APUSH Master Notes

8/16/2019 APUSH Master Notes

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-Theories of Republicanism

-ppl in US in favor of a republic-Salutary NeglectÐÐ>practice of self-government

1) Classical Republicanism-similar to Roman Republic-elected representatives-what makes republic workÐÐassumptions:

-needs to be small (population and territory)-population should be homogeneous (ethnicity, religion, occupation, socio-economic standing)-citizens of a republic do not act in their own self interest; they act in the nameof the common good ***

-Thomas Jefferson 2) Self-Interested Republicanism

-size of republic does not matter-homogeneity not anticipated

-important for ppl to pursue what is in their self-interest politically andeconomically-conflicts will end up in compromisesÐÐ>greatest good for the greatest number

- Alexander Hamilton 3) Popular/Inclusive Republicanism

-size of republic does not matter-homogeneity not anticipated-vote must be extended as far as it can be-many ppl participate politicallyÐÐ>they will be protected

-Thomas Payne- Andrew Jackson

-Virtue -major topic of discussion-citizens need to behave virtuously

-need to govern and control themselves-society would not flourish without virtue

-how could gov't control people's virtue?-northern states (New England States)

-tax dollarsÐÐ>schools-at first it was only boys-later girls were included

-as mothers, they had to instill virtue in their children

-Republican Womanhood Ú Motherhood-Women's Rights Advocates:

-Abigail Adams-Judith Sergeant Murray

-slavery-20 years after Amer. Rev: northern states abolish slavery

-state laws: gradual emancipation of slaves****-why does north abolish slavery?


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-people believed it was immoral-northerners were never very dependent on slavery

-easier and cheaper to hire someone than to buy and maintain slaves-southern states:

-most hold on to their slaves-individual acts of manumission

-slave owners could free their slaves if they wished-tobaccoÐÐ>grain=less slaves needed

-95% of African Americans enslavedÐÐÐÐ>90%-still large majority slaves

-"All men are created equal"-slaves are not considered as humans-racism increases as result of Dec. of Ind .

-needed to justify slavery-most of slaves are remaining enslaved

-Defense of Slavery-Prior to 1776

-necessary evil-After 1776

-positive good-good for the slaves-"White Man's Burden"ÐÐ>white need to keep blacks in line

-protects slaves from themselves and their own worst instincts-free black population doubles

-live in cities in North-womenÐdomestic servants-menÐheavy labor jobs-free blacks in southÐÐChesapeake

-acts of manumission are primarily taking place

-Constitution - Articles of Confederation 1781Ð1788

-first constitution-limits power of nation gov't

-most governing was done at state level-State Constitutions

-2nd Continental Congress encouraged states to write their ownconstitutions-Separation of Powers

-ExecutiveÐÐgovernor

-could not have too much power-over time (through war) need strong "enough" executive

-Checks and Balances -Legislative

-bi-cameral (upper and lower houses)-Judicial

-Bills of Rights-Structure of Federal Gov't under Articles of Confederation


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-no separation of power-uni-cameral legislature-each state gets one vote

-how 2nd Continental Congress was set up-no executive (president)

-each state delegation took turns-no judicial branch

-national gov't was not there to make many laws-need 3/4 majority to pass laws

-not going to pass many laws-need full majority to ratify and amend the document

-Strength(s) -Northwest ordinances (NW=Ohio River Valley)-describe the process whereby states can be created and added to theunion-important because there will be many states added to the union-process is used even after Articles of Confederation is discarded

-Weaknesses -taxation

-possible for national gov't to get tax revenueÐÐ>only through states-debt****

-owed to French, Dutch, soldiers, merchants, bond-holders-currency

-could not create national currency-paper $$$=good-paper currency=notes

-notes backed up by precious metals (gold)-print more moneyÐÐÐ>not backed up by gold (no taxes)

-inflation*****-money is not trusted

-charge more $ for an item-military

-no taxesÐÐ>no strong army-diplomatic issues

-Treaty of Paris 1783-US citizens must pay the debts they owe to British businesses

-Americans were not paying debts they owed to GBbusinesses bc of American Revolution

-after war, 100,000 loyalists left country and went to Britain-left behind valuable property, homes, businesses

-loyalists who left country should be reimbursed for theproperty they have lost

****Could not be enforced and provisions are not met**** -GB leaves troops in Ohio River Valley (ORV)

-Spain does not allow American ships to navigate on MississippiRiver

-US does not have a good road system-only affected southern states


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-sent negotiators to Spain-most states not affected-could not negotiate and gain 3/4 vote

***Could not negotiate treaties effectively*** -Uniform Commercial Code

-GB puts tariff on US goods-US does not put tariff on GB goods

-NE colonies need GB goods and are majority of merchantsare there

****NEED A NEW GOVERNMENT****

-The First Constitutional Convention -Annapolis, Maryland-September 1786-would write new constitution-most states did not show up-only thing they did was make date for another meeting

-The Second Constitutional Convention -Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-May 1787-Shays Rebellion

-January 1787-state gov'ts also had a lot of debt-taxing citizens at higher rates than the citizens can pay-Massachusetts: Yeoman Farmers-people who did not pay taxes would be put in jail or their land would be taken away-citizens understand this as Real Whig Ideology

-rebelled-could have become a large violent uprising

***Shays Rebellion necessary piece that makes people show up to SecondConstitutional Convention***

-goal of convention: revise Articles of Confederation-give national gov't slightly more power so it can deal with problems they were facing-give power to tax

-many people believed an entirely new constitution needed to be created-James Madison's ideas

-was at first Constitutional Convention-well-educated-reads political theory

-plan: create new document-Madison is a Self-Interested Republican-wants to create a much stronger national government

-Virginia PlanÐMadison -blueprint for Constitution of the United States-separation of powers-checks and balances-bicameral legislature


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-much stronger national gov't****-power of state governments decreases

-New Jersey Plan -amend the Articles of Confederation-give national gov't power to tax

-Equal vs. Proportional Representation -Madison: proportional-small states: equal-The Great Compromise: Roger Sherman

-bicameral legislature1) Upper based on equal (senate)2) Lower based on proportional (house of representatives)-problem with proportional

-southern states wanted to count slaves to increase their representatives-solution: 3/5 Compromise

-each slave counts as 3/5 of a person in the population-slaves do not vote and are not represented

-increased representation of white southerners in House ofRepresentatives-have more say in electing president (in Electoral College)-slave holders have tremendous power

-Constitution of the United States 1788ÐÐ>-7 Articles

-Sections-Bill of Rights not initially included (comes 3 years later)-Federal System of Government

-power shared between national and state gov'ts-National gov't has more power than State gov'ts-decisions are made slowly

-compromises will be made-factions: groups of people that passionately share beliefs

-factions will hurt one another-September 19th, 1787

-55 delegates: wealthy, white men-remade gov't-what is left to do?-is constitution accepted as new gov't?

-States will have to ratify constitution -will not be state legislatures

-each state will establish a special state ratifying convention-delegates will be elected by voters in each state

-Federalists vs. Antifederalists -Federalists want to ratify the constitution-Antifederalists are opposed

-fear a national gov't that is too powerful-influenced by Real Whig Ideology-preferred state gov'ts


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-local, smaller gov'ts are easier to control-claimed that Constitution lacked Bill of Rights

-antifederalists:-older people who were active in revolution-Yeoman farmers

-***Federalists Win 1788**** -9/13 have to agree to ratify

-Virginia, New York, Massachusetts-eventually do ratify-New York is last to ratify-was debated and went on for a long time

-1789: First Congress-first gov't under new constitution-comprised of Federalists (want national gov't to gain power)-raises revenue: 5% tariff

-tariffs could be made more easily now

-50.1% of delegates had to vote on it instead of 3/4-solely-revenue raising (not controversial)

-organizes executive branch-ConstitutionÐÐ>independent executive branch-congress creates first 5 executive departments

-agencies that aid the president-dept. of:

1) war2) treasury3) state4) justice5) mail

-title=secretary-later are referred to as Presidential Cabinet

-Bill of Rights created-22 amendments to the constitution proposedÐÐÐ>10 are ratified-1791 they are ratified

1st: religion, speech, press, assembly, petition (the gov't)2nd and 3rd: involve standing army

-right to bear arms-no quartering of troops in peacetime

4thÐ8th: due process-rights when a person have committed a crime

9th and 10th: powers that don't belong to national gov't belong to people andstates

-organizes judicial branch-Judiciary Act of 1789 organizes judiciary branch

-specifies that there are 6 supreme justices-creates 13 district courts-3 federal courts of appeal created

-could appeal state decisions to federal courts of appeal


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-national gov't gains power at expense of states

-1789: First Presidency -George Washington-precedents are established

-title: Mr. President-2 term presidency-veto used infrequently-refers to 5 secretaries as his Cabinet (advisors)

-Jefferson: Secretary of State-Hamilton: Secretary of Treasury

-disagreed on everything-leads to development of political parties-Washington connects more with Hamilton

-in war, Hamilton fought with him closely-Hamilton is in favor of a strong national gov't-Hamilton is a Self-Interested Republican

-1790Ð1791: Financial Plan created by Alexander Hamilton-Congress asked him to create it-3 reports-topics:

1) Debt 2) Currency 3) Future of economy

-Debt Packing Scheme 1791 (First Report on Public Credit) -there is national and state debt -country should not repudiate (refuse) the debt

-something must be done to pay off the debt-suggested solution: combine state and national debt into one package of debt

-national gov't will pay off the debt-benefit: better credit rating-can borrow money in the future

-how will national gov't pay the debt?-they can tax (internally)

-example: Whiskey Tax-gov't decides that they cannot tax the citizens enough

-they can issue bonds -example: 10 year bond for $100 and 5% yield-benefits of bonds:

1) national gov't will retire debt

2) credit rating will increase3) wealthy people will buy bonds

-invest in gov't and want it to work so they will be paid back-Congress agrees to Debt Packaging Scheme-they will issue the bonds and raise taxes

-Report on the National Bank 1791 (Second Report on Public Credit) -deals with issue of currency -National Bank needs to be created


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-Bank of the United States -combination of public and private institution-there will be gov't money and private investors money

-$2 million dollars from gov't-$8 million dollars from private

-creates sound and trustworthy currency -money is backed up-but not the only currency

-could make loans to the gov't-is a collecting and dispersing agent-Congress passes a law to charter the bank

-not actually constitutional-charters cannot be created by national gov't

-bill reaches President Washington -turns to Cabinet-Jefferson says that Washington must veto the bill unless there is explicitlyworded permission in the constitution that allows Congress to take this

action-Strict-Constructionist Interpretation

-Hamilton writes Washington an essay called "In Defense of theConstitutionality of the Bank"

-unless the constitution explicitly prohibits gov't from taking this action-Broad Ú Loose-Constructionist Interpretation

-gives more power to national gov't-Washington agrees with Hamilton and bank is created***

-Report on Manufactures (Third Report on Public Credit) -future of gov't: need **diversified economy** -sectors:

-largest sector is agricultural-there is also a merchant sector-Hamilton: if you want to be independent, you need a MANUFACTURING sector

-Britain is biggest trading country with US-Britain can put any tax on goods imported by-they could go to war

-also need a financial sector -going to need money to create a manufacturing sector

-says that there needs to be a tariff on British goods through Protective Tariffs-people will be encouraged to buy domestically produced goods

-immigrants needed

-surplus laborÐÐ>wages go down-Jefferson disagrees with everything Hamilton says-Congress puts down this idea

-Whiskey Rebellion 1791Ð1794 -discontent among US citizens over Whiskey Tax suggested by Hamilton

-tax on production of Whiskey-Whiskey distillers located in Western Pennsylvania (frontiers)


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-not much infrastructure in 1791 in US-farmers would convert their crops into alcohol because it is easier to ship-farmers in Western Pennsylvania are upset by Whiskey Tax

-some peaceful and some violent protests-1794: enraged farmers are marching on city of Pittsburgh

-7,000 people in the mob-non-event-Washington is upset by this

-thinks that people should not be protesting-they should just wait for elections

-Washington leads an army of 13,000Ð15,000 troops out to Pennsylvaniacountryside-there is no one to fight-shows that gov't is powerful and that in a republic, there is no needto protest in arms -Jefferson thinks they went overboard

-people were just exercising their 1st amendment rights

-gov't is denying people their basic liberty

-First Party System (1790Ð1830) -Federalist Party

- Alexander Hamilton -not the same people who wanted to ratify constitution

-Democratic-Republican Party (Jeffersonian Republican Party) -Jefferson and Madison

-French Revolution 1789 -people are supportive of French Revolution-into 1790sÐÐ>French Rev seems too chaotic and violent

-becomes difficult to support-France is also fighting other nations in French Revolutionary Wars

-US is supposed to side with France because of the Treaty of Alliance 1778-French gov't that US signed treaty with is not in existence anymore-US would also have to fight Britain

-merchant class does not want to get involved in war because they are dependenton GB for goods and trade-majority of imports are coming from Britain-trade would be jeopardized

-1793: Citizen Genet in US-purpose is to pressure US into supporting French and honor Treaty of Alliance

-to become involved in Euro wars could jeopardize US independence-should Washington officially receive Citizen Genet?

-Washington decides to officially receive Citizen Genet-does the US officially recognize the French Republic as the legitimate gov't ofFrance?

-US will not officially recognize French Republic-Proclamation of Neutrality 1793

-US will trade with all foreign nations but ally itself with none


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-Washington establishes this as US foreign policy

-Democratic-Republican Societies (local level)-political clubs-mostly artisans and Yeoman farmers who are committed to the ideas of Jefferson-not officially part of Democratic-Republican Party-organize mass meetings and protests-adamant about First Amendment Rights (unhappy with how Whiskey Rebellion wasdealt with)-opposed to Hamilton's ideas

-1794: Jay Treaty -Washington sends John Jay to GB-judicial branch was not doing much-problems

-GB has begun interfering in US trade to prevent trade with French colonies-there are still British troops in the ORV

-there are still high tariffs being placed on US exports to GB-there were many slaves who left US to British at end of American Revolution

-treaty-troops are evacuated from ORV-tariffs on US imports to GB are reduced-there will be no compensation for lost slaves-there is no change in the seizure of US ships

-***treaty is controversial***-Senate ratifies Jay Treaty in secret***

-people felt that they were abusing their power-Democratic-Republicans unhappy with treaty-Federalists were happy with treaty

-House of Representatives has the right to vote appropriations-fund to enforce treaty-majority in favor of appropriations

-51 in favor: 48 not in favor-44 out of 51 = Federalists-45 out of 48 = Democratic-Republicans

-***apparent split between parties*** -their votes are aligned

-1795: Pinckney's Treaty -with Spain

-opens Mississippi to navigation for US-opposition to Jay Treaty dies down

-Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) -southern, middle states and western frontier are supporters-in agricultural sector-they are optimistic about nations economic and political future-have hopes to expand across continent


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-tolerant of mass political participation-immigrants are supporters

-in favor of French Rev-followers of Real Whig Ideology

-Federalists (Hamilton) -primarily in New England-dominated by commercial interests (many merchants)-have economic uncertainty

-interference of trade with GB because of French Rev-do not think they will be dominant political party because new lands with farmersmeans more people voting for Democratic-Republicans-pro-British, not French-not followers of Real Whig Ideology-think voting should be limited to landowners and educated

-Washington's Farewell Address 1796

-does not run for a third termÐÐ>sets precedent-foreign policy: ally with none, trade with all-written by Hamilton-says to beware of factions (Democratic-Republicans)

-Election of 1796 -Adams vs. Pinckney for Federalists-Jefferson vs. Burr for Democratic-Republicans-John Adams becomes president

-does not always agree with Hamilton-Thomas Jefferson becomes Vice President-Quasi War 1798Ð1799

-fought with France (undeclared war between France and US)-US was more aligned with GB when French needed US-France interferes with US trade in Caribbean

-diplomats sent to France: E. Gerry, J. Marshall, C. Pinckney-goal: negotiate with Tallyrand about interference in Caribbean

-could not speak with Tallyrand until US gave $250,000-Adams says that he will not pay the bribe bc French are being unreasonableand rude

-goes to Congress and suggests that they need spendings for navy bc itlooks like they will be fighting-Democratic-Republicans do not believe him bc he is a Federalist

-Adams refers to diplomats as X,Y,ZÐÐ>X,Y,Z letters-Congress is convinced-anti-French sentiment sweeps across US

-Convention of 1800 -ends Quasi War-treaty of alliance is abrogated (ended)

-Alien and Sedition Acts 1798


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-signed by Federalist majority-AlienÐÐ>foreigner who has not yet become a citizen-Naturalization Act

-naturalization = becoming a citizen-period of residence: 5 yearsÐÐ>14 years

-weaken D-R's- Alien Enemies Act

-aliens from enemy nations can be jailed without proper trial- Alien Friends Act

-aliens from nations with which US has good relations can be deported-weaken D-R's by preventing foreigners from voting

-Sedition Act -it is criminalized to write print or speak any false, scandalous, or malicious againstthe president or gov't-national judiciary would decide whether the law was constitutional-supreme court justices appointed by PresidentÐÐÐ>federalists!!-laws are passed

-Jefferson and Madison want to protest acts-go to state legislatures-Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

-statements of principle-written by Jefferson and Madison, not state legislatures-argue that constitution was created as a compact/agreement among thestate, therefore the states have the right to decide when a law is or is notconstitutional-if a law is unconstitutional, law will be ignored-^^^Compact Theory-no other states follow Virginia and Kentucky's example

-provide an argument that is used until civil war: states have power todecide whether or not the law is constitutional

-leads to secession of states in civil war

-Election of 1800 -Jefferson vs. Burr

-electoral college required electors to make 2 choices for president-whoever got the most votes becomes president-second highest number of votes becomes vice president

-D-R's win because ppl were against Alien and Sedition Acts-Jefferson and Burr had same amount of electoral votes

-if there is a tie in the electoral collegeÐÐ>election goes to House of

Representatives-12th Amendment : it would be identified people wanted for president and vicepresident

-1800: Gabriel's Rebellion -slave rebellion-Gabriel Prosser = slave-go to richmond, kidnap governor, and hold him until he decides to free slaves


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-if he does not free slaves, they would burn down city-plan is found out before it is executed-Prosser and co-conspirators are executed-failed-outcome: harsher laws for slaves and slaveowners***


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Chapter 9

-Jefferson 1801 -Jefferson is president-gives inaugural address

-says that "We are all federalists, we are all republicans"-calls election of 1800 "Revolution of 1800" because D-R is now majority party

-in executive and legislative branches-there will be a change in how US is governed

-reduce power of national gov't ****-tax less (repeal all internal taxes)-reduce military

-all alien and sedition acts except for one are going to be allowed to expire-Patronage Politics

-party in power gives jobs/contracts to its supporters-builds party unity

-Supreme Court

-judicial was least powerful/significant branch-1801: John Adams appoints John Marshall as chief justice of Supreme Court-1801Ð1835-federalist-is most significant chief justice in history

-maintains federalist influence on national gov't***-his decisions show that he wants to make the national gov't greater than thestate gov'ts***-wants to protect a diversified economy

-strengthens judicial branch-gives supreme court power of judicial review

-can declare a law unconstitutional when a case involves theconstitutionality of a law

-for national or state laws-Adams passes Judiciary Act of 1801

-reduces number of Supreme Court Justices from 6 to 5-created 15 new federal judgeships (in national courts)

-appoints federalists, all are confirmed by Congress-judges must be certified

-fail to certify new judges before Adams's presidency is over-it will be up to Jefferson to certify the judges-Jefferson's Secretary of State is MadisonÐÐ>does not certify them

-Marbury vs. Madison -Supreme Court created for itself judicial review in thiscase****

-Marbury=one of the judges that was not certified by Madison-Marbury sues Madison-Marbury wants a court orderÐÐ>wants Supreme Court to forceMadison to certify him (issue writ of mandamus)-Marshall agrees with Marbury, but he says that he cannot issuethe writ of mandamusÐÐ>Supreme Court does not have thepower to do what Marbury wants because the law that givesSupreme Court this power is unconstitutional-Marshall uses judicial review


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-law=Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional according toMarshall

-Louisiana Purchase -western border-MississippiÐÐ>Rocky Mountains

-previously controlled by Spain (Treaty of Paris 1763)-Spain gives Louisiana Territory to France under Napoleon-US is unhappyÐÐ>thinks Napoleon is going to colonize-1802: Spain begins to prevent Americans from navigating Mississippi

-intensifies fears of Americans-Jefferson does not want to go to war because he reduced the military

-sends diplomats to France in 1803-tells diplomates to buy New Orleans

-port of New Orleans is key to Mississippi-cannot use same ship for rivers and Gulf of Mexico (ocean)-people must transport their goods at port of New Orleans

-France offers Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million

-Jefferson says yes-Jefferson sees this as a great opportunity for the D-R party-gains absolute control of Mississippi-Native Americans are pushed out and moved west of the Mississippi

-issue of constitutionality-there is nothing in the constitution that allows President to do this-goes against his Strict-Constructionist view-says that his power to do this comes from his position as commander-in-chief

-protects borders-adding new states in this territoryÐÐ>issue of slavery

-Lewis and Clark -explore Louisiana Territory

-stimulated interest in the country of Western settlement

-Election of 1804 -Jefferson wins an overwhelming victory

-Louisiana Purchase made him very popular-D-R's have defended people's individual liberty (let Alien and Sedition Acts expire)-lowered taxes-D-R's are very good at campaigning, organizing, having social and political interactions

-Federalists problems -unwilling to campaign: believed it was beneath them to campaign-leadership was dying and retiring

-Washington died; Hamilton was shot by Aaron Burr; Adams is retired

-worried about Louisiana Purchase-NE talked about seceding from the union

-The War of 1812 -Jefferson maintains Washington's foreign policy

-ally with none, trade with all-Napoleonic Wars

-many countries-GB and France are fighting


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-US is largest neutral carrier (trading ships)-GB and France are interfering with each other's tradeÐÐ>US affected-GB NavyÐÐ>high demand for sailors

-unhappy there-sailors defect to US and work on US merchant ships-GB is aware of this

-GB begins impressment -1805: British Naval Ships are stopping US merchant ships and seizing defectors

-there are some sailors with British accents that are assumed to be defectors-many were American citizens-impressed defectors into Royal Navy

-GB shows disrespect to US-US cannot have a military responseÐÐ>Jefferson decreased military-US has economic response-1806: Non-Importation Act

-cloth and metal goods from GB-Federalists unhappy with this-does not make GB stop impressment***

-Chesapeake Affair 1807 -British ship=Leopard-US ship=Chesapeake-US citizens were killed-US is very upset

-1807: Embargo Act -no exports to any countries-country goes into a depression

-especially Federalists are upset-Federalists are still talking about secession

-1809: Non-Intercourse Act -US will resume trade with all nations except for GB and France-if GB and France stop interfering with US trade, US will trade with them too

-GB still engage in impressment

-Election of 1808: Madison becomes president

-1812: US declares war on Britain -Madison is pushed by group in House of Representatives called War Hawks (D-R's)

-Henry Clay-John C. Calhoun

-there were coordinated Native American attacks on US settlements in West-War Hawks say that British are encouraging Native Americans-D-R's are pro-expansion

-want to take Canada from GB

-US is not prepared for war-not much of a military-need to spend money on military quickly

-could borrow from National Bank-1811: charter is not renewed

-state militias are against the war-negatives

-attacks on Canada do not work-blockades


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-GB established a blockade around US ports-hurts US economy even more

-Washington D.C.-captured and burned by British

- positives -ending Native resistance east of Mississippi

-nationalism rises-national anthem is written during War of 1812-Battle of New Orleans 1815

-Andrew Jackson=general in Tennessee Militia-becomes general of national army-GB attacks city of New Orleans-Jackson wins a great victory-battle became very famous

-Treaty of Ghent 1814 -ends War of 1812

-almost nothing US or GB were fighting for is addressed in treaty

-US wanted to end impressment-GB wanted a buffer zone in between Canada and US-reestablishes the pre-war status quo

-everything goes back to how it was-begin trading again

-Napoleonic Wars had ended

-Consequences Ú Effects of the War of 1812 1) End of Native Resistance

-western settlements east of Mississippi (frontier)-Tenkskuatawa/Prophet and Tecumseh

-two leaders of resistance-Tenkskuatawa was a drunk

-envisions a cultural resistance -urges natives to resist white culture as much as they can-focused on cultural resistance more than military-spreads throughout country-was able to establish intertribal alliances

-Tecumseh -military resistance -fought effectively and actively throughout Great Lakes Region-encouraged military resistance throughout country and to the south

-Tenkskuatawa lost credibility and support-Tecumseh diedÐÐÐ>alliances are weakened

-Creek War

-Alabama-Creeks were defeated

2) Rise of American Manufacturing -embargo, non-importation, and non-intercourse acts made it difficult to import andexport goods-manufactured goods needed to be produced-factoriesÐÐ>Northern cities

-capital: money for investment-merchants have capital but cannot buy goods that are normally imported to the


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country-merchant classÐÐ>manufacturing class

-merchants open their own factories3) End of the Federalist Party

-many federalist spoke about secession-Hartford Convention, late 1814Ðearly 1815

-federalists realize that they are a minority-want to find a way to maintain power-conclusion: they can demand amendments to the constitution

-1 term presidency-stricter standards for admitting new states to the union-forbid naturalized citizens from holding political office

-amending constitution1) proposal of amendment (2/3 majority)2) ratification of proposed amendment (3/4 of state legislatures)

-do not have these majorities-if they do not get these amendments, they will secede from theunion

-people hear about Hartford Convention at same time they hear about Treaty ofGhent and Battle of New Orleans-Federalists seem treacherous

-Federalist Party is gone, ideas remain4) Rise of Nationalism

-US thinks it has a destiny to fulfill (later manifest destiny)

-Post-Federalist Government -D-R's can use some federalist ideas

-needs to increase military-charter a new national bank in 1816-Second Bank of the US-increase infrastructure

-first protective tariff: Tariff of 1816 -increase manufacturing sect

-Henry Clay: The American System -vision of economy-diversified economy-unify nation economically

-cotton boom in south after 1790 (cotton gin)-industrialization in north (textile manufacturing)-food/grains will be produced in midwest

-regions are connected to each other-will be connected with infrastructure

-use protective tariffs to build up infrastructure

-Clay wants national gov't to build up infrastructureÐÐ>ends up being state gov'ts-substance economyÐÐÐ>market economy

-market economy: what is produced is not consumedÐÐ>it is sold-interdependence of people economically

-Marshall Court -sided with national over state gov'ts-wanted diversified economy-McCullough vs. Maryland 1819


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-2nd Bank of US is largest bank in country-had problems for smaller businesses and competing banks

-Bank of US gave loans-wouldn't give loans to small businesses-small banks would give loans to small businesses-small banks would go out of businesses because they were weaker competitors

than the Bank of US-in BaltimoreÐÐ>wanted to drive the branch of Bank of US in Maryland out ofexistence-can they do this?ÐÐÐÐ>to Marshall Court

-Marshall says that Bank is constitutional-if ends are desirable and the means to attain those ends are not prohibitedyou can do itÐÐÐ>Broad/Loose Constructionist-Marshall: national>states

-Dartmouth vs. Woodward 1819 -Dartmouth received a charter to operate as a school in 17th century-could charge, teach, admit, reject who/what they wanted-state of New Hampshire changed its mind and wanted Dartmouth to be a public

institutionÐÐÐ>acted unilaterally-state would make decisions-sanctity of contracts

-can state of New Hampshire do this?-Marshall: noÐÐ>contracts must be upheld-economic effect: businesses are centered around contracts

-they cannot change because people won't take risks-will not become diversified

-Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824 -Ogden has an exclusive contract from NY that allows him to run a steamboat onHudson between NY and NJ-Gibbons gets a contract from Congress that allows him to operate on the same route-Marshall: Gibbons will be allowed because national contract>state contract

-diversified economy: more steamboat operators moving goodsÐÐÐ>price goes downand business is stimulated

-Foreign Affairs and John Quincy Adams (JQA) 1817Ð1825 -JQA was James Monroe's Secretary of State-goals:

1) define, secure, and extend borders of US2) avoid conflict with European nations

-wanted to use diplomatic means rather than military-treaties:

-Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817 (US and GB)-both US and GB will demilitarize the Great Lakes

-reduce possibility of conflict-Convention of 1818 (US and GB)

-defines the northern border of the Louisiana Purchase-defines Canadian border west of Mississippi-west of Rocky Mountains = Oregon Country

-there will be joint occupation of Oregon Country by US and GB-US has borders on both major oceans on the world-defines and expands borders

- Adams Onis Treaty 1819 (US and Spain)


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-US purchases Florida from Spain-southwestern border of Louisiana Purchase is defined-reduces likelihood of conflict with other nations

-US is becoming a more respected party in international relations

-Latin American Independence

-countries are gaining their independence-mostly from Spain-US is in favor because Spain is being pushed outÐÐ>less likely to have conflict-opens up trade opportunities for US-new independent nations become republics (inspired by US)-worry: another country might try to come in and assert power

-Monroe Doctrine 1823 -calls for:

1) non-intervention by other countries in the affairs of independent WesternHemisphere nations2) non-colonization: no new colonies will be established in the WesternHemisphere

-US promises non-interference in the affairs of Euro nations and the alreadyexisting colonies-is respected, but not because of the US

-GB does have the military power to enforce doctrine-GB wanted part in the Monroe Doctrine because they shared goals

-JQA says that US should not make a joint statement with GB becausethat would be essentially forming an alliance and going againstWashington's Farewell Address

-Market Economy -Boom-and-Bust Cycle

-there is an interdependence-if one part of the market economy is negatively affectedÐÐ>affects other parts of

economy-Panic 1819

-there was a desirable commodityÐÐ>land -people wanted to speculate in land (buy low and sell high later)-speculators were going to borrow the money from banks (small banks)-purchased land from government-can sell land high and pay back gov't and make a profitÐÐÐ>good-***problem: demand for land goes downÐÐ>speculators cannot pay back banks

-bank fails-affects commercial farmers-commercial farmers need loans from small banks in between harvests-no small banksÐÐÐ>no loansÐÐÐ>farmers not buying goods

-NE factories failÐÐÐ>ripple effect (Clay's American System)-economic collapse***

-gov't does nothing to help-only strong businesses will be able to withstand depression-how does economy come back?

-standing businesses grow with demand for their goods-re-stimulates economy

-people felt that the Bank of the US could have bailed out the other banks-Bank of the US did nothing and was hated by less wealthy people


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-Missouri Compromise

-1819: Territory of Missouri applies for admission to union as a slave state-territory: land with specifically defined borders and a government that has not yet become astate-there were 11 slave and 11 non-slave states at the moment

-Missouri would offset this balanceÐÐ>favoring slave states-senate would be imbalanced-problem: north believes that slavery slows a society down

-north=diversified economy-north=land of economic opportunity

-south=not diversified economy-domination by rich plantations owners-very old fashioned-south is more committed to slavery than ever after creation of cotton gin-became very wealthy

-solution: Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay-Missouri enters union as slave state

-Maine becomes a non-slave state to maintain balance-in Louisiana TerritoryÐÐ>north of 36û30 no slavery; south of 36û30 slavery


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The Civil War Begins

-Battle of Bull Run -first major battle-confederacy prevailed-people thought that south would not put up a strong fight

-lacking: people, industry, infrastructure, strong gov't-still fought very effectively

-this battle was a wake up call for the north

-Anaconda PlanÐScott -plan to establish a blockade-bring blockade down and surround south-then travel up Mississippi (cut confederacy in 2)-first city to take: New Orleans-blockade is smart because south needs trade (no industry)

-south would stop selling cotton to EnglandÐÐ>Union worries that England will becomeinvolved in war

-February, 1862 -Fort Henry and Fort Donaldson are taken over by Union-Sergeant: Ulysses S. Grant-siege: bomb fort until the other side gives up-they have people and industryÐÐ>Union can outlast confederacy

-Battle of Shiloh, April 1862 -troops: 100,000-deaths: 25,000-majority of deaths were not on the battlefield-most died because of a lack of good medical treatment-wounds that were not fatal were not treated properly (infections were common)-improved bullet technology and improved riflesÐÐ>more battlefield deaths-strategy-one of the first machine guns was used

-Spring, 1862 -when war first broke out, Union and Confederacy both were very involved immediately-no need for conscription (draft)-volunteer fighters

-Union troops: middle class-Confederacy troops: Yeoman farmers

-wanted to go back home to plant crops for spring-Confederate gov't realized that they needed to use a draft

-McLellan: Ranking General (Union) 1861 -strength: training troops-weakness: always reluctant to go into battle


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-by spring of 1862ÐÐ>McLellan wants to take his large army and capture Richmond-against Robert E. Lee in 7 days battles-Robert E. Lee was renowned general-McLellan is defeated by Lee-emboldened the confederacy-decided to campaign in the north-south is not trying to take over the north-fought in north to make moral better for south and worse for north-went to border states-thought that southern victories in border states would encourage border states tosecede-hope for a "Battle of Saratoga"ÐÐ>want to get GB's attention and help-Battle of Antietam, MarylandÐSeptember 1862

-northern victory-south cannot be offensive because they do not have the manpower

-Wartime Society: North and South

-South -trying to preserve their pre-war status quo-want to keep slavery-want weak central gov't-want to maintain their way of life-undergoes major change during Civil War-central gov't

-south had difficulty raising, equipping, and maintaining an army-2/3 of soldiers desert the military-to maintain gov't: needed a more powerful central gov't-need $ to raise an armyÐÐ>taxes

-cannot tax Yeoman because they do not use money-had to tax in barterÐÐ>difficult-bonds were sold-raising funds was a problem

-suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus -people can be arrested without being told why-there is marshall law-done to suppress dissent

-South does not have much industry-central gov't demands industry-blockade prevents them from importing what they need-need to develop some industry

-factories had to produce what gov't wanted them to produce-if they did not, gov't said they could take away the factory workers

-growth of cities because of developing industry-southern women to take on jobs-Yeoman

-draft causes work in the household to decrease-many deaths-war fought in upper southÐÐ>on Yeoman lands


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-class tensions develop -Yeoman were hit the hardest-they didn't have what they needed-wealthy slaveowners were able to get out of fighting-Yeoman could not

-North -northern farms and infrastructure are generally not destroyed-north was already industrialized

-gov't did not have to oversee the development-gov't just had to spend $ and everything would be produced for the war-there was some economic boom during the war-gov't effectively raised and spent money

-raised: bonds-coal, iron industries do well-railroads are doing well

-tracks were now the same gauge-farmers

-northern farms become mechanized-rate of agricultural mechanization increases greatly-smaller percentage of population works on farms after war-problem of inflation*****

-industrial workers wages increase by 40%-but cost of living goes up by 80%-respond with unions-factory owners would fire the workers in unions-union members would be blacklisted

-Abraham Lincoln: suppression of dissent -also suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus

-in border states-imposed marshall law around time of elections

-does this to get more republicans into gov't-National Banking Acts

-north had no single stable currency since end of Second National Bank-made it difficult to produce for the army-solution: National Banking Acts 1863Ð1865

-create single national currency-goal: have treasury print currency with the name of the union-tax other currencies out of existence-create the first single currency-had to issue a lot of currency that wasn't properly backed up (necessary

wartime measure)ÐÐÐ>inflation again

-abolitionists want to use the war to end slavery-Republicans

war originally not about slavery:-South: most of people fighting were Yeoman-North: Lincoln hoped that one day South would rejoin the union


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-southern democrats are not there-north is dominated by Republicans-abolitionists make up a larger part

-Immediatist abolitionists: Radical Republicans -want to defeat south to free slaves-get laws passed:

-Confiscation Acts 1861,1862 -1861: property used for insurrectionary purposes can be confiscated bythe US Union Gov't

-slaves used for war measures can be confiscated-1862: any individual who supports rebellion against US can have theirproperty confiscated

-pay taxes to confederate gov'tÐÐ>slaves can be taken-Lincoln was not in favor of these laws

-is pressured by his own party-Lincoln wants to use slaves in fight-issues Emancipation Proclamation

-waits until union wins a battle-wins at Antietam-Proclamation is issued Sept 22, 1862-states: as of January 1st, 1863, slaves living in states then in rebellionshall be freed-encourages seceded states to rejoin the union before January 1st-however, he is not in control of states in rebellion-first time in American history, president of US articulates ways thatslaves will be freedÐÐ>abolitionists happy-says it is a fit and necessary measure of warÐÐ>ambiguous

-possible for slaves to have to go back to being slaves after war-keep union together

-LincolnÐÐ>"Great Emancipator" -13th amendment to constitution ends slavery-is proposed in 1864 and ratified in 1865-congress proposes amendment and 3/4 of state legislatures mustratifyÐÐÐ>president has no formal role in amending constitution-strongly supports 13th amendment

-Hampton Roads Conference, Feb 1865 -Lincoln-Seward (Sec of State)-high ranking confederate leaders-issue: confederate defeat is a certainty

-possibility of confederate states to rejoining union in time to vote onratification of 13th amendment-southerners would vote against it-Jefferson Davis is adamant about southern victory

-Confederate Struggles (War Weariness) -finds it difficult to maintain unity-becomes less and less committed to the war as it proceeds


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-stop producing war goods-taxes become a big issue

-planters do not want to pay them-Yeoman hide their crops (taxes in kind)-payment of tax is resisted intensely

-planter class is upset with gov't-gov't is too involved and over bearing-central confederate gov't was abusing its power

-Yeoman made up the army-became more and more disillusioned by the war-avoid conscription (draft)-men of age went and hid

-desertion-1863: 1/3 of confederate troops deserted-1864: 2/3 of confederate troops deserted

-Battle at Chancellorsville VA, May 1863

-Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are generals for confederacy-confederate victory even though they were outnumbered

-July 1863 -July 1-3: Gettysburg (PA)

-fight on northern territory-want to get attention of BritishÐÐdesperate-do not have a victoryÐÐnot enough manpower or supplies

-July 4: Vicksburg -Grant lays siege-wants to fulfill the Anaconda Plan-get Vicksburg and gain access to Mississippi-northern victory

-England -does not get involved in the war-reason: found other sources of cotton (Egypt, India, Brazil)-did not need confederacy as much as confederacy thought

-Union Struggles (War Weariness) -upset about expense of war

-taxes-inflation

-good: economic boom for factory owners supplying to gov't-bad: poor people and immigrants make up most of army-immigrants did not want to end slavery (more competition for jobs)-immigrants and factory workers affected by inflation-draft riots

-largest in NYC July 13-16, 1863-mob takes anger out on rich people-shift focus to the free black population

turning pointsbut the war isnot over untilApril 1865


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-riot was ended by military troops-Lincoln's problem

-2 parties: Republicans (Lincoln) and Democrats (immigrants)-democrats complain-Wing of Democrats: Peace Democrats

-give south what they want and bring them back into union-Lincoln claimed that Peace Democrats were in league with Copperheads

-Copperheads: secret anti-war societies active in north-spread dissent in north-undermine war effort

-Lincoln suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus, imposed marshall law-where democrats are strongest

-Election of 1864 -Democrats nominate McLellan-Lincoln believes he will lose the election

-only would win if there was a major union victory

-1863: after Vicksburg and Gettysburg-Ulysses S. Grant becomes major general-is sent eastward to fight Robert E. Lee in Virginia-as Grant moves east: 100,000 troops are placed under leadership of WilliamTecumseh Sherman-Sherman is told to campaign deep in south and capture city of Atlanta-cut off manufacturing and transportation (railroads)-Lincoln and many high ranking generals said that they would need to take the willto resist out of confederate population-needed to make war so horrible, civilians would not want to fight anymore-total war:

1. war in which everyone (civilian population and army) is involved in the war2. tactic that a military would use: make war on the civilian population

-destroy homes, livestock, railroads, factories-Sherman uses second definition-Jefferson Davis knows that if they lose Atlanta, the war will be over-Davis tries to stall Sherman-Davis wants McLellan to become president-stalling does not work-Sherman captures Atlanta****-more people will vote for Lincoln-Sherman asks Grant to keep going and lay waste across Georgia ÐSherman's march to the sea

-then goes to S and N Carolina-Grant fights many battles in the east-Grant has more manpowerÐÐhe wins- Appamatox Courthouse: Lee surrenders to Grant April 9th, 1865 -Lincoln is assassinated a week later

-Cost and Effect-3/4 of a million people died in the war


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-3 million soldiers died-Union taxes and borrows around $3 billion

-paying off war debt becomes major problem for Union-South taxes and borrows around $2.5 billion

-all money paid to gov't that disappeared is not paid back-Southern farms, railroads, factories, etc. destroyed-South lost slaves

-there is immediate universal uncompensated emancipation of the slaves-1865Ð1915: complete transition from agricultural nation to industrial nation-gov't becomes more involved in economy-issue: Where do the slaves go? What jobs do they have? Are they citizens? Etc.-nothing about slavery in constitution

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 16

-Reconstruction: 1865Ð1877

1. reconstruct unionÐÐbring back south2. reconstruction must take place in southern statesÐÐchanges will be made

-who will be in power-what will state constitutions look like

-can't secede-no slaves-etc.

-what will be the status of the freedmen (freed slaves)-2 attempts at reconstruction

-Presidential Reconstruction -president is Andrew Johnson-southerner from Tennessee-did not secede with Tennessee-was a democrat-was not the right man for the job-war ends in April

-Congress was only in session from DecemberÐApril-becomes president just after Congress ends-President has to handle reconstruction for first 8 months-precedents/ideas:

-Lincoln's Plan ÐÐ>10% Plan-Lincoln thought about reconstruction before he died-wanted to ask 10% of voting population who voted in 1860 to swear an

oath of allegiance-then that state will come back in-people said this was too lenient

-Stanton's Plan ÐÐ>keep national military in south and appoint provisionalgovernors

-then decide who will serve in gov't and how to change constitutions-Hampton Roads Option

-essentially no changes are made and south is brought back into union


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-Johnson falls into this-Johnson uses ideas from all of these plans

1) all confederate voters must swear an oath of allegiance to the US-excludes freedmen- pardons

-every southerner who was allowed to vote had to take an oath ifthey wanted to become citizens of the US-wanted some individuals to apply to Johnson for a pardon beforetaking the oath (high ranking members of confederate gov't andmilitary)-every southerner with taxable income over $20,000 also neededa pardon (planter class)-targets the pre-war elite

2) state constitutions -people will elect delegates that would go to a state constitutionalconvention-must include an acknowledgement of the 13th amendment (end of

slavery)-must invalidate secession (and nullification)-must repudiate the confederate war debt

-people who gave money to the confederate gov't will not get theirmoney back

3) elections -uses all of Stanton's plan

-keeps military in South-appoints provisional governors-uses this to buy himself time

-state and national-pre-war elite gets re-elected******

-example: Alexander StevensÐÐelected senator of Georgia in1865

-was vice president of Confederacy-ignored the oaths and did not seek pardons

-how did they get away with this: elections carried out bystates-did not have necessary personnel to supervise election

-state constitutions were not changed-did not say they would repudiate the war debt-south acted like they did not lose the war

-new state governments expanded the Black Codes

-laws that applied to free blacks (pre-war)-had many restrictions-after war: new state legislatures expand Black Codes

-curfews, ID cards, cannot assemble-Anti-enticement laws

-if one employer employed a black person, anotheremployer couldn't offer the black person more money-low-wage captive labor force..."not slavery"


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-blacks who work for landowners had to live in housingprovided by landowner: lived in slave quarters

-Presidential Reconstruction fails -pre-war elite come back into power-black codesÐÐÐ>recreate slavery-Johnson says nothing about the failure-democrat: against activist gov't-knows that republicans want to deal with reconstruction-does not want them to do that-says that reconstruction is done-Congress comes back into session

-Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction -radical: radical republicans play a large role in it-December 1865: congress meets again-rely on claus that states that sitting congress has right to scrutinize incomingmembers

-newly elected members cannot take part in elections or debates

-allows northern congressmen have all the power-Parties in Congress:

-Northern Democrats: agree with Presidential reconstruction-against activist gov't

-Republicans:-Pro-business Republicans: don't care about south...only about tariffs-Moderate Republicans: realize that presidential reconstruction failed butdo not know what to do-Radical Republicans: immediatist abolitionists; have a plan

-want to punish the south-take away planter class's political rights and take away their land-want to help freedmen by giving them political rights and givingthem planter's land

-northerners do not necessarily agree with radical republicans butthey want something to be done about presidential reconstruction-pushes congress to respond

-Congressional Reconstruction's Phases 1) Compromise

-congress sends 2 compromise bills to Johnson-Civil Rights Bill 1866

-individuals who are accused of violating the Black Codes can havetheir cases heard in fed court instead of state courts

-Extend the Freedmen's Bureau

-program that helped to ease the transition to freedom-set to expire at end of 1865-idea is to extend its life

-Johnson Vetoes these two bills-says that he has no interest in Congress getting involved inreconstruction-believes that reconstruction is over-now there is no working of Congress with JohnsonÐÐÐÐ>Congress has


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to get around Johnson****2) Propose an Amendment to the Constitution

-14th Amendment : grants citizenship to everyone born in the US1) freedmen become full citizens

-have all freedoms-cannot lose life, liberty, or property without due process-invalidates Black Codes

2) confederate war debt repudiated3) pre-war elite cannot serve in political office4) grants a qualified right to vote to the freedmen

-3/5 Compromise goes away-instead of counting 60% of slave population, freedmen count aswhole peopleÐÐÐ>INCREASE southern white representation-if you do not allow freedmen over age of 21 to vote, those peoplewill not be counted toward their representation

-amending of constitution=2 stages1) congress proposes amendment (both houses)

2) state legislatures must ratify (3/4 majority)-1866: 14th amendment is proposed (former confederaterepresentatives are not involved in proposal process)-southern state legislatures (11) vote

-all but 1 vote against 14th amendment-does not get a 3/4 majority

-Johnson speaks out against 14th amendment-gives a speaking tour throughout northern states-tries to convince them to be against 14th amendment-Johnson was drunkÐÐ>he was a laughing stock-now northerners are more convinced to be in favor of 14thamendment

-1866ÐÐ>more republicans are brought into congress-republicans are emboldened to continue with congressionalreconstruction

3) Military Reconstruction Act 1867 -going to do reconstruction over from the beginning-southern legislatures, southern constitutions, etc.ÐGONE-only white men voted in Presidential Reconstruction-pre-war elite cannot have any role in creating the new former confederatestate constitutions and cannot vote in elections following this or hold office-freedmen are guaranteed right to help shape new constitutions

-guaranteed right to vote and run for office in elections that follow

creation of new former confederate state constitutions-southern states will be forced to ratify the 14th amendment -must also ratify 15th amendment : guaranteed right to vote

-states cannot deny anyone the right to vote based on race, color, orprevious condition to vote

-14th is qualified; 15th is unqualified-military needs to be involved in enforcing military reconstruction act

-Johnson is commander in chief ÐÐÐ not going to help


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-Stanton is in cabinet: supports congressional reconstruction-Johnson wants to get rid of Stanton

-congress passes the Tenure of Office Act, 1867-president cannot remove any member of his cabinet withoutcongressional approval-August 1867: Johnson fires Stanton-violates Tenure of Office Act-Johnson is impeached and put on trial

-House of Reps brings charges of impeachment-Senate holds a trial

-trial will decide if president will remain in office-2/3 senators must vote against Johnson-missed by 1-Johnson remains in office

-Former Confederate States Response -Planter Class

-pre-war elite tries to resist reconstruction-Black Codes-reluctant to invalidate secession-chose not to repudiate confederate war debt-initially rejected 14th amendment-opposed to reconstruction -violent toward African Americans-unwilling to sell land to freedmen

-Blacks and Republicans -in favor of Congressional Reconstruction-gain rights-gain political responsibilities-can run for office-take part in creating constitutions-take part in elections-blacks vote for Republicans -Republicans become dominant party in former confederate states

-because blacks are creating gov'ts-Republican party descended from Whig partyÐÐÐ>activism

-economic activism-want diversified economies-stimulate industry with taxes

-give tax breaks or subsidies

-cultural activism-build schools

-once the Republicans started taxing, the people were upset-were called carpetbaggers ÐÐ>northerners who were abusing their power-scalawag: white southerner who allied themselves with the Republican Party-Republicans are seen as a group of northerners imposing themselves on formerconfederate statesÐÐ>seen as party that took away their slaves

-"Negro Rule"

needs $: tax everybodypost war, no one hadmoney and populationbecomes angered


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-Republicans lose popularity immediately-Terror

-Ku Klux Klan begins in 1867-headed by Nathan Bedford Forrest-goal: tried to intimidate the Republicans out of politics

-wanted to weaken Republican Party in the South-targeted regions/counties where the Republican and Democratic Parties werenearly equal

-Republican Party is pushed out of power within 8 years-Republicans never took planter's land and gave it to freedmen because it violatesthe idea of Americans having the right to life, liberty, and property -Republicans chose not to disenfranchise the pre-war elite

-did not deny them the right to vote-reason: would make them enemies

-want the wealthy on their side, not against them-freedmen

-upon becoming free, many people tried to find loved ones that they were

separated from during slavery-had a desire for education

-1877: half a million freedmen in schools-needed jobs

-stayed in the lower south-that is what they new-everything and everyone they knew was there-did not understand the options they had

-wanted land-if they had land, they could establish themselves-have no money to buy the land-planters did not want the freedmen to own land

-status would rise-white did not want to sell/loan land to blacks

-some planters decided to hire freedmen as day laborersÐÐ>same as slavery-freedmen reject idea

-sharecropping: freedmen make a deal with the landowners to take the land oncredit

-the cost for the land will be paid to the landowners come harvest time-money was a fixed amount-if fixed amount could not be paid, sharecropper falls into debt

-would have to continue working the land-favorable for planters

-creates a captive labor force-sharecropping exists in southern US until mid 1900s (cotton pickingmachine created)-planters would make sure the sharecroppers would fall into debt

-freedmen were initially happy with sharecroppingÐÐÐ>backfired

-Failure of Reconstruction -National gov't would need to get involved


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-does not get involved-Supreme Court

-gets involved in reconstruction-limits the scope and applicability of 14th and 15th amendments

-Slaughter-House Cases 1873 -New Orleans council says that only 1 butcher in city can slaughter livestock-other butchers are upset-say they are denied right to use property without due process of law (14thamendment)-goes through courts up to Supreme Court-Supreme Court says there is a difference between national and statecitizenship-14th amendment only applied to protecting national citizenship, not statecitizenship-national citizenship rights are limited-if Louisiana gov't wants to deny rights, they can because 14th amendment didnot apply here

-US v. Cruikshank 1876 -group of African Americans demonstrated publicly-is broken up violently by a group of white citizens (not police)-African Americans sue stating that their 14th amendment rights have beeninfringed-Supreme Court says that 14th amendment does not apply because it onlyapplies to infringement by the gov't, not other citizens

-US v. Reese 1876 -Supreme Court says that 15th amendment only protects people's right to votebased on race, color, or previous condition of servitude-can infringe right to vote based on:

-literacy: literacy tests-wealth: poll taxes-Grandfather Claus: if you were descended from someone who could notvote before 1867, you could not vote

-freedmen cannot vote

-Election of 1868 -Ulysses S. Grant is elected president

-not a Radical Republican-but he is a Republican

-supports reconstruction-passes Enforcement Acts "Klan Acts" (1870, 1871)

-made it easier for nat'l gov't to control the Klan-forced Klan to be more careful and less outspoken-Klan is weakened

-interested in reconciliation -pulled troops out of the south-1874: troop present in south is reduced to 4,000 troops-signs Amnestied Act 1872

-pre-war elite is forgiven and is allowed to run for office again


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-does not punish south-Liberal Republican Wing

-argument: Republican party has allowed itself to get involved in the state gov'ts toomuch-1872: this wing breaks off and nominates its own person for president (HoraceFreely)-discontent in the Republican Party*****

-country as a whole started to shift attention away from reconstruction -Corruption (scandals)

-Credit Mobilier: railroad company pays off gov't-Whisky Ring: distillers payed off tax collectors

-Panic of 1873 -banks were paid back rapidly-made many loansÐÐ>not all good-bank is not paid back-cannot supply $ to businesses

-foreign industrial working class is outraged-immigrant workers were radical-focus is drawn to economy, not problems of the south

-Reconstruction Ends -Election of 1876

-Democrat: Tilden-Republican: Hayes-popular voteÐÐTilden had more votes

-does not matter, need electoral vote-popular vote state by state

-cannot figure out who has won the electoral vote-there are 3 states where both parties claim victory (southern states)-both accuse the other party of contaminating the ballot-whoever wins these states will win the election-Grant decides to create a 15 person committee that will decide

-15 member committee will be made up of 5 from H o Reps, 5 from Senate, and 5from Supreme Court-designed to have 7 Republicans, 7 Democrat, and 1 Independent-1 independent = Supreme Court Justice

-dropped out of committee-had to be replaced with another Justice-all were Republicans

-8 to 7 Republican to Democrat ratio-Hayes becomes President

-Compromise of 1877 -Democrats will accept Hayes as president-Democratic party asked for the last of the federal troops to be removedfrom the south -SYMBOLICALLY ENDS RECONSTRUCTION


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Chapter 20

-South after Reconstruction -unchanged

-pre-modern agriculture (more manual labor than machinery)-officially and unofficially racist

-what did change -farming

-remains labor intensive-farmers were hurt by Civil War-lost Britain as a consumer of cottonÐÐ>$ of cotton goes down-farmers are in debtÐÐ>sell land-sizes of farms decreased-# of farms increased-Yeomanry

-land is destroyed

-lost many members of household economy-unable to maintain lifestyle they had prior to civil war-sold part or all of their land-could not maintain subsistence lifestyle-Closing of the Southern Range

-farmers' animals shared land to graze (common range)-have less landÐÐ>push gov't to pass laws to end commonrange-have to fence in livestock-livestock do not have enough foodÐÐ>need to have lessanimals

-Tenant Farming-Yeoman rent land from other farmers-not very different from Sharecropping

-white farmers, not black-had enough money to rent land

-furnishing merchants supplied tenant farmers what they needed-placed a crop lien on tenant farmers-when harvest came in, first thing farmer had to do was pay off merchant-if they couldn't pay off debt, they would have to continue working until theycould pay-debt is to merchant, not landowner

-race

-southern legislatures pass Jim Crow Laws (state level)-segregation laws on the basis of race in public facilities-phrase: facilities will be separate but equal-violates 14th amendment-Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

-Homer Plessy from New Orleans-was 7/8 white and 1/8 African-goes in whites only streetcar

SouthernYeoman arepushed intomarketeconomy


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-case goes up to Supreme Court-Supreme Court says that the doctrine of Separate but Equal is constitutional

-industrialization -more industry in south than there had been prior to civil war-factories, industrial workers, railroads, etc.-industry is often financed by northern companies-largest industries are the ones that are based on the 2 largest products of thesouth

-tobacco: cigarette making industry develops-cotton: textile industry rivals New England

-textile mills located in upper south-Yeoman families-mills are bought and everything in the town is also boughtÐÐ"Mill Towns"-life revolves around mill-paid in company owned script-not US currency-can only be used in shops in Mill Town

-New South -advocates for changes in south (Henry Grady=main figure)-embrace a diversified economy-believe that south is behind north-problem with sharecroppers: unskilled and uneducated

-cannot have all the labor tied up on the land-labor needs to move to factories-usually agricultural revolution needed before industrial revolution


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Chapter 17

-Settling of the Plains-West of Mississippi = The Plains-dry, flat land-extreme weather-whites move to plains after Civil War-The Homestead Act, 1862

-gov't will grant 160 acre plots of land given that they live on the land and improve/farm it for 5 land-Free Soil Party

-Native Americans on the Plains-tribes of the plains were semi-nomadic subsistence cultures-farm, raise livestock, hunt, raid, trade-hunt buffalo/bison-use every part of the buffalo

-buffalo is very important to their lives-move to follow buffalo-whites and natives have different ideas of land ownership-whites believed that their land should not be trespassed-natives followed buffalo onto whites' land-whites hunt buffalo in great numbers-railroads help get rid of the buffalo-natives cannot maintain their subsistence lifestyles without buffalo-as natives become weakened, gov't can control them-natives are moved to reservations: land reserved for natives to be left to their lives-could not maintain their lifestyles in the reservations-natives had to join market economy -have nothing to trade-commodification: of native culture (wild west shows, selling native clothing, etc.)-Native Response

-military resistance-1876: Battle of Little Big Horn, Montana

-native victory-exception to rule-US military usually won

-spiritual/cultural resistance-Massacre at Wounded Knee Creek

-ghost dance: attempt to ask the spirits to help the native americans

-US military think the natives are preparing for war (war dance)-there is word that natives are still doing the ghost dance-US demands natives to disarm-gun from natives goes off (accidentally)-all of the natives are killed by US military

- A Century of Dishonor -Helen Hunt Jackson-book by American woman-criticizes US gov't for mistreating native americans


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-voluntary associations emerge in favor of natives' rights-believed solution was education by white teachers and assimilation -Dawes Severalty Act, 1887Ð1934

-stimulate assimilation of Native Americans into mainstream culture -break reservations down into individual plots of land (40 acres each)-native american families move onto plots, not tribes-could then own the land-then could become American citizens-children were encouraged to become educated-attend school off of reservations-learn from Christian Missionaries-learn US history and western culture-law fails

-children go back to their reservations-native americans were non-whitesÐÐ>there was discrimination-allowed native american tribes to sell land off of reservations-140 mil acres of native landÐÐÐ>50 mil acres

-Natural Resources -precious metals, stone, timber, oil, coal, etc. in the West-resources are extracted-labor intensive as well as technologically intensive-highly capitalized companies engage in extraction-money required-Timber and Stone Act, 1878

-gave average American the chance to use land for extracting natural resources-law backfires-does not work ÐÐ actually benefits large companies-economic opportunity is essential in America-free labor ideology

-Conservationism -beauty of natural landscape is being ruined-John Muir: gov't must get involved in conserving and preserving the beauty of theAmerican landscape-reformers were from the East because the people who moved West were the onesextracting the resources

-Railroads -largest industry post-Civil War-1869: Transcontinental Railroad

-national railroad network-connects east and west coasts

-prior to 1865: 35,000 miles of railroad-after 1865: 200,000 miles of railroad-railroad companies employ people directly and indirectly

-directly: working on the railroads-indirectly: other industries grow (materials used for railroads)-engineering becomes a major profession in the US


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-infrastructure of US is being constructed at a very rapid rate-social/cultural effect

-no one is untouched by the market economy anymore-time zones

-created because of railroads-money required

-government gives huge amounts of land grants-200 million acres of land granted-land that is not used for tracks, are the railroad companies' to use/lease/sell as theywish-way for railroad companies to get money-towns emerged in the west where railroads were

-Farming -western half of Louisiana Territory-land is dry-extreme temperatures

-hot summers: water dries up-cold winters: water freezes over-rainfall is inconsistent

-problems with insects-lots of grasshoppers

-converted into productive farmland-agricultural technology and machinery

-do more with fewer people-scientific cultivation

-using science to figure out how to farm in a certain environment-Morrill Land Grant Acts, 1862 and 1890

-fed gov't gives states land to sell-want

-Hatch Acts -states would work to improve the science of cultivation-dry plowing developed-hard wheat developed-fertilizers

-irrigation -Riparian Rights: how people use water on the banks of a river-everyone had the right to use the water, but could not dam or divert it (affectspeople downstream)-Prior Appropriation: if you live on the water, and you want to dam or divert it, you

can-over time, this affects states-New Lands Reclamation Act

-fed gov't gets involved-plots of land will be sold-money will be used to construct new and rationalize existing irrigationsystems

-1860: 2 mil farms


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-1863: 6 mil farms-% of Americans engaged in agricultural continues to decrease (b/c of machinery)-farmers are crushed

-so much competition, value of goods decreases tremendously-railroads essential to farming

-takes crops to people-farmers in the plains come from

-Ranching (Ch. 17 in Textbook)

-Social Isolation in the West -farms were 160 acres-very spread out-factors that reduce isolation

-railroads -consumerism: defining yourself by what you can by or pay to experience-commodification: buying and selling goods

-people on the plain by the later 19th century show signs of consumerism-mail-order catalogues emerge

-merchants publish catalogues full of all the things you can buy-railroads can deliver goods to everyone

-RFD (Rural Free Delivery): you can get parcels delivered to remote placeswithout paying additional charges for living farther away-consumerism is a force in the 19th century

Chapter 18

-Technological Advance and Innovation -# of patents granted by US Patent Office (created in 1790)

-1790Ð1860: 35,000 patents issued-1860Ð1930: 1.5 million patents issued-population of country is growing-economic expansion occurs

-Thomas Edison-came up with over 1,000 patented innovations/inventions

-Henry Ford-innovator: uses assembly line

-factory owners try to enhance productivity-increase volume of production and/or reduce cost of production-produce more at a lower cost

-large amount of competition-ways to improve productivity:

-embracing technology helps to enhance productivity-"economies of scale": buying and selling in bulk

-buying raw materials and shipping finished products in bulk-need a factory large enough to mass produce-larger market share

-scientific management


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-factory workers are valued for their speed, not skill-study what the workers in the factory are doing and figure out the quickestway to do it-workers are told exactly what to do-Frederick W. Taylor

-one of the first business consultants-engaged in time-work studies

-Economic Collapses -1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1884, 1893-boom and bust cycle speeds up-every 20 years up to 70sÐÐ>every 10 years-banks involved

-bad loans: loans that are not paid back-if banks do not make loans, businesses cannot start, expand, and maintainthemselves -technological advances put other companies out of business that seemed to begood to loan to

-people want to protect their businesses from competition-solution: economic cooperation and consolidation

-corporation: a legally independent entity-the most you can lose is what you put into it-limit risk-public corporations: offers stock-private corporations: does not offer stock

-1900: 2/3 of all manufactured goods are produced by corporations-methods of economic cooperation and consolidation

-pools: an informal alliance of corporations (handshake agreements)-agree to production limits-agree on price floors-agreements were often not held up because there was no legaldocument behind it ("ropes of sand"ÐRockefeller)

-trusts: board of trustees makes decisions for companies-controlled by biggest company in a given industry-if companies did not join, they could be run out of business-known to allow businesses to create horizontal integration

-1 stage of production is controlled by the trust-holding companies

-it was illegal for a corporation to own stock in another corporation until1888-corporations registered in [New Jersey] can buy stock in other

corporations-made it possible for 1 company to buy out another company in stock-consolidation of corporations-gave rise to vertical integration

-each and every process is controlled by the holding company-argument against monopolies

-monopolies could charge whatever they wanted-other companies' natural rights are limited


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-no economic opportunity-you'll never compete with the monopoly-free labor ideology: democracy works better when everyone has achance

-"Monopolies are Un-American"-defense of monopolies

-Social Darwinism ÐHerbert Spencer (British)-"survival of the fittest"-human beings compete for wealth, status, power, etc.-the fittest are the ones who have positions in society-this is natural-human society is analogous to nature-people who were in charge of monopolies (Captains of Industry/Robber Barons) wanted to be left alone-there's no reason to break up monopolies-William Graham Sumner supported and popularized Spencer's ideas-Andrew Carnegie embraced this idea and wrote an essay called

"Social Darwinism"-Andrew Carnegie said that people who have great wealth have aresponsibility to be philanthropicÐ"Gospel of Wealth"-should give back according to their own values, not gov't

-economy was overall improving -economic growth: value of goods increases-standards of living improve-economic expansion

-dissent of monopolies -in an advanced industrial economy, laizze fair gov'ts cannot work-gov'ts need to govern more aggressively and efficiently-Utopian Writers: interested in transforming the entire society instead ofwithdrawing from society

-Henry George 1879: Poverty and Progress -as population gets bigger, value of property naturally increases

-"unearned increment"-should tax a lot from those who have the money-gov't should redistribute the wealth

-runs for mayor of NYC in 1886-very close to winning-was popular enough that he was considered to be mayor-people take these ideas seriously

-Edward Bellemy 1888: Looking Backward

-futuristicÐ2000s-Boston was filled with crime, chaos, poverty, class tensions in19th century-in 2000s it is peaceful-solution: no private property (socialism)-3rd largest selling novel in 19th century US-Nationalist Clubs emerge and embrace these ideas

-Henry Demerest Lloyd 1894: Wealth Against Commonwealth


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-republic=commonwealth-great wealth that is emerging does not allow for a commonwealth-solution: tax the rich

-Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 -Congress is pressured to pass this law-law makes illegal every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraintof trade-didn't work: very vagueÐ"restraint of trade"-congressmen didn't want to pass this law so they made in ineffective-congressmen benefited greatly from the wealthy-US v E.C. Knight, 1895

-E.C. Knight is a sugar trust-controls 98% of all the sugar cane processing in the US-Supreme Court ruled that they were not a monopoly becausemanufacturing and processing were not considered trade-E.C. Knight not broken up

-labor unions are prosecutedÐ"conspiracy on trade of labor"

-Deskilling -size of labor pool expands-immigrants are entering country

-women -1875Ð1900: # of women in paid labor force more than triples-2.5 mil to 8.5 mil-shift in location of work:

-pre-civil war: domestic servants-post-civil war: office clerks, secretaries, sales clerks, etc.

-1875: 5% of people who held those jobs were female-1925: 50% of people who held those jobs were female-gender segregation of labor force is maintained-"women's jobs"ÐÐpaid less

-child labor -children work for pay (16 y/o and younger)-child labor increases in 3 fold-work in industries, run errands, assist machine operators, etc.-child labor is relied upon heavily in the southern textile industry-trend of having children work in factories slows down

-laws are passed against child labor

-wages either stay the same or go down (very low)

-unions-collectively bargain-power in numbers

-Iron Law of Wages -business owner's argument against unions


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-salaries are determined by supply and demand-unions artificially get involved in wages-unions are contaminants in the labor market-matter of individual liberty

-safety in the workplace was not good-many injuries-no laws to help injured workers-no workers' compensation

-people argue in favor of limiting hours-laws are passed-laws are challenged by business owners

-Holden v. Hardy 1896 -there was a law limiting the hours miners could work-law from Utah challenges this law

-Supreme Court says that the law is constitutional

-Lochner v. New York 1896 -law limits hours per week a baker works-law is unconstitutional because baking is not dangerous

-Strikes, Unions, and Labor Conflicts -The Great Railway Strike of 1877

-1873: economic collapse-1877: railroad industry still felt effects of Panic of 1873-many railroad companies struggled-lay-offs were common between 1873 and 1877-many people being firedÐÐ>labor pool expands-can demand lower wages and longer hours for workers who are kept-summer 1877: Pittsburgh

-group of protesting workers connected to railroad industry get violent-attack property of railroad company-threat to public and to property-Pennsylvania sends in state militia-more protesters than militia-militia retreats and hides from mob

-similar events emerge throughout the country-working class seems like it is going to rebel

-gov't sends in troops for the first time in history to stop labor-related violence andprotests-one of the reasons attention is drawn from Reconstruction-1873: Knights of Labor remained intact through collapse of 1873

-1879: Terrence Powderly=leader-vision of a cooperative society-management/ownership and labor cooperate-profit sharing, shared decision making


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-inclusive union: everyone is allowed in the union-wanted management to be included-union is where conversation would take place-opposed to strikes***-only lead to antagonism between workers and management-things that are usually reason to strike are small changes in hours and conditions-wants big changes-1886: largest union in the country-Southwestern Railroad Strike 1886 (March)

-workers that worked on railroads owned by Jay Gould strike-strike is called off temporarily-Gould does not work with them-Powderly got what he wanted and it did not work

-Chicago 1886 (May) -growing population of immigrants-May 1st, 1886: day of international labor solidarity (Mayday)-demonstrations, speeches, rallies

-workers gathering together to pursue their interests-not violent-May 3rd, 1886: strike in front of the McCormick Reaper Factory

-fight breaks out between striking unionists and non-striking non-unionists-police brought inÐÐ>2 striking unionists killed

-May 4th, 1886: Haymarket Square Riot-bomb thrown at a police cart-not a large death toll-people are on edge-many people arrested in weeks following-police forces are bolstered throughout the country-gov't working against workers, not with

-1886: American Federation of Labor (AFL) -new union emerges-umbrella organization-coordinates activities of many different unions-100 national unions and 25,000 local unions-leader: Samuel Gompers

-vision: exclusive-skilled, white, male, native-born

-no vision of transformation or cooperation between owners and workers-in favor of strikesÐÐuseful tool-sought for better hours and wages (incrementally)

-"bread and butter" unionism-Pullman, Chicago 1894

-George Pullman owns everything in the town (housing, stores, etc.)-makes Pullman Palace Cars-company town-1893: economic collapse-fires some workers, cuts wages of ones he keeps-keeps rent and price of goods the same


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-workers go on strike-American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs-wanted to help workers in Pullman-ARU will not work on any cars made by the Pullman Company-Pullman Palace Cars were very popular-would slow down trade and hurt the economy-fed gov't gets involved-attorney general says that the workers cannot strike because they are interferingwith the delivery of US mail-Cleveland sends the army to assure that the mail was going through-really was to intimidate the workers-workers don't get anything they want-Debs urges the workers defy the order and is jailed-brings a suit stating that he had been wrongfully imprisoned (6 months)-said that workers have the right to strike-case goes to the Supreme Court-In Re. Debs 1894

-Supreme Court says that Debs was rightfully imprisoned-reads up on Communism-becomes leader of Communism in the country

-Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) -"members called wobblies"-says that workers should rise up and seize the means of production-inspired by Karl Marx-Bill Haywood, Mother Jones are famous figures-extremely radical

-Women's Unions -Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)-International Ladies Garm

Documents

APUSH Master Notes