Need b - Must c - May
298) What's your new girlfriend like ? a - Very nice b - Very pretty
423
c - Demanding
299) It 's very late and your brother is...... a - Still in bed b - Still in the bed c - Already in bed
300) There is......milk in the fridge. a - No b - Some c - Many
301) .........very nice car is a Mercedes. a - What a b - How c - How a
302) I want you to .................to my party. a - Came b - Coming c - Come
303) She gave him four .........of bread. a - Loafs b - Loaves c - Loavings
304) She had .......money that she didn't know what to do. a - So much b - So many c - So
305) He got married on the ...........of May. a - 3rd b - 3nd c - 3st
306) My uncle has never been to Jamaica. a - Neither has mine b - Neither has me c - Neither has I
307) I never listen to...radio at night. a - A b - The c - -
308) Why don't you eat..........breakfast? a - A b - The c - -
309) Before......lunch we played ATAJOS. a - The b - - c - A
424
310) ...........Vinalopó is the only river we have. a - - b - The c - A
311) .......wine is good if you drink properly. a - - b - The c - A
312) ........wine from Rioja is my favourite. a - - b - The c - A
313) I went to.......hospital to visi t my friend Enrique who had a heart attack. a - The b - - c - A
314) Sarah goes to......church every Sunday with my wife. a - - b - The c - A
315) There is .......which is not very clear in this. a - Something b - Anything c - Nothing
316) The indians had many....... a - Chiefs b - Chieves c - Cifs
317) My favourite.........were a ball and the Scalextrix. a - Toys b - Toyes c - Tois
318) A famous English king had six........ a - Wifes b - Wives c - Wivess
319) The plural of goose is... a - Gooses b - Geese c - Gees
320) .........l ive in Elda. a - Us b - We c - Our
321) La casa de Manoli.
425
a - House's Manoli b - Manoli's house c - The manoli's house
322) El coche de mi amigo. a - The my friend's car b - My friend's car c - Car's my friend
323) La casa de los Torres. a - The Torres' house b - Torres'ss house c - The house of Torres'
324) We were.......the theatre last night. a - In b - On c - At
325) I studied ........don Emilio's school from 1968 to 1975. a - In b - On c - At
326) I met her ..........a lecture. a - On b - In c - At
327) She studied........Oxford. a - On b - At c - Of
328) She lives.....Oxford. a - In b - On c - At
329) Elda is ......the road to Albacete. a - In b - On c - At
330) I live ......the second floor. a - In b - At c - On
331) I was born......Elda. a - On b - In c - At
332) We have a house......the coast. a - In
426
b - On c - At
333) I met her..........the croosroads. a - At b - In c - On
334) We arrived .......France in 1990. a - At b - In c - On
335) We arrived ........Paris in 1991. a - At b - On c - In
336) ......lunch time we drink coke. a - In b - On c - At
337) ......the beginning of the book I didn't like very much. a - In b - On c - At
338) ........first sight I fell in love with her. a - At b - In c - On
339) We became friends.......last. a - In b - On c - At
340) ........Christmas day my family come home. a - In b - On c - At
341) You must be ......time for the plane. a - In b - On c - At
342) Holidays in Spain are.......July to September. a - For b - From c - At
343) All the trains come......Alicante. a - From b - For
427
c - Up
344) We are going .................the cinema tonight. a - At b - To c - In
345) The safest way to travel is.......road. a - On b - In c - By
346) We got.......the bus at 8.00. a - In b - On c - By
347) I go to work........foot. a - In b - On c - By
348) ¿Qué forma verbal expresa intención? a - Going to b - Must c - Need
349) Let.................come. a - Her b - She c - Hers
350) Los advervios de frecuencia se colocan .......del verbo to be. a - Detrás b - Delante c - Cerca
351) The thief........he had robbed all the jewels. a - Adnited b - Admitted c - Admitedd
352) I ................to London in 1987. a - Go b - Went c - Gone
353) She hates....... a - Wash b - Washing c - Washed
354) She never..........lies. a - Says b - Tells c - Speaks
428
355) ........long have you been studying English? a - Where b - How c - What
356) Novelda is.......than Monóvar. a - Far b - Further c - Furthest
357) Pepe is .......rich as Manolo. a - So b - As c - Than
358) ..........does she want? a - Where b - What c - Who
359) .......is this old car? a - Whose b - Who c - Whom
360) .........was that pretty girl who was with you in the Plaza Mayor? a - Who b - Whose c - Whom
361) She play tennis. a - So do she b - So does she c - Does she so
362) Are they.........waiting for the doctor? a - Still b - Yet c - Already
363) I haven't read the book about Garzon...... a - Yet b - Still c - Already
364) I haven't written my Christmas cards...... a - Still b - Yet c - Already
365) How much is two + three? a - Five b - Six c - Seven
366) We have.................magazines and books about Elda.
429
a - A lot b - A lot of c - Lots
367) Good....... a - Ivining b - Evening c - Evenning
368) Thank you very much indeed. -You're....... a - Welcome b - Welcomed c - Welcame
369) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner together. a - In b - At c - On
370) .........way, how is your family? a - In b - By c - Upon
371) You never know........he is happy or sad. a - Whenever b - Wheather c - Whether
372) My factory passed ........the hands of my uncle. a - In b - Into c - To
373) If you ...............worried, tell your mother about it. a - Were b - Are c - Had been
374) If you................earlier tonight, we could go to the cinema. a - Come b - Came c - Comes
375) We never understood......he wanted to say. a - Who b - Which c - What
376) ......mind, I have another one. I will repair it. a - Never b - All c - Both
377) If you work for......you will not have to suffer a boss. a - You
430
b - Yours c - Yourself
378) Many people nowadays live by....... a - Them b - Themselves c - Their
379) We enjoyed ..........in our honeymoon. a - Us b - Ours c - Ourselves
380) My friend Tomás is a .........driver. a - Carefully b - Care c - Careful
381) He is always very......and sends me a Jabugo ham on November the 30th. a - Kindly b - Kaind c - Kind
382) We never speak..........about our friends. a - Badder b - Badly c - Worse
383) ......Lent people many people don't eat meat. a - At b - On c - In
384) In the middle ....................August we organise many BBQs. a - From b - Of c - On
385) People .......the beach should drink water all the time. a - In b - On c - At
386) We ought not to visit her. She........study. a - Has b - Must c - Have
387) I went for a walk........Castelar Square. a - About b - Afloat c - Around
388) ......your mouth close all the time, only answer if the teacher asks you. a - Keep
431
b - To keep c - Keeps
389) My father- in-law arrived...........Alicante airport from Italy yesterday. He went to Lineapelle. a - In b - At c - On
390) I haven't finished........ a - Yet b - Already c - Still
391) If you can't water the plants, I ........do it for you. a - Would b - Will c - Won't
392) All the shoes were........during the shoe fair in Milan. a - Sell b - Sold c - Selling
393) Hallowen is...... a - October 31st b - October 1rd c - October 1nd
394) ........faithfully. a - Your b - Yours c - Yourself
395) Everybody..........to make the beds. a - Has b - Have c - To have
396) There are.......good and bad methods of learning a language. a - All b - Neither c - Both
397) No smoking.........be allowed in all the premises. a - Will b - Shall c - Is to
398) When my mother was young my grandmother ........look after her. a - Used b - Would c - To
399) Why......you want to buy this? if it is of no use. a - Shall
432
b - Will c - Should
400) He........his wife he had had an affair with her best friend. a - Said b - Told c - Spoke
401) He ...........to the waiter that the wine was not very good. a - Told b - Said c - Sayd
402) Life is not easy. You can never..........what is going to happen. a - Say b - Tell c - Knows
403) "It has been the best day of my life "......my sister. a - Told b - Said c - Gueses
404) It goes without........ a - Telling b - Saying c - Explainig
405) ........stupid of him! a - What b - How c - What a
406) I like swimming. -.......too. a - I b - My c - Me
407) ........that Pepe were rich he would not be here. a - Provides b - Provided c - Providing
408) It was.............understood by all the students. a - Easy b - Easily c - Easier that
409) The party was.........planned. a - Wonderfully b - Wonder c - Wonderful
410) I don't think so...... a - Personally b - Personal
433
c - Personaly
411) The man with the moustache and the golden watch........be his father. a - Must b - Can c - Need
412) Do........home now it's very late! a - Go b - To go c - Goed
413) Why .......him about the accident? a - To tell b - Tell c - Telling
414) I went to the disco....... a - To dance b - Dance c - Dancing
415) Is Real Madrid going to win the league?- I think....... a - Such b - So c - Some
416) .......to speak. a - So b - Such c - As
417) She lives ........ a - The fifth floor b - On the fifth floor c - On the fivefth floor
418) English people celebrate ..........................twelve days after Christmas' day. a - Twelfth's night b - Twelve night c - Twelves nights
419) He ...................arrive late yesterday. a - Do b - Does c - Did
420) He has...................away because he was a little bit tired. a - Go b - Went c - Gone
421) Before my daughters were born I visited many....................with my wife. a - Countries
434
b - Countryes c - Cauntries
422) Please.......................on the lights. a - To switch b - Switch c - Switching
423) Don't forget ...............the letters. a - Posted b - To post c - Posts
424) The park is......................the hospital. a - Next b - Next to c - Next about
425) Someone has......................the book from the library. a - Steal b - Stole c - Stolen
426) She is always........................friends. a - Doing b - Made c - Making
427) My daughters..................so much noise! a - Do b - Make c - Making
428) What are you..................? -Just reading the paper. a - Making b - Doing c - Make
429) I have finished the book. - He said .................finished the book. a - He has b - He had c - He having
430) We always arrive............... a - Early b - Earliest c - The earlier
431) My parents work.............. a - Hard b - Harder than c - The hard
432) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark. a - May b - Mays
435
c - Mights
433) At 9.00 am you must say good................... a - Night b - Afternoon c - Morning
434) American people often say..................instead of bye a - So long b - So long as c - As by
435) We eat ...............fish. a - Many b - Much c - Few
436) I smoke..........................cigarettes than before. a - Few b - Fewerst c - Fewer
437) ....................wife's name is Inma. a - I b - Me c - My
438) They said he was a ...................teacher. a - Bored b - Boring c - Borerst
439) I was .....................because the film was boring. a - Boring b - Borest c - Bored
440) In a couple of hours the factory was......... a - Ablaze b - Ablase c - Ablasing
441) He always says that ll the Chinese look.................. a - Like b - Alike c - Likes
442) His .....................brother works in Perú. a - Elder b - Old c - Older
443) Sometimes she drives me............. a - Madder b - Mad c - Madest
436
444) Many peole are....................during the Moors and Christians Festivities. a - Drink b - Drank c - Drunk
445) The....................age of pop was the 60s. a - Gold b - Golgind c - Golden
446) I have decided .................a new bike. a - Buying b - Buy c - To buy
447) They deserve.......................treated better. a - Be b - To be c - Being
448) You had better...........................the car now. Next year the prices will go up. a - To buy b - Buy c - Buying
449) Yo must avoid........................to him. a - Speaking b - To speak c - Speak
450) I don't mind..........................to wait. a - To have b - Having c - Have
451) ¿Qué clase de conjunción es "so "? a - Consecutiva b - Copulativa c - Adversativa
452) ¿Qué clase de conjunciónes son "if, unless, as long as, provided that "? a - Condicionales b - Causales c - Finales
453) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabrass que llevan acento? a - Átonas b - Tónicas c - Agudas
454) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabras que no llevan acento? a - Átonas b - Llanas
437
c - Esdrújulas
455) ¿Cómo se llaman las palabras que llevan el acento en la última si laba? a - Agúda b - Llana c - Esdrújula
456) ¿Cómo se denominan a los verbos ser y estar? a - Transitivos b - Copulativos c - Modales
457) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Paul b - John c - Four
458) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Had b - Head c - Said
459) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Pen b - Bed c - Pan
460) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - At b - Art c - Hat
461) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Pat b - Match c - Part
462) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Shop b - Sport c - Fox
463) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Full b - Fool c - Pull
464) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Bat b - But c - Cup
465) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Run b - Rung
438
c - Sank
466) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Heard b - Turn c - Debt
467) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Place b - Plays c - Prize
468) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Bus b - Once c - Buzz
469) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Seat b - Sell c - Shell
470) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Thin b - Sin c - Thing
471) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Ham b - Hum c - Bun
472) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Was b - Wash c - Ship
473) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Swan b - Bald c - Ball
474) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Want b - Wallet c - Salt
475) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Scar b - Party c - Dollar
476) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Daughter b - Fault c - Because
439
477) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Beans b - Bread c - Dead
478) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Dry b - Big c - City
479) ¿Qué palabra tiene un sonido diferente? a - Bore b - Canoe c - Shoe
480) Yes, they........interesting books. a - Is b - Are c - Am
481) I...........a teacher. a - Is b - Am c - Are
482) You.........the limit. a - Are b - Is c - Am
483) I .................... tal l . a - Is b - Am c - Are
484) Horacio ......in Elche. a - Am b - Is c - Are
485) I.........in the classroom. a - Am b - Is c - Are
486) You.....................tall. a - Is b - Are c - Am
487) Tres. a - Zrui b - Tree c - Three
488) Cinco.
440
a - Faif b - Five c - Fife
489) Diez. a - Tenn b - Tent c - Ten
490) Trece. a - Thirten b - Therteen c - Thirteen
491) Dieciséis. a - Sixten b - Sisteen c - Sixteen
492) Diecisiete. a - Seventeen b - Seventen c - Seveteen
493) Madre. a - Sister b - Daugher c - Mother
494) Abuelo. a - Father in law b - Grandfather c - Granparentes
495) Abuela. a - Motherold b - Grandmother c - Mother inlaw
496) Hija. a - Daughter b - Sister c - Mother
497) Pariente. a - Relative b - Parent c - Parenting
498) Chaleco. a - Coat b - Waistcoat c - Tie
499) Vaqueros. a - Jins
441
b - Jeans c - Troussers
500) Macarena lives........Ronda. a - In b - On c - At
442
Soluciones 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. B 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. A 41. A 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. B 47. A 48. B 49. A 50. A 51. B 52. A 53. C 54. C 55. C 56. A 57. C 58. B 59. C 60. A 61. A 62. C 63. B 64. C 65. A 66. C 67. C 68. C 69. B 70. B 71. B 72. C 73. C 74. C 75. B 76. B 77. B 78. A 79. B 80. A 81. B 82. A 83. B 84. B 85. A 86. B 87. A 88. B 89. A 90. A 91. B 92. A 93. B 94. B 95. B 96. A 97. C 98. B 99. A 100. A 101. B 102. A 103. B 104. B 105. A 106. A 107. A 108. A 109. A 110. A 111. A 112. A 113. A 114. B 115. C 116. C 117. A 118. A 119. A 120. C 121. B 122. B 123. C 124. C 125. C 126. C 127. B 128. C 129. A 130. B 131. C 132. A 133. C 134. A 135. B 136. C 137. C 138. A 139. A 140. A 141. B 142. B 143. C 144. A 145. C 146. B 147. A 148. B 149. C 150. B 151. C 152. A 153. B 154. B 155. A 156. B 157. A 158. C 159. A 160. C 161. C 162. C 163. A 164. A 165. C 166. B 167. C 168. B 169. C 170. A 171. A 172. C 173. B 174. C 175. A 176. B 177. A 178. B 179. B 180. B 181. C 182. B 183. A 184. C 185. B 186. C 187. C 188. A 189. B 190. C 191. C 192. B 193. C 194. B 195. A 196. A 197. A 198. C 199. B 200. B 201. C 202. B 203. A 204. A 205. C 206. B 207. B 208. C 209. A 210. B 211. A 212. C 213. A 214. B 215. C 216. A 217. A 218. A 219. C 220. A 221. A 222. C 223. C 224. B 225. C 226. A 227. A 228. B 229. B 230. B 231. A 232. B 233. B 234. C 235. A 236. A 237. B 238. A 239. B 240. A 241. C 242. B 243. C 244. C 245. A 246. C 247. A 248. B 249. A 250. B 251. C 252. A 253. A 254. B 255. B 256. A 257. C 258. C 259. B 260. A 261. C 262. A 263. C 264. C 265. C 266. B 267. A 268. A 269. A 270. A 271. C 272. C 273. B 274. C 275. B 276. A 277. A 278. A 279. B 280. C 281. B 282. C 283. A 284. A 285. B 286. A 287. B 288. A 289. A 290. A 291. A 292. A 293. B 294. A 295. A 296. A 297. A 298. B 299. A 300. A 301. A 302. C 303. A 304. A 305. A 306. A 307. B 308. C 309. B 310. B 311. A 312. B 313. A 314. A 315. A 316. A 317. A 318. B 319. B 320. B 321. B 322. B 323. A 324. C 325. C 326. C 327. B 328. A 329. B 330. C 331. B 332. B 333. A 334. B 335. C 336. C 337. C 338. A 339. C 340. B 341. A 342. B 343. A 344. B 345. C 346. B 347. B 348. A 349. A 350. A 351. B 352. B 353. B 354. B 355. B 356. B 357. B 358. B 359. A 360. A 361. B 362. A 363. A 364. B 365. A 366. B 367. B 368. A 369. C 370. B 371. C 372. B 373. B 374. B 375. C 376. A 377. C 378. B 379. C 380. C 381. C 382. B 383. A 384. B 385. B 386. B 387. C 388. A 389. B 390. A 391. B 392. B 393. A 394. B 395. A 396. C 397. B 398. B 399. C 400. B 401. B 402. B 403. B 404. B 405. B 406. C 407. B 408. B 409. A 410. A 411. A 412. A 413. B 414. A 415. B 416. A 417. B 418. A 419. C 420. C 421. A 422. B 423. B 424. B 425. C 426. C 427. B 428. B 429. B 430. A 431. A 432. A 433. C 434. A 435. B 436. C 437. C 438. B 439. C 440. A 441. B 442. A 443. B 444. C 445. C 446. C 447. B 448. B 449. A 450. B 451. A 452. A 453. B 454. 455. A 456. B 457. B 458. A 459. C 460. B 461. C 462. B 463. B 464. A 465. C 466. C 467. A 468. C 469. C 470. C 471. A 472. A 473. A 474. C 475. C 476. C 477. A 478. A 479. A 480. B 481. B 482. A 483. B 484. B 485. A 486. B 487. C 488. B 489. C 490. C 491. C 492. A 493. C 494. B 495. B 496. A 497. A 498. B 499. B 500. A
![APUNTES INGLÉS 6 1 - bsd.ancrae.org Abierta [6to semestre]/ingles... · APUNTES INGLÉS 6 1 RI61A SEXTO SEMESTRE INGLES 6 NOTICE The follewing words and their de finitions. Export](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/5bb69aee09d3f2a4338bd35a/apuntes-ingles-6-1-bsd-abierta-6to-semestreingles-apuntes-ingles.jpg)
![Ingles Apostila Ingles Instrumental Edificacoes[1]](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/548609c85806b590588b481d/ingles-apostila-ingles-instrumental-edificacoes1.jpg)
