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WF L P ubl i s he rScience and TechnologyMeri-Rastilantie 3 B. FI-00980Helsinki, Finlande-mail: inf o@w or ld- f ood.ne t

Journal of Food, Agriculture Environment Vol.9 (3 4): 430-433. 2011 www.world-t:

\X/ Effects of different soil management practices on production and quality of oli\ groves in Southern AlbaniaBardhosh Ferraj \ Zydi Teqja \ Lush Susaj \ Ndoc Fas l l ia 2, Zef Gjeta 2, Ndoc Vata 1 and Astrit Bali _Agricultural University of Tirana, Horticultural Department, Koder Kamez, 1029, Tirana, Albania. Ministry of Agricvk

Food and C onsumer Protection, Tirana, Albania. *e-mail: aballiu@ubt.edu.al

Received 23 June 2011, accepted 28 September 2011.

AbstractThe experiment w as conducted in three consecutive years from 2006 to 2 008, in Vlora region, south of Albania, in a25years old olive grove |with a local cultivar named K alinjot. The plot was situated in an uniform hill with a sloping gradient of 5 to 6% and a planting density of Ih a 1 (7 mx7 m). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 replications and plot size of245m2containing 11 olive trees wasweather was dry in the summer with a typical Mediterranean distribution of precipitation from autumn to spring, and no irrigation was cthroughout the whole experimental period. Several crop management practices were applied: Conventional (no intervention, fallow anc enchemical control (glyphosate and diuron applications) and organic (cover crop and straw mulching). Production of olives per plant ( PO P|mean weigh t (DMW ), drupe oil content (DO C) and drupe oil acidity (DO A) were recorded for a 3-year period. The differen t soil ipractices influenced the olive production per plant and drupe oil content under the rainfed growing conditions. Compared to common cofarmer practices, organic soil managem ent practices and chemical control of weeds provided higher yield due to reduced comp etition of olhe 1soil water reserves, thanks to reduced numb er of weeds and improved soil physical properties. Organic mulching and mixed leguminou s(seems to be the most sustainable practices in terms of yearly production and nature preservation.Key words Fallow, grazing, organic mulching, legumino us cover crop, weed chemical control, olive drupe production, olive oil quality.

yf

IntroductionOlive t r ee i s cons ide r ed owe of the m os t im p or tan t f r u i t t r ee to

Ionian and Adr iatic coastl ine. Albania counts about 5 mill ion olivetrees scattered across 118,639 sma ll agr icultural farms. T he an nualolive oil production ranges f rom 5000 to 6000 tons 9 , with revenuesreaching about 30 mill ion, while oil consumption is 2.1 l i tres percap i t a . 'Ka l in jo t ' i s the m os t wid es pr ead o l ive cu l t iva r in Alban ia ,occupyin g ove r 55% of the a rea unde r o l ive t r ee s . Due to the h ighe n v i r o n m e n t a l a d a p t a b i l i t y a n d h i g h o i l c o n t e n t , ' K a l i n j o t 'con t inues to dom ina te the va r ie ty s t r uc tu r e o f new o l ive o r cha r dsin Albania.

Ac tua l ly f a r m er s a r e app ly ing qu i t e ex tens ive s o i l m anagem entpr ac t i ce s o f o l ive g r oves , whi le obv ious ly be t t e r s o i l m an agem en tpr ac t i ce s a r e needed to im pr ove o l ive g r owth and p r oduc t iv i ty .The soil has to maintain a good s tructure, a l lowing roots to explorethe m axim um pos s ib le vo lum e . I t s hou ld be we l l a e r a ted , w i t hregulated ratios of air and soil water ; not too much water1 inducee r os ion and wa te r logg ing , and no t too l i t t l e to safeguard theol ive t r ee f unc t iona l i ty , e s pec ia l ly dur ing thecnicia l pen :o> :fplan t deve lopm ent and f r uc t i f i ca t ion 7 . High y i e l d i n g : . -1 -re-deve lop buds o f op t im a l l eng th , p r om ote f l o w er b yd ~give a good pe r cen tage o f f ru i ting, and s t im ula te f r a i l de i c i ap an C.Hence , m a in ta in ing good ava i l ab i l i ty o f wa ie r . ~ _- r~ : i r e430

e'diboVrydvates dvxrmg th e cro p rae esse nti al to mziMaxi m a l o i l y ie ld and qua l i ty a r e key com ponen ts o f o i l n l

p r oduc t ion tha t m us t be m a in ta ined i f an o r cha r d i s toeconom ica l ly v iab le 5. In recent years , the greater awareness]s us ta inab le deve lopm e nt in the econom ic and s oc ia l s ec to r - 1associated with a growing interes t in organic agr iculture, wide f ined a s a cu l t iva t ion s ys tem tha t s eeks to p r oduce c r oc* |maximum nutr i t ional quali ty while respecting the environmeii icons e r v ing s o i l f e r ti l i ty , by m eans o f op t im a l u t i l i z a t ion o f W|r e s o u r c e s w i t h o u t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s y n t h e t i c c h e m i lp r oduc t s 2.

T he a im of the p r e s en t wor k wa s to eva lua te the e f f ec t o f Id i f f e r en t types o f c r op m anagem ent ( conven t iona l , in teg r a iand o r gan ic ) and weed con t r o l ( t i l l age , m ulch ing , and he ibk japplication) on the yield and production quali ty of olive orcha^

Materials and MethodsT he expe r im ent was conduc ted in th r ee cons ecu t ive yea r s f r :1 X - : e 20 08 . in Vlor a r eg ion , s ou th o f Alban ia . T he expe r im esr ; : \ \ is s i tuated in a 25 years-o ld orchard , planted with ac_ : IT nam ed 'K a l in jo t i ' , wides pr e ad in Alban ia and k no ^r-> arge enviro nmen tal adaptabil i t y and high oil conten t. The

fF xxl Agriculture & Environment, Vol.9 (3&4), July-October Ji

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s i tua ted in a un i f o r m h i l l wi th a s lop ing g r ad ien t o f5 :: - 'a p lan t ing dens i ty o f 20 0 p lan t s ha 1( 7 m x 7 m ) . A r a n d a m i z e c

lete block desig n (RCB D) with 5 replications and plot s ize ; :;m: containing 11 olive trees was used. A sample of 2 rand om h

: ted o l ive t r ee s was m oni to r ed to co l l ec t expe r im enta l da :^ .ir r igation possibil i t ies exis ted in the plot and no ir r igation v*z s

uc ted th r oughout the wh ole expe r im enta l pe r iod . T he c l im a tedr y in the s um m er wi th a typ ica l Medi te r r anean d i s t r ibu t ion

pr ec ip i t a tion f r om au tum n to s p r ing .P r io r the expe r im ent to com m ence a deep t i l l age was pe r f o r m ed

fy the soil subsur face, in terms of water permeabili ty, aerationweeds popula t ion . F ur the r on , s eve r a l c r op m anagem entces were applied; conventional (control with no intervention,

and g r az ing) , chem ica l con t r o l ( g lyphos a te and d iu r onca t ions ) and o r gan ic ( cove r c r op and s t r aw m ulch ing) .

Conven t iona l p r ac t ice s wer e adop ted a s com m on f a r m er ' s s o i lagement practices . In the control var iant, no intervention atis app l ied th r oughout the cour s e o f expe r im ent and weedslef t f reely grown. In case of grazing var iant, cereals wereat end of autumn (25 kg of seeds per hectare) , and grazing

conduc ted by na tu r a l pa s tu r ing o f 5 s heep /va r ian t f r omr y to May . T he f a l low s ys tem was conduc ted and m a in ta ined

nech an ica l t i l l age in J anua r y a t the dep th o f 17- 20 cm , and aquent t i l lage (15-17 cm) in the end of Apr il or beginning of

C h e m i c a l c o n t r o l o f w e e d s w a s c o n d u c t e d t h r o u g h t h er a t ion o f r e s pec t ive ly g lyphos a te ( Roundup 36) , 6 L /ha1 in 500 L water , and diuron (Toterban 50) , 4 L/ha diluted in

1 of water . Diuron was spread over the soil af ter t i l lage inr y , whi le g lyphos a te was s pr ead ove r vege ta t ion cove r- M ay , when m o s t o f weed s r eached 10 cm he igh t ,

cove r c r op was com pos ed by a m ix tur e o f l egum ino us andc r ops ( 2 :1 ) . P lan t s wer e s eed ed in Oc tobe r and f o r aged a sgr a s s e s in May . Meant im e , the o r gan ic m ulch ing wasted by soil cove rage wit h a 10 cm thick wh eat s traw. Pr ior

ch ing the m echan ica l t i l l age was conduc ted in Decem ber- n ich ing i t s e l f was l a id down dur ing J anua r y . E xcep t o f

n i r o l ( n o in te r ven tion) and o r gan ic m ulch ing wher e no f e r t il i z e r s% e re :o the r e s t o f va r i an t s a com m on f e rt i l i z a t ion p r ogr am

u ir .ed as basic dress in g. Fer ti l izers were broadc asted byhs n d dur ing J anuar y . A com m on and un i f i ed pes t i c ide app l i ca t ionprogram, also, was applied to all var iants to control plant pestsand d i s eas es .

Production of olives per plant (POP) , drupe mean w eight (DM W ),drupe oil content (DO C) and drupe oil acidity (DOA ) were recordedf or a 3 - yea r pe r iod . P OP was ob ta ined a s ave r age pe r p lan t byhand ha r ves t ing the d r upes f r om a l l t r ee s in the s am pl ing a r eawi th in each p lo t . DOC was de te r m ined by c r us h ing s m a l l o l ivesamples in a mor tar by hand and determination of oil content withthe S oxhle t m e thod and o i l a c id i ty by the t i t r a t ion m e thod wi thp o t a s s i u m h y d r o x i d e ( 0 . 1 N K O H ) . D M W w a s o b t a i n e d b yw e i g h i n g 1 0 0 0 d r u p e s p e r s a m p l e , w h i l e w e e d d e n s i t y w a sexpressed by the total number of grasses and small shrubs countedin a fixed f r am e ( 0 .5 m x0 .5 m ) . Da ta ob ta ined w er e s ub jec ted toANO VA condu c ted by MS T AT - C. T he s ign i f i cance o f d i f f e r encesam ong m ean va lues was t e s ted by L S D te s t .

Results and DiscussionAppropr iate soil management is essential to enhancing soil quali tyand s us ta in ing and im pr ov ing o l ive p r oduc t ion . P r oduc t ion o fo l ives pe r p lan t ( P OP ) was a f f e c ted by the s o i l m an agem entp r a c t i c e s a n d b y t h e y e a r s ( T a b l e s 1 a n d 2 ) . C o n t r o l ( n oin te r ven t ion) and g r az ing r ecor ded the lowes t y ie ld , whi le the r ewas m ean t im e a h igh ac id i ty l eve l . As McGar r y 6 notic ed, soils t r uc tu r e degr ada t ion i s r ega r ded a s the m os t s e r ious f o r m of l anddegr ada t ion caus ed by conven t iona l f a r m ing pr ac t i ce s . Our da tac o n f i r m s t h a t g r a z i n g s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e m o s tinappr opr ia te m e thod of s o i l m anag em ent . G ene r a l ly s peak ing , i ts eem s tha t conven t iona l l and m anagem ent p r ac t i ce s a r e no tappr opr ia te to op t im ize w a te r f low in to , and i t s r e ten t ion wi th inthe root zone of the crop. Thus, \ \ seems that poor yields in suchcas es a r e m os t ly r e la ted to an in s uf f i c iency o f wa te r cons e r va t ion .

Or gan ic m ulch ing an d f a l low pr ac t i ce p r ov ided in our ca s e thehighest yield, as well as the lowest rate of drupe 's acidity. I t could

1. Mean values of es timated yield and production quali ty parameters and weeds density accordingto d i f f e r en t s o i l m anagem ent p r ac t i ce s ( m ean va lues , d i f f e r en t l e t t e r s ind ica te s ign i f i can tdif ference at P

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be exp la ined wi th be t t e r wa te r ava i l ab i l i ty to o l ive t r ee s, bec aus eboth practices reduced competit ion f rom weeds, as well as in caseof m ulch ing r educed evapor a t ion r a te . S ince , wi th the excep t ionof m ulch ing , the r e was no s ign i f i can t d i f f e r ence am ong d i f f e r en tcrop management practices regarding the average weight of drupes(Table 1) , the prod uctio n dif fere nces per plan t are most ly due tod i f f e r ences r ega r d ing the num ber o f f r u i t s s e t t led by the t r ee s .

In our exper ime nts , no s ignif icant dif ferenc es were foun d amon gf a l low, cove r c r op and m ulch ing ( T ab le 1 ). Anyw ay , the f r equen tt i l l age which i s wide ly p r ac t i ced i s o f doubt f u l agr onom ic va lues1 .S ince in non- ir r igated reg ions , with low rainfal l , soil mois ture is ofvital impor tan ce, t i l lage could hav e a negat ive ef fect on soil water ,b e c a u s e b y t u r n i n g t h e s o i l , s t o r e d w a t e r i s l o s t t h r o u g hevaporation. Continuous t i l lage can also give r ise to a loss oforganic m atter and, as a result , can substantial ly reduce soil fer t i li tyand the abil i ty of the soil to supply nutr ients . Obviously, them anagem ent t echn iques , which im ply l e s s m ach ine ry needs , wo uldcaus e l e s s s o i l com pac t ion and e r os ion 8.

I t is well known that the cover crops have direct and indirectef fects on soil proper ties , par t icular ly on their capacity to promotean inc r eas ed b iod ive r s i ty in the agr o- ecos ys tem . T he cove rc r opp ing i s the m os t s u i t ab le s o il m anagem ent p r ac t i ce to p r o tec tthe s o i l s u r f ace f r om e r os ion , to p r e s e r ve the env i r onm ent , tor educe p r oduc t ion cos t s and to enhance the qua l i ty o f o l ive o i l 2 .As a l s o Cor le to and Cazza to 4 conc luded , we f ound tha t am ongthe s o i l m ana gem en t p r ac t i ce s , the us e o f annua l l egum e s pec ie sappea r s to be m or e appr opr ia te f o r s o i l m anagem ent than ce r ea lspecies or weed cover , with the lat ter contr ibuting to higher watercons um pt ion and n i t r ogen up take . Howeve r , cove r c r ops cou ldcompete with olive trees for minerals , water and fer t i l izer if theya r e no t we l l m anaged .

Cons ide r ing weeds a s s t r ong com pe t i to r s f o r wa te r r e s our ces i ti s o f h ighes t im po r tance to eva lua te the in f luence o f the d i f f e r en ts o i l m anagem ent p r ac t i ce s on the com pos i t ion and dens i ty o fw e e d s 10. Com par ed w i th con t r o l ( no in te r ven t ion) a l l o the rm e thod s s how ed a s t r ong s ign i f i can t e f f ec t on the r educ t ion o f

T able 3 . M e a n v a l u e s o f d r u p e w e i g h t ( g ) a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f e r e n t s o i lm anag em ent p r ac t i ce s ove r yea r s ( m ean va lues , d i f f e r en t l e t t e rsind ica te s ign i f i can t d i f f e r ence a t P

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soi l water reserves, thanks to reduced number of weeds andp r o v e d s o i l p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . O r g a n i c m u l c h i n g a n d.iminous cover crops seem to be the most sustainable pract ices

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PART |roodJournal of Agriculture &

S CI E NCE ND TE CHNO L O G Y

- J L Jjis v s . jM

www. world-food. net Vol.9, No.3 4,July-October20'

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