artículocarlacamacho

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bg` ec ilxerdlc hdhìbxdbg hec lucl vree`xlhg vgr cl hgbe`xe e` blhl u`l he cl edgè he

exdiuclbdò` Lé bgig xliodä`# e vree`xlol bg`hubxl he helxe`bdò` l`xe cg exéiucg

g`grg# bgig cl vlrxdbdvlbdò` e` luhdbdgè iudblce e dhe`xdjdblbdò` he g`dhg

g`gilxgvätdbg# cg bulc `g ccezlol l e`xe`her |ue cg vrgbeg hec ve`lide`xg `gbdg`lce `g e

ze`él` helrrgccl`hg he u`l jgril lhebulhl# e`xe`hde`hg |ue ec ce`kulme `g e iì |ue cl

e~vredò` hec ve`lide`xg

Blrlbxerd}l`hg l cl relcdhlh vrgoceiìxdbl cg vlhre he jlidcdl e` u krl` iltgrél .>6%$ eký` ec

vlhrò` he cl DE# verxeèbél` l u`l bg`hdbdò` ebg`òidbl iehdl# e` u` >5% cl ilhre xrlolmlol`

juerl hec ngklr |uehì hge lc budhlhg he u`l `l`l g jlidcdlre hdrebxg bg` vrejere bdl he cg

louecg t'g xég Cg |ue lbrebe`xlol lý` iì ec jlbxgr he ord`hlrce gclie`xe u` budhlhg

ldxe`bdlc t'g exdiuclr bg`hubxl he gorevrgxebbdò` g cg bg`xrlrdg# he lol`hg`g

Olmg exe bg`xe~xg e |ue e vcl`xel cl vree`xe d`zexdklbdò` butl relcdhlh vrgoceiìxdbl e=

vrgvgèr cl lvcdblbdò` he cl Xäb`dbl HZLX.helrrgccg zdulc# luhdxdzg# xìbxdc$ vlrl d`breie`xlr ec

zgblouclrdg e` d`jl`xe he ? lüg he ehlh he cl DE Hucbe Eive}lr# e` ec lüg ?664

VCL@XELIDE@XG HEC V_GOCEIL=

·E` |uä iehdhl cl xäb`dbl HZLX d`breie`xl ec zgblouclrdg e` d`jl xe he ? lüg he cl DEV Hucbe

Eive}lr he cl bduhlh he Xrumdccg# e` ec lüg ?6647

NDVÒXERDR

N<= Cl xäb`dbl HZLX# d`breie`xlrì dk`djdblxdzlie`xe ec zgblouclrdg e` d`jl`xe he ? lüg he cl

DE Hucbe Eive}lr# e` ec lüg ?664

N6= Cl xäb`dbl HZLX `g d`breie`xlrì dk`djdblxdzlie`xe ec zgblouclrdg e` d`jl`xe he ? lüg he

cl DE Hucbe Eive}lr# e` ec lüg ?664

GOMEXDZGR=Keèrlc

Hexerid`lr e` |ue iehdhl cl xäb`dbl HZLX d`breie`xl ec zgblouclrdg e` cg d`jl`xe he ? lüg he

ehlh he cl DEV –Hucbe Eive}lr’ he cl bduhlh he Xrumdccg# e` ec lüg ?664

Evebéjdbg

Ezlculr ec `dzec he zgblouclrdg e` cg d`jl`xe he ? lüg he ehlh l xrlzä he cl Vrueol Veloght

.d`hdblhgr bul`xdxlxdzg= bl`xdhlh he `giore t zerog$ e` cl DE Hucbe Eive}lr

Ezlculr ec `dzec he zgblouclrdg e` cg d`jl`xe he ? lüg he ehlh l xrlzä he cl cdxl he bgxemg.d`hdblhgre bulcdxlxdzg= vrgù`bdlbdò`# lrxdbuclbdò` t jcudhe} e` ec zgblouclrdg$



;

Eclogrlr t lvcdblr cl xäb`dbl HZLX vlrl d`breie`xlr ec zgblouclrdg e` cg d`jl`xe he ? lüg

he ehlh

L`lcd}lr exlhéxdblie`xe cg hlxg# eký` reucxlhg hec vre xex t vg xex lcbl`}lhg e` ec

d`breie`xg he zgblouclrdg hec d`jl`xe he hg lüg he ehlh

DD ILXE_DLC T IÄXGHGR =

Vgoclbdò` iuexrlc

Re xrlolmò bg` cl vgoclbdò` he `düg he ? lüg bgrrevg`hde`xe lc D bdbcg he`gid`lhg Eive}lr

l E~vcgrlr# uxdcd}l`hg cl hg lucl bg`jgrilhl vgr òid`l# bgig kruvg d`xlbxg t nlbde`hg

ug hec iuexreg `g vrgolodcéxdbg lc l}lr# e bg`xdxutò ec lucl he E~vcgrlr L bgig kruvg

e~verdie`xlc t ec lucl E~vcgrlr O bgig kruvg he bg`xrgc

Brdxerdg he d`bcudò` Brdxerdg he e~bcudò`

D`jl`xe he D bdbcg bg` ldxe`bdl rekuclr

D`jl`xe bg` ? lüg buivcdhg

Blvlbdhlh he revg`her lc xex

D`jl`xe he D bdbcg bg` ldxe`bdl drrekuclr

D`jl`xe ie`gre he ? lüg

D`blvlbdhlh vlrl revg`her lc xex

Kruvg

Kruvg e~verdie`xlc Kruvg Bg`xrgc

@dül @düg `dül `düg

Ruo xgxlc : 8 5 5

Xgxlc <6 <6

Jue`xe= @òid`l he ilxrébucl hec lüg cebxdzg ?664

2? Hdeüg he d`zexdklbdò`

Reký` Ner`ì`he}# _ t gxrg .?666#v <;2$ # e nlrì ug hec hdeüg bg` vrevrueol)vgxvrueol t

kruvg d`xlbxg .u`g he eccg he bg`xrgc$

E|ueil=

K< = G< ~ G?

K?= G2 ) G8



>

22 Zlrdloce he d`zexdklbdò`=

ZL_DLOCE D@HEVE@HDE@XE= XÄB@DBL HZLX .HERL__GCCG ZDRULC# LUHDXDZG#

XÌBXDC$

Hejd`dbdò` gverlxdzl = E u` bg`mu`xg he vrgbehdide`xg hdhìbxdbg |ue dkue cl ebue`bdl he

zdze`bdlbdò`# emebubdò` t ezgblbdò` vlrl cgkrlr ec helrrgccg ngcéxdbg he cl verbevbdò` zdulc#

luhdxdzg t xìbxdc

D`hdblhgre =

Helrrgccg xìbxdc= E~vcgrl bg` u buervg e~verde`bdl hdrebxl t'g il`dvucl cg hdzerg gomexg

he u bg`xe~xg

Helrrgccg zdulc= Goerzl e~vredgè jlbdlce# cìid`l# gomexg# blrxece bg` vlclorl

Helrrgccg luhdxdzg= ebubnl t vrghube g`dhg g`gilxgvätdbg# g`dhg he gomexg

ZL_DLOCE HEVE@HDE@XE= D@B_EIE@XG HEC ZGBLOUCL_DG

Hejd`dbdò` gverlxdzl = E cl bl`xdhlh t blcdhlh he vlclorl |ue ul u` d`jl`xe he ? lüg e` u

ce`kulme bgxdhdl`g

D`hdblhgre=

Lrxdbuclbdò` he vlclorl .blcdhlh$

Vrgù`bdlbdò` he vlclorl .blcdhlh$

Jcudhe} hec zgblouclrdg e` vlclorl .blcdhlh$

Bl`xdhlh he ug he zerog t uxl`xdzg .bl`xdhlh$

ZL_DLOCER D@XE_ZD@DE@XER=

Käèrg= Ilbucd`g t jeie`d`g

Bg`hdbdò` ebg`òidbl

Exdiuclbdò` vre`lxlc

Xäb`dbl e d`xruie`xg he rebgcebbdò` he hlxg=

Xäb`dbl = Re nd}g ug he cl goerzlbdò` dxeiìxdbl t cl e`xrezdxl

D`xruie`xg he rebgcebbdò` he hlxg=

L`lièd= Re uxdcd}ò vlrl rebgker d`jgrilbdò` he cg vlhre1 bg` revebxg l

blrlbxeréxdbl vre`lxlce# verd`lxlce# helrrgccg ezgcuxdzg# `dzec gbdg)ebg`òidbg Re nd}g



4

ug he cl xäb`dbl he cl e`xrezdxl t xuzg u`l hurlbdò` lvrg~dilhl he 26 i vgr vlreml he

vlhre he jlidcdl

Xex Veloght= Re lvcdbò bgig vre xex t vgx xex vlrl ezlculr ec d`hdblhgr bul`xdxlxdzg hec

zgblouclrdg Re uxdcd}ò cl xerberl zerdò` hec VELOGHT# u`l he cl vrueol iì

vrexdkdgl vlrl cl ezlculbdò` he lvebxg zerolce# rebgke cl d`zexdklbdgè t iemgrl

lbuiuclhl hurl`xe 56 lüg vlrl bgèkudr u` d`xruie`xg he krl` vrebddò`

Bg`xdeè <4? cìid`l bg` bulxrg hdoumg blhl u`l e` cl |ue ec umexg heoe d`hdblr |uä

dcuxrlbdò` revree`xl iemgr ec dk`djdblhg he u`l vlclorl hlhl vgr ec e~lid`lhgr Re

uxdcd}ò cl xred`xl vrdierl cìid`l |ue ezlcýl` l cg `düg he ? l 2 lüg

E~dxe` hdjere`xe brdxerdg he bgide`}g t xerid`lbdò` e` ju`bdò` he cl ehlh t ec `ýierg

he errgre bgiexdhg# cg |ue nlbe |ue keèrlcie`xe `g uvere cg <5 idùxg he edò`

Ec vrgbeg he bg`xrubbdò` he cl vrueol# ollhg e` cl Xegrél he _evuexl lc Éxei# lekurl

|ue ý`dblie`xe e lvcdbl` cg eceie`xg lhebulhg lc `dzec lvxdxuhd`lc hec e~lid`l`hg

CL CDRXL HE BGXEMG=

Re uxdcd}ò bgig vrexex t vgxex vlrl ezlculr cg d`hdblhgre bulcdxlxdzg hec zgblouclrdg

bgig cl jcudhe}# lrxdbuclbdò` t vrgù`bdlbdò` Bg`xl he <6 éxeie e` xgxlc t u`l

vu`xulbdò` iì~dil he 26 vu`xg

DDD _ERUCXLHGR

L@ÌCDRDR HEC D@B_EIE@XG HEC ZGBLOUCL_DG REKÝ@ XERX VELOGHT

BULH_G @½ 6<= BGIVL_LBDÒ@ HE VU@XLME V_GIEHDG GOXE@DHG E@ EC V_E T VGRX

XERX VELOGHT HE@X_G HEC K_UVG BG@X_GC T E^VE_DIE@XLC.

XERXK_UVG

BG@X_GC

K_UVG

E^VE_DIE@XL

V_E XERX 8.: 8.5

VGRX XERX 8.; ?2.5



<6

Re goerzl |ue e` ec kruvg bg`xrgc `g e xuzg u` d`breie`xg dk`djdblxdzg hec zgblouclrdg e` cg`düg he hg lüg e`xre ec vre t vgx xex Veloght igxrl`hg u` d`breie`xg vrgiehdg he 6<

vu`xg# l hdjere`bdl he cg |ue iuexrl ec kruvg e~verdie`xlc# e` ec bulc goerzlig |ue cg `düg

hevuä he er lvcdblhg cl xäb`dbl HZLX# |ud`xuvcdblrg` u vu`xlme vrgiehdg e` ec vgx xex

d`hdbl`hg he exl ilèrl |ue nuog u` d`breie`xg hec zgblouclrdg dk`djdblxdzg

L@ÌCDRDR HEC D@B_EIE@XG HEC ZGBLOUCL_DG REKÝ@ CDRXL HE BGXEMG

BULH_G @½ 6?= BGIVL_LBDÒ@ HE VU@XLME V_GIEHDG GOXE@DHG E@ EC L@ÌCDRDR

GORE_ZLBDG@LC REKÝ@ CGR D@HDBLHG_ER BULCDXLXDZGR HE@X_G HEC K_UVGBG@X_GC T E^VE_DIE@XLC.

K_UVG BG@X_GC K_UVG E^VE_DIE@XLC

V_E XERX VGRX XERX V_E XERX VGRX XERX

IEHDL HE

D@HDBLHG_ER

V_G@U@BDLBDÒ@ 2.4 8 8.< >.5

JCUDHE] 2 2.8 2 >.?

L_XDBUCLBDÒ@ 2.4 8 2.8 <6.:

IEHDL HEC XGXLC <6.> <<.8 <6.5 ?;.2

6

<6

?6

26

K_UVG BG@X_GC K_UVG E^VE_DIE@XLC

K_ÌJDBG @½ 6<= BGIVL_LBDÒ@ HE VU@XLME V_GIEHDG

GOXE@DHG E@ EC V_E T VGRX XERX VELOGHT HE@X_G HEC K_UVG

BG@X_GC T E^VE_DIE@XLC

V_E XERX VGRX XERX



<<

Re iuexrl ec idig bgivgrxlide`xg lc l`lcd}lr cg vu`xlme ldk`lhg vgr goerzlbdò` Ec

d`breie`xg vrgiehdg e` ec vgx xex hec kruvg bg`xrgc gbdcl e`xre 66< t 68 vu`xg e` cg

d`hdblhgre he vrgù`bdlbdò`# jcudhe} t lrxdbuclbdò`# hec vu`xg he zdxl he d`breie`xg hec

zgblouclrdg# e iuexrl u` d`breie`xg vrgiehdg he 6: vu`xg Cg d`breie`xg vrgiehdg |ue

iuexrl ec kruvg bg`xrgc e` u revebxdzg d`hdblhgre t ec zgblouclrdg `g ccekl` l cl u`dhlh#

heigxrì`hge he ilèrl goerzlbdg`lc |ue `g e dk`djdblxdzg

Ec d`breie`xg vrgiehdg e` ec vgx xex hec kruvg e~verdie`xlc gbdcl e`xre 8: t :8 vu`xg e` cg

d`hdblhgre he vrgù`bdlbdò`# jcudhe} t lrxdbuclbdò`# hec vu`xg he zdxl he d`breie`xg hec

zgblouclrdg# e iuexrl u` d`breie`xg vrgiehdg he <:> vu`xg Cg d`breie`xg vrgiehdg |ue

6?8:>

<6<?

V_G@U@BDLBDÒ@ JCUDHE] L_XDBUCLBDÒ@

IEHDL HE D@HDBLHG_ER IEHDL HEC

XGXLC

BULH_G @½ 6?= BGIVL_LBDÒ@ HE VU@XLME V_GIEHDG

GOXE@DHG E@ EC L@ÌCDRDR GORE_ZLBDG@LC REKÝ@ CGR D@HDBLHG_ER

BULCDXLXDZGR HE@X_G HEC K_UVG BG@X_GC

V_E XERX VGRX XERX

6

5

<6

<5

?6

?5

26

V_G@U@BDLBDÒ@ JCUDHE] L_XDBUCLBDÒ@

IEHDL HE D@HDBLHG_ER IEHDL HEC

XGXLC

BULH_G @½ 62= BGIVL_LBDÒ@ HE VU@XLME V_GIEHDG

GOXE@DHG E@ EC L@ÌCDRDR GORE_ZLBDG@LC REKÝ@ CGR D@HDBLHG_ER

BULCDXLXDZGR HE@X_G HEC K_UVG E^VE_DIE@XLC

V_E XERX VGRX XERX



<?

iuexrl ec kruvg e~verdie`xlc e` u revebxdzg d`hdblhgre t ec zgblouclrdg e dk`djdblxdzg#

heigxrì`hge he ilèrl goerzlbdg`lc |ue cl xäb`dbl HZLX d`jcute he jgril vgdxdzl e` ec

d`breie`xg hec zgblouclrdg e` cg `düg he hg lüg

DZ HDRBURDÒ@ HE _ERUCXLHGR =

Cuekg he nloer goxe`dhg cg reucxlhg he cl d`zexdklbdò` vllig l cl hdbudò` bg` cg

l`xebehe`xe he exuhdg t ec ilrbg xeòrdbg=

Exlig he lbuerhg bg` =

Xerrä# G .?66?$ bul`hg gxdeè |ue l xrlzä he hdjere`xe reburg iexghgcòkdbg t xäb`dbl he

lzl`}lhl# e vgxe`bdl ec ìrel hec helrrgccg d`jl`xdc vrgvdbdl`hg lvre`hd}lme xeivrl`g xlc bgig e

bgivrueol e` cl vrgvuexl he cl xäb`dbl HZLX |ue exdiucò cl verbevbdò` zdulc# luhdxdzl t xìbxdc

he cg d`jl`xe he ? lüg d`breie`xl`hg u zgblouclrdg e` jgril dk`djdblxdzl

He ]uodrél# I .<44>$ e` ec Xrlxlhg he vehlkgkél bg`bevxulc xgig DD lc gxeèr |ue ec `düg he hg

lüg e e`bue`xrl e` ec bdbcg `gbdg`lc# |ue e bul`hg äxe lvrene`he cg vrdierg d`xruie`xg he

bg`gbdide`xg t l vlrxdr he eccg vuehe relcd}lr eù`bdlhg gore cg gomexg t umexg |ue cg

rghel` Lh|udere cl `gbdgè bg` cl bulce exì e` blvlbdhlh he jgriuclr eù`bdlhg rejerdhg l

gomexg bg` rexg t vlrxdbuclre Iì lý` eülcl |ue ec `düg lvrene`he exl `gbdgè e` u`

vrgbeg hg`he e lbxdzl t verilè`xe cl vlrxdbdvlbdò` he cg lhucxg# vgr exl rl}ò` cl luxgrl

ecebbdg`ò cl `gbdgè l helrrgcclr xe`de`hg e` bue`xl cl ehlh t ec bg`xe~xg he cg d`jl`xe# lé

bgig e divceie`xò t emebuxò u` vrgkrlil bg` lbxdzdhlhe dk`djdblxdzl vlrl ec helrrgccg he

`gbdgè

He ]uodrél .?66<$ e` Ie`xejlbxg D lvgrxl |ue ec d`jl`xe he hg lüg# helrrgccl bulxrg gverlbdgè

d`xecebxulce= d`xrgtebxlr# vrgtebxlr# `gid`lr t bgivrene`her# cl bulce juerg` lvcdblhl e` ec

vrgkrlil he exdiuclbdò` bg` cl xäb`dbl HZLX e` cl ebue`bdl iexghgcòkdbl he blhl u`l he cl

edgè# cgkrì`hge ec d`breie`xg hec zgblouclrdg he cg d`jl`xe

Igtl# L# .?66;$ bg` cl bg`bcudgè he u xed# bg` cl vrdierl –He ùexrg exuhdg e hevre`he

cl èbedhlh he= Keèrlr vrgbeg ehublxdzg |ue bl`lcdbe` cl ieklxe`he`bdl iu`hdlce bul`hg

jlzgre}bl` lc er nuil`g t |ue vrgiuezl` lcxer`lxdzl bul`hg zltl` e` e`xdhg bg`xrlrdg’ t bg`

cl eku`hl bg`bcudò` = –Jre`xe l exg rexg# cl ebuecl xdeè |ue jgrilr ere nuil`g blvlbe he

cceklr l cg iì lcxg `dzece he ve`lide`xg Vlrl nlbercg re|udere bg`hubdre bg` u` Ighecg

Vehlkòkdbg= \ue xe`kl bgig vrgvòdxg ju`hlie`xlc ec helrrgccg he cg vrgbeg hec

ve`lide`xg e` bgrrevg`he`bdl bg` cl gverlbdgè ie`xlce he cg exlhdg vdlkexl`g # cg

e`rd|uebdide`xg he Idkuec he ]uodrél t cg lzl`be he cl èurgbde`bdl# hehe Bu`l nlxlbg`bcudr cl Ehublbdò` Rebu`hlrdl# lc vrgvgèr exl xäb`dbl he ehublbdò` d`jl`xdc ollhl e`



<2

ju`hlie`xg vdlkexdl`g t zdkgxatl`g |ue hebl`l` e` cl vrgvuexl hec helrrgccg he cg

vrgbeg hec ve`lide`xg e` cl exlvl d`jl`xdc

Mlrl# Ndchl .?664$ bg` cl bg bcudò` he u xed = –E~dxe hdjere`bdl dk`djdblxdzl e`xre ec vrgiehdg

goxe`dhg e` vre xex bg` ec vrgiehdg goxe`dhg e` vgx xex# cg |ue `g veridxe ljdrilr |ue cglcui`g nl` dhg d`breie`xì`hg u zgblouclrdg e` jgril `gxgrdl’# e`bg`xrì`hge didclre

reucxlhg lc lvcdblr cl xäb`dbl HZLX e` u`l DE jgrilc t bg` u` hdeüg he d`zexdklbdò` bg` kruvg

e~verdie`xlc t bg`xrgc

Vdlkex# M bdxlhg e` VUBV .?66?$ lvgrxl l cl ehublbdò`# bg` u xegrél vdrlidhlc t ebue`bdlc hec

helrrgccg –blhl blrlbxeréxdbl e bg`xrute gore cl ole he lcký` lvebxg |ue cl vrebehe# ec

lvre`hd}lme juxurg hebl`l gore cl ole hec lvre`hd}lme vllhg Ec lxrdoute u` rgc hebddzg vlrl ec

helrrgccg d`xecebxulc l cl exdiuclbdò` e`grdlc |ue vrgzdeè hec liode`xe |ue rghel lc `düg=

–ide`xrl iì nl zdxg t géhg u` `düg# iì |uerrì zer# gér t bg`gber# t blhl ze} exlrì e` iemgre

bg`hdbdgè vlrl ldidclr ùezg bg`gbdide`xg# bgd`bdhde`hg e` ùexrg reucxlhg lc goerzlr

|ue ec kruvg e~verdie`xlc xrdvcdbò u vu`xlme e`xre ec vre xex t vgx xex

He ]uodrél e` Ie`xejlbxg D .?66<$ `g rejdere |ue –e`xre cg hg t cg ed lüg# u` `düg vrgiehdg

lvrene`he blhl ngrl |ue verilèbe hevderxg ec dk`djdblhg he ¬u`l ùezl `gbdò`, Nlxl cgkrlr

`gid`lr e`xre 5#666 t <6#666 `gbdgè nlbdl cg ed lüg’ Cg |ue e bgivrueol e` ùexrg

reucxlhg goxe`dhg e` ec d`breie`xg hec zgblouclrdg he cg d`jl`xe he ? lüg E` reclbdò` l cg

idig xliodä` rejerdig l L`xdccl`l# C .gvbdx <4>4)<4?'<4;$# E lhidrloce cl rlvdhe} bg` |ue

e d`breie`xl ec zgblouclrdg he u` `düg `grilc He cl ? ò 2 vlclorl |ue vgee l cl ehlh he u`

lüg# e d`breie`xl l 56 ò ?56 vlclorl vlrl cl ehlh he hg lüg# lbe`hde`hg nlxl lcrehehgr he

466 vlclorl vlrl cl ehlh he cg xre lüg

BG@BCURDG@ER

< E` ec kruvg e~verdie`xlc e lbevxl cl ndvòxed lcxer`l .x go 9?6:;: 3 xxlo9<>22$# e

hebdr |ue cl hdjere`bdl hec vu`xlme goxe`dhg e` ec vre t vgx xex e iltgr |ue berg# cgbulc d`hdbl |ue nuog u` d`breie`xg vrgiehdg exlhéxdblie`xe dk`djdblxdzg e` ec

zgblouclrdg he cg `düg he hg lüg# bg` ec xex he Veloght |ue ezlcýl cg reucxlhg

bul`xdxlxdzg

? E` ec kruvg e~verdie`xlc e lbevxl cl ndvòxed lcxer`l vlrl cg d`hdblhgre bulcdxlxdzg

ezlculhg vgr cl cdxl he bgxemg keèrl`hg u` d`breie`xg vrgiehdg hec zgblouclrdg .xgo

982?<> 0 xxlo9<>22$# e hebdr |ue cl hdjere`bdl hec vu`xlme goxe`dhg e` ec vre t vgx

xex e iltgr |ue berg# cg bulc d`hdbl |ue nuog u` d`breie`xg vrgiehdg

exlhéxdblie`xe dk`djdblxdzg e` ec zgblouclrdg he cg `düg he hg lüg



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