Assessing the technical feasibility of value chains for ... · Pelletizing of Reed Experimental setup Mixing machine Pellet mill Hardness testing Abrasion testing Output Pellets Cutting

Assessing the technical feasibility of value chains

for Reed based biofuels

ENEREED Sustainable Energy Conversion from Reed Biomass

Autors: Jürgen Krail1, Hannes Kitzler2, Georg Beckmann3, Helmut Plank1, Christoph Pfeifer4 and Doris Rixrath1 1 University of Applied Sciences Burgenland. Pinkafeld, Austria 2 Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering. Vienna, Austria 3 Bureau for Mechanical and Energy Engineering. Vienna, Austria 4 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering. Vienna, Austria

Több, mint nád… I More, than reed … International conference Sarród, Fertő-Hanság National Park Direction

26.05.2015

Több, mint nád… I More, than reed … 2

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Central Europe – Fertő/Lake Neusiedl:

Largest reed area in Central Europe

Total area: 18,000ha

Eastern Europe – Danube Delta:

Worlds largest connected reed area

Total area: 200,000ha

Energy from reed biomass Reed potentials in Europe


Energy from reed biomass ENEREED - Project overview


Energy from reed biomass ENEREED - Investigated conversion paths

Harvesting &

Logistics

Chopping

Thermal

Large-Scale Plant

Thermal

Small-Scale Plant

Grate Firing

3 MW

Fluidised Bed

Gasification

Pellet-/Woodchip-

Boiler 80 kW

Industrial

Conversion

Cement

Production

Pelletizing

Supply

Processing

Conversion


Fuel properties of reed Fuel analysis

Analysis of fuel properties with methods according to European standards

Ultimate analysis of different elements: C, H, N, S, Cl

Proximate analysis of: heating value, water and ash content, volatile matter, pellet quality, sieve analysis


Fuel properties of reed Comparison to different biofuels

Unit Reed Woody

biomass 2,

Straw 2, Grain whole

crops 2,

Grain 2, Grasses 2,

Ultimate analysis (dry mass)

C- Content %db 45.48 [7] ↑↑ [113] ↔ [128] ↓ [60] ↓↓ [65] ↔ [128]

H- Content %db 5.84 [7] ↑↑ [76] ↑ [112] ↑↑ [57] ↑↑ [55] ↑↑ [158]

O- Content1, %db 40.52 [7] ↑ [-] ↓ [-] ↑↑ [-] ↑↑ [-] ↓↓ [-]

N- Content %db 0.47 [7] ↓↓ [133] ↓ [146] ↑↑ [66] ↑↑ [94] ↑ [204]

S- Content %db 0.07 [7] ↓ [119] ↑ [141] ↑↑ [62] ↑↑ [66] ↑↑ [173]

Cl- Content %db 0.15 [7] ↓↓ [122] ↑↑ [116] ↓ [56] ↓↓ [55] ↑↑ [116]

Proximate analysis (dry mass)

Ash- Content %db 7.47 [7] ↓↓ [120] ↓ [145] ↓↓ [67] ↓↓ [64] ↓ [201]

Volatiles %db 76.98 [7] ↑ [86] ↓ [76] ↔ [52] ↑↑ [49] ↓↓ [159]

Lower heating value Hu,p,db MJ/kg 16.38 [7] ↑↑ [115] ↓↓ [126] ↓↓ [58] ↓↓ [68] ↓↓ [218]

Ash melting behaviour

Sintering temperature SIT °C 1409 [7] ↓↓ [29] ↓↓ [48] ↓↓ [19] ↓↓ [13] ↓↓ [50]

Softening temperature SOT °C >1500 [7] ↓ [34] ↓↓ [59] ↓↓ [19] ↓↓ [14] ↓↓ [62]

↔ Basic value / equal to

↓ │↑ Value lower (↓) / higher (↑) than basic value (basic value inside the typical range)

↓↓ │↑↑ Value much lower (↓↓) / much higher (↑↑) than basic value

(basic value outside of the typical range)

1, Calculated value as residual value (100% minus average content ash, C, H, N, K)

2, Analyses from (Hartmann, H. et al. 2000)

[###] Number of analysed samples


Harvesting technologies for reed Harvesting machines

Conventional harvesting vs. Harvesting with increased degree of mechanisation

• Reaper-binder (bundles) • Harvesting for construction purposes

- Higher demand of staff- resources

(5 workers needed)

+ Lower ground pressure: 980 kg/m²

+ State-of-the Art technology

• Reaper-baler (round bales) • Harvesting of reed for energy purposes

+ Lower demand of staff- resources

(1-2 workers needed)

- Higher ground pressure: 1,220 kg/m²

- Prototype with development demand

Harvesting at water depth < 40cm or frozen ground

Paul1_2.mp4

Sumo Quaxi 1.mp4


Harvesting technologies for reed Operational Characteristics

Conventional harvesting vs. Harvesting with increased degree of mechanisation

• Power of diesel engine: 118 kW • Fuel consumption: 6.3 l/h

• Storage capacity (bundles): 1,850 kg

• Surface related yield (base): 5.5 tWB/ha • Duration of mowing route: 1.0 h/route • Distance of mowing: 1,180 m

• Hourly harvesting output: 1.4 tWB/h

• Power of diesel engine: 142 kW • Fuel consumption: 10.0 l/h

• Storage capacity (bales): 760 kg

• Surface related yield (base): 6.2 tWB/ha • Duration of mowing route: 0.55 h/route • Distance of mowing: 430 m

• Hourly harvesting output: 1.1 tWB/h


Pelletizing of Reed Experimental setup

Mixing machine

Pellet mill

Hardness testing

Abrasion testing

Output Pellets

Cutting mill Input Raw material

Input Additives & water

Processing and conditioning Pelletizing Quality check

Bulk density

Aim: Influence of conditioning, additives and pelletizing variables (die geometry – press ratio) to pellets quality


Pelletizing of Reed Results of experiments

Reed is suitable for pelletizing under certain conditions

Rather high water content required

High press ratio improves pellets quality

Additive rye flour and soy pulp improves pellets quality

Limits of EN 14961-6 [1] for mechanical durability & bulk density can be reached

[1] EN 14961-6 (2012): Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes: Non-woody pellets for non-industrial use.


Energy conversion small scale plant Domestic heating - Pellet/wood chip boiler

Pellet/woodchip boiler: HERZ firematic 80

Test procedure: ÖNORM EN 303-5

Objective: Maximum heat power output under complete combustion conditions

Tested biofuels:

Reed pellets

Wood pellets

Wood chips with bark


Energy conversion small scale plant Domestic heating - Results of test runs


Energy conversion small scale plant Domestic heating - Conclusion

Fuels with high ash content can cause

shorter ash-discharging interval

unsteady combustion process ( CO-peaks)

Ash content is limiting factor in combustion adaptions on the ash-discharging system

When mass fraction of reed increases

lower heat power output

higher emissions

Boiler efficiency: maximum 75 % mass portion of reed pellets is recommended

Emissions meet the requirements of the Austrian federal law “Combustion Plant Regulation (BGBl. II Nr. 312/2011)”


Woodchip boiler, nominal power 3MW

Fuel transport system: pusher-floor transport

Tested biofuel: wood chips, chopped reed

Water content: wood chips 44%, reed 12.5%

Fuel mixtures: 100% wood chips (reference fuel) 30% reed/70% wood chips (energy based)

50% reed/50% wood chips (energy based)

100% reed

Energy conversion large scale plant District heating – boiler with grate firing


Energy conversion large scale plant District heating – Results of test runs


Fuels with low volumetric energy density (chopped reed) can cause feeding problems in fuel supply

Low energy density of chopped reed is limiting factor in fuel transport system adaptions on the fuel feeding system

When mass fraction of reed increases

thermal output constant, slightly decreasing

CO and NOx – emissions decreases, SO2 emissions increases

dust emissions decreases

Emissions meet the requirements of the Austrian federal law “Waste Incineration Ordinance (BGBl. II Nr. 476/2010)”

Energy conversion large scale plant District heating - Conclusion


Energy conversion industry Cement production

Pre-test

duration test run: 2 h reed-quantity: 18.56 t

Aim

testing of fuel feeding installations

Main-test

duration test run: 30 h reed-quantity: 252 t

Aim

testing of max. substitution-rate with focus on

• clinker quality • process stability and • emission limit values


Energy conversion industry Cement production - Results of test runs

Scenario „reference“

Scenario „standard“ Scenario „reed“

PetCoke ASB*) PetCoke Reed PetCoke

Energy input in calcinator [%] 100% 78.2% 21.8% 57.8% 42.2%

Water content (as received) [%] 7% 12% 7% 16.7% 7%

Caloric value [GJ/tas received] 33.0 20.5 33.0 13.7 33.0

Emission factor [tCO2fossil / tfuel as received]

3.0 1.4 3.0 0 3.0

CO2fossil emitted [%] (in relation to scenario „reference“)

100% 84.3% 42.2%

*) high caloric plastic fluff


Energy conversion industry Cement production - Conclusion

Based on a state-of-the-art plant lay-out including most recent technology:

Reed may basically be used as alternative fuel in cement production.

The utilization of reed as alternative fuel can reduce fossile CO2-emissions significantly.

Reed ash remains in the product stream => material utilisation.


Conclusion

Potentials: Large reed potentials are available for energetic utilisation

Harvesting: Further developments in technology are necessary for reliable harvesting machines

Energetic utilisation: Reed as alternative fuel can be used in a wide range of conversion possibilities

Domestic and district heating: Co- combustion with wood is recommended; large scale plants lead to less problem in combustion; adaption of feeding/discharging system may be necessary


Final report ENEREED


International congress E-nova 2015

Annual international congress – topics concerning energy efficient buildings and building technologies

Campus Pinkafeld – department Energy and Environmental Management

Scientific contributions and results of scientific projects are presented

Pinkafeld, 26 - 27 November 2015


Acknowledgment Thanks to all our research partners!

Jürgen Krail University of Applied Sciences Burgenland

Steinamangerstrasse 21 A-7423 Pinkafeld

Austria Tel.: +43-3357-45370-1328

Email: [email protected]

The project ENEREED is funded by the Austrian “Klima- und Energiefonds“ (carried out within the research promotion scheme “NEUE ENERGIEN 2020”) and co funded by the Government of the Province of Burgenland, Lafarge Zementwerke GmbH and Herz Energietechnik GmbH.

Documents

Assessing the technical feasibility of value chains for ... · Pelletizing of Reed Experimental setup Mixing machine Pellet mill Hardness testing Abrasion testing Output Pellets Cutting