Samuel Fuller Homesite Report Series
Volume 3 of 7
Ceramic Analysis
Craig S. Chartier
Plymouth Archaeological Rediscovery Project (PARP)
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ABSTRACT
Site examination testing was conducted at the Samuel Fuller Homesite prior to residential
subdivision development in Kingston, Massachusetts. The site is one of three contemporaneously
occupied homesites dating to the middle to late nineteenth century and situated within the
proposed subdivision development area that were identified during and Intensive Survey of the
area. The intensive survey was conducted in the undisturbed sections of the project area by MAP
personnel under permit No. 2865 issued by the State Archaeologist. As a result of the survey, 153
test pits (142 test pits placed in six transects, seven judgmental test pits and four array test pits)
were excavated, 1,018 artifacts (24 prehistoric and 995 historic) were recovered, and two
prehistoric and six historic sites were identified. Three historic cellar holes associated with the
Fuller brothers (Samuel, Smith and Daniel) were identified as being potentially eligible for
inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and were recommended for site-
examination testing. Two of the cellar holes, those of Smith and Daniel, were determined to be
located in areas that could be protected from further development and were thus preserved in
situ. The cellar hole associated with the Samuel Fuller family, could not be avoided by the
proposed development and was subjected to site-examination testing. Surface vegetation consists
of developing hardwood scrub and forest with little underbrush. The Samuel Fuller Homesite is
situated on a small rise over looking a historic road and in close proximity to present day
cranberry bogs.
The testing strategies employed for the site examination consisted of the excavation of a series of
50 cm square shovel excavated test pits placed in a grid pattern, followed by the excavation of
three trenches (two in a cross-shaped pattern within the cellar hole and one across the width of a
depression situated on the edge of the site boundary), and six one-meter-square excavation units.
Excavation was carried out to a minimum of 50 cmbgs, well into the B2 subsoil. The site size,
based on the presence of test pits with and without cultural material, was determined to be 25
meters east to west by 45 meters north to south. The western edge was defined by the cranberry
bog road; the northern edge was defined by a low area of possible soil removal activities and
sterile test pits, while the south and east boundaries were defined by two sterile test pits. The
overall distribution of material appears to be in a roughly oval shape oriented north to south.
1
Prehistoric cultural material was recovered from several contexts, all believed to have come from
one site with scattered material. The prehistoric site was determined to be a low density lithic
scatter likely resulting from short term occupation, possibly during the Middle Archaic period. The
location of the site was determined to roughly parallel that of the historic site with prehistoric
materials occurring in a more random and scattered fashion.
Historic cultural material consisted of an appreciable assemblage of ceramics, faunal remains and
household architectural material. No outbuildings were identified. Site examination testing found
that the site possessed definite boundaries, with a yard scatter, subsurface features, and overall good
integrity in the sense that the site has not been disturbed by subsequent post-occupation activities,
and a high research potential. The high research potential was due to the observed spatial
patterning of subsurface artifacts and features across the site. The site was found to possess definite
boundaries, good integrity in the sense that the site has not been disturbed by subsequent post-
occupation activities, and high research potential. While it was difficult to attribute various deposits
to time periods, there appears to be spatial patterning of subsurface artifacts and features across the
site. Archaeological investigations identified deposits dating to the occupation of the site by the
Fullers, as well as occupation of the site immediately after, possibly by Kingston’s famed hermit,
Daniel Fuller.
Extensive background research was conducted, principally focusing on census and tax records, in
order to place the Fullers within a larger community context. It is felt that further investigations at
the site have the potential to yield significant information regarding the lives of individuals living at
a low economic level throughout much of the nineteenth century. The site was found to possess
definite boundaries, good integrity in the sense that the site has not been disturbed by subsequent
post-occupation activities, and high research potential. While it was difficult to attribute various
deposits to time periods, there appears to be spatial patterning of subsurface artifacts and features
across the site. Archaeological investigations identified deposits dating to the occupation of the site
by the Fullers as well as occupation of the site immediately after, possibly by Kingston’s famed
hermit, Daniel Fuller. The Trench 1 and North Yard Midden deposits are terminal deposits of
materials cleaned out of the house following Samuel's death. As a result, they represent the artifacts
that were present in the house at the time of his death, and that were determined by the cleaners to
be worthless and disposable. It is unknown what material may have been removed from the site by
those who were cleaning out the house. While the deposit in these contexts seems to show an
occupation by someone who saved old bottles and ate off of old plates, it may be a case of these
being the artifacts that were not wanted by those who cleaned out the house. In fact, they may have
originally made up only a small portion of the actual material-culture assemblage. The Fullers may
have had fine china and gold, but these materials could have been removed by the cleaners and thus
did not present themselves archaeologically. However, by coupling the archaeological findings with
extensive background research, it was determined that the Fullers were of a lower economic station
and thus unlikely to own fine china. The disposal of their possessions in an associated pit and a
yard midden, indicates that they may not have had much that was worth anything at the time of
Samuel’s death and thus many of their possessions were subsequently disposed of on-site. Further
excavations could help clarify this issue. As a result, the site is considered eligible for listing on the
National Register and avoidance of the site is recommended.
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Ceramics
Ceramic analysis focused on functional and temporal analysis of the recovered wares. Functional
analysis includes the identification of the types of vessels present as well as how the wares can be
used as socio-economic indicators. Ceramics in general have the potential to yield information on
market distribution systems, food processing, preparation, consumption and other aspects of
foodways behavior. Ceramics were also used for status display and possibly ideological statements
(Spencer-Wood 1984: 33). The ceramics recovered from nineteenth century sites are assumed to
largely have been acquired from those that were available at the local market economy with some
percentage possibly being acquired as gifts, heirlooms or through some form of secondary
recycling. The ceramics that are recovered archaeologically are the result of consumer choices of
goods available in the market and the loss and selective discard patterns of the past inhabitants of
the site (Spencer-Wood 1984: 33, 34). The types and styles of ceramics used by a household are
influenced by an indeterminate number of interrelated factors including site location, availability of
goods, occupation, ethnicity, economic level, social status, family status, religious and political
affiliation and individual preferences (Spencer-Wood 1984: 34).
As a way of understanding the interrelationships between features and anomalies identified during
the Site Examination, attempts were made to cross-mend sherds of vessels from various contexts
across the site. Assemblages recovered from intact feature contexts were analyzed to determine a
likely date of deposition for the material and to determine their probable function as part of the
working household. It was hoped that enough feature contexts can be identified to examine the
changing nature of the Samuel and Mary Fuller household overtime and to compare these changes
to larger local, regional, and national trends.
In general, extraneous material comforts such as decorative, although not necessarily expensive,
pressed glass, floral painted versus undecorated ceramics and the presence of tea wares indicates an
economic expenditure towards indulgence, something more than just the penultimate basic needs,
versus subsistence or utility. One can easily do with wooden bowls and no tea, so the presence of
items such as fashionable decorated ceramics and tea wares must indicate a desire for something
more than the basic necessities of life by the inhabitants of a site. For example, in the 1840s hand-
painted pearlwares were nearly twice as expensive as undecorated pieces and transfer-printed wares
were over twice as expensive (Miller 1991). By purchasing transfer-printed wares versus
undecorated wares, the inhabitants (especially the women who were the primary purchasers of such
goods) may have been trying to say something about their real or perceived status. The expenditure
of household funds on items such as the latest in consumer goods is difficult to reconcile with a
desire for self-sufficiency during the Victorian Age, it was not possible to aspire to be both self-
sufficient and socially respectable.
Method
Analysis began with the identification of the ware (creamware, whiteware, pearlware, redware,
etc.). Minimum vessel counts will be generated for each class and a functional analysis of the types
of vessels (cups, bowls, saucers, etc.) were carried out. Additionally, the types of decorations
(undecorated, hand-painting, transfer printing, etc.) present on the wares were examined and
compared to determine if any matched sets are present or if the vessels present appear to be mis-
matched sets. The presence of matched sets over mis-matched pieces may help to better assess the
socio-economic status of the Fuller household over time. Matched sets may indicate a desire by the
inhabitants to own proper service sets and likely indicate that the individuals purchased the pieces
specifically for the motif and with the desire to have a matched set. Mis-matched vessels may
3
indicate that the pieces were either purchased with no real desire for the order and propriety implied
by matched sets, that the pieces were purchased piece meal over an extended period of time, which
may have resulted in the inability to find matching pieces when the time came to purchase another
piece. Alternately, mis-matched sets may be a sign that the pieces were donated to the family and
were not purchased at all. This would be especially true if the pieces were found to show a time lag
between the occupation of the site and the types of ceramics present (i.e. older ceramics donated to
a poorer family from a middle class family after that style had gone out of fashion).
There are three general classes that ceramics fall within, being distinguished by the amount of time
that they have spent in the kiln. These are earthenwares, stonewares and porcelain with each being
higher fired and thus more water-resistant. Earthenware and stoneware were recovered from the Site
Examination testing. No porcelain was recovered, possibly reflecting the lower class status of the
inhabitants of this site. Earthenwares can be characterized as being a ceramic class composed of
glacial or alluvial clays that have been fired in a kiln at temperatures not exceeding 1200 degrees
Celsius. Before the firing, the body may be, but was not always, covered with a powdered or later,
a liquid lead oxide glaze. This glaze fused to the body and created a waterproof, glass-like surface.
Different paste textures, decorative techniques, and glazes produced different types of earthenware
identified by the distinctions: redware; tin-enameled; slipware; North Devon gravel-tempered and
gravel-free wares, slipware, and refined earthenwares such as creamware, pearlware, whiteware and
ironstone. Some of these varieties have distinct temporal ranges, while others continued in
production virtually unchanged for centuries. Redware is the largest and most commonly occurring
type of earthenware encountered on European Colonial sites.
Redware
Redware itself has not received a great deal of careful and scholarly work to tightly date it. Apart
from Laura Watkins' paramount work and Sarah Turnbaugh's 1985 treatise on the subject, there has
not been much follow up work done to continue the scholarship. As a result, while redware makes
up the greatest percentage of the assemblages looked at, they can not be closely dated, and must be
given limited weight to the amount they can contribute. Generally, redware was used for utilitarian
items such as milkpans, storage pots, cup, mugs, chamber pots, and flowerpots. One notable local
pottery, the Bradford Pottery, dating to the same period as the occupation of the Fuller site, was
located within one mile of the project area and may have furnished some of the pots present at the
site.
Redware was recovered from across the project area with the highest occurrence in EU 4, the
possible dump area to the immediate west of the house, followed by Trench 1 and the northern yard
dump making up just 30.4% of the ceramic total (Table 1) (Figure 1).
Table 1. Redware occurrences.
Location Count
EU1-3 114
Trench 1 157
EU 4 201
EU 5 92
EU 6 48
4
East yard 33
West Yard 24
South Yard 10
North Yard 23
Hearth 42
West Room 5
South terrace 20
Cellar Hole 32
Total 798
% of Ceramic Total 30.4%
Minimally 27 redware vessels were identified. Vessel forms consisted of the typical types of
utilitarian forms associated with redware: milkpan (N=4), storage pot (N=8), shallow pan (N=3),
chamber pot (N=5), flowerpot (N=1), mug (N=1), and one possible pot, one possible pan and three
vessels of unknown form. Pieces that appeared to have the same color glazes, the same body form
and the same application of glazes were considered to be likely be from the same, or at least the
same type of vessel. Fragments from the same or similar vessels were found across the site,
possibly indicating a wide dispersal pattern of refuse or movement of refuse across the site
following initial deposition. An example of this is vessel 104, a redware chamber pot with an
exterior black glaze and interior red brown glaze, identical fragments of which appear in EUs 4 and
2 and in Trench 2, 0-1 meter east of the cellar hole east wall.
5
Figure 1. Redware vessels. Top Left: incised decoration, Top Right: Pans,
Bottom Left: Storage pot, Bottom Right: Interior and exterior glazed.
6
Creamware
While English folk and Colonial settlers were content to use redwares for their utilitarian needs,
there was always a market for “white wares”, beginning with the importation of Oriental porcelain.
But porcelain was expensive and the availability was limited, which lead to the development of tin-
glazed soft-bodied delft wares which copied the motifs and forms of the more expensive porcelains.
By the middle eighteenth century, the English’s quest for a less expensive light-glazed ware similar
to Chinese porcelain was brought one step closer by Josiah Wedgewood’s perfection of Creamware
in 1762 (Noel Hume 1970:125). This ceramic type was not pure white, but had a light to deep
yellow tint to the glaze and pooled green in the crevices of the vessels. Creamware was produced
until 1820 and was generally replaced by a whiter “pearlware” that began production in the late 18th
century. Early Creamware had a deep yellow tint which, by 1775, was refined to a lighter yellow by
the use of kaolin clays in the manufacturing process.
A total of 245 fragments of creamware were recovered from the Site Examination testing. All of
the fragments are of a lighter color, indicating a later Creamware versus the older darker yellow
wares. Creamware was recovered from across the site with the majority of it being recovered from
EU5, the east yard and the cellar hole (Table 2) making up 9.3% of the ceramic total.
Table 2. Creamware occurrences.
Location Count
EU1-3 9
Trench 1 2
EU 4 15
EU 5 52
EU 6 23
East yard 59
West Yard 6
South Yard 3
North yard 4
Hearth 4
West Room 9
South terrace 4
Cellar Hole 55
Total 245
% of Ceramic Total 9.3%
The majority of the Creamware fragments were fairly small and as a result, only four vessels were
identifiable. These included one plate with a scalloped edge, one plate with a molded feather edge,
one possible plate and one bowl. Decoration on Creamware was limited to some molding, and hand
painting and transfer printing to a much smaller degree. Miller and Hunter (1990) summarized
Creamware edge treatments thus:
7
1750-1775 Molded Whieldonware
1766-1790 Queen's ware
1766-1820 Royal Pattern
1765-1790 Feather edge
The molded edge on the Creamware plate recovered from the Samuel Fuller site was popular from
1765 to 1790 (Miller and Hunter 1990).
Pearlware
Pearlware is said to be the most common type of ceramic encountered on early 19th century sites
(Noel Hume 1970:130). Whereas the glaze of creamware pooled green in the crevices of the foot
ring on the bottoms of vessels, pearlware pooled blue due to the addition of cobalt to the glaze
mixture (in an attempt to make whiter wares). Pearlware is also attributed to Josiah Wedgewood in
the 1770s and went on to become the dominant ware in 1810, eventually fading with the refinement
of whiteware after 1820. A terminal date for pearlware has been suggested as being as late as 1865
(Price 1979). Pearlware was used on a wide variety of forms from chamberpots to eggcups but it is
most frequently encountered in the form of plates and saucers decorated with blue or green shell
edging around their interior rims. Decoration on Pearlware also took the form of annular bands on
the exterior of cups and mugs. These “annular wares” were produced from approximately 1795-
1815 (Noel Hume 1970; 131).
A total of 404 fragments of Pearlware were recovered, principally from Trench 1, EU 5, EU 4 and
the east yard (Table 3) making up 15.4% of the ceramic total.
Table 3. Pearlware occurrences.
Location Count
EU1-3 16
Trench 1 125
EU 4 50
EU 5 62
EU 6 5
East yard 41
West Yard 18
South Yard 9
North yard 16
Hearth 7
West Room 13
South terrace 32
Cellar Hole 10
Total 404
% of Ceramic Total 15.4%
8
A minimum of 13 ceramic vessel forms were identified consisting of plates (N=5), saucers (N=4),
tea bowls (N=2), one cup and one oval platter. While flatware predominated the pearlware
assemblage, tea wares were common.
Decorative techniques used on Pearlware, and eventually Whiteware, are more temporally sensitive
than the wares themselves. Blue or green shell edge-decorated wares first appear in Wedgewood's
1775 and Leeds' 1783 pattern books and became one of the standard products of the Staffordshire
potteries in the nineteenth century. This is believed to be due to the fact that they are the least
expensive decorative table ware available (Miller and Hunter 1990). Initially both green and blue
were used on the edges, but by 1840 green-edged had become rare with blue shell-edged remaining
in production until the 1860s. By the later part of the nineteenth century the production of shell-
edged wares had discontinued but blue-edging, edging that was just blue but that lacked the earlier
molded edging, continued until the 1890s. Miller and Hunter summarized the production of blue
and green edging in 1990:
1780-1810 Rocco Style, irregular scalloped rim and undecorated center
1800-1840 Evenly scalloped Shell Edge
1820-1840 Embossed Edge
1840-1870 Unscalloped Shell Edge with impressed pattern
1850-1890 Unscalloped and unmolded Shell Edge
Four Pearlware vessels from the Site Examination bore embossed rims, three in blue and one in
green (Figure 2). The green edged vessel (recovered from the west yard at test pit N10 W05) would
date to 1790-1840 while the remaining embossed plates would date from 1820-1840. The three
blue-edged plates were recovered from EUs 1 and 5 and the south yard.
Pearlware, and later whiteware, were also decorated by hand-painting. Two general types were
used: thin-lined and broad-lined (Price 1979). Prior to 1835 polychrome hand-painted designs were
executed in mustard yellow, mocha brown and burnt orange, but after 1835 brighter colors such as
grass green, golden yellow, red and powder blue were used. The singular use of blue painted
designs, intended to mimic porcelain designs, occurred on earthenware from 1775-1840 and was
eventually replaced by transfer printing by 1815. After 1820 until approximately 1830, blue floral
designs were executed with a bolder stroke and are easily distinguished from the earlier technique.
Three blue hand-painted pearlware vessels, two tea bowls and one tea saucer were identified in the
assemblage. Fragments of these vessels were recovered from EUs 4-6, the hearth and the west yard
(Figure 3).
Another hand-painting technique was Spatterware, which was used from 1780-1850, with 1810 to
1840 being the peak period of popularity (McConnell 1990) (Figure 3). Spatterware vessels have
hand-painted or transfer-printed designs in the center with spatterwork borders. Spatterware
eventually evolved into Spongeware in the 1830s when there was a need, due to the
9
Figure 2. Annular decoration and blue-edged plates.
10
Figure 3. Hand-painted wares.
11
popularity of the ware, to speed up production. Colors instead of being powdered on were now
daubed on with a sponge, brush or a piece of cloth. Spongeware was manufactured until 1930. One
spatterware cup and three saucers are represented in the assemblage from the Samuel Fuller Site.
These were recovered from Trench 1, EUs 1 and 5, the east yard, the south yard and the terrace fill.
Whiteware
Pearlware was replaced in approximately 1820 by very white refined earthenware commonly called
whiteware. Whiteware continues to be produced today. A total of 802 fragments of whiteware were
recovered from all contexts (Table 4) with a wide variety of decorative techniques being employed
on them (Table 21).
Table 4. Whiteware occurrences.
Context Count
Trench 1 196
East Yard 141
South Yard 114
EU 4 97
North Yard Midden 75
North yard 43
Terrace Fill 36
EU 5 31
Cellar Hole 29
EU 6 19
West Room 10
West Yard 9
Hearth 2
Total 802
% of Ceramic Total 30.6%
Table 5. Decorative techniques employed on whiteware fragments.
Context Annular
1815-
1860
Blue-edged
1830-1884
Hand-
Painted
1820-1890
Spatter-
ware
1830-1860
Transfer-
Printed
Undecorated
1820-1900+
Totals
NY Midden 1 1 6 15 52 75
EU 4 1 5 13 78 97
EU 5 1 4 1 12 13 31
EU 6 1 1 17 19
T1 25 1 14 32 122 194
East Yard 1 2 6 74 50 133
12
Context Annular
1815-
1860
Blue-edged
1830-1884
Hand-
Painted
1820-1890
Spatter-
ware
1830-1860
Transfer-
Printed
Undecorated
1820-1900+
Totals
Hearth 2 2
West Room 1 4 5 10
West Yard 1 8 9
Terrace 2 3 2 29 37
South Yard 2 6 105 113
North Yard 16 27 43
Cellar 1 1 3 8 17 30
Total 10 26 17 34 211 494 792
As can be seen in Table 5, Trench 1, which is believed to be the latest context at the site, had the
highest occurrence of whiteware while the hearth had the lowest. While undecorated fragments
dominated the whiteware assemblage, it has to be remembered that while some of the undecorated
fragments undoubtedly came from vessels that were completely undecorated, some of the fragments
may be undecorated fragments of decorated vessels. The next most common decorative technique
used was transfer-printing, followed by spongeware, blue-edging, hand-painting and finally annular
decoration
Plain, undecorated whiteware was produced throughout the century, starting after 1820 and was
considered the cheapest version of this type of whiteware. Blue and black florals covering most of
the decorated surface predominated on hand-painted whitewares in the first quarter of the
nineteenth century (Figures 4 and 5). Slightly later, a finer sprig pattern in either monochromatic or
polychromatic forms was produced until around 1890 with polychromes more popular, but less
common, from 1830 to 1850 (Miller 1987). Blue edging, similar in execution and design to that
used on pearlware, continued on whitewares most commonly with unscalloped unmolded or
impressed rims, overall much simpler than the earlier pearlware versions.
13
Figure 4. Transfer-printed wares.
14
Figure 5. Blue transfer-printed vessels.
15
A total of 69 whiteware vessels were identified (Table 6). The assemblage was almost evenly split
between flatwares and hollowwares, but while there were almost the same number of vessels, plates
made up the largest overall portion of the vessel assemblage. It is interesting to note that among the
undecorated whitewares, no matching cup and saucer sets were present and most of the undecorated
wares were simple plates or cups. This was also the case with the blue-edged wares, which were all
plates. Among the Annular and Hand-painted decorated whitewares, no plates were represented but
cups, bowls and saucers predominated. Transfer-printed vessels, being the most popular for sale
during most of the occupation of the site, also had the widest variety of wares present including
more specialized forms such as tureens and one teapot.
Table 6. Decorative techniques employed on whiteware vessel forms.
Form Undecorated Annular Blue-edged Hand-painted Transfer-printed Totals
Plate 7 4 10 21
Saucer 3 6 5 14
Flatware 1 1
Cup 4 2 3 5 15
Chamber pot 1 1
Pitcher 1 1 2
Bowl 3 1 4
Tureen 5 5
Teapot 1 1
Hollowware 2 4 6
Totals 13 11 4 14 27 69
Table 7 shows the occurrence of fragments of identified vessels by context as opposed to
occurrence by fragment count. Transfer-printed vessels were the most commonly occurring style
across the site reflecting the wide spread popularity of transfer-printing as a decorative technique
during the period of occupation for the site.
Table 7. Vessel occurrences by context.
Context Annular Blue-edged Hand-Painted Molded Transfer-printed Undecorated
North Yard
Midden
1 1 6 4
EU 4 3 2 2 1
EU 5 1 1 4 2
EU 6 3 1 1 1
Trench 1 2 1 1 7 2
East Yard 3 1 2 8 2
Hearth 2 2 4 1
West Room 1 1 4 1
West Yard 1
Terrace 3 6
South Yard 2 5 1
16
Context Annular Blue-edged Hand-Painted Molded Transfer-printed Undecorated
North Yard 1 4
Cellar Hole 2 3 2 1
The majority of the vessels overall were decorated by means of transfer printing (Figure 4). This
was the decorative technique that replaced hand-painting after the 1830s (Table 8). This technique
was first used in 1797 with the first colors being blue, black and sepia and was followed by red,
yellow in 1848 and then brown and green in 1852 (Miller 1965). The earliest patterns were Chinese
until 1805 when the development of copper plate engraving allowed the creation of finer lines and
more variation in color tone. After 1830 the quality of design and color intensity declined and
multicolor underglazing was developed in 1848. Color is considered the most temporally sensitive
property of this decorative technique. The following table (compiled by Stelle:2001) outlines the
temporal changes in transfer printing in the nineteenth century (as described by Miller 1987, Esary
1982, Sonderman 1979, and McCorvie 1987):
Table 8. Transfer-printing color date ranges and periods of maximum popularity.
Type Date Range Maximum Popularity
Dark Blue 1820-1860 1820-1830
Light Blue 1826-1831 1827-1828
Blue and Painted 1840-1860
Red 1829-1850 1829-1839
Brown 1829-1850 1829-1839
Green 1829-1850 1829-1839
Black 1830-1850
Purple 1829-1860 1829-1839
Purple and Painted 1840-1860
Gray and Painted 1840-1860
Red and Green 1832-1838
Scenic Flow Blue or Black 1840-1860 1840-1849
Flowery Flow 1870-1879
17
From the Samuel Fuller Homesite assemblage, a fairly wide range of colors was represented (Table
9).
Table 9. Transfer-printed whiteware.
Color Form Count Date range
Black Tureen 1 1830-1850
Saucer 1 1829-1850
Brown Saucer 2 1829-1850
Green Plate 1 1829-1850
Purple Plate 1 1829-1860
Blue Teapot 1 1820-1860
Tureen 4 1820-1860
Plate 6 1820-1860
Cup 3 1820-1860
Light Blue Cup 1 1826-1831
Saucer 1 1826-1831
Dark Blue Plate 2 1820-1860
Saucer 1 1820-1860
Willow Pattern Cup 1 1820-1860
Saucer 1 1820-1860
Total 27
The majority of the vessels were decorated with blue to dark blue transfer-printing with a few less
common colors (such as mulberry and green) also present.
Yellowware
Yellowware is earthenware produced to replace the unfashionable redware, as a new kitchen utility
ware. It has a hard, pale yellow body that is covered with a yellow or a clear glaze and often with
blue, black or brown and white bands. It may also have a blue, green, or black dendritic mocha
decoration,or a dark mottled brown glaze. The annular decoration with or without the mocha was
produced from 1840-1900. The later form of decoration is commonly called Rockingham or
Bennington-glaze. This type of yellowware has a thick brown, mottled glaze and a molded body
and was most popular in America from 1840 to 1900. Rockingham was first produced by English
potters in the Swinton District after 1788 with teapots being the most common form (Spargo
1926:170). By 1830, English potters had immigrated to American and began producing a larger
variety of this type of ware. The center of production was Bennington, Vermont. From 1847
through 1865 the most common technique for applying the glaze was by spattering it on with a
paddle, the result being that no two pieces appear the same.
Clear-glazed yellowware was produced in many utilitarian forms including bowls, plates, jugs, and
bottles. Yellowware was introduced to America from England in the latter 1820s and eventually was
produced by various firms in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vermont, New York, and Maryland
from the 1840s to the 1850s (Leibowitz 1985). The maximum popularity of yellowware was in the
period from 1860-1870. Even though its popularity waned by 1900, it was continually produced
18
into the 1930s. English-made yellowware has a yellow glaze, while American-made yellowware
has a clear alkaline glaze. Four temporal trends have been identified for yellowwares (Leibowitz
1985):
1830 plain no decoration, no foot formation, no lips, hand thrown
1840 annular banded and dendritic (mocha) decoration
1850-1870 coarse, heavy yellowware predominantly in the Midwest, cream and
buff color to rich canary yellow
1860-1900 Pressed or molded yellowware, scenes and floral decoration
One hundred and twenty-seven fragments representing at least two yellow-glazed yellowware
vessels were recovered from the site (Figures 6 and 7). One hundred and twenty-one fragments,
representing at least four Rockingham glazed yellowware vessels were recovered (Table 10).
Table 10. Yellowware and Rockingham occurrences.
Context Yellowware Count Rockingham Count
North Yard Midden 7 15
Trench 1 109 104
EU 4 3
EU 6 2 2
East Yard 8
West room 2
Cellar Hole 3
Totals 127 121
% of Ceramic Total 4.8% 4.6%
Fragments of one yellowware bowl were recovered from Trench 1 while fragments of a blue and
white banded mug were recovered from a variety of contexts including the east yard, the north yard
midden, the west room and EUs 4 and 6. While none of these fragments cross-mend, the colors of
the glazes and elements present appear to indicate that they all may have come from one vessel.
Rockingham vessel forms were limited to three teapots, all smooth with no molded decoration, and
one plate. The majority of the fragments representing one of the teapots and the plate were
recovered from Trench 1 with the remaining vessel fragments being recovered from the north yard
midden, EU 4 and EU 6. The north yard midden contained only fragments of one teapot, while
fragments from what appeared to be the third teapot came from EUs 4 and 6.
19
Figure 6. Yellowware vessels.
20
Figure 7. Rockingham vessels.
21
The yellowware vessel from Trench 1 appears to be of the latest form with molded lines on the
interior (1860-1900) while the mug with the annular decoration and the Rockingham vessels date to
the 1840-1900 period.
Ironstone
Ironstone is a high-fired earthenware that approaches, but never quite reaches the hardness of
stonewares. Ironstone was developed to compete with the whiteware market. With the final
development of thin whiteware, the thicker ironstone was relegated to products such as plates,
pitchers and bowls, chamber pots and other heavy utilitarian wares. Ironstone was first introduced
by Charles Mason of Staffordshire, England in 1813 and was shipped to American markets by 1842.
Ironstone was decorated in the same ways as Whiteware. Additionally it was often left plain or
molded with leaves, ribs, or flowers. Plain wares were produced for the entire time span of
Ironstone production, whereas molded ironstone with sharp angles, and hexagonal or octagonal
body forms were popular from the 1840s through the 1880s. After 1860 embossed plant elements
became popular and in the 1860s and 1870s, luster decorated “tea leaf” patterns were popular
(Kovel 1973).
Ironstone fragments, totaling 97 pieces, were recovered from the north yard midden, Trench 1, the
east yard and the terrace fill (Table 11) (Figure 8).
Table 11. Ironstone occurrences.
Context Count
North Yard Midden 59
Trench 1 14
East Yard 12
Terrace Fill 12
Total 97
% of Ceramic Total 3.7%
These 97 fragments represented a total of six vessels including one Flow Blue decorated plate, one
Flow Blue decorated saucer, two undecorated plates, one plate with a molded decoration on the rim
and one multi-faceted very white stoneware mug. One of the Flow Blue decorated plates was
recovered from the cellar hole, saucer fragments were recovered from the south terrace fill and
Trench 1, one undecorated and the one molded plate were recovered from the north yard midden,
and one undecorated plate and the mug were recovered from Trench 1. The Flow Blue decorated
flatwares date from the 1840-1879 period, as it was impossible to tell if the image on them was
flowery or scenic, while the multi-sided mug dates from the 1840s through the 1880s and the
molded plate dates to after 1860.
22
Figure 8. Molded vessels.
23
Stoneware
Stoneware can be described as a ceramic type that is made of alluvial or glacial clays which is fired
in a kiln at temperatures of 1200 to 1400 degrees Celsius. Firing the clays at these temperatures
produces a dense, vitrified, waterproof body of a gray, brown or buff color. Vessels were often
glazed by throwing handfuls of salt into the kiln at the peak of firing. This imparted a salt glaze,
giving the exterior surface a waterproof glaze with an orange peel like texture.
Stoneware products often took the form of heavy, utilitarian objects such as mugs, jugs, crocks,
churns, pitchers, inkwells and oil lamps. Four general types of surface treatments can be present on
stoneware: Unglazed/Plain, Salt-Glazed, Albany-Slipped and Bristol. Unglazed stoneware is
considered relatively rare (Stelle 2001). Salt glazing was commonly used in all periods of
production and was often used in combination with Albany Slip, with salt glazing generally being
less popular after the 1860s (Zilmer 1987:35). Albany Slip is described as a hard, chocolate brown
glaze produced by natural clays found in the Albany region of New York (Stelle 2001). Bristol glaze
consists of a white to off-white hard and glossy glaze often used in combination with Albany slip on
the exterior of “whiskey” jugs before 1920, but also was used on jars and crocks. It was common
after 1890.
A total of 29 fragment of stoneware were recovered representing four vessels. Fragments were
recovered from the north yard midden, Trench 1, EU 5 and the east yard (Table 12).
Table 12. Stoneware occurrences.
Context Count
North Yard Midden 2
Trench 1 24
EU 4 2
EU 5 1
Total 29
% of Ceramic Total 1.1%
Vessel forms were limited to three jugs, one bottle and one vessel of unknown form. The stoneware
from EU 5 had an interior peach colored slip, predating the use of Albany slip possibly dating it to
before 1840, while all of the other vessels had Albany slip, dating them from 1840 to 1900.
Ceramics Summary
Eight types of ceramics (Redware, Creamware, Pearlware, Whiteware, Ironstone, Yellowware,
Rockingham, and Stoneware) bearing a wide range of decorative techniques were recovered from
Site Examination testing. Table 13 shows the highest occurrences of each ceramic type.
Table 13. Highest ceramic occurrences by context.
Context Redware Ironstone Yellow-
ware
Rockingham Stoneware Pearlware White-
ware
Cream-
ware
N.Yard Midden 114 59 7 15 2
Trench 1 157 14 109 104 24 125 196
24
EU 4 201 2 50
East yard 12 141 59
EU 5 62 52
Cellar Hole 55
South yard 114
Terrace 12
Totals 472 97 116 119 28 237 451 166
The north yard midden and Trench 1 yielded the highest occurrences of more recent ceramics, and
surprisingly, the highest occurrences of redware. This may indicate a preference by the occupants
for redware throughout the occupation of the site, a curation of these utility wares, or a tendency to
purchase the least expensive wares for ceramic items that generally would not be seen
(chamberpots, pots, pans) and were used for cooking, storage, or waste removal and not for service
or presentation. The other context with a high occurrence of redware was EU 4 which is a refuse
deposit believed to have resulted from the periodic cleaning of the kitchen and hearth. EU 4, Trench
1 and the north yard midden also were the locations which contained stoneware, possibly
supporting the idea that all of these contexts derived from the kitchen area. The earliest ceramic
type, creamware, was concentrated in the cellar hole, EU 5 (the south west corner of the terrace fill)
and the east yard. This may indicate that refuse was deposited in the east yard during the earliest
occupancy, but eventually shifted to the west and south yard areas.
Ceramics appear to have been roughly separated temporally in different parts of the site. Hand-
painted wares, especially blue hand-painted wares, were located principally in the earlier deposits
while transfer-printed wares occurred across the site. These appear to have been the most popular
wares, mirroring their popularity generally throughout the century. Vessel forms were evenly split
between hollowwares and flatwares (Table 14). There was a high occurrence of plates and saucers,
cups, bowls, and surprisingly, tureens. It appears that the occupants placed a strong emphasis on
service and presentation at meals and tea times. The presence of tureens may also be related to an
emphasis on soups and stews, a method of food preparation that can be associated with people who
are trying to stretch what they have in terms of food. A soup or a stew is essentially water with any
number or variety of ingredients added. It is a versatile food that can serve as a main dish, an
appetizer, or a side and one to which any principle ingredient or leftover could be added. The
occupants of the Fuller site appear to have served soups or stews, but did so not in the utilitarian
pot in which it was prepared, but in decorated tureens, possibly a step above the bare necessities
necessary to prepare and serve such a food.
25
Table 14. Vessel occurrence by ware type.
Also, while not many matched pieces were identified, pieces of the same color but different forms
were common, possibly indicating a preference for color over pattern. Generally it appears that the
occupants followed a pattern similar to that seen on other historic sites: redwares and stonewares for
utility and food preparation vessels, an emphasis on tea wares and service vessels, and possibly a
preference for soups or foods that would be served in tureens versus plated foods. Decorative
choices were fairly pedestrian as well, blue-edged plates and transfer-printed wares in a variety of
motifs.
26
Vessel Stoneware Totals
Saucer 18 1 19
Plate 1 24 7 32
4 4
Pan 3 3
Tureen 5 5
Tea Bowl 2 2
Mug 1 1 1 3
Bowl 1 6 7
Cup 16 16
Cup/ Bowl 8 8
Bottle 2 2
Jug 5 5
Pitcher 1 1
Teapot 2 1 3
Pot 6 6
Possible Pot 3 3
Chamber Pot 6 2 8
Unknown 3 3
Flowerpot 1 1
1 1
Totals 7 6 27 81 10 132
Yellowware/ Rockingham Redware Whiteware Pearlware
Milkpan
Holloware
Ceramic Assemblage Comparison
The ceramic assemblage from the Edward Humphries Jr. Homestead (c 1776-1830) was
compared with that recovered from four other sites in Plymouth County. These sites are the
Ebenezer Wood Homestead (c. 1776-1825), which was excavated during the course of a Data
Recovery testing in Middleborough, and the Samuel, Smith and Daniel Fuller homesites (c.
1830-1893) tested during an archaeological Intensive Survey in Kingston. The Lighthouse
Village (late eighteenth to early twentieth century) was tested at the Intensive Survey and Site
Examination levels. Wood was identified as a middling farmer while the Fullers were identified
variously as farmers, laborers and shoe fitters. It should be remembered for comparison purposes
that the Smith and Daniel Fuller and the Wood sites were only tested at an intensive survey level
and the material recovered may not represent the entire range of materials that were in use at the
sites.
The minimum number of vessels for each ceramic class is shown in Table 15, while the vessel
forms are shown in Table 16.
Table 15. Vessel counts for the sites discussed in the text.
Ceramic type Humphries Wood Samuel
Fuller
Smith
Fuller
Daniel
Fuller
Young Thwing/Haynes/
Slade
Lighthouse
Creamware 1 5 1 1 0 0 4 32
Pearlware 1 8 7 1 0 19 45 41
Whiteware 0 3 9 8 1 44 92 257
White-salt-
glazed
Stoneware
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Stoneware 0 1 3 1 0 9 26 57
Yellowware 0 0 2 0 0 7 14 8
Redware 6 8 11 7 2 4 81 18
Ironstone 0 0 1 0 0 11 15 13
Porcelain 0 1 0 0 0 0 64 0
Slipware 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tin-glazed 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brownware 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
Totals 9 29 34 18 3 94 347 426
27
Table 16. Vessel forms for the sites discussed in the text.
Form Humphries Wood Samuel
Fuller
Smith
Fuller
Daniel
Fuller
Young Thwing/Haynes/
Slade
Lighthouse
Plate 0 6 32 2 1 22 65 120
Small Plate 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
Saucer 1 3 19 3 0 11 25 74
Saucer/Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Platter/Serving
Dish
0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0
Oval Platter 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Dish? 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0
Tea Cup 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 51
Tea Cup/Bowl 0 0 2 0 0 0 14 0
Tureen 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0
Pie Plate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flatware 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
Milkpan 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 11
Shallow Pan 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 0
Milkpan/Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Butter pot 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bowl 0 1 7 2 0 18 43 73
Sauce Bowl/
Small Bowl
0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0
Sugar Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Mug 1 1 3 0 0 4 6 2
Mug/Cup 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Chamber Pot 0 2 8 1 0 1 4 0
Jug 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 35
Jar 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2
Pitcher 0 0 1 0 0 1 8 8
Bottle 0 0 2 1 0 0 9 8
Tea Pot 0 0 3 0 0 3 2 8
Hollowware 1 2 1 3 0 4 11 0
Small Pot 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
Pot 0 0 6 0 0 7 1 0
Cup 0 0 16 0 0 8 13 0
Cup/Bowl 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Custard Cup 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Spittoon 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Shaker? 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Unknown 0 4 5 2 2 0 9 0
28
Form Humphries Wood Samuel
Fuller
Smith
Fuller
Daniel
Fuller
Young Thwing/Haynes/
Slade
Lighthouse
Crock 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Basin 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Churn 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Flowerpot 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0
Lid 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
Toy Tea Cup
and Saucer
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Total 6 27 124 18 3 94 342 392
Redware vessels forms were limited to undecorated utilitarian items. This reflects the utilitarian
and inexpensive nature of this ceramic ware. The forms recovered from the sites were milkpans
(Humphries, Wood, Samuel and Smith Fuller, Young sites), butter pots (Humphries, Wood and
Samuel Fuller Sites), chamber pots (Wood, Samuel and Smith Fuller sites), small pots/pots
(Young site) and a mug (Wood site).
Creamware vessels were limited to plates (Wood site), bowls or hollowwares (Wood, Humphries,
Samuel and Smith Fuller sites), and a tea cup (Wood site).
Pearlware and whiteware represent the widest variety of vessel forms. Pearlware vessels were
represented by plates and flatware, bowls and hollowware from the Wood, Young and Samuel
Fuller sites, tea saucers from the Wood and Young sites, a mug from the Humphries and Young
sites and tea cups from the Wood, Samuel and Smith Fuller sites.
Whiteware vessels were identified at all except the Humphries site. Vessel forms represented
were plates and flatware (Wood; Young; Samuel, Smith and Daniel Fuller sites), tea cups (Wood,
Young, Samuel and Smith Fuller sites), saucers (Young and Smith Fuller sites), bowls and
hollowware (Young and Smith Fuller sites) and cups, teapots, a shaker and platter (Young site).
Other wares that were recovered included white-salt-glazed stoneware, porcelain, slipware,
Rockingham, ironstone, and stoneware. White salt-glazed stoneware was limited in form to
scratch blue decorated tea saucers. Fragments were recovered from the Wood and Humphries
sites with one vessel being represented at each site. The earlier dates for the occupations at these
sites resulted in the occurrence of this ceramic type which generally has been found to be
recovered from sites with occupations dating to before 1776. Porcelain was also relatively rare,
being recovered from only the Wood site with fragments of a hand-painted tea saucer being
recovered. Fragments of a slipware possible pie plate were recovered from the Wood site and
fragments of Rockingham tea pot and a bowl were found at the Samuel Fuller site. A fragment
from an ironstone chamber pot was recovered from the Samuel Fuller site. Finally, stoneware
vessel forms were limited to liquid storage vessels with a fragment of a jug being recovered from
the Wood Site, and fragments from one bottle were recovered from the Samuel and Smith Fuller
sites.
Kenneth Feder in his work on the Lighthouse Site in Connecticut found that lower classes of
society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially poor African Americans, tended to
use more serving bowls or hollowware and a lower proportion of flatware and dishes (Feder
1994: 182). Serving bowls were used to serve soups, stews and pottages while flatwares were
29
more often used to serve cuts of meat such as roasts in more formal settings. Stews and pottages
are one way to stretch a family’s food budget while also providing a more communal dining
experience (Feder 1994: 183). Essentially, sites with a greater disproportion between the
hollowwares and flatwares may indicate a higher use of bowls over plates and thus a lower class,
more communal foodways. Flatware serving and consumption vessels (plates, platters, saucers,
and the generic flatware) were compared with hollowware serving vessels (cup, bowls, mugs,
tureens, and the generic hollowware) (Table 17). Caution must be taken not to place too much
emphasis on the assemblages from the Humphries, Daniel and Smith Fuller sites, as all of these
were only investigated during intensive surveys. When these are removed from comparison, the
Young, followed by the Thwing/Haynes/Slade sites yielded the highest occurrence of
hollowwares while the Samuel Fuller and Lighthouse sites yielded the highest occurrence of
flatwares.
Table 17. Comparison of hollowware versus flatwares vessel counts.
Site Hollowware Flatware
Humphries 50% 50%
Wood 41.1% 58.9%
Samuel Fuller 39% 60.9%
Smith Fuller 61.5% 38.5%
Daniel Fuller 0 100%
Sophronia Young 52.7% 47.3%
Thwing/Haynes/Slade 47.6% 52.4%
Lighthouse Village 39.9% 60.1%
Contrary to what Feder related in his work, when viewed in total, the Lighthouse Village vessel
assemblage had more flatwares than hollowwares, which would indicate by Feder’s reasoning
that they ate less communally than the Fullers or Sophronia Young’s household. The sites that are
known to have been occupied by families, the Wood, Young, Samuel Fuller and Smith Fuller
sites, and the Lighthouse Village, had the greatest number of plates represented in their
assemblages (N=6, 22, 7, 2 and 120 respectively) which relates to the use of plates for serving
and consumption. This is likely the result of the fact that Edward Humphries Jr. and Daniel
Fuller were both bachelors, and thus would not have needed a large number of plates for serving
multiple people. Tea cups and saucers were well represented at the Wood and Smith Fuller sites
while the Samuel Fuller site yielded fragments of a tea pot. The Humphries and Samuel Fuller
sites yielded fragments of one tea vessel each, possibly indicating less of an emphasis on this
social and potentially ritualistic item. Alternately, the Fuller’s being so close in proximity and
familial ties, may have shared teas, or, since Samuel Fuller died before Smith Fuller, Smith’s
family may have inherited Samuel’s tea wares.
30
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