Assignment#1

{Research Methodology}

Name: Muhammad Asim Khan

Submitted to: Muyassir Hussain

Enroll #: 01-161121-022

Date:7-10-2015

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Table of content:

(1) Distinguish between research methods and research methodology with an example of your own choice…..………………………………………page3

(2) Distinguish between research methods and research techniques..,,.,,.…page3

(3) (3) List out at least 10 methods which you have learned in your UG and PG courses and write their purpose or application…………….………..page4-6

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(1) Distinguish between research methods and research methodology with an example of your own choice.

A method is a formalized way to do things (not only research: there may be a method for every formalized type of activity). Methods in science may be, for example, the experimental method, the comparative method, and so on.

Methodology is the study of methods. It is not a method itself: it is a branch of epistemology (philosophy of science, theory of science), dealing with the foundations and nature of the various methods.  Methodology therefore explains why we’re using certain methods or tools in our research.

Within one method (e.g. the experimental method) you may have a number of specific techniques or devices, that are used in the implementation of such method. Examples: random selection of samples or experimental groups; statistical significance tests such as chi square; specific statistical analysis procedures or models such as linear regression; specific techniques for dealing with special kinds of data, e.g. techniques for deciphering ancient texts or for digging an archaeological site; and so on.

(2) Distinguish between research methods and research techniques.

Method and technique are two English words that have nearly same meaning and also used

almost interchangeably. You do not notice any difference if the user mentions baking method or

baking technique of a recipe or when you read about management methods and management

techniques. It seems that we have accepted the two words as interchangeable and use them

according to our own personal choice or whim. But there are differences in usage of these two

terms that will be clear after reading this article.

There are a few of us who feel that the word technique is a loaded one and must be used for

gadgets and appliances that work on scientific principles though to an extent this is correct as the

word technique is etymologically liked with the word technical and technology, the word has

come to acquire many meanings and is being used in even every day situations.

If we go by dictionary meanings, technique means a systematic procedure, formula, or a routine

by which a task is accomplished. On the other hand, method is defined as a habitual, logical, or

prescribed practice or systematic process of achieving certain end results with accuracy and

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efficiency, usually in a preordained sequence of steps. However, when the method is systematic

and based upon logic, it is sometimes referred to as a scientific method which comes even closer

to technique.

It is thus clear that the words methods and techniques, are very close in meaning but it is better to

use technique when we are talking about scientific gadgets and appliances and methods when we

are using about abstract and everyday life situations.

(3) List out at least 10 methods which you have learned in your UG and PG courses and write their purpose or application.

Methods learned in UG courses.

1-Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection):

It is used in geophysics to measure the different densities of. Subsurface to recognize the

material e.g. iron ore which have high density. subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The

method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite/Tovex, a specialized air

gun or a seismic vibrator, commonly known by the trademark name Vibroseis.This method is

very useful in hydrocarbon exploration.

2-Seismic refraction;

The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves on geologic layers and

rock/soil units in order to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and geologic structure.

This method is govern by Snell’s Law.

The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of

soil (or rock): in addition, the waves are refracted when they cross the boundary between

different types (or conditions) of soil or rock. The methods enable the general soil types and the

approximate depth to strata boundaries, or to bedrock, to be determined.

 3-Aeromagnetic survey method:

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This is a common type of geophysical survey carried out using a magnetometer aboard or towed

behind an aircraft. The principle is similar to a magnetic survey carried out with a hand-held

magnetometer, but allows much larger areas of the Earth's surface to be covered quickly for

regional reconnaissance. The aircraft typically flies in a grid-like pattern with height and line

spacing determining the resolution of the data.

Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used to aid in the production of geological maps and are also

commonly used during mineral explorationand petroleum exploration.

4-GAMMA RAY LOG method:

This is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or

sediment in aborehole or drill hole.  It is a wireline logging method used in mining, mineral

exploration, water-well drilling, for formation evaluationin oil and gas well drilling and for other

related purposes. Gamma ray logs are also used in mineral exploration, especially exploration for

phosphates, uranium, and potassium salts.

5-Resistivity Logging:

It is used in determining the hydrocarbon saturation. Resistivity logging is sometimes used

in mineral exploration (especially exploration for iron and potassium) and water-well drilling,

but most commonly for formation evaluation in oil- and gas-well drilling. Most rock materials

are essentially insulators, while their enclosed fluids are conductors. Hydrocarbon fluids are an

exception, because they are almost infinitely resistive. When a formation is porous and contains

salty water, the overall resistivity will be low. When the formation contains hydrocarbon, or

contains very low porosity, its resistivity will be high. High resistivity values may indicate a

hydrocarbon bearing formation.

6-CALIPER LOG Method:

This method is used to measure the diameter and shape of borehole.It also measure borehole

volume and the cement required .It also indicate porosity and permeability zones.  The

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measurements that are recorded by this method of logging can be an important indicator of cave

ins or shale swelling in the borehole, which can affect the results of other well logs.

7-THE NEUTRON log method:

Neutron log indicate the amount of hydrogen present in strata and with the of hydrogen

estimation we can conclude the porosity of strata .Neutron log is combined with other porosity

log for assessment of lithology.the principal of neutron log includes three processes i.e;Neutron

emission,Neutron scattering,and Neutron absorption.

8-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer:

Used in Analysis of solutions or dissolved solids. Detection limits in the part per trillion ranges for many elements. Rapid scanning mass spectrometry for analysis of up to 72 elements in less than 5 minutes per sample. Measure minor, trace and ultra-trace concentrations without dilution or pre-concentration. Capable of measuring different isotopes for isotope ratio determination, stable isotope based experiments.

9-Gravity method:

It is used in geophysics to measure the different densities of. Subsurface to recognize the material e.g. iron ore which have high density.

10- Fractional Distillation:

This is a special type of distillation used to separate a mixture of liquids. Different liquids boil at different temperatures. When heated, they boil off and condense at different times. The apparatus features a fractionating column, which ensures that only the liquid boils at its boiling point will pass into the condenser.

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