Arengu-uuringudArengumõõdikud III

Mati Heidmets2013 sügissemester

Keskkond

Ökoloogiline jalajälgThe ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the

Earth's ecosystems. It compares human demand with planet Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate it. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area needed to regenerate the resources a human population consumes and to absorb and render harmless the corresponding waste, given prevailing technology and resource management practice. Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how many planet Earths it would take to support humanity if everybody lived a given lifestyle.

Andmed riikide kohta: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_for_nations/

Ökoloogiline jalajälg, 1961

Ökoloogiline jalajälg, 2001

Ecological Creditors and Debtors Allikas: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?content=creditor_debtor

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Subjektiivne heaolu

Subjective well-being: inimese subjektiivne vaade elule – usaldus, rahulolu, sallivus, õnn …

Kõrvuti arengu väliste ja suhteliselt hästi mõõdetavate näitajatega (eluiga, sissetulek, haridustase jm) on arenguhindajate huvifookusesse jõudnud ka inimese subjektiivne maailm, suhtumine endasse ja ümbritsevasse.

Tõepoolest, rikkuse kasv või ebavõrdsuse vähenemine saavad mõtte ja tähenduse alles siis, kui see peegeldub ka rikkuse omajate või (eba)võrdsuse tajujate enesetundes, kujundab nende suhtumist toimuvasse.

Rikas, tark, aga õnnetu inimene on kindlasti probleemsem ühiskonnaliige võrreldes nendega, kellel kõrgharidus jäänud küll saamata, rahakott õhuke, kuid kes siiski on õnnelikud ja naudivad oma elu just sellisena, nagu see on. Siit ka kriitika HDI suhtes!

SWBSWB ühe tuntuma uurija, Illinoisi ülikooli professori Edward Dieneri

määratluse kohaselt koosneb subjektiivne heaolu „...emotsionaalsest ja kognitiivsest komponendist. Emotsionaalne heaolu tähendab meeldivate emotsioonide domineerimist negatiivsete emotsioonide üle. Subjektiivse heaolu kognitiivne komponent peegeldab aga üldist hinnangut oma elule, sageli määratletakse seda kui eluga rahulolu”.

Subjektiivse heaolu puhul käib jutt seega nii rahulolust oma eluga kui ka positiivsete emotsioonide osakaalust inimese igapäevaelus. Uuringud osutavad, et eluga rahulolev ja toimuvasse positiivselt suhtuv inimene on konstruktiivsem, huvitub rohkem ühiskonnaasjadest ning on võimu suhtes lojaalsem.Püsiv rahulolematus toodab seevastu konflikte, vastasseisu, ignorantsust. Nii uurijad kui avalikkus on rahulolule külge kleepinud plussmärgi – rahulolev kodanik– töötaja–klient–valija on parem kui rahulolematu

Gallup World PollGallup World Poll on aastaid kaardistanud maailma

rahvaste subjektiivset suhtumist oma ellu, paludes vastajatel ennast asetada kujuteldavale trepile, mille ülemine ots tähistab inimese jaoks parimat võimalikku elu ja alumine ots halvimat.

• Gallupi küsimus on formuleeritud nii: „Palun kujuta ette treppi, mille alumine aste on tähistatud nulliga ja ülemine aste kümnega. Trepi ülemine aste tähistab sinu jaoks parimat võimalikku elu, alumine aste aga kõige halvemat elu. Millisel trepiastmel sa enda arvates praegu oled, teades, et mida kõrgem aste, seda parem on elu ning mida madalam aste, seda halvem elu? Milline on sinu praegust elu iseloomustav trepiaste?”

ÕnnelikkusNew Economics Foundation, http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/m1_i1_aboutushome.aspx

nef is an independent think-and-do tank that inspires and demonstrates real economic well-being.

• We aim to improve quality of life by promoting innovative solutions that challenge mainstream thinking on economic, environment and social issues. We work in partnership and put people and the planet first.

nef was founded in 1986 by the leaders of The Other Economic Summit (TOES) which forced issues such as international debt onto the agenda of the G7 and G8 summits.

• We are unique in combining rigorous analysis and policy debate with practical solutions on the ground, often run and designed with the help of local people. We also create new ways of measuring progress towards increased well-being and environmental sustainability.

nef works with all sections of society in the UK and internationally - civil society, government, individuals, businesses and academia - to create more understanding and strategies for change

Happy Planet IndexThe HPI is one of the first global measures of sustainable well-being. It

uses global data on experienced well-being, life expectancy, and Ecological Footprint to generate an index revealing which countries are most efficient at producing long, happy lives for their inhabitants, whilst maintaining the conditions for future generations to do the same.

Happy Planet Index: Experienced well-being x Life expectancy

------------------------------------------------- Ecological Footprint

This simple headline indicator gives a clear sense of whether a society is heading in the right direction. It provides a vital tool to ensure fundamental issues are accounted for in crucial policy

HPI 2012: oodatav eluiga

HPI 2012: subjektiivne heaolu

HPI 2012: ökoloogiline jalajälg

Gross National Happiness

The term "gross national happiness" was coined in 1972 by Bhutan's former King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who has opened Bhutan to the age of modernization, soon after the demise of his father, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk. He used the phrase to signal his commitment to building an economy that would serve Bhutan's unique culture based on Buddhist spiritual values. At first offered as a casual, offhand remark, the concept was taken seriously, as the Centre for Bhutan Studies, under the leadership of Karma Ura, developed a sophisticated survey instrument to measure the population's general level of well-being. The Canadian health epidemiologist Michael Pennock had a major role in the design of the instrument, and uses (what he calls) a "de-Bhutanized" version of the survey in his work in Victoria, British Columbia. Ura and Pennock have also collaborated on the development of policy screening tools which can be used to examine the potential impacts of projects or programs on GNH

http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/

GNHA second-generation GNH concept, treating happiness as a socioeconomic development metric, was

proposed in 2006 by Med Jones, the President of International Institute of Management. The metric measures socioeconomic development by tracking seven development areas including the nation's mental and emotional health. GNH value is proposed to be an index function of the total average per capita of the following measures:

• Economic Wellness: Indicated via direct survey and statistical measurement of economic metrics such as consumer debt, average income to consumer price index ratio and income distribution

• Environmental Wellness: Indicated via direct survey and statistical measurement of environmental metrics such as pollution, noise and traffic

• Physical Wellness: Indicated via statistical measurement of physical health metrics such as severe illnesses• Mental Wellness: Indicated via direct survey and statistical measurement of mental health metrics such as usage

of antidepressants and rise or decline of psychotherapy patients• Workplace Wellness: Indicated via direct survey and statistical measurement of labor metrics such as jobless

claims, job change, workplace complaints and lawsuits• Social Wellness: Indicated via direct survey and statistical measurement of social metrics such as discrimination,

safety, divorce rates, complaints of domestic conflicts and family lawsuits, public lawsuits, crime rates• Political Wellness: Indicated via direct survey and statistical measurement of political metrics such as the quality

of local democracy, individual freedom, and foreign conflicts

GNH vs GNP?

SallivusUNESCO Declaration of the principles of tolerance – 1995

Article 1 - Meaning of toleranceTolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation of the rich diversity of

our world's cultures, our forms of expression and ways of being human. ...

Tolerance is harmony in difference. It is not only a moral duty, it is also a political and legal requirement. Tolerance, the virtue that makes peace possible, contributes to the replacement of the culture of war by a culture of peace.

Tolerance is not concession, condescension or indulgence. Tolerance is, above all, an active attitude prompted by recognition of the universal human

rights and fundamental freedoms of others.

UNECSO 1995 ...

Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds human rights, pluralism (including cultural pluralism), democracy and the rule of law.

Consistent with respect for human rights, the practice of tolerance does not mean toleration of social injustice or the abandonment or weakening of one's convictions.

In the modern world, tolerance is more essential than ever before. Without tolerance there can be no peace, and without peace there can be no development or democracy.

In order to generate public awareness, emphasize the dangers of intolerance and react with renewed commitment and action in support of tolerance promotion and education, we solemnly proclaim 16 November the annual International Day for Tolerance.

Miks sallivus?• Sallivuse defitsiit ja sallivuse tootmine – arenguprobleem?!• Sallivus – hoiak, tunne, mida poliitiliselt reguleeritakse?• Avatud maailm – erinevused ärritavad. • Täna – poliitika ja usu kõrvale ka teistsugune keel, käitumine, riietus, hoiakud,

suhted... Ärritavad nudistid, autistid, tüsedad, koolikohustuse vältijad, taimetoitlased, homod ja lesbid, maa- ja vanaususlised …

• Sallivus – ärrituse mahasurumine, agressiivsuse mahasurumine• Üldine hoiak - sallivus on väärtus, sallivust on vähe. Vaidlus - kas sallida

kultuuripraktikat, mis näit vastuolus lääneliku arusaamaga inimõigustest? Kas on põhjendatud sallimatust?

• Mis toodab sallivust – kindlustunne, isiklik kogemus.

• Sallival inimesel identiteedipiirid laiad. Erich Fromm ja ligimesearmastus!

Sallivus: suhtumine immigratsiooni ja multikultuursusesse

(Allikad: Pew Global Attitudes, 2007, EIA, 2006)

• .Vastuseis multikultuursele ühiskonnale EL liikmesriikides 2003, (% küsitletutest kes väljendasid vastuseisu, /Resistance to multicultural society)

• Kreeka 59• Eesti 51• Läti 44• Tsehhi 39• Belgia 37• Küpros 36• Saksamaa 34• Leedu 33• Slovakkia 29• Austria 27• Itaalia 24• Soome 24• Taani 22• Prantsusmaa 22• Malta 22• Holland 22• Suurbritannia 20• Poola 20• Portugal 18• Ungari 18• Iirimaa 17• Luxemburg 16• Sloveenia 15• Hispaania 15• Rootsi 13

Allikas: Eurobarometer, 2003

Kokkuvõtteks: arenguanalüüsi loogika

Plussmärgiga arengud: rohkem vabadust ja demokraatiat, kõrgem haridustase, parem tervis ja vähem hälbivat käitumist, piiranguteta äri, vähem korruptsiooni, oma ülesandeid täitev riik, uute tehnoloogiate kiire juurdumine, väiksem keskkonnakoormus, sallivus, rahumeelsus, õnnetunne …

Kas see on läänemaailma tänane pilt arengust?!Edasi - suur pilt ja seosed erinevate arengudimensioonide

vahelKas rikkus toodab õnne, kus on kasvu piirid, miks

muutuvad väärtused, religioon ja areng, kust on pärit keskkonnasäästlik mõtteviis …

Wealth and religiosityAllikas: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/2275614130/

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Heaolu ja ökoloogiline jalajälg(allikas: UNDP)

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Eksootikat

Läbikukkunud riigid! A failed state is a state whose central government is so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory. The level of control required to avoid being considered a failed state varies considerably amongst authorities. Furthermore, the declaration that a state has "failed" is generally controversial and, when made authoritatively, may carry significant geopolitical consequences

Since 2005 the United States think-tank, the Fund for Peace and the magazine Foreign Policy, publishes an annual index called the Failed States Index.

Riikide järjestust vt: http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99&Itemid=140

Failed states, 2007 Allikas: http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99&Itemid=140

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Blonde map of Europehttp://haha.nu/misc/blonde-map-of-europe/

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Light eyes in Europe

Map of Miss World-winning countries as of 2007

Sourrce: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_world

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