Iistrihution Category:Solar Thermal-Large Scale Systems

(L!C-62c)

AN!,-/9-33

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATOH Y9700 South Cass Avenue

Argonne, I l l i noi s 60439

BIAXIAL CREEP-FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OFTYPE 31611 STAINLESS STEEL TUBE

1) y

S. Majumdar

Materials Science Division

April ].979

NOTICEl1% report was prepared as an account of work

sponsored by the I'imred Slates Government Neither theUnited States nor the Uinied Slates Department ofFrergy. nor any of their employees. nor any of theircontractors, subcontractors. or their employees, nakesany warranty, express o implied, or assumes any legalliability cr roihility for the accuracy. comoletenessor usefulness of any information, apparatus. produce orprocess disclosed, or represents that its use would norinfringe privately owned sights.

TABLI OF CONTENTS

Paige

XI . . . . . ). '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-'' I M NTAL : )ATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

I ( . E S ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

( . N *) I ..................

.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4

LI S'i of j: jq'PL.

No.

1

Title

Typical Mirostrii4t,'r' of /.'-rweiv('d Tvp- "1(>IiStainless Ste(e- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

pecimen Geom et r .

Typ ic '("r )1u .

:lose-tip Vi (w Of t he

Thermocoupl I .Orat i or

Ternp(ra t ire Prof i e2

Tempe rat uire Prof i 1 (s

Ifysteres iLs loops for

llysteres is l.oops for

hIyst eresis Loops for

Ilyst eres is oOps for

Iysteresis Loops for

Ilysteres is Loops for

Ilysteresi s Loops for

hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

Hysteresis Loops for

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B iax i.at Fat igIuI( pe imen

ii 1 4 rt ih it -<nIgL 2)(" imTNI

in II ltoUir '1 ass Spec inen .

Test a . 99 . . . . . . .

Test No. 99')

Test No. 107.. . . . . . .

Test ;no. 1( > . . . . . . .

Test NO . 1052. . . . . . . .

Test No. 1001 . . . . . . .

Test No. 1012 . . . . . . .

Test No. 1044 . . . . . . .

'test No. 1024 . . . . . . .

'Test No. 1033 . . . . . . .

Test No. 1049 . . . . . . .

Test No. 1038 . . . . . . .

Test No. 1041 . . . . . . .

Test No. 1031. . . . . . . .

'est No. 1059 . . . . . . .

Test No. 1050 . . . . . . .

Comparison of Axial Hardening Rate

and Hourglass Specimens . .

for Straight-gauge

28

Page

20

LTST OF FIGURES (CONTD.)

itlh

Compar i son ()f Ivst eres i s-1 op S:and Inurgla;s Spe c imen's . . . . .

Cnrprr is(n of Diametral Ratchrtting L'Str iglht-gauge and llourg 1 ass Spec i

St r2-r1l::w t in Behavior for 'lest N

In' - t , nt ,rna ; 1r('surE (n Ax i 1

Pa t . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If fec of Internal Pressure on thw Di

Piots o 1)iarmetral Ratchun tti ug; vs Cvc

1 ot s of Di;:m(etra Ratchett ing vs Tim

Ist res is In.ops for 1-m in Tenr-i I 1 anhol (-t ime T st s . . . . . . . . .

Scn ing El etron Micrograph of t lie Fof 'Test No. 1044 . . . . . . . .

Sc-anning Flectron Mi' rogra ph Of the Fest No. 1 0'.. . .......

25

Scannin't o Lectron Mi cro ra ph OF the fract or cd Surface of

Test No. 1041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

Page

r St ra i ght-ange

ehaviOr ofmen!; .

4. 10313 . . . . . .

tr ?5-s i urn(n ionp

amet ri I P,-tchett in t

tes; . . . . . . . .

( .... .. . ..

d 1-min Compress ive

ra(t lire! Surface

riactr(((-ed Surface (f

_7

28

j)9

30

31

32

33

28

28

29

29

29

.29

30

30

30

43

6

LTST OF TAVIlES

No. T- t l c fla

T (:hemist rv of Type 31611 Sta unless Steel T1bin, . . . . . . . 16

1 1 Nurn i na Room-t empera ture >echan ic;t1 Propert i e ; of Type'31611 Sta inless Steel Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

T-11 Test Mntrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 7

IV Summary of Binx in] Fat iue Dat a fWr 1 ype 31611 Stwi inl EsSteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

vSummary of Re] axat ion Stresses for the ()ne-minute lin] cl-time tests on Type 316 Stainless Steell . . . . . . . . . 19

7

BIAXIAL CRFEP-FA'1 iG;UE BEHAVIOR OFTYPE 316H STAINS :SS STEEL TUBE

by

S. Ma jumdar

ABSTRACT

Biaxial creep-fat igue t *st data for Type 316 stain-less steel tubes at 1100*Y ar presented. The specimenswere subjected to constant internal pressure and fluctuatingaxial strain with ,ind without hold t imes in tension as wellas compress ion. The result ts show that internal pressuresiFgnificantly affects di ametral ratche tt ing and axial stressrange. Axial tensile hold is found to he more damaging thanaxial compressive hold even cinder a biaxial sta te of stress.

NOMENCLAT RF

Young's modulus

Axial stress range

t* t Axial total strain rangetot.r Axial plast ic strain range

t Ax ial stress at the beginning of tensile hold time0

3 Axial stress at the beginning of compressive holdo time

o Relaxed axial stress at the end of tensile holdt

R time

Q Relaxed axial stress at the end ot compressivetC hold time

a Axial stressa

Q0 Hoop stress

p Internal pressure

H

I. I::: 1W )1 1t :

'Tile I higlily cycli c nature of solar central l re river operating, c((nd i-t ions is ii kel y to create d if f i cui It stricwtural It.; ign prol)] ems. Solar plantswi1 I undergo at enst one TI;m or start-up and shut d >wn cycl e per dia'.:, with the

1 ikel ihood that add i t ional thermal cycle es wi] I h' imposed by interim ttentcl oud cover and iinsch edu I ed ma iT tenin e and repa i r . Thus, cr it i cal el eva ted-temperature components may be expected to accumulate on the order of tens ofthousands of thermal and associated strain eve les over a 30-ve;ir des ign life.In dd i t ion, repeated thelrmal cy I ing of superhen t or Or O i1 er t uh ing wh i1eiindIi'r iTit ernal pres:;ure 'an 1erid to increm intal growth of the diameter orrat het t ing. Tho [n1: I yst must therefore des ign a;ri inst structural fail u-re

(aused by ttherlim l fat l',i11', cry( - :r I''1( Int er:a t ion md -('(' ; iv " d(-f(r -t ion cau sed hV rn t (1het I i T .

Aioth er :J- t i ; 4 re-l :a in r t or' r;{lit bins I iilr '' o':t l' oc

des ign (i f f i ciil t i es is ti t , dir ig steadtr-strit e opera ti 1on, the ho ii er rindsilperlenter t ubi ng w i I I b)1 oaded nonax i synmet r i cal t y at el eva ted t empera-tures. 1, in part iru lar, the toi i I (er or the cr it ieal passes of the super-het ter t11)inpg wi I 1 bl I dd durin datyd tim ( op)('rat ion suici that the outertilt)in ' wiall on the Ii'gh-temperntore side will experience a 1argo 'oroprcs-i veaxIal stress and a moderate compress ive lim0) stress. On the other hand, the

inner wall on the htigh-t emperature side w i 1 he siibj ected to a moderate rOT-

press ive ax i a I stress; :1d -i sma i] tens i I e hoop st ress . Cons 1ierabi e in forma-t ion on cost i ti v ve re I a t ion!s under compress ive and Tm ixed tens il e-p his-compress ive creep cond it ions wit l be required to perm i t :t rue tuiral anal ''ses

of the components. In adci ti ion, J i lure cri trer ii for Ttinl :i I tens il-pl is-compress ive crecp-fati gue ciOnc I t: i 0,ns must he (level oped.

Elevated-tempt-,ratllre d's i$ln rules ;ippl i1("l1e to solar-power-plionthollers and piping are set forth in Section 1 of the ASMIE hoiler ;ind Pressure

Vessel Code. however, Sect.-on I was not (ievel oped wI th the high I .' c%' ic and(1

oft en comp i ex 1 oand ing c(ond i tions of solar power-p 1nrit c wponent s in m ind,and no specific: dcis ign rules for treating fai igue, creep-fati,'ue, or ratch)-ett ing are provided. Apple icrbi e design rules from the nule e;r port ions of

the Code (Section T11 alit Ca se N47) are likely to resul t in excessively con-serv:t ive designs. For example, Case N47 would consider the compressive holdt ime (n the hot side of the superheriter tubing to be as dnam: Iog as ;in equalItensile hold time, aIltlougl available data 31 indicate that this is not the

case 1or manv mater inl s, at least for in ax in toand ings.

Current design procedure for the so I ar-pl ant-hoi 1 er superheatertubing is to perform a creep-fat igue analvs is using elevated-temperaturenuclear rules (Case N47) but to ignore creep damage caused by compressivestresses. Thus, hold times under compress ive stresses are assumed to be non-damaging. As stated above, th is issunption appears to be reasnnabl e foraustenitic stainless steets under unax i xial loading cond iti ins, but it hasnever i-een verified for hiaxial I ond ing si tuant ions, part i ciil arl v where thestress is tensile in one direction rind compressive in Lhe other. Further-more, virtually no creep-fatigue data ex :st for Type 316H stainless steel,which is one of the candidate materials for solar app icat ion, even underuniaxial loading condo i tions.

Vndt'r th' present program, hiax jal creep-fat igue tests (constanttensile hoop stress and cyclic axial strain with hold times in tension orcompression) hive been performed on 'Ty pe 31611 stainless steel superheatertubing material . I imes to failure have been shortened by increasing themaornit lIe of the aix ial strain ran e, and h% us in, a cons iderabl] shvrterhold t ime, than that expected in service. Details of experiment , resiil tsobtained and their discussion ar' contained in the followin ! se, t 1: .

A. Mater inl

'lpe 31611 stainless steel (heat No. 180]') used in this work wasprocured f rom Pacific T'ube (o. of Los Angel e!, Cali forn in in the form of 1-in.-W) x .109-inl. min. wal I seamless tllbing. Chemical analysis of the

oaterian, which sat isf iu ASLME specification SA- 1 , as supplied by the ven-

dor i s shown in Tahl e I . The non i.na l room-t (,rmpera t ure mechan i cal proper t iesof the mat -r ia 1 as supplied by the vendor are shown in Table 1 1 . Micro-graphs of tih as-rc'ceiv(d mat eria , shown in Fig. 1, indicate that the grn in;tritrt Gr is 'enera I Iv eqiiaxed with anveraee gri in s1z0 ?.6 (A(,T"

The I - in . -J 1ameter sE aml ens t.

in 17-f t'n 'hls, :s ('it into 12-in.to the dimensions shown in Fig. 2n to

specimens. The wal l th sickness nt theThe wa11 thicknesses at the center of0.005 and 0.010 in., respectively v, b,the program, hourgl :S5-Shap'(d spec imerfa i]ire 1 i- t in t ' . enter ((f tile

the rem ining 12-i:. uihe sect ions as9-1 /8 in. weas uscl ', the hour-lassineffect; ( 1 't 1 .01 ). The adequac ofresol t. Ich spi. in was ool isied m

tion to c'e i finish of better than Fouter surftees.

ib in.', ,, ich w.;s suppli ed by the vendorsecrt V .s. Some of these were machinedprovide the straight gauge sectiongauge section was nominally 0.077 in.

two of these specimens were reduced 1N"hand pol fishing. In the latter half ofis were used in order to restrict thespec imens. These were mach ined fromshown in Fig. 2b. A large radius ofto minimize stress-concentration

this choice was verified by the testmechanically at the central gauge sec-

mi croinches on both the inner and

C. heat Tr(atment

Al l the specimens were tested in the as- received condition withoutany annual ing or pruag ing treatment.

D. Test Equipment and Procedure

The biaxial fatigue testing was carried oil in, a closed-loop servo-controlled MTS testing machine (Fig. 3) using constant internal pressureand axial strain control. The i.nternml pressure was provided by 2 commer-cially available pressurized nitrogen bottle. The axial strain in the

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Ih hoop-strH-ss valid's r('ccort:ed wi-ri- irviPomted by the t- ,l-wall tube-approxi-

mation formic1a usi ng the ivrage radi s of LIce tube. Tie diametral strains

reported are the (aI iccat ed hoop strains at the outside-diameter surface,obta iined h U ividi np the measured dimetrnll displai-emcnts hr tht Ocit side

diameter of the tube at the giccn s c- t ion.

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I(hl mnl I 1r ! + r I II( ho m yr I;I ':

T'hI :; I : iT I I t rr'. ; l I irtl'n ir i

hOu ;i: i i;i I - o i lX f !

;In 'Ii -'>M " l i fit'w 'r t ('r r t

c'rmp.ir Is n Of t h('I .t ft re; is "Ill, e t t'( t O 1 -1:1 i TI t(ns i i

Iu r ,' :I~ , . e I)«'« ,11{ 1 ' I : ;

I ii1

I i ii hC

the

-hol-~~ Iic

r.'?

i t 'r1 f t h("

t hut ei h- h

I t .I': i l t

I it'- st ra in -

r''';ilt of th,

( Id iil, i t

':1 i y'ht 1"m : '-r T' *i i

i Ti n tiht' ';;m

ti ' 1 w'i Ti r it Iof t ie T t:;t .I

mion tih;Iri 1 h(

frI Tiliri' t-iln

Ii IaIsht

. '\Cu iii ) ' IS nTI of fIw rat in-' I i t b l i '1 IviOr of

I;'+ sp im n Ti('IS if; sh IwTn in i . . N it ' l it

hE 'll v :; Ii Ivi I I I ('vL-n t il itr 1 t fit - t'i; iI t'-i1( i Idtht c mp ii r'';:'jv.-io d nl n in 'i; iTi t h' ';i rl-: )Ii rt

, ii tw 'v 'r, ti 1f hO1 r,'l l:i ; pit (- ' iT ;' t ( t r.It I -a I lfi t

' Spft imC' Ti 1G ' Til r t iIh I I r f w ,''4' i (".. iT i 'ill t

le t iE r(-SIIlt5S Of the sl iyit St r5ss coTl'iI rtat iI i th:t I"cIrS IT1 t ihIe h(lr-

g i :-SS spec Iil n'fls.

Tl' st r(!;"-1 el a;:-:it ion 1), 'ha vior i5 simTil i I a r f tr IhII t1.. .':ws of spe -niens (Ta li i V 1 . Ilow'ver , the hoirf l ass spoc imeTw; cons iSt (Tn t I ' t eTId t O hav

a si ht l w I w'r stress than t iI( straiy It-ha;IIt S)ec ite1n . Tiiim aTlmoTunt of

nxi;Il stress r lai::it ion sim'iTs tO be indep(ild( t of specimen t-:'p'e and internal

pressure(' . T,1)iu i St r;-(' rS-1el a::at iTn beh ii or for a onii-miniltL' oimllfr(Ss iVi-

hol i tis t is shon in F in F. 27. N( ti' that in spit E of ronS idt'r;i I ' harden ingas the number of cy _'s in(mc'lse1s, the flmliniTlt of stress relaxation p('r f'yl' U

is approximately cn tant. Tin rapid drop in the stress at the be(innin of

the hold t ime Occnrs for two reasons . First, thit' 1oaA drilo is a restl t of

the anelast ic effect (.aiisedi hr the sudde'l chance in1 th ap pI ied Str in in rate.

Secondlv, because of the inert i;a of the Lest ssy'st('T, str in in the spec i mls] ightly exceeds the' strain 1 inits before 0o i nT into the hol d-t ime mode.

All (-Xa1'lln:i t I(+r if T:IbIf l ' :;h otw f I IhI;a t t ,1- r("- :,;- ,-t ,I i I +I:i1 :I f'( r t h ('

im1 rap'id tt: r ; i tloil I pa t Iial 3 r <',t1t , 1: t tte a t '1Pt by t.hle I( st t-

i1(p Vsy ttV I-> t'rr t 'r tht sli i t Ir:r;l t in si rain.

th i ' t 1 rinal 1 prit': IrI t l t Ihe ;I:" i 1 ;t rc",s l;ir"d n in 1w. I s

i}Ith .'il in i .- lit ' micn <; 'wl t i h l'I r 111it t"1-n1;1 pr sslzrI t t' t have:11 i htr r :' . i irltIi iIs .' .is a l;rcI ' ha - li st r ss r1;11 .

}11 1'13: I)( titl tto t11t_ lar 1e d ial:.t r -;1 r;It('h t t t ills (xp),r itenc (d I):' h .o1 lrv r jnt 'rnil ;rt a ir-. T(st : vi t lOut 1 iamle't 1, i r.tl i t t Inv

.J .,t' . i t iI t I It tr: and : ;r1 :1l pri'dr'- t i' ti ; rv > t ( t nrmintwh( t . ' Ih 1 11:1Ic in .I;' Itrl y ::l sir -"l r ' 1 w w ht r It 1 s :1

(lnei t': 1 I lI 1't in p1 Vt i ' s t r; in t .l i 1t a < :. .i .I t V a : .. llt IOf

ri t t t i 11.' An(t heir ji t 'vri.st in; f lti rt n I' i . 1c t . . 1 t pe Time's

it htild t i:' rt a a stnal t t ross rnnI'& withI v !Ing tl t s Ilt'

S .'l wit II t h r L' t Ins i I r t' m a u pr ' ss v j '(' lii i d i lm. l ilt in ll b t' 1 O h ir(t'I

t db '- 1. d( r t a f t l i t L t In it h-; hi wn'.' in .1 ':gf 1- t 111 1iw ii ;! 1li r

t h m il tr l pr VtS I , ta . lnr','r t hi ' d i; ':. r;I l - t t ill. Not e thi t 1 -

r l s 1 t l Tb'r'.. l , Ii: 1 t) i ' - (: 1 Iw) i ;t 'i w i I 111t in t'1-rna1 s rt' !1 rF

t) f 1 Wi s 1 h tb t !)';r4at I1 II '' i 0 i Via r;I t('het t i 1 n n 1t11 n t h i( t iI' t wI .

Ti r n f(r i :it In Iat t t 'ir d to s he i tlmp t'r 11 s p('I;I1 ] V a iva iI ' . I1 sh d m r tr t c'htt i ( 1, t , i )hn iest 1i 1 1'1r 11 mt('ns 1 ] it' ar ss r O iF

'I000 ;,.= ] >(" .:II ,-; 1 - ( n t t T;,< IT n wil's IOu t 1 "1 cno ler t 11:1 1 i114' O 1() m t'r'.

T]h 1 ; st roll; d( pi-ndhI'I e (,: r-aIt')ltt t Inly on 1e p r t r t'Tl(I;L 1- S '"Ies t ih;t t ht Imn1'tr it' l t ht rr t c (-t t iny" st ra in i. c due t o therI I-I;I I. ;w t ivatt ed reep. I tr( Ln r s ins' to n l tLt tha 1111 1 n1eL ;nlly1'Zt. th(";( pec 1~im s (II the1C ;ssumpl1-

t it I vt ir'Vtip is niyt'g I i 1ib ' h (e lls(' no hold t iII' is involved in the cycle,(lt 5 I d ,r(ss v 1nII rI'rt'st it e the' d ;inI It Val ra t c'hIet Li n strn in . In fact.,

a r;1 e-indiii l dp('ndi' ilt 1ast ic itv anna 1 sis of I ]w tub' would show a sa turatL iOn1in] ;It '1 t t. in,, t r;! in af- t ('r a ccuiml I at ion of -I much sma l er amount of d iame--i r 1 p I ast ii' st rain th'n is oh'-;i'rvi'd in the ti sts. Ii ] i i I L s out the

isip:rt1 a t' of in l dn lcing i reep of f if'ts r i i ng trans 1ent Iondlings in a ratch-

t ting aniaI vsis. However, it is (':'pir'ted that; as the hold time increase's,the 1(ontr 1 V it ion of therli;il cr('ep to the r'atchett ing will become more siIni i-f i 'n t dur ins' u I(I t jut's than dur i ng t.he trans i ents. I t is interesting to

)Ilt thw di;it't ral ratclhett.in' 'is ;t func tion of the number of yc les nswe I l as V' i Lh t i ie for tests ,: i 1ih and wi tLhout hold i t times. Such plots are

shown in ig. V and 1 . Note that the specimens subjected to continuousc(y'' 1

areare

in,,, raLc'het

plotted nIyar

p l otted aga

faster than the ones sub iected to hold time when the dat ainst t ime. However, the reverse might he true when the datainst cyVcl'(s.

An ti hr int erest ins' lbserva t ion caln be made rega rd ing the hvstert's islolli' shape fir the tests v ith hold time' . Al t hough the tension going and

tLIh compression go i ng halves of the hystr s li s 1ioOp were similar in shapefor the f irst few hind red nycI es, thi s is not the case when the spec imen hashardened s i gni f icanLiy. Representative hysteres:is loops are shown for the

1-min tensile-hold and 1-min compressive-hold tests in Fig. 32. Note thatthe tension going hal f of the hysteresis loop of the tensile-hold test and

t ;impri'.' iii C( n f fitt. i ''t. r*' i Is'p ii t.I f r r'n i.e h (I

t a r a lmr'1(1 t hIl i r itr In Ilha pi , whor(as t li- rr-:naii y halu I'/ s (If t he

1- - t r'ri'. loop.; are rO uni(-( as nsim ] . ",rli hihav ior wa. not 1,'rve-d forthe colli hir)oi';- -'I irip t o t'. . I 1w r(a;1;rln for ti C; is not ful I v 1nd r Od

(It is Cuspeut 'i t o 1I r- i at t-d t(o t lw a':'/r''t rv in tHi d i'-;l; (;t lln sti ru tlirs

cr nt d l)' t he lins'irim('t r ii hII I( t ir;.

ihe' f- :wt u re 'urfact-- f ;Om (" , f the 1' '1 im-ns werr u 'x: 4 iii' }:

':1nnl n, i F r t ron 1 Il (rosCop- . A llrnulb r Of Fail 1( pur1t rl1 1 :ipla n'F'ed ("-'

rit 1( ' Of :.ii t <1 ( -r11 ' i t rI t ion rt ;Ir 11( t It,, r I rcurif (ro-l' [ Of thll til) ,

id 1 ( j It 1i,' i-1t spf(W illIr-n ;i l ip'lim4lint wal' aIdI(iit . I t wa5 ound thnt tnieiur

(() int 11111115 Iy( I iii', : n 4 w i hi I-mii l pr . r.1'1' I (1 d t fiPm w4 t Or w' i t lI it

int (rial pr sstre, t i( spriwu hi'is; fa i l -d tr;, Irsrranl arI w i t li ;t r ia t iOns

:Ip)p,(sir 111, On1 tii, fr:wi Ir slUrfale (lips. ' and 1). iwv(-r, fOr tIe 1-

litin 1)i c;n1i ('-hOld t (' t t lit f r;nI( rt" was r("dromlinan1ti . Inte rj'ranll a ;r, 1,, sh(owr

11in ly,. ; ). 1 In O '1 m s ;1 ;1' th I,. < ra ('{ ) i111t.1Int (d f r))1' tII( iinnm r-rllin ("tor

.ur Fai ( ;1(; i I riIo ;ICa t r-d lit war-d .

. . ('NI,('-; I A'N) IJo l1IIAT 10

Tl firm r' Ia t IpII ()f pe C- Il i S nrI Irbr , f) t- t lie t t t ra i fh' t - a ;i7:

1'.'ip( f r nl (1nduci' in b1 1 ~ Inz i l fat igllt tes 1 Ill; . 114- tw( t -- p s 'S tf ;1p ('imr- - :ire

1!im 1 I;r w i t II r"(.;1("(t t ( hIO t Ii ;I res - t r-;1in r1' pj 1nF;( ;1 d( r;11 ( c t t 1n1b14' 1)"l? r .

rat O I i harden ipn and t -; ; l 1 :x i( 1 r; ss rams- In r * ; i t I inc ra 1; inTi

int t'rnam 1 1r)1-s'!r;.I- It i 4; nOt I I;aIr whdiet I lit'r t Ii d'i; f f( r n in Ihard( i in , he-

hIv for i s d 1 t(o t 1he 1iIax IaI it 1 f - i 1w t r- ss f itld Or t t h(' I ;SIP r r I P in1 -

ri] nat r r t111't t ill;' in t he 5 p-I'e i ;n 1:1 :u o ;I Ia I 1 t ii I 1 ar, r iI Il nt (111 rr l r 5sIr(r.

Irts wt i it h t 11 int c ;l nd (: t orn l pesir ; (to pr-v ni it rat lhItt in') ire

neI(ied d tO lt ( tir mill(. whlti t hil r t 11ii; bch;cv i or i Iru 1v 1t1 t<1 t I1 1, aXi :il it 2 of

the stress; f i(ild Or nO .

TIe IC ffect of }It t4rnaI l pr( sllre (111 tO (11 ;) s} 1 On tht( ('(,nt inllous -

c(V l in}h and 1-lain (ompr' ;sive-hi(il fati,'un I i!e at I IOWh'." is smna 1 . however,it must ill' Iemebll f red t t h it t- hin: i l i t ' o t e II stress f field (c r'.1 ) in

thesIE' t st S 15 51111 ll. uiitIi r eSt jiln! 5111 Io i IIOnct('Iltrat' On I ower axi;nstrain rmnes so that the hiai-a] itv of the stress Fijell is more sipnifican11 .

The I-min nxial tens il(- ill)I d is more damnq ing than the 1-min n: inicompressive hold for this mnterii at .11 10'F even under a 1) inxin] state ofstress. lThis is also horne out by microstructr121 observation of the frac-ture surface. The compressive-hold tests fil i r11).ralSl ;lrl1 , whereas the

tensile-hold tests Fii I intergranulIar .

Al thnouighi tens i le h1 iid[s more damiag ing t han compress ive hold fort1h is material , the damage dluir ing compressive hold is not zero. Tests withlonger hold time in compression together with larger hiaxial itv in the stressfield are needed to simulate more closely the type of loading expected in a

central solar receiver tube.

. [:m t hcr WCo ld I I I 1 1 i tI h W riG;i n for co Idw t i: - t In-

r h(l -in;' ril, '1 (l ti tt tis ti.ittt 11u 1 n iis h'I fo r hi is lt'I in tilt'

/ Mks art, a s(' dil(u to 1jt l BuTrb fOr h is const:nt hilIp ill running

.:1 iut i r w I i Vt t ;)Is- h '1 f t It '- t h 1 II

I i (.ls r1 ;t 1 etrl'o mr , W r h in 41 sup er t : ntl tn't r iy r - c~1'1' 't t .

S (.. ntr"! I t' ivf r S W ho r I -r

. r iS i '1in rp t 1 ..

l'nw 'l'r S,5ft t'1ll 'hJ ast I,IVtr Suibs"s t r2,, " -*, 7

t r ; R e ti 'r i 11 Mwtr ! . _ m an,

i j ! I In i i}mb t' r I 7 > , prr ;j h " ' I1 ?I -(r t h 1w ra t ?t '", 1; r C h,1(ll ;1 (1 '"'t D v l t 'mlent t

1;1l r 1 1.-r, 1 1! f 7(>/ 1 1p i 70>

1;:; t i m 1:1 * r r f S t rl in I - .s , I A KC ,

K1p1:1 I F t' er -. hi It r I fe' I tlj 4ilt r jo rit iOn I.ivIugst ol, :w

'r'5' ,): f rV S oni 1 1 1'('rI i)n i t (al (1 (7' 8) .

* .

tri,, t

( tliit I' I l 'r

. :V , rME!"

I, FYI'P N FS

PhIame 1 , rofi t . 1port

ho M: r ' 1t 1 i r 1t't t ;t Corp1-I --

A c .1l l i , . i l n 1 1 1 -

T .11--:(1] X , 1 17->.

16

JTable I. Chemistry of Type '16I ';Lariless Teell Tubing(Heat 180124)

I'.l I rei1t

1 ree t

C

In

J)

S

5i

Ni

Cr

Mo

Contenrit , wt.

Lndle AnlvsIs Chcci An81y: IFs

0.05

1 . 62

0.02/4

0.012

11 .96

17.00

0.06

1 .64

0.022

0.012

1 1.87

16.91

2 . 22

'Table I I. Nominal Room-temperature Mechanical Properties ofType 316H Stainless Steel Tubing (Heat 180124)

Ul timate Yield7Rockwell Grain

Strength, Strength,ingat in Hardness S ke

ksi ksi

85.25 46. 33 65 76-80 A STM#6

17

'I *il C I I I . Test M.at r ix

In t r na I! I df'rfsscr, i mre 1', .'~ if n

Lvpep i TIinr

t) ()0 St rai i, ht-g.-iiig

l 10 0St ra ight-,nrug,

I) Ct )Lra ~yr t -;

IlourgI ass

1 ?W1 St ra i ght-gauge

Ilourg I ;IsS

11 (10 1T Straiigrt -gauge

llu iirg lass

2000 1 : Hourglass

Nominal Temperature = 1100 F.Total Axial Strain Range = 0.57.Total Axial Strain Rate = 4 x 10- 3 /s,

bT and C denote tensile and compressive hold, respectively.

Spec iienv

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

0C

Table I . Summary of Biax 1 hat i.e C ata ,cor .y;e 31tH Stai :ess Steel

Test SpecimenNo. Type

Str, gauge

Str. gauge

Str. gauge

Str. gauge

Hourglass

Str. gauge

Str. gauge

Hourglass

Str. gauge

Str. gauge

Hourglassf

Str. gauge

Hourglass

Str. gauge

Hourglass

1050 Hour lass

Hi -1ldTemp., Timea,

Fnmin

1065

1069

11 4L

1100

1100

1054

1070

1110

1132

1123

1100

1100

1125

1128

1100

110

0

0

1C

1C

1(

0

0

1C

1C

1C

1T

1T

0

1C

Internalressure,

psi

110;'

1100

1100

100

1100

1102

1100

2000

''OOC

2000

aT and C denote tensile 1d 1

A:.:iai SrrRan , t

0ta3 Plast

0. r5

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0. 500.50

.50

0. 50

1

0.

0. 1

2 1

-. DiaTM'tra1

qtr.....

Rate

-2

Axi:Stre-,

, .

~-~-

1 - -1

0.1. 0.

'0.15 (*.

0.l3 C.

0.l6 0.l9

0.12 0.-

resne:. a-.

bSpecimen overstraine(! due (e Mee ntr ion.

CSpecimen wall thickness reduceI b' A. Inv. t erterby polishing.

onL*.ec ien 11

Cv es t

i re

eanPi. tra1

St ri iat

. 1 , r ,

-O0

0 0.A -0.(-S

d-

"-0 - -t,1. -0.1:

h, 1 -,~

- -1

.a tside iuce sect ion.

. c r"e !ai 1 t -1i ' ' o

-e, <r'r ''V a l i th i educe0 hv 2.01

997

999

1027

1035

1052

1001

1012

1044

1024

1033

1049

1038

1041

1031

1059

Aver,, :

Cte.cp

KSi

and exeressia

Table V. Summary of Relaxation Stresses f or t'r in1- :inut e H i J--t i71 t, tit s 'n iVI' 310Stainless Steel

Specimen Type

Straight-gauge

Straight-gauge

Hourglass

Straight-gauge

Straight-gauge

Hourglass

Hourglass

Straight-gauge

Hourglass

Temp.,OF

1144

1100

1100

1132

1123

1100

1100

1100

1125

HoldTime,min

1 C

1C

1C

1C

1C

1C

1C

1T

1T

InternalPressure,

psi

()

0

0

1100

1100

1100

2000

1100

1100

iTns ile Strr-S ,ksi

t t

38. C)-

38.7 -

38.7 -

40.3 -

40.9 -

39.9 -

y3.7 -

38.5 35.9

37.6 35.1

TestNo.

1027

1035

1052

1024

1033

1049

1050

1038

1041

8t ress , rks

16. 8 1!. 7

36.4 34 .6

35.3 12.7

37.4 35.7

37.9 35.2

36.0 33.6

40.5 37.8

38.3 -

37.2 --

'4~)

7 3i~>.

'a. Lw-4 '.~ I

,d~.I

'Yr ~-i' i-..

.!d, JJ\'

> t y

100

!'i. l.~ TIpV 1.

ID0 775"

I-.

K

1 11ri ; rwt rct~eLure of As-rec e i T( ype 31611

5 437 - 11259125" TYP

12 000"

0 996"DIA

0 929' DIA

(a)

6 000 9.125" TYP

ID. 07754- - - -- -- 0.996" DIA0 775

~1- - _-- 12.000"---- -

0.929"DIA

(b)

Fig. 2. Specimen Geometry. (a) Straight gauge;

(b) hourglass. Neg. No. MSD-66258.

20

"op:IZ

A'

* t

S 1

S :,

io-

Fig. 3. I' Ty ical Test S-tup.

4' i

- -n

w-i

.= 7 .

F iy

1Th1, rf cg.tiu t I.ANI, Ng. o.

I +2I +3

+4'I4 +

I +8

+91

f.oca lit i +n ++

300-79-118. +100

21/2"

+ 1

+21S+31S+4 1

+5~ I+6~ /

1 +81

+9 1+101

0 I

u. -.-1 1 1 "r l i ;

;r

II

/le,"r

fj% ~ 4%

22 22

4

!I01080L ,.

23 ?b 33

114 rtI120

108034 39 44

23 28 33

3.

34 39 44

- N-

THERMOCOUPLr NIIMBEiF

Fi .r (. iper tur(" Pr f i eI i d tr r ighft-aulg()

Cie i NI C 1

p 1100 psi1140

1120/

1100 -1080-

111111_IAJI 6 I

114011201100

1080

12 17 22114011201100 - -

1080

I LLLLLLJ23 28 33

11401120 4

r1100-1080-

34 39 44

LI11ii11 i. II 6 II

iLul_ lLLL 12 17 22

23 28 33

- 3

34 39 44

306-79-120.

p 2000 psi

F

1l l ILIAAJ]I 6 II

12 17 22

23 28 33

34 39 44

THERMOCOUPLE NUMBER

Temperature Profiles in an Hourglass

Specimen. ANL Neg. No. 306-79-116.

ti

? 7 22

t3 18 33

34 39 44

1-3

4 '

L

Cr

4rCl

8 ,t

Cr

Cr

w

5-

o 0

8 90*

6=270'

Fig. 7.

a:270"

ANL It "}. ,).

r C,

.; 4tiI

/ ', rr tf F,

A t ','M I

,

j / /

S1.

rr [ '.44,

/

Al '. 'k~,iN i%

40 )

Ig. 8. Ilya;Leri; IooI , for Til t

4o. 997. (p = 0, holdL imne = ). )M';D-6620 .

Ne. o.

40

1

- CYCLE 10

/ CYCLE ??68

t ~ 0-02 0 0?

AXIAL STRAIN 1%)

-20

-401

4)

j ~. 9. lIv;trri i Loops for T'etNO. 999. (p = 0, ho(dI imeI = .)

MsJ)-6')/ 1N . .

c 20 + -?0~ r rLF I

CYr,If 10

CYCLE 4157

02 I0

AXIAL TRAIN (%)

-40

XX Fig. 10. Hysterisis Loops for Test Fig. 11. Iysterisis Loops for TestNo. 1027. (p = 0, hold No. 1035. (p = 0, holdtime = 1C.) Neg. No.MSD-66247.

time = 1C.) Neg. No.MSD-66248.

24

!/

./*

I

-02 / //

'~~A N /

V

C--

p. 9

AxA~ ''RAiN (%~y

7

J

4

Fig. 12. llys;tcresis Loops for TIs tNo. 1052. (p = 0, holdt i r = lr. '' g ' .

I "D-066252.

4.

cr

n 2r, .CYCLE I

CYCLE 10

CYCLE 4000

r

-02 0 02AXIAL STRAIN (%)

- 20

-40

Fig. 14. Hysteresis Loops for Test

No. 1012. (p = 1100 psi,hold time = 0.) Neg. No.MSD-66238.

hi . ysteresis Loopf; for 'lust

:;o. 1001 . (p = 1100 p;i,hold time = 0.) Neg. N4.

MSD-66244.

20 CYCLE 10

CYCLEI 4785

-0 2 0 2AXIAL STRAIN (%)

- 20

-40I

Fig. 15. Hysteresis Loops for TestNo. 1044. (p = 1100 psi,hold time = 0.) Neg. No.MSD-66242.

X

4' . 4 .

-

S'.i

V /

AXIAI ',TkAIN (%j

- 04()

Fi . 16. llyst eres is loopp; for Fe:;tNo. 1024. (p = 1 100 ps i ,whold time = IC.) e .No. M;-66259.

40

wJ -

Q c0ECYCLE 3839

-02 0 02

AXIAL STRAIN (%)

-20

-40-

4;

.1 - 'II !i tE

f/

iL

-40

Ff". 17. 11y,;t resi s LoopsNo. 1033. (p =ho]d(1 time = IC.)\o. MS)-66251.

for T(est

1.100 ps i.,

40

.

0CwCIE I

CYCLE 10

CYCI E 2714

-02 0 02

AXIAL STRAIN (%)

t -20

-40

X Fig. 18. Hysteresis Loops for Test Fig. 19. Hysteresis Loops for TestNo. 1049. (p = 1100 psi, No. 1038. (p = 1100 psi,hold time = 1T.) Neg. hold time = 1T.) Neg.No. MSD-66257. No. MSD-66245.

2(

40.

-' /

- 'I1"

f r,

/ ~jt(/

4./i,

AYA. 'NAi~. %//

CLE 146 C ;

// j7'

/

7

I i . o. 11ys te re is Iuo sNO. 104 I . ( =

hold t i D6 T6.).o. '-ISD>-66260.

f11]

or T(s t

00 p) i ,(.,g.

Fi'. 21. 11ySterlsiSNo. 1031.hold time =

M)D-66243.

Loops for(p = 20000.) Neg.

/ . / CYCLE I

CYCLE 10

CYCLE 3220

-02 0 02AXIAL STRAIN (%)

-20

1-40

Fig. 22. Hysteresis Loops for TestNo. 1059. (p = 2000 psi,hold time = 0.) Neg. No.MSD-66253.

40 /7

J 20

CYCLE I

CYCLE 10

CYCLE 3694

-02 0 02

AXIAL STRAIN %)

-20

- - -40

Fig. 23. Hysteresis Loops for TestNo. 1050. (p = 2000 psi,hold time = 1C.) Neg.No. MSD-66246.

* / //

/,-I.

/

/. 4

.r

I ..

I/

/7

/7

/'4,'

4"

4'.

4'

/ /"A

I'

// 'I

S/ //

/

'.2/

Lit

7'.

/

4,

,4 1 0

Fig. 24

Comparison of Axial lcirdeniiig Wt(for Strai ight-gauWge rnd Iloturgi .1s;

Specimens. Neg. No. MSI)-6>256.

14 1 - . fil . . / t T T TT

SYMfIx TE', T HOLf) 'Wi1'IMI N1 N I ''TIME ' i

24 N Gj r1A ;!rn~I STRAIGHT

- I GA, /-- " 1041 1T Ho0Uk(A ASj /

)49 IC HOURKI ASS)4 I. STRA(H(

i I I AUGIE

z

04i 04

0 ) 1 1111111 1 ~ itt~ l i ll ll

1 10 o 1000 O.C

CYCLES

Fig. 26

Comparison of Diametral Ratchetting

Behavior of Straight-gauge and Hour-

glass Specimens. Neg. No. MSD-66249.

,4 "Y w R"

F E f. .)5

(:onpair i son nf Hystr :; is-] oop >18h1p(sfor Str;tiglt-gauge and lfourgji

1ec imens. AN. Neg . No. )-7 l-)119.

AXIAF STRESS

10 ksi

ICYCLE I

tJ TIME

rCYCLE 2200

Fig. 27

Stress-relaxation Behaviorfor Test No. 1033. Neg.

No. MSD-66239.

28

'V

-f

XX

a,I

.1

-~

* A-

~%%~1 ~

'4 1

TFST 10~9

- TEST IA~

10 100

CYCLES

1000

Fi . 28. Ef fact of Internal. Pressure(11 a il ; tress-iardening

Rate.Neg. o. MTD-66254.

, I04 3r I

00 00 :0IX

r CL Ec

Fig. 30. Plots of Diametral Ratch-etting vs Cycles. Neg.No. MSD-66250.

Fig. 29. Effect of Internal Pres-sure on the DiametralRatchetting. Neg. No.MSD-66240.

0'~T ;T 10 5rNA" X P1F2S UF4 '1ME .3 'o )

40J '44 100I iA 100 1T049 1100 C

3r 1059 ?000 0 TEST 1059

1050 'rM C

29 TEST 1049TEST 1(44

r' TEST 10,4-

IC 100 1000 10,000

TIME (min)

Fig. 31. Plots of Diametral Ratch-etting vs Time. Neg. No.MSD-66255.

29

10,000

.7

rr

cr

}.- r

r_

3

O

0

Z_

4

in

a

F-w

za

S

1/

Fig. 32. fy:,; t re i Loops for I -min'T'ens i1e a(Ind 1_-min Comp res-siv e HoId-time T($ti. AN1,LNeg. No. 306-79-121.

Fig. 34. Scanning Electron Micro-graph of the FracturedSurface of Test No. 1033.Neg. No. MSD-66262.

R7 l

i

r)~~

paI-. , * . ... :

.49' 4

F j,. 33. ; crini n ; E:l ct ron :' ro-

graphi of the Frictulred.urface of FosL N;o. 1044.

griph of the Fra(tured

;urface of Test No. 1fl4!.

re . N -

Fig. 35. Scanning Electron Micro-graph of the FracturedSurface of Test No. 1.041.Neg. No. MSD-66264.

30