Apush Notes Brinkley

8/13/2019 Apush Notes Brinkley

1/35

9-Jacksonian America 240-251

Our Federal Union

Calhoun and Nullification

Supported the tariff in 1816

1820s South Carolinians tariff of abomination responsible for stagnation of the economy

was the result of South Carolinas exhaustion of farm land

Calhouns theory of Nullification

Ideas from adison ! "efferson# $irginia and %entuc&y resolutions 1'(8)1'((# citing 10th

amendment

*rgued that the federal go+ernment created by the states, not courts or congress were final

arbiters of the constitutionality of the federal laws

Theory of Nullification-

If a state concluded that congress had passed an unconstitutional law then it could hold a specialcon+ention and declare the federal law null and void within the state

-ullification doctrine had support of South Carolina

artin $an .uren was "ohn C/ Calhouns ri+al

The Rise of Van Buren

.ecame go+ernor of -ew or& in 1828 resigned in 182(3

"ac&son appointed him as secretary of state

$an .uren established himself as a member of the cabinet and %itchen cabinet

$an .urens influence on the president grew as a result of a 4uarrel o+er eti4uette that dro+e a

wedge between the president and Calhoun

5eggy -eal) daughter of a 7ashington ta+ern


2/35

"ohn aton ! "efferson stayed with -eal

1820, rumors about -eal and Senator aton spread, married in 1828

"ac&son made aton Secretary of 7ar

"ac&son chose $an .uren to succeed him to the white house

The Webster-Hayne Debate

9ebate o+er federal policy toward the 7estern lands

Senator from Connecticut, suggested that all land sales and sur+eys in the west be temporarily

discontinued, to slow the growth of sla+ery

:obert / ;ayne said slowing down the growth of the 7est was a way for the ast to retain its

political and economic power/

hoped he would attract support from westerners in congress to lower the tariff in South CarolinaSouth ! 7est argued they were both +ictims of tyranny of -orth ast

;ayne suggested both regions combine and defend themsel+es

9aniel 7ebster) Senator of assachusetts # a 7hig was against ;ayne

Challenging ;ayne on the States :ights $S/ -ational 5ower

;ayne brought up iberty and ?nion, now and fore+er, one and inseparable@=3


3/35

>egislature, state con+ention to nullify tariffs of 1828 ! 182# forbid collection of duties w#in

state

South Carolina elected ;ayne as Eo+ernor

South Carolina elected "ohn C Calhoun as Senator

"ac&son, -ullificationD


4/35

:efused to honor agreement made after 182 to cede tribal lands in Illinois

Sau& ! Box Indians 9efeated

*braham >incoln ser+ed as captain of the militia, but saw no action in the .lac& ;aw& war/

"efferson 9a+is was a lieutenant

The i!e Ci!ili"ed Tribes#


5/35


6/35

The &onster Destroyed#

"ac&son could not legally get rid of the ban&

7ea&ened it) :emo+ed Eo+ernment 9eposits/ Secretary of


7/35

7higs) the party that wor&ed to limit the &ings power

Second 5arty system=

De(ocrats * Whi's

9emocrats) steady expanding economic and political opportunities

:ole of go+/ limited# go+ remo+e obstacles and not create them

"ac&sonians) rapid economic growth, attac&ing centers of corrupt pri+ilege/

Society the planter, the farmer, the mechanic ! the laborer, all &now that their success depends

on their own industry and economy/=

>ocofocos) mainly wor&ingmen, small businessmen ! professionals in the -

7higgery) fa+ored power of the federal go+ernment, encouraging industrial and commercial

de+elopment/ Cautious of westward expansion/ mbraced industrial future, commercial andmanufacturing

9emocrats) oppose legislation establishing ban&s, corporations, moderniFing institutions/

7higs)strongest merchants and manufacturers of -, wealthy planters S, farmers of the 7

*d+ocated expanding trade, economic progress

7ealthier than 9emocrats#aristocratic bac&grounds, commercially ambitious

9emocrats) support from smaller merchants, wor&ingmen -, S planters suspicious of industrial

growth/ 7 with southern roots/

Ba+ored agrarian economy, opposed powerful institutions

*nti)asonry A - , 7higs *nti)ason mo+ement 1820sto gain the popular +ote3

"ac&son ! $an .uren D asons

:eligious ! thnic 9i+isions A Eerman, Catholics D 9emocrats # 5rotestant D7hig

7higs Ereat


8/35


Van Buren & The Panic of 1837


9/35


Andrew Jackson retired 1837

Canal & Railroads builders peak of activity. Prices risin! "oney plentiful! easy

credit! banks increased t#eir loans & notes not payin attention to t#eir cas#

reserves.

183$%1837 land businesses boo"in% t#e sale of lands"oney fro" t#e tariff in

1833 overn"ent #as a budet surplus! national debt was reducin

183'% Conress passed (istribution Act% re)uirin t#e federal overn"ent to pay

surplus funds to t#e states eac# year in * )uarterly install"ents% it sti"ulated t#e

econo"y

+specie circular,% 183' Jefferson - w#en payin for public lands old and silver only

accepted! or currency securely backed up by old or silver

Panic of 1837% anks & usinesses failed! une"ploy"ent rew! read riots! prices

fell /prices of land0 railroadcanal proects failed. 2tates wit# debt didnt payinterests on t#eir bonds

ot# parties responsible also 4uropeans

4uropeans investors wit#drew funds fro" A"erica

Crop failures

Panic occurred durin de"ocratic ad"inistration! /opposed overn"ent

intervention0

5ndependent 6reasury% +2ubtreasury, overn"ent places its funds in an

independent treasury in as#inton and in subtreasuries in ot#er cities. o private

banks would #ave t#e overn"ents "oney. /9ost i"portant and controversial

ac#ieve"ents by :an uren0

The Log Cabin Campaign

(ece"ber 183;% #is #ad 1stational no"inatin convention in party of t#e co""on people ! (e"ocrats> Party of t#e Co""on people

#is% portrayed


10/35


The Frustration of the Whigs

for"er (e"ocrat! abolis#ed :an urens 5ndependent treasury syste" &

raisin tariff rates. Refused to rec#arter bank. /Cal#oun replaced ebster0

Whig Dipomac!

1837% eastern Canada launc#ed rebellion aainst t#e ritis# colonial overn"ent.

Rebels c#arted t#e Caroline! A"erican s#ip. ritis# sei?ed t#e s#ip and burned it

killin 1 A"erican

Ale@ander 9ceod% Canadian! c#ared wit# "urder of t#e A"erican. rit. Bov.

9ceod could not be c#ared wit# "urder because it was done under orders.

orein secretary! t#e bellicose ord Pal"erston! de"anded #is relase andt#reatened e@ecution > +i""ediate and fri#tful war,

Aroostook ar% dispute! boundary Canada & 9aine /lu"beracks0

18*1% Creole /A"erican s#ip0 :irinia to ew Drleans wit# slaves! t#e slaves took

possession on t#e boat and went to a#a"as /brits declared t#ere slaves>ree0

18*E% ord As#burton /rit0 to neotiate wit# 9aine about boundary

ebster and reps fro" 9aine and 9assac#usetts! ebster%As#burton 6reaty 18*E!

establis#ed nort#ern boundary /Canada0

6yler ad"inistration% 1stdiplo"atic relations wit# c#ina

Caleb Cus#in /co""issioner0 neotiated treaty ivin F2 so"e part in C#ina trade!

also +e@traterritoriality,/ri#t! A"ericans accused of cri"es in C#ina to be tried by

A"erican officials

6reaty of an


11/35

10-Americas Economic Revolution 260-274

The Changing merican !o"ulation

The A(erican )o+ulation, ./0-.10

trends) 5opulation increasing rapidly, mo+ing from county to industrialiFing cities, migrating west/

Impro+ements of public health/ ;igh birth rates/

Immigration slowed because of uropean wars

Influx of Irish Catholics

uropean immigration flowed into - growing cities/

1810, -ew or&D largest city , rie canal ga+e city access to the interior state/

%((i'ration * 2rban 3rowth, .10-.40

:apid ?rbaniFation

7est) ouis, 5ittsburgh, Cincinnati, >ouis+ille/ Center of trade that connected farmers of

the idwest/ Cities by the ississippi3

*fter 180s shipping from ississippi :i+er to Ereat >a&es, superseded ri+er ports/ A .uffalo, 9etroit,

ilwau&ee, Cle+eland, most important D Chicago/

Surging Immigration 18G0s)18H0s

ngland, Brance, Italy, Scandina+ia, 5oland ;olland, most from Ireland and Eermany/

Eerman Immigrants) in Eermany industrial re+olution caused po+erty ! collapse of liberal re+olution

18G8, persuaded Eermans to Immigrate

Settled in -orthwest and became farmers, or businessmen in the west/

Eermans had some money, they were Eerman families or single men

Irish Immigrants) in Ireland, oppressi+eness, greatest disaster potato famine= 18GH)18G(/

Settled in eastern cities


12/35


Irish had no money and were mostly young, single women, became factory wor&ers

The Rise of Nati!is(

-ew Immigration pro+ided for cheap labor and low wages/

7est hoped for immigrants to mo+e there) expand the populationA made a mar&et, land#goods

5olitical leaders wanted immigrants to increase the political influence of the region/

7estern states soon permitted foreign)born to become +oters as soon as they declared their intention of

see&ing citiFenship ! had resided in the state for a year/

-ati+ism=) defense of the nati+e)born people ! a hostility to the foreign)born, desire to stop or slow

immigration/

:esultsD racism, immigrants were inherently inferior to older)stoc& *mericans

$iewed immigrants with same preudice and low ability as the *frican *mericans and Indians/ -ewcomers were socially unfit/ $iewed as ob stealers because they wor&ed for low wages/

*lien enace= A Secret society that were against immigrants

-ati+e *merican *ssociation) agitating against immigration in 18'/

18GH, held a con+ention in 5hiladelphia and formed the -ati+e *merican 5arty

18H0) the order of the Star)Spangled .anner

demands banning Catholics or foreign)born from holding public office/ >iterary tests for +oting/

Secret code D I &now nothing= became the %now)nothings= group/

Bocused on party politics after 18H2 election/ declined in18HG3

Trans"ortation# Communications# $ Technolog%

The Canal A'e


13/35


1'(0)1820s turnpi&e era

J of steam boats grew

corn ! wheat from -, cotton ! tobacco from S )K -ew rleans) carried passengers

Barmers pay less to transport goods# astern consumers pay less

Canals were cheaper to transport goods

Canal building was the ob of the states/ - too& lead in constructing them

9e 7itt Clinton) go+ernor of - in 181' canal digging began in 181' in -3

rie Canal) G0 ft wide, G0 ft deep/ 80 loc&, opened in ctober 182H

Ea+e direct access to Chicago, - could then replace -ew rleans

The 5arly Railroads

:ailroads became the primary transportationIn+ention of trac&s, steam)powered locomoti+es, de+elopment of railroad cars for passengers

1820) "ohn Ste+ens, locomoti+es and cars around circular trac& in -"/

182H) Stoc&ton ! 9arlington :ailroad in ngland) 1stline to carry general traffic

.altimore ! hio) 1stcompany to begin actual operations, 1)mile trac&

-) ohaw& ! ;udson 181) Schenectady )K *lbany

:ailroads ! Canals D Competetion/

The Triu(+h of the Rails

Chicago became the rail center of the west/

:ailroad financing) many sources 18H0 Senator Stephan */ 9ouglas Illinois3 persuaded congress to grant

federal lands to aid in the Illinois Central, Chicago )K -ew rleans/ Congress assisted many states/


14/35

10- Americas Economic Revolution 274-283

"nno#ations "n Communications & $ournaism


15/35


18**% 2a"uel . . 9orse! successfully fro" alti"ore to as#inton sent news of

Ja"es G. Polk presidential no"ination

6elerap#s was ideal for lon%distance co""unication

Pacific 6elerap# 18'1 H to 2an rancisco

All lines oined and beca"e t#e estern Fnion 6elerap# Co"pany

18*'% Ric#ard


16/35


2"aller villaes - eneral stores

Drani?ation of business c#aned

i"ited partners#ips

Corporations bean to develop in 183=s /roup could secure c#arter by payin fee0

ew laws > syste" of liability% stock#olders risked losin only t#e value of t#eir own

invest"ent if a corporation s#ould fail! and t#ey are not liable for t#e corporations

larer losses.

Rise of corporations "ade it possible for a larer "anufacturin and business

enterprises

usiness relied on credit. anks bean to fail because t#ey circulated too "uc#

currency

The %mergence of the Factor!2#oe factories - 4astern 9assac#usetts

18*=%18'= dra"atic rowt# in factories

4 plants so lare t#at t#e reion produced "ore t#an E3s of t#e nations

"anufactured oods

,-#ances in Technoog!

Bovern"ent supported researc# and develop"ent of "ac#ine tools

2prinfield! 9assac#usetts developed% turret lat#e /cuttin screws and ot#er "etal

parts0 "illin "ac#ine /beca"e critical in "akin t#e sewin "ac#ine0

F2 tec#noloy beca"e better t#an 4uropean tec#noloy

5nterc#aneable Parts% 4li #itney & 2i"eon ort# tried to introduce into un

factories.

Revolutioni?ed watc# and clock "akin! loco"otives! far" tools etc.

Coal was replacin wood and water

183=% $** inventions were patented 18$=% ;;3 18'=% *!778


17/35


183;% C#arles Boodyear% ew 4nland #ardware "erc#ant! discovered vulcani?in

rubber /treatin it to ive it reater strent# and elasticity0

18*'% 4lias


18/35


t#e actory Birls Association

recession of 1837 destroyed t#e orani?ation

2ara# aley! created t#e e"ale abor Refor" Association - de"anded 1=#r work

day and i"prove"ents of workin conditions

The "mmigrant Wor0force

ow waes

6#ey could not support t#eir fa"ilies! t#ey lived in s#anties w#ic# t#reatened t#eir

#ealt#

illeal conspiracy0

Fighting for Contro

ew


19/35


18*E% Co""onwealt# v.


20/35

11-otton! "laver#! $ %&e 'l( "out& 297-307

The Cotton Economy

4cono"ic power s#ift fro" +upper 2out#, to +lower 2out#,! rowin cotton industry

The .ise of the Cotton 2ing

+upper 2out#, relied on cultivation of tobacco. /Fnstable crop! fluctuatin price.0

prices fre)uent to depressions 18E=s%18$=s! tobacco e@#austed t#e land

183=s% :irinia! 9aryland! ort# Carolina s#ifted to #eat! tobacco "oved

westward /pied"ont area0

2out# Carolina! Beoria! lorida - cultivated rice! stablelucrative crop.

2uar rowers alon Bulf Coast! only wealt#y planters! #ad co"petition fro"

Caribbean. 2out#ern ouisiana & 4astern 6e@as.

on%2taple /2ea 5sland0 Cotton% ucrative! only rew in li"ited area of sout#east.

2#ort%staple cotton%


21/35


eak 9anufacturin 2ector

Browin activity in flour "illin and te@tile! iron "anufacturin% upper sout#

6redear 5ron orks! Ric#"ond co"pared to t#e 4 9ills

2out# developed a nonfar" co""ercial sector! serve t#e need of plantation

econo"y

5"portant% rokers +factors, "arketed t#e planters crops.

ived in ew Drleans! C#arleston! 9obile! 2avanna#. 6ried to find buyers for cotton

and ot#er crops. Also were bankers for t#e planters! t#ey provided planters credit.

2out#% (octors! editors! lawyers & ot#er! closely tied! dependent on plantation

econo"y

(epended on t#e ort#s "anufacturin and econo"ic syste".

5nade)uate Reional 6ransportation 2yste"% in t#e sout#! no canals! no railroads!

roads were crude. Fnlike t#e nort# durin t#e antebellu" period.Railroad was ineffective w#en it ca"e to connectin trade routes across t#e state.

C#arleston! Atlanta! 2avanna# & orfolk #ad direct connections wit# 9e"p#is

5ndependent lines between D#io River and ew Drleans .

9ost lines were s#ort and local. 6ransportation was "ainly used for water.

Planters s#ipped t#eir crops by river or sea.

Albert Pike! Arkansas Journalist% +ro" t#e rattle wit# w#ic# t#e nurse tickles t#e ear

of a c#ild born in t#e 2out# to t#e s#roud t#at covers t#e cold fro" t#e dead!

everyt#in co"es to us fro" t#e ort#,

Ja"es . (. (e ow - Resident ew Drleans! "ost pro"inent advocate of t#e

sout#ern econo"ic independence. Publis#ed a "aa?ine De Bows Review

advocatin sout#ern co""ercial and aricultural e@pansion.

ounded 18*' lasted until 188=

anted sout#ern econo"ic independence of t#e ort# warned constantly of t#e

daners of t#e colonial relations#ip between t#e sections / & 20

5rony - Printed in ew Hork because ew Drleans #ad no Printers ade)uate

ources of outhern Difference


22/35


Reasons for colonial dependency

Ariculture was boo"in! wealt#y sout#erners #ad capital invested in land! t#e

sout#ern cli"ate! #ot > less suitable for industrial develop"ent.

2out#erners work #abits! lack stron work et#ic t#at nort# #ad.

ailure to create co""ercial or industrial econo"y

(iscouraed t#e rowt# of cities and industry

#ite 2out#erners > representatives of a special way of lifeK based on traditional

values of c#ivalry! leisure! eleance. /t#e Cavalier 5"ae0

People #appy free fro" t#e instinct of t#e +Hankees,

9ore concerned wit# refined and racious life t#an rapid rowt# and develop"ent.

White Society in the South

2"all "inority owned slaves in sout#% "isleadin

The Panter Cass

Planter Aristocracy% Cotton "anates! suar! rice & tobacco nabobs! w#ites w#o

owned *=$= slaves & 8==L acres of land

6#ey deter"ined political & econo"ic & social life of t#eir reion.

ealt#ier planters also owned #o"es in cities w#ere t#ey would be socialites

iked to co"pare t#e"selves to old upper class 4urope% 6rue aristocrats. /t#ey were

not si"ilar at all0

Plantation 9anae"ent% planters #ad to supervise carefully if t#ey wanted a profit

6idewater! :irinia% reat aristocrats! fa"ilies w#o #ad occupied wealt# for

enerations

9ostly ust ca"e into wealt#! 1steneration

Reality and 5"ae% deter"ined to portray as enteel aristocrats. (eter"ined to

defend t#eir positions. /defense of slavery stroner w new0


23/35


Aristocratic :alues - avoided coarse occupations /trade and co""erce0

4onor5

9ales adopted a code of c#ivalry% defendin t#eir #onor! t#ru duelin

5dea of #onor% idea of et#ical be#avior and bravery! i"portance of dinity and

aut#ority

Preston rooks% 2out# Carolinian conress"an beat 2enator C#arles 2u"ner!

9assac#usetts #e acted #onorable /united states senate0 ort# t#ou#t of #i" as a

savae.

Cult of


24/35


cut off fro" t#e co""ercial world! owned no slaves.

Personal freedo" ! older political ideas

Close Relations wit# t#e Plantation Aristocracy% s"all far"ers depended on local

plantation

6o access cotton ins! "arkets! credit

Co""it"ent to Paternalis"% traditional "ale do"inated fa"ily structure

Bender relations to ensure order and stability. 9en> Fn)uestioned "asters of t#eir

#o"e

(eraded Classes - +crackers, +sand #illers, +poor w#ite tras#,

ived in swa"ps in cabins! dietary deficiencies! disease. /ate clay0

i"ited Class Conflict% o opposin to plantation and slavery

o strent# to protest! but even t#ou# t#ey were poor t#ey were w#ite! t#ey were

still considered t#e rulin racerederick aw Dl"sted% nort#erner w#o visited sout# 18$=s% +ro" c#ild#ood! t#e one

t#in in t#eir condition w#ic# #as "ade life valuable to t#e "ass of w#ites #as been

t#at t#e niers are yet t#eir inferiors,


25/35


Slavery: The Peculiar Institution

2out#erners referred to slavery as - Peculiar 5nstitutionK (istinctive! special.

5solated lacks fro" w#ites% African A"ericans developed a culture of t#eir own.

9asters and 2laves dependent on eac# ot#er.

Varieties of a#er!

2lave codes forbade t#e" to #old property! leave "asters pre"ises wit#out

per"ission! be out after dark! carry fire ar"s! could not learn! testify in court.

Gillin a slave was not considered a cri"e

4nforce"ents of t#e slave code was spotty

6ask and Ban 2yste"s% larer plantations task syste" - co""on on rice

plantations! slaves were assined a particular task

Life 6n-er a#er!

9asters ave t#e" w#at t#ey needed to survive

2lave o"en #ad t#e tou#est obs labored and did #ouse#old c#ores

2lave fa"ilies were constantly broken apart


26/35


lack wo"en outnu"bered black "en

Free ,frican ,mericans

ew slaves earned "oney and bou#t t#eir freedo"

4li?abet# Geckley earned #er and #er sons freedo" by sewin

2o"e slaves were set free by t#eir "aster

6i#tened Restrictions on free blacks

ears because of at 6urners rebellion! fear t#at if set free blacks will turn on t#eir

"asters

5t was difficult to "anu"it free slaves% all sout#ern states forbade free African

A"ericans fro" enterin.

The a#e Tra-e

2lave 9arkets! auctions

6ransported by trains or by river! by foot

(o"estic slave trade! essential to t#e rowt# and prosperity of t#e w#ole syste".

6rade was de#u"ani?in

6#e forein slave trade% alt#ou# federal law #ad pro#ibited t#e i"portance of

slaves fro" 18=8 t#ey were continually s"uled.

illia" . Hancey of Alaba"a - 5f its ri#t to buy slaves in :irinia and carry t#e"

to ew Drleans! w#y is it not ri#t to buy t#e" in Cuba! ra?il or Africa and carry

t#e" t#ereM

6#e convention 18$8 voted to reco""end t#e repeal of t#e laws aainst slave

i"ports but it didnt #appen.

Resistance of s"ulin% 183; a roup of $3 slaves in Cuba took control of t#e

A"istad a s#ip t#at was transportin slaves to anot#er part of Cuba

:an uren t#ou#t t#e slaves s#ould be returned


27/35


a#e .esistance

+2a"bo,% be#avior% c#arade assu"ed in t#e presence of w#ites

2lave rebel% re"ained forever rebellious

18== Babriel Prosser% at#ered 1!=== rebellious slaves outside Ric#"ond /failed0

at 6urners was t#e only lare scale

+2lave Patrols,% w#ites w#o stopped wanderin blacks on si#t de"andin to see

travelin per"its.

lacks defied t#ere "asters! isolated for"s of sabotaeK losin! breakin tools or

not doin tasks t#e ri#t way.

Resisted wit# nor"al patterns of be#avior

The Culture of Slavery

Resistance one part of t#e response to slavery(eveloped own separate culture

Language & usic

Pidin% African lanuae

5"portance of slave 2pirituals% sons used to pass ti"e. 2ons about #ow t#ey felt.

,frican ,merican .eigion

Al"ost all African A"ericans were C#ristians

2o"e converted to bein protestant

lack c#urc#es were banned by law


28/35


lacks in t#e sout# developed own version of C#ristianity% voodoo! polyt#eistic

reliious traditions of Africa

The a#e Fami!

+uclear a"ily,

lack wo"en bared c#ildren "uc# earlier t#an w#ite wo"en


29/35

12- Ante)ellum ulture $ Re*orm 320-328

The #omantic Im$ulse

ational Cultural Aspirations

/ationaism an- .omanticism in ,merican Painting

Creatin new artistic vision on t#eir own.

Paintins to evoke wonder of t#e nations landscape! power of nature

1stsc#ool of A"erican painters H! 6#o"as Cole! 6#o"as (ou#ty! and

As#er (urand /6#e


30/35


The Transcen-entaists

The Defense of /ature

Visions of 6topia

.e-efining 9en-er .oes

The ormons


31/35


#emakin! Society

ew refor" "ove"ents

6e"perance! education! peace! and t#e care of t#e poor! and t#e "entally ill!

t#e treat"ent of cri"inals! t#e ri#ts of wo"en

.e#i#aism' orait!' an- :r-er

P#ilosop#y of refor" ca"e fro"! opti"istic visions w#o reected Calvinist

doctrines

The Temperance Crusa-e

4eath Fa-s an- Phrenoog!

e-ica cience

.eforming %-ucation

The "n-ian .eser#ation

The %mergence of Feminism

The Crusade %!ainst Slavery

%ar! :pposition to a#er!


32/35


9arrison an- ,boitionism

Bac0 ,boitionists

,nti*,boitionism

,boitionism Di#i-e-


33/35

11+01+2013


34/35

11+01+2013


35/35

11+01+2013

Documents

Apush Notes Brinkley