Archaeology of the Samuel Fuller Homesite: Ceramics

Samuel Fuller Homesite Report Series

Volume 3 of 7

Ceramic Analysis

Craig S. Chartier

Plymouth Archaeological Rediscovery Project (PARP)

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ABSTRACT

Site examination testing was conducted at the Samuel Fuller Homesite prior to residential

subdivision development in Kingston, Massachusetts. The site is one of three contemporaneously

occupied homesites dating to the middle to late nineteenth century and situated within the

proposed subdivision development area that were identified during and Intensive Survey of the

area. The intensive survey was conducted in the undisturbed sections of the project area by MAP

personnel under permit No. 2865 issued by the State Archaeologist. As a result of the survey, 153

test pits (142 test pits placed in six transects, seven judgmental test pits and four array test pits)

were excavated, 1,018 artifacts (24 prehistoric and 995 historic) were recovered, and two

prehistoric and six historic sites were identified. Three historic cellar holes associated with the

Fuller brothers (Samuel, Smith and Daniel) were identified as being potentially eligible for

inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and were recommended for site-

examination testing. Two of the cellar holes, those of Smith and Daniel, were determined to be

located in areas that could be protected from further development and were thus preserved in

situ. The cellar hole associated with the Samuel Fuller family, could not be avoided by the

proposed development and was subjected to site-examination testing. Surface vegetation consists

of developing hardwood scrub and forest with little underbrush. The Samuel Fuller Homesite is

situated on a small rise over looking a historic road and in close proximity to present day

cranberry bogs.

The testing strategies employed for the site examination consisted of the excavation of a series of

50 cm square shovel excavated test pits placed in a grid pattern, followed by the excavation of

three trenches (two in a cross-shaped pattern within the cellar hole and one across the width of a

depression situated on the edge of the site boundary), and six one-meter-square excavation units.

Excavation was carried out to a minimum of 50 cmbgs, well into the B2 subsoil. The site size,

based on the presence of test pits with and without cultural material, was determined to be 25

meters east to west by 45 meters north to south. The western edge was defined by the cranberry

bog road; the northern edge was defined by a low area of possible soil removal activities and

sterile test pits, while the south and east boundaries were defined by two sterile test pits. The

overall distribution of material appears to be in a roughly oval shape oriented north to south.

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Prehistoric cultural material was recovered from several contexts, all believed to have come from

one site with scattered material. The prehistoric site was determined to be a low density lithic

scatter likely resulting from short term occupation, possibly during the Middle Archaic period. The

location of the site was determined to roughly parallel that of the historic site with prehistoric

materials occurring in a more random and scattered fashion.

Historic cultural material consisted of an appreciable assemblage of ceramics, faunal remains and

household architectural material. No outbuildings were identified. Site examination testing found

that the site possessed definite boundaries, with a yard scatter, subsurface features, and overall good

integrity in the sense that the site has not been disturbed by subsequent post-occupation activities,

and a high research potential. The high research potential was due to the observed spatial

patterning of subsurface artifacts and features across the site. The site was found to possess definite

boundaries, good integrity in the sense that the site has not been disturbed by subsequent post-

occupation activities, and high research potential. While it was difficult to attribute various deposits

to time periods, there appears to be spatial patterning of subsurface artifacts and features across the

site. Archaeological investigations identified deposits dating to the occupation of the site by the

Fullers, as well as occupation of the site immediately after, possibly by Kingston’s famed hermit,

Daniel Fuller.

Extensive background research was conducted, principally focusing on census and tax records, in

order to place the Fullers within a larger community context. It is felt that further investigations at

the site have the potential to yield significant information regarding the lives of individuals living at

a low economic level throughout much of the nineteenth century. The site was found to possess

definite boundaries, good integrity in the sense that the site has not been disturbed by subsequent

post-occupation activities, and high research potential. While it was difficult to attribute various

deposits to time periods, there appears to be spatial patterning of subsurface artifacts and features

across the site. Archaeological investigations identified deposits dating to the occupation of the site

by the Fullers as well as occupation of the site immediately after, possibly by Kingston’s famed

hermit, Daniel Fuller. The Trench 1 and North Yard Midden deposits are terminal deposits of

materials cleaned out of the house following Samuel's death. As a result, they represent the artifacts

that were present in the house at the time of his death, and that were determined by the cleaners to

be worthless and disposable. It is unknown what material may have been removed from the site by

those who were cleaning out the house. While the deposit in these contexts seems to show an

occupation by someone who saved old bottles and ate off of old plates, it may be a case of these

being the artifacts that were not wanted by those who cleaned out the house. In fact, they may have

originally made up only a small portion of the actual material-culture assemblage. The Fullers may

have had fine china and gold, but these materials could have been removed by the cleaners and thus

did not present themselves archaeologically. However, by coupling the archaeological findings with

extensive background research, it was determined that the Fullers were of a lower economic station

and thus unlikely to own fine china. The disposal of their possessions in an associated pit and a

yard midden, indicates that they may not have had much that was worth anything at the time of

Samuel’s death and thus many of their possessions were subsequently disposed of on-site. Further

excavations could help clarify this issue. As a result, the site is considered eligible for listing on the

National Register and avoidance of the site is recommended.

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Ceramics

Ceramic analysis focused on functional and temporal analysis of the recovered wares. Functional

analysis includes the identification of the types of vessels present as well as how the wares can be

used as socio-economic indicators. Ceramics in general have the potential to yield information on

market distribution systems, food processing, preparation, consumption and other aspects of

foodways behavior. Ceramics were also used for status display and possibly ideological statements

(Spencer-Wood 1984: 33). The ceramics recovered from nineteenth century sites are assumed to

largely have been acquired from those that were available at the local market economy with some

percentage possibly being acquired as gifts, heirlooms or through some form of secondary

recycling. The ceramics that are recovered archaeologically are the result of consumer choices of

goods available in the market and the loss and selective discard patterns of the past inhabitants of

the site (Spencer-Wood 1984: 33, 34). The types and styles of ceramics used by a household are

influenced by an indeterminate number of interrelated factors including site location, availability of

goods, occupation, ethnicity, economic level, social status, family status, religious and political

affiliation and individual preferences (Spencer-Wood 1984: 34).

As a way of understanding the interrelationships between features and anomalies identified during

the Site Examination, attempts were made to cross-mend sherds of vessels from various contexts

across the site. Assemblages recovered from intact feature contexts were analyzed to determine a

likely date of deposition for the material and to determine their probable function as part of the

working household. It was hoped that enough feature contexts can be identified to examine the

changing nature of the Samuel and Mary Fuller household overtime and to compare these changes

to larger local, regional, and national trends.

In general, extraneous material comforts such as decorative, although not necessarily expensive,

pressed glass, floral painted versus undecorated ceramics and the presence of tea wares indicates an

economic expenditure towards indulgence, something more than just the penultimate basic needs,

versus subsistence or utility. One can easily do with wooden bowls and no tea, so the presence of

items such as fashionable decorated ceramics and tea wares must indicate a desire for something

more than the basic necessities of life by the inhabitants of a site. For example, in the 1840s hand-

painted pearlwares were nearly twice as expensive as undecorated pieces and transfer-printed wares

were over twice as expensive (Miller 1991). By purchasing transfer-printed wares versus

undecorated wares, the inhabitants (especially the women who were the primary purchasers of such

goods) may have been trying to say something about their real or perceived status. The expenditure

of household funds on items such as the latest in consumer goods is difficult to reconcile with a

desire for self-sufficiency during the Victorian Age, it was not possible to aspire to be both self-

sufficient and socially respectable.

Method

Analysis began with the identification of the ware (creamware, whiteware, pearlware, redware,

etc.). Minimum vessel counts will be generated for each class and a functional analysis of the types

of vessels (cups, bowls, saucers, etc.) were carried out. Additionally, the types of decorations

(undecorated, hand-painting, transfer printing, etc.) present on the wares were examined and

compared to determine if any matched sets are present or if the vessels present appear to be mis-

matched sets. The presence of matched sets over mis-matched pieces may help to better assess the

socio-economic status of the Fuller household over time. Matched sets may indicate a desire by the

inhabitants to own proper service sets and likely indicate that the individuals purchased the pieces

specifically for the motif and with the desire to have a matched set. Mis-matched vessels may

3

indicate that the pieces were either purchased with no real desire for the order and propriety implied

by matched sets, that the pieces were purchased piece meal over an extended period of time, which

may have resulted in the inability to find matching pieces when the time came to purchase another

piece. Alternately, mis-matched sets may be a sign that the pieces were donated to the family and

were not purchased at all. This would be especially true if the pieces were found to show a time lag

between the occupation of the site and the types of ceramics present (i.e. older ceramics donated to

a poorer family from a middle class family after that style had gone out of fashion).

There are three general classes that ceramics fall within, being distinguished by the amount of time

that they have spent in the kiln. These are earthenwares, stonewares and porcelain with each being

higher fired and thus more water-resistant. Earthenware and stoneware were recovered from the Site

Examination testing. No porcelain was recovered, possibly reflecting the lower class status of the

inhabitants of this site. Earthenwares can be characterized as being a ceramic class composed of

glacial or alluvial clays that have been fired in a kiln at temperatures not exceeding 1200 degrees

Celsius. Before the firing, the body may be, but was not always, covered with a powdered or later,

a liquid lead oxide glaze. This glaze fused to the body and created a waterproof, glass-like surface.

Different paste textures, decorative techniques, and glazes produced different types of earthenware

identified by the distinctions: redware; tin-enameled; slipware; North Devon gravel-tempered and

gravel-free wares, slipware, and refined earthenwares such as creamware, pearlware, whiteware and

ironstone. Some of these varieties have distinct temporal ranges, while others continued in

production virtually unchanged for centuries. Redware is the largest and most commonly occurring

type of earthenware encountered on European Colonial sites.

Redware

Redware itself has not received a great deal of careful and scholarly work to tightly date it. Apart

from Laura Watkins' paramount work and Sarah Turnbaugh's 1985 treatise on the subject, there has

not been much follow up work done to continue the scholarship. As a result, while redware makes

up the greatest percentage of the assemblages looked at, they can not be closely dated, and must be

given limited weight to the amount they can contribute. Generally, redware was used for utilitarian

items such as milkpans, storage pots, cup, mugs, chamber pots, and flowerpots. One notable local

pottery, the Bradford Pottery, dating to the same period as the occupation of the Fuller site, was

located within one mile of the project area and may have furnished some of the pots present at the

site.

Redware was recovered from across the project area with the highest occurrence in EU 4, the

possible dump area to the immediate west of the house, followed by Trench 1 and the northern yard

dump making up just 30.4% of the ceramic total (Table 1) (Figure 1).

Table 1. Redware occurrences.

Location Count

EU1-3 114

Trench 1 157

EU 4 201

EU 5 92

EU 6 48

4

East yard 33

West Yard 24

South Yard 10

North Yard 23

Hearth 42

West Room 5

South terrace 20

Cellar Hole 32

Total 798

% of Ceramic Total 30.4%

Minimally 27 redware vessels were identified. Vessel forms consisted of the typical types of

utilitarian forms associated with redware: milkpan (N=4), storage pot (N=8), shallow pan (N=3),

chamber pot (N=5), flowerpot (N=1), mug (N=1), and one possible pot, one possible pan and three

vessels of unknown form. Pieces that appeared to have the same color glazes, the same body form

and the same application of glazes were considered to be likely be from the same, or at least the

same type of vessel. Fragments from the same or similar vessels were found across the site,

possibly indicating a wide dispersal pattern of refuse or movement of refuse across the site

following initial deposition. An example of this is vessel 104, a redware chamber pot with an

exterior black glaze and interior red brown glaze, identical fragments of which appear in EUs 4 and

2 and in Trench 2, 0-1 meter east of the cellar hole east wall.

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Figure 1. Redware vessels. Top Left: incised decoration, Top Right: Pans,

Bottom Left: Storage pot, Bottom Right: Interior and exterior glazed.

6

Creamware

While English folk and Colonial settlers were content to use redwares for their utilitarian needs,

there was always a market for “white wares”, beginning with the importation of Oriental porcelain.

But porcelain was expensive and the availability was limited, which lead to the development of tin-

glazed soft-bodied delft wares which copied the motifs and forms of the more expensive porcelains.

By the middle eighteenth century, the English’s quest for a less expensive light-glazed ware similar

to Chinese porcelain was brought one step closer by Josiah Wedgewood’s perfection of Creamware

in 1762 (Noel Hume 1970:125). This ceramic type was not pure white, but had a light to deep

yellow tint to the glaze and pooled green in the crevices of the vessels. Creamware was produced

until 1820 and was generally replaced by a whiter “pearlware” that began production in the late 18th

century. Early Creamware had a deep yellow tint which, by 1775, was refined to a lighter yellow by

the use of kaolin clays in the manufacturing process.

A total of 245 fragments of creamware were recovered from the Site Examination testing. All of

the fragments are of a lighter color, indicating a later Creamware versus the older darker yellow

wares. Creamware was recovered from across the site with the majority of it being recovered from

EU5, the east yard and the cellar hole (Table 2) making up 9.3% of the ceramic total.

Table 2. Creamware occurrences.

Location Count

EU1-3 9

Trench 1 2

EU 4 15

EU 5 52

EU 6 23

East yard 59

West Yard 6

South Yard 3

North yard 4

Hearth 4

West Room 9

South terrace 4

Cellar Hole 55

Total 245


The majority of the Creamware fragments were fairly small and as a result, only four vessels were

identifiable. These included one plate with a scalloped edge, one plate with a molded feather edge,

one possible plate and one bowl. Decoration on Creamware was limited to some molding, and hand

painting and transfer printing to a much smaller degree. Miller and Hunter (1990) summarized

Creamware edge treatments thus:

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1750-1775 Molded Whieldonware

1766-1790 Queen's ware

1766-1820 Royal Pattern

1765-1790 Feather edge

The molded edge on the Creamware plate recovered from the Samuel Fuller site was popular from

1765 to 1790 (Miller and Hunter 1990).

Pearlware

Pearlware is said to be the most common type of ceramic encountered on early 19th century sites

(Noel Hume 1970:130). Whereas the glaze of creamware pooled green in the crevices of the foot

ring on the bottoms of vessels, pearlware pooled blue due to the addition of cobalt to the glaze

mixture (in an attempt to make whiter wares). Pearlware is also attributed to Josiah Wedgewood in

the 1770s and went on to become the dominant ware in 1810, eventually fading with the refinement

of whiteware after 1820. A terminal date for pearlware has been suggested as being as late as 1865

(Price 1979). Pearlware was used on a wide variety of forms from chamberpots to eggcups but it is

most frequently encountered in the form of plates and saucers decorated with blue or green shell

edging around their interior rims. Decoration on Pearlware also took the form of annular bands on

the exterior of cups and mugs. These “annular wares” were produced from approximately 1795-

1815 (Noel Hume 1970; 131).

A total of 404 fragments of Pearlware were recovered, principally from Trench 1, EU 5, EU 4 and

the east yard (Table 3) making up 15.4% of the ceramic total.

Table 3. Pearlware occurrences.

Location Count

EU1-3 16

Trench 1 125

EU 4 50

EU 5 62

EU 6 5

East yard 41

West Yard 18

South Yard 9

North yard 16

Hearth 7

West Room 13

South terrace 32

Cellar Hole 10

Total 404


8

A minimum of 13 ceramic vessel forms were identified consisting of plates (N=5), saucers (N=4),

tea bowls (N=2), one cup and one oval platter. While flatware predominated the pearlware

assemblage, tea wares were common.

Decorative techniques used on Pearlware, and eventually Whiteware, are more temporally sensitive

than the wares themselves. Blue or green shell edge-decorated wares first appear in Wedgewood's

1775 and Leeds' 1783 pattern books and became one of the standard products of the Staffordshire

potteries in the nineteenth century. This is believed to be due to the fact that they are the least

expensive decorative table ware available (Miller and Hunter 1990). Initially both green and blue

were used on the edges, but by 1840 green-edged had become rare with blue shell-edged remaining

in production until the 1860s. By the later part of the nineteenth century the production of shell-

edged wares had discontinued but blue-edging, edging that was just blue but that lacked the earlier

molded edging, continued until the 1890s. Miller and Hunter summarized the production of blue

and green edging in 1990:

1780-1810 Rocco Style, irregular scalloped rim and undecorated center

1800-1840 Evenly scalloped Shell Edge

1820-1840 Embossed Edge

1840-1870 Unscalloped Shell Edge with impressed pattern

1850-1890 Unscalloped and unmolded Shell Edge

Four Pearlware vessels from the Site Examination bore embossed rims, three in blue and one in

green (Figure 2). The green edged vessel (recovered from the west yard at test pit N10 W05) would

date to 1790-1840 while the remaining embossed plates would date from 1820-1840. The three

blue-edged plates were recovered from EUs 1 and 5 and the south yard.

Pearlware, and later whiteware, were also decorated by hand-painting. Two general types were

used: thin-lined and broad-lined (Price 1979). Prior to 1835 polychrome hand-painted designs were

executed in mustard yellow, mocha brown and burnt orange, but after 1835 brighter colors such as

grass green, golden yellow, red and powder blue were used. The singular use of blue painted

designs, intended to mimic porcelain designs, occurred on earthenware from 1775-1840 and was

eventually replaced by transfer printing by 1815. After 1820 until approximately 1830, blue floral

designs were executed with a bolder stroke and are easily distinguished from the earlier technique.

Three blue hand-painted pearlware vessels, two tea bowls and one tea saucer were identified in the

assemblage. Fragments of these vessels were recovered from EUs 4-6, the hearth and the west yard

(Figure 3).

Another hand-painting technique was Spatterware, which was used from 1780-1850, with 1810 to

1840 being the peak period of popularity (McConnell 1990) (Figure 3). Spatterware vessels have

hand-painted or transfer-printed designs in the center with spatterwork borders. Spatterware

eventually evolved into Spongeware in the 1830s when there was a need, due to the

9

Figure 2. Annular decoration and blue-edged plates.

10

Figure 3. Hand-painted wares.

11

popularity of the ware, to speed up production. Colors instead of being powdered on were now

daubed on with a sponge, brush or a piece of cloth. Spongeware was manufactured until 1930. One

spatterware cup and three saucers are represented in the assemblage from the Samuel Fuller Site.

These were recovered from Trench 1, EUs 1 and 5, the east yard, the south yard and the terrace fill.

Whiteware

Pearlware was replaced in approximately 1820 by very white refined earthenware commonly called

whiteware. Whiteware continues to be produced today. A total of 802 fragments of whiteware were

recovered from all contexts (Table 4) with a wide variety of decorative techniques being employed

on them (Table 21).

Table 4. Whiteware occurrences.

Context Count

Trench 1 196

East Yard 141

South Yard 114

EU 4 97

North Yard Midden 75

North yard 43

Terrace Fill 36

EU 5 31

Cellar Hole 29

EU 6 19

West Room 10

West Yard 9

Hearth 2

Total 802


Table 5. Decorative techniques employed on whiteware fragments.

Context Annular

1815-

1860

Blue-edged

1830-1884

Hand-

Painted

1820-1890

Spatter-

ware

1830-1860

Transfer-

Printed

Undecorated

1820-1900+

Totals

NY Midden 1 1 6 15 52 75

EU 4 1 5 13 78 97

EU 5 1 4 1 12 13 31

EU 6 1 1 17 19

T1 25 1 14 32 122 194

East Yard 1 2 6 74 50 133

12

Context Annular

1815-

1860

Blue-edged

1830-1884

Hand-

Painted

1820-1890

Spatter-

ware

1830-1860

Transfer-

Printed

Undecorated

1820-1900+

Totals

Hearth 2 2

West Room 1 4 5 10

West Yard 1 8 9

Terrace 2 3 2 29 37

South Yard 2 6 105 113

North Yard 16 27 43

Cellar 1 1 3 8 17 30

Total 10 26 17 34 211 494 792

As can be seen in Table 5, Trench 1, which is believed to be the latest context at the site, had the

highest occurrence of whiteware while the hearth had the lowest. While undecorated fragments

dominated the whiteware assemblage, it has to be remembered that while some of the undecorated

fragments undoubtedly came from vessels that were completely undecorated, some of the fragments

may be undecorated fragments of decorated vessels. The next most common decorative technique

used was transfer-printing, followed by spongeware, blue-edging, hand-painting and finally annular

decoration

Plain, undecorated whiteware was produced throughout the century, starting after 1820 and was

considered the cheapest version of this type of whiteware. Blue and black florals covering most of

the decorated surface predominated on hand-painted whitewares in the first quarter of the

nineteenth century (Figures 4 and 5). Slightly later, a finer sprig pattern in either monochromatic or

polychromatic forms was produced until around 1890 with polychromes more popular, but less

common, from 1830 to 1850 (Miller 1987). Blue edging, similar in execution and design to that

used on pearlware, continued on whitewares most commonly with unscalloped unmolded or

impressed rims, overall much simpler than the earlier pearlware versions.

13

Figure 4. Transfer-printed wares.

14

Figure 5. Blue transfer-printed vessels.

15

A total of 69 whiteware vessels were identified (Table 6). The assemblage was almost evenly split

between flatwares and hollowwares, but while there were almost the same number of vessels, plates

made up the largest overall portion of the vessel assemblage. It is interesting to note that among the

undecorated whitewares, no matching cup and saucer sets were present and most of the undecorated

wares were simple plates or cups. This was also the case with the blue-edged wares, which were all

plates. Among the Annular and Hand-painted decorated whitewares, no plates were represented but

cups, bowls and saucers predominated. Transfer-printed vessels, being the most popular for sale

during most of the occupation of the site, also had the widest variety of wares present including

more specialized forms such as tureens and one teapot.

Table 6. Decorative techniques employed on whiteware vessel forms.

Form Undecorated Annular Blue-edged Hand-painted Transfer-printed Totals

Plate 7 4 10 21

Saucer 3 6 5 14

Flatware 1 1

Cup 4 2 3 5 15

Chamber pot 1 1

Pitcher 1 1 2

Bowl 3 1 4

Tureen 5 5

Teapot 1 1

Hollowware 2 4 6

Totals 13 11 4 14 27 69

Table 7 shows the occurrence of fragments of identified vessels by context as opposed to

occurrence by fragment count. Transfer-printed vessels were the most commonly occurring style

across the site reflecting the wide spread popularity of transfer-printing as a decorative technique

during the period of occupation for the site.

Table 7. Vessel occurrences by context.

Context Annular Blue-edged Hand-Painted Molded Transfer-printed Undecorated

North Yard

Midden

1 1 6 4

EU 4 3 2 2 1

EU 5 1 1 4 2

EU 6 3 1 1 1

Trench 1 2 1 1 7 2

East Yard 3 1 2 8 2

Hearth 2 2 4 1

West Room 1 1 4 1

West Yard 1

Terrace 3 6

South Yard 2 5 1

16

Context Annular Blue-edged Hand-Painted Molded Transfer-printed Undecorated

North Yard 1 4

Cellar Hole 2 3 2 1

The majority of the vessels overall were decorated by means of transfer printing (Figure 4). This

was the decorative technique that replaced hand-painting after the 1830s (Table 8). This technique

was first used in 1797 with the first colors being blue, black and sepia and was followed by red,

yellow in 1848 and then brown and green in 1852 (Miller 1965). The earliest patterns were Chinese

until 1805 when the development of copper plate engraving allowed the creation of finer lines and

more variation in color tone. After 1830 the quality of design and color intensity declined and

multicolor underglazing was developed in 1848. Color is considered the most temporally sensitive

property of this decorative technique. The following table (compiled by Stelle:2001) outlines the

temporal changes in transfer printing in the nineteenth century (as described by Miller 1987, Esary

1982, Sonderman 1979, and McCorvie 1987):

Table 8. Transfer-printing color date ranges and periods of maximum popularity.

Type Date Range Maximum Popularity

Dark Blue 1820-1860 1820-1830

Light Blue 1826-1831 1827-1828

Blue and Painted 1840-1860

Red 1829-1850 1829-1839

Brown 1829-1850 1829-1839

Green 1829-1850 1829-1839

Black 1830-1850

Purple 1829-1860 1829-1839

Purple and Painted 1840-1860

Gray and Painted 1840-1860

Red and Green 1832-1838

Scenic Flow Blue or Black 1840-1860 1840-1849

Flowery Flow 1870-1879

17

From the Samuel Fuller Homesite assemblage, a fairly wide range of colors was represented (Table

9).

Table 9. Transfer-printed whiteware.

Color Form Count Date range

Black Tureen 1 1830-1850

Saucer 1 1829-1850

Brown Saucer 2 1829-1850

Green Plate 1 1829-1850

Purple Plate 1 1829-1860

Blue Teapot 1 1820-1860

Tureen 4 1820-1860

Plate 6 1820-1860

Cup 3 1820-1860

Light Blue Cup 1 1826-1831

Saucer 1 1826-1831

Dark Blue Plate 2 1820-1860

Saucer 1 1820-1860

Willow Pattern Cup 1 1820-1860

Saucer 1 1820-1860

Total 27

The majority of the vessels were decorated with blue to dark blue transfer-printing with a few less

common colors (such as mulberry and green) also present.

Yellowware

Yellowware is earthenware produced to replace the unfashionable redware, as a new kitchen utility

ware. It has a hard, pale yellow body that is covered with a yellow or a clear glaze and often with

blue, black or brown and white bands. It may also have a blue, green, or black dendritic mocha

decoration,or a dark mottled brown glaze. The annular decoration with or without the mocha was

produced from 1840-1900. The later form of decoration is commonly called Rockingham or

Bennington-glaze. This type of yellowware has a thick brown, mottled glaze and a molded body

and was most popular in America from 1840 to 1900. Rockingham was first produced by English

potters in the Swinton District after 1788 with teapots being the most common form (Spargo

1926:170). By 1830, English potters had immigrated to American and began producing a larger

variety of this type of ware. The center of production was Bennington, Vermont. From 1847

through 1865 the most common technique for applying the glaze was by spattering it on with a

paddle, the result being that no two pieces appear the same.

Clear-glazed yellowware was produced in many utilitarian forms including bowls, plates, jugs, and

bottles. Yellowware was introduced to America from England in the latter 1820s and eventually was

produced by various firms in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vermont, New York, and Maryland

from the 1840s to the 1850s (Leibowitz 1985). The maximum popularity of yellowware was in the

period from 1860-1870. Even though its popularity waned by 1900, it was continually produced

18

into the 1930s. English-made yellowware has a yellow glaze, while American-made yellowware

has a clear alkaline glaze. Four temporal trends have been identified for yellowwares (Leibowitz

1985):

1830 plain no decoration, no foot formation, no lips, hand thrown

1840 annular banded and dendritic (mocha) decoration

1850-1870 coarse, heavy yellowware predominantly in the Midwest, cream and

buff color to rich canary yellow

1860-1900 Pressed or molded yellowware, scenes and floral decoration

One hundred and twenty-seven fragments representing at least two yellow-glazed yellowware

vessels were recovered from the site (Figures 6 and 7). One hundred and twenty-one fragments,

representing at least four Rockingham glazed yellowware vessels were recovered (Table 10).

Table 10. Yellowware and Rockingham occurrences.

Context Yellowware Count Rockingham Count

North Yard Midden 7 15

Trench 1 109 104

EU 4 3

EU 6 2 2

East Yard 8

West room 2

Cellar Hole 3

Totals 127 121

% of Ceramic Total 4.8% 4.6%

Fragments of one yellowware bowl were recovered from Trench 1 while fragments of a blue and

white banded mug were recovered from a variety of contexts including the east yard, the north yard

midden, the west room and EUs 4 and 6. While none of these fragments cross-mend, the colors of

the glazes and elements present appear to indicate that they all may have come from one vessel.

Rockingham vessel forms were limited to three teapots, all smooth with no molded decoration, and

one plate. The majority of the fragments representing one of the teapots and the plate were

recovered from Trench 1 with the remaining vessel fragments being recovered from the north yard

midden, EU 4 and EU 6. The north yard midden contained only fragments of one teapot, while

fragments from what appeared to be the third teapot came from EUs 4 and 6.

19

Figure 6. Yellowware vessels.

20

Figure 7. Rockingham vessels.

21

The yellowware vessel from Trench 1 appears to be of the latest form with molded lines on the

interior (1860-1900) while the mug with the annular decoration and the Rockingham vessels date to

the 1840-1900 period.

Ironstone

Ironstone is a high-fired earthenware that approaches, but never quite reaches the hardness of

stonewares. Ironstone was developed to compete with the whiteware market. With the final

development of thin whiteware, the thicker ironstone was relegated to products such as plates,

pitchers and bowls, chamber pots and other heavy utilitarian wares. Ironstone was first introduced

by Charles Mason of Staffordshire, England in 1813 and was shipped to American markets by 1842.

Ironstone was decorated in the same ways as Whiteware. Additionally it was often left plain or

molded with leaves, ribs, or flowers. Plain wares were produced for the entire time span of

Ironstone production, whereas molded ironstone with sharp angles, and hexagonal or octagonal

body forms were popular from the 1840s through the 1880s. After 1860 embossed plant elements

became popular and in the 1860s and 1870s, luster decorated “tea leaf” patterns were popular

(Kovel 1973).

Ironstone fragments, totaling 97 pieces, were recovered from the north yard midden, Trench 1, the

east yard and the terrace fill (Table 11) (Figure 8).

Table 11. Ironstone occurrences.

Context Count

North Yard Midden 59

Trench 1 14

East Yard 12

Terrace Fill 12

Total 97


These 97 fragments represented a total of six vessels including one Flow Blue decorated plate, one

Flow Blue decorated saucer, two undecorated plates, one plate with a molded decoration on the rim

and one multi-faceted very white stoneware mug. One of the Flow Blue decorated plates was

recovered from the cellar hole, saucer fragments were recovered from the south terrace fill and

Trench 1, one undecorated and the one molded plate were recovered from the north yard midden,

and one undecorated plate and the mug were recovered from Trench 1. The Flow Blue decorated

flatwares date from the 1840-1879 period, as it was impossible to tell if the image on them was

flowery or scenic, while the multi-sided mug dates from the 1840s through the 1880s and the

molded plate dates to after 1860.

22

Figure 8. Molded vessels.

23

Stoneware

Stoneware can be described as a ceramic type that is made of alluvial or glacial clays which is fired

in a kiln at temperatures of 1200 to 1400 degrees Celsius. Firing the clays at these temperatures

produces a dense, vitrified, waterproof body of a gray, brown or buff color. Vessels were often

glazed by throwing handfuls of salt into the kiln at the peak of firing. This imparted a salt glaze,

giving the exterior surface a waterproof glaze with an orange peel like texture.

Stoneware products often took the form of heavy, utilitarian objects such as mugs, jugs, crocks,

churns, pitchers, inkwells and oil lamps. Four general types of surface treatments can be present on

stoneware: Unglazed/Plain, Salt-Glazed, Albany-Slipped and Bristol. Unglazed stoneware is

considered relatively rare (Stelle 2001). Salt glazing was commonly used in all periods of

production and was often used in combination with Albany Slip, with salt glazing generally being

less popular after the 1860s (Zilmer 1987:35). Albany Slip is described as a hard, chocolate brown

glaze produced by natural clays found in the Albany region of New York (Stelle 2001). Bristol glaze

consists of a white to off-white hard and glossy glaze often used in combination with Albany slip on

the exterior of “whiskey” jugs before 1920, but also was used on jars and crocks. It was common

after 1890.

A total of 29 fragment of stoneware were recovered representing four vessels. Fragments were

recovered from the north yard midden, Trench 1, EU 5 and the east yard (Table 12).

Table 12. Stoneware occurrences.

Context Count

North Yard Midden 2

Trench 1 24

EU 4 2

EU 5 1

Total 29


Vessel forms were limited to three jugs, one bottle and one vessel of unknown form. The stoneware

from EU 5 had an interior peach colored slip, predating the use of Albany slip possibly dating it to

before 1840, while all of the other vessels had Albany slip, dating them from 1840 to 1900.

Ceramics Summary

Eight types of ceramics (Redware, Creamware, Pearlware, Whiteware, Ironstone, Yellowware,

Rockingham, and Stoneware) bearing a wide range of decorative techniques were recovered from

Site Examination testing. Table 13 shows the highest occurrences of each ceramic type.

Table 13. Highest ceramic occurrences by context.

Context Redware Ironstone Yellow-

ware

Rockingham Stoneware Pearlware White-

ware

Cream-

ware

N.Yard Midden 114 59 7 15 2

Trench 1 157 14 109 104 24 125 196

24

EU 4 201 2 50

East yard 12 141 59

EU 5 62 52

Cellar Hole 55

South yard 114

Terrace 12

Totals 472 97 116 119 28 237 451 166

The north yard midden and Trench 1 yielded the highest occurrences of more recent ceramics, and

surprisingly, the highest occurrences of redware. This may indicate a preference by the occupants

for redware throughout the occupation of the site, a curation of these utility wares, or a tendency to

purchase the least expensive wares for ceramic items that generally would not be seen

(chamberpots, pots, pans) and were used for cooking, storage, or waste removal and not for service

or presentation. The other context with a high occurrence of redware was EU 4 which is a refuse

deposit believed to have resulted from the periodic cleaning of the kitchen and hearth. EU 4, Trench

1 and the north yard midden also were the locations which contained stoneware, possibly

supporting the idea that all of these contexts derived from the kitchen area. The earliest ceramic

type, creamware, was concentrated in the cellar hole, EU 5 (the south west corner of the terrace fill)

and the east yard. This may indicate that refuse was deposited in the east yard during the earliest

occupancy, but eventually shifted to the west and south yard areas.

Ceramics appear to have been roughly separated temporally in different parts of the site. Hand-

painted wares, especially blue hand-painted wares, were located principally in the earlier deposits

while transfer-printed wares occurred across the site. These appear to have been the most popular

wares, mirroring their popularity generally throughout the century. Vessel forms were evenly split

between hollowwares and flatwares (Table 14). There was a high occurrence of plates and saucers,

cups, bowls, and surprisingly, tureens. It appears that the occupants placed a strong emphasis on

service and presentation at meals and tea times. The presence of tureens may also be related to an

emphasis on soups and stews, a method of food preparation that can be associated with people who

are trying to stretch what they have in terms of food. A soup or a stew is essentially water with any

number or variety of ingredients added. It is a versatile food that can serve as a main dish, an

appetizer, or a side and one to which any principle ingredient or leftover could be added. The

occupants of the Fuller site appear to have served soups or stews, but did so not in the utilitarian

pot in which it was prepared, but in decorated tureens, possibly a step above the bare necessities

necessary to prepare and serve such a food.

25

Table 14. Vessel occurrence by ware type.

Also, while not many matched pieces were identified, pieces of the same color but different forms

were common, possibly indicating a preference for color over pattern. Generally it appears that the

occupants followed a pattern similar to that seen on other historic sites: redwares and stonewares for

utility and food preparation vessels, an emphasis on tea wares and service vessels, and possibly a

preference for soups or foods that would be served in tureens versus plated foods. Decorative

choices were fairly pedestrian as well, blue-edged plates and transfer-printed wares in a variety of

motifs.

26

Vessel Stoneware Totals

Saucer 18 1 19

Plate 1 24 7 32

4 4

Pan 3 3

Tureen 5 5

Tea Bowl 2 2

Mug 1 1 1 3

Bowl 1 6 7

Cup 16 16

Cup/ Bowl 8 8

Bottle 2 2

Jug 5 5

Pitcher 1 1

Teapot 2 1 3

Pot 6 6

Possible Pot 3 3

Chamber Pot 6 2 8

Unknown 3 3

Flowerpot 1 1

1 1

Totals 7 6 27 81 10 132

Yellowware/ Rockingham Redware Whiteware Pearlware

Milkpan

Holloware

Ceramic Assemblage Comparison

The ceramic assemblage from the Edward Humphries Jr. Homestead (c 1776-1830) was

compared with that recovered from four other sites in Plymouth County. These sites are the

Ebenezer Wood Homestead (c. 1776-1825), which was excavated during the course of a Data

Recovery testing in Middleborough, and the Samuel, Smith and Daniel Fuller homesites (c.

1830-1893) tested during an archaeological Intensive Survey in Kingston. The Lighthouse

Village (late eighteenth to early twentieth century) was tested at the Intensive Survey and Site

Examination levels. Wood was identified as a middling farmer while the Fullers were identified

variously as farmers, laborers and shoe fitters. It should be remembered for comparison purposes

that the Smith and Daniel Fuller and the Wood sites were only tested at an intensive survey level

and the material recovered may not represent the entire range of materials that were in use at the

sites.

The minimum number of vessels for each ceramic class is shown in Table 15, while the vessel

forms are shown in Table 16.

Table 15. Vessel counts for the sites discussed in the text.

Ceramic type Humphries Wood Samuel

Fuller

Smith

Fuller

Daniel

Fuller

Young Thwing/Haynes/

Slade

Lighthouse

Creamware 1 5 1 1 0 0 4 32

Pearlware 1 8 7 1 0 19 45 41

Whiteware 0 3 9 8 1 44 92 257

White-salt-

glazed

Stoneware

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Stoneware 0 1 3 1 0 9 26 57

Yellowware 0 0 2 0 0 7 14 8

Redware 6 8 11 7 2 4 81 18

Ironstone 0 0 1 0 0 11 15 13

Porcelain 0 1 0 0 0 0 64 0

Slipware 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tin-glazed 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Brownware 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

Totals 9 29 34 18 3 94 347 426

27

Table 16. Vessel forms for the sites discussed in the text.

Form Humphries Wood Samuel

Fuller

Smith

Fuller

Daniel

Fuller


Slade

Lighthouse

Plate 0 6 32 2 1 22 65 120

Small Plate 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0

Saucer 1 3 19 3 0 11 25 74

Saucer/Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Platter/Serving

Dish

0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0

Oval Platter 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Dish? 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0

Tea Cup 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 51

Tea Cup/Bowl 0 0 2 0 0 0 14 0

Tureen 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0

Pie Plate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Flatware 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0

Milkpan 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 11

Shallow Pan 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 0

Milkpan/Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Butter pot 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bowl 0 1 7 2 0 18 43 73

Sauce Bowl/

Small Bowl

0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0

Sugar Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Mug 1 1 3 0 0 4 6 2

Mug/Cup 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Chamber Pot 0 2 8 1 0 1 4 0

Jug 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 35

Jar 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2

Pitcher 0 0 1 0 0 1 8 8

Bottle 0 0 2 1 0 0 9 8

Tea Pot 0 0 3 0 0 3 2 8

Hollowware 1 2 1 3 0 4 11 0

Small Pot 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

Pot 0 0 6 0 0 7 1 0

Cup 0 0 16 0 0 8 13 0

Cup/Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Custard Cup 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Spittoon 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Shaker? 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Unknown 0 4 5 2 2 0 9 0

28

Form Humphries Wood Samuel

Fuller

Smith

Fuller

Daniel

Fuller


Slade

Lighthouse

Crock 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Basin 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Churn 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Flowerpot 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0

Lid 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0

Toy Tea Cup

and Saucer

0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Total 6 27 124 18 3 94 342 392

Redware vessels forms were limited to undecorated utilitarian items. This reflects the utilitarian

and inexpensive nature of this ceramic ware. The forms recovered from the sites were milkpans

(Humphries, Wood, Samuel and Smith Fuller, Young sites), butter pots (Humphries, Wood and

Samuel Fuller Sites), chamber pots (Wood, Samuel and Smith Fuller sites), small pots/pots

(Young site) and a mug (Wood site).

Creamware vessels were limited to plates (Wood site), bowls or hollowwares (Wood, Humphries,

Samuel and Smith Fuller sites), and a tea cup (Wood site).

Pearlware and whiteware represent the widest variety of vessel forms. Pearlware vessels were

represented by plates and flatware, bowls and hollowware from the Wood, Young and Samuel

Fuller sites, tea saucers from the Wood and Young sites, a mug from the Humphries and Young

sites and tea cups from the Wood, Samuel and Smith Fuller sites.

Whiteware vessels were identified at all except the Humphries site. Vessel forms represented

were plates and flatware (Wood; Young; Samuel, Smith and Daniel Fuller sites), tea cups (Wood,

Young, Samuel and Smith Fuller sites), saucers (Young and Smith Fuller sites), bowls and

hollowware (Young and Smith Fuller sites) and cups, teapots, a shaker and platter (Young site).

Other wares that were recovered included white-salt-glazed stoneware, porcelain, slipware,

Rockingham, ironstone, and stoneware. White salt-glazed stoneware was limited in form to

scratch blue decorated tea saucers. Fragments were recovered from the Wood and Humphries

sites with one vessel being represented at each site. The earlier dates for the occupations at these

sites resulted in the occurrence of this ceramic type which generally has been found to be

recovered from sites with occupations dating to before 1776. Porcelain was also relatively rare,

being recovered from only the Wood site with fragments of a hand-painted tea saucer being

recovered. Fragments of a slipware possible pie plate were recovered from the Wood site and

fragments of Rockingham tea pot and a bowl were found at the Samuel Fuller site. A fragment

from an ironstone chamber pot was recovered from the Samuel Fuller site. Finally, stoneware

vessel forms were limited to liquid storage vessels with a fragment of a jug being recovered from

the Wood Site, and fragments from one bottle were recovered from the Samuel and Smith Fuller

sites.

Kenneth Feder in his work on the Lighthouse Site in Connecticut found that lower classes of

society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially poor African Americans, tended to

use more serving bowls or hollowware and a lower proportion of flatware and dishes (Feder

1994: 182). Serving bowls were used to serve soups, stews and pottages while flatwares were

29

more often used to serve cuts of meat such as roasts in more formal settings. Stews and pottages

are one way to stretch a family’s food budget while also providing a more communal dining

experience (Feder 1994: 183). Essentially, sites with a greater disproportion between the

hollowwares and flatwares may indicate a higher use of bowls over plates and thus a lower class,

more communal foodways. Flatware serving and consumption vessels (plates, platters, saucers,

and the generic flatware) were compared with hollowware serving vessels (cup, bowls, mugs,

tureens, and the generic hollowware) (Table 17). Caution must be taken not to place too much

emphasis on the assemblages from the Humphries, Daniel and Smith Fuller sites, as all of these

were only investigated during intensive surveys. When these are removed from comparison, the

Young, followed by the Thwing/Haynes/Slade sites yielded the highest occurrence of

hollowwares while the Samuel Fuller and Lighthouse sites yielded the highest occurrence of

flatwares.

Table 17. Comparison of hollowware versus flatwares vessel counts.

Site Hollowware Flatware

Humphries 50% 50%

Wood 41.1% 58.9%

Samuel Fuller 39% 60.9%

Smith Fuller 61.5% 38.5%

Daniel Fuller 0 100%

Sophronia Young 52.7% 47.3%

Thwing/Haynes/Slade 47.6% 52.4%

Lighthouse Village 39.9% 60.1%

Contrary to what Feder related in his work, when viewed in total, the Lighthouse Village vessel

assemblage had more flatwares than hollowwares, which would indicate by Feder’s reasoning

that they ate less communally than the Fullers or Sophronia Young’s household. The sites that are

known to have been occupied by families, the Wood, Young, Samuel Fuller and Smith Fuller

sites, and the Lighthouse Village, had the greatest number of plates represented in their

assemblages (N=6, 22, 7, 2 and 120 respectively) which relates to the use of plates for serving

and consumption. This is likely the result of the fact that Edward Humphries Jr. and Daniel

Fuller were both bachelors, and thus would not have needed a large number of plates for serving

multiple people. Tea cups and saucers were well represented at the Wood and Smith Fuller sites

while the Samuel Fuller site yielded fragments of a tea pot. The Humphries and Samuel Fuller

sites yielded fragments of one tea vessel each, possibly indicating less of an emphasis on this

social and potentially ritualistic item. Alternately, the Fuller’s being so close in proximity and

familial ties, may have shared teas, or, since Samuel Fuller died before Smith Fuller, Smith’s

family may have inherited Samuel’s tea wares.

30

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Documents

Archaeology of the Samuel Fuller Homesite: Ceramics