TOPIC:WATER AND LAND POLLUTIONITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS.

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Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of our air land and water that harmfully affecting the human life and the desirable species, or that may waste or deteriorate our raw material resources.

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As per the environment protection act 1986 of India. “Environmental pollutants” means any solid liquid gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be injurious to environment and “environmental pollutants” means the presence in the environment of any environmental pollution.

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BIODEGRADABLE POLLUTANTS There are materials such as sewage that

rapidly decomposes by natural processes.

NON BIODEGRADABLE POLLUTANTS Non biodegradable pollutants are the

materials that either do not decompose or decompose slowly in the natural environment.

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Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater.

It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful constituents.

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Surface water pollution.

Groundwater pollution.

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Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

Point source pollution

Non-point source pollution

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Point source pollution“Point source”-occurs when

harmful substances are emitted directly into the body of water.

Examples :-discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain directly into a river.

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Non-point source pollution “Non-point source”- delivers

pollutants indirectly through transport.

pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source.

Example:-when fertilizers is carried into stream by rain(i.e. run-off)

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Groundwater pollution is the pollution of water below the earth surface.

Groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from different sources.

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Domestic sewage.

Industrial sewage.

Agricultural waste

Other sources

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DOMESTIC SEWAGE. Various chemical compounds in the sewage

discharged from drainage system our residence regularly find its way to flow into different water bodies like ponds lakes , river etc. And thus polluting water .

Discharge of sewage from washing off clothes ,utensils & discharge of waste water after usage of different household & cleaning products like laundry detergents, bleaching powder, window cleaning, dust spray, stain remover, shampoo, hair dye, conditioner , etc flow into the drainage system, finally directly or indirectly mix up with water bodies & thus increasing harmful chemical substances making water contaminated.

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Dumping of the solid waste of household items(cold drink cans & plastic bottles, packets, wrappers, paper, food wastes, garbage's ) in to water bodies causing water pollution.

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Industry sewage All major industries release pollutants

which ultimately mix with water bodies . For Example.

MINING INDUSTRIES. STEEL INDUSTRIES CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES DETERGENTS INDUSTRIES PAPER INDUSTRIES FOOD INDUSTRIES PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES. PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES.DISCHARGING POLLUTANTS IN DIFFERENT

FORMS OF CHEMICAL & THEIR COMPOSITIONS 18

SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM POWER PLANTS ARE DISCHARGED AS POLLUTANTS INCREASING THE ACIDITY LEVEL IN WATER AND THUS POLLUTING WATER BODIES

AMMONIA FROM FOOD PROCESSING WASTES HEAVY METALS(MERCURY,LEAD ETC) & SULPHUR

COMPOUNDS ARE SOMETIMES DISCHARGED THROUGH MINING PROCESS .MINING WASTES (SLURRY) ARE CARRIED AWAY BY RAIN WATER WHICH FINALLY FLOW INTO WATER BODIES CAUSING POLLUTION.

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AGRICULTURAL SEWAGE Pesticides and weedicides : pesticides and weedicid

es are applied to farm fields to kill unwanted pests and weeds causing harm to both plants and crops . Eventually these are washed away by rain water into local streams & rivers or drain down into the ground water and thus ultimately finding their ways to big water bodies endangering the life of aquatic organism and contaminating water

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FERTILISERS: Farmers provides fertilisers to

make soil more fertile for growth of the plants. Fertilisers containing nitrates and phosphates is carried away by rain water and finding their ways into water bodies and contaminating water.

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Silts (sediment) is run off from constuction sites logging, slash and b urn particles or land clearing sites & thus contaminate the water bodies.

Plastics & plastic like substances(nylons) in the sewage endangers the life of aquatic organisms.

Oils leaked or spilled from oil tankers and offshore oil rigs float over water and thereby causing demage marine eco-system

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Shipping is one of causes of water pollution . discharging oily wastes & oil-contaminated water are significant sources of marine pollution.

Drilling and extraction operation for oil &gas contaminating coastal water and ground water.

Petroleum hydrocarbons including fuels(gasoline,diesel,jet fuels) & lubricants(motor oil).

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Drinking polluted water can cause cholera or typhoid infections or diarrhea.

The consumption of highly contaminated water can be harmful for heart and kidneys

Few chemicals are entering to the food chain e.g.lead,arsenic

Underground water pollution causing threat to drinking water in some parts of northern India.

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Chemicals kills the flora and fauna Thermal pollution of water also

affects the biotic life in water. Oil spills and chemical spills are

causing great danger to marine ecosystem

Acid rain contains sulfate particles, which can harm fish or plant life in lakes and rivers.

Polluted water is not suitable for industrial use also.

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Rivers Highly polluting city

Industries causing pollution Chemicals

Ganga Kanpur Jute,chemical,metal industry, tanneries and leather industry.

Sulphates, various acids etc.

Yamuna Delhi Industrial sewage . Suspended solids, ammonia

Hoogly Kolkata Jute mills, power plants, chemical industries and sewages.

Bleaching substances.

Damodar Bokaro Fertilizers industry, steel plant and thermal power plants.

Iron cyanide, mercury, cadmium etc.

Gomti Lucknow Paper mills, sewages. Bleaching substances.

Godavari Aurangabad

tanneries. Dyes ,lead etc.

Cauvery Mysore Paper mills Bleaching substances.

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Ganga is regarded as most polluted river. Major cities like Rishikesh, Haridwar, Kanpur,

Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna are situated at the bank of Ganga.

Nearly 2000 million liters of domestic sewage escapes to Ganga every day.

It is also polluted by ashes of dead bodies, half burnt bodies, dead animals.

A report says the water of Ganga is so polluted that its not safe to have a bath also.

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Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources.

It occurs when waste is not disposed properly.

Haphazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few factors.

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Increased urbanization. Herbicides Mining Burial Wastes of hospitals.

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Below is a list of some impacts of land pollution.

Increased human health risks, from syringes, broken glass and cans.

Permeability of soil is decreasing. Decreases the fertility of soils. Land pollution also leads to

pollution in groundwater.

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acid rain kills trees and other plants.

vegetation that provides food and shelter is destroyed

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Proper disposal of sewage. Abuse of water must be checked. Discharge of effluents into rivers,

lakes and sea should be strictly prohibited.

Oil spills should be prevented. recycling of the affluents released

by the industries.

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Regular monitoring of water qualities.

The best solution is to produce less hazardous waste.

In some cases, industries can reuse the wastes.

Other wastes might be chemically treated to change the toxic substances they contain into nontoxic substances

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Every corporate organisation is run by human being like us. One should realise one’s own responsibilty at an individual level regarding environmental conservation and protection then only we will be in a position to understand his/her own responsibility as a manager on behalf of organisation.

Adopt environmental management system(EMS) Assuring the compliance of rules and regulation

in the ‘ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONAL ACT 1986’

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New technologies can reduce pollution by creating cleaner and more efficient ways of obtaining and using energy resources. Technology can also help develop alternatives to fossil fuels.

New methods have been used to drill for oil under the ocean floor in order to reduce underwater leaks. Several new methods have been developed for cleaning up oil spills with vacuum systems. Oil-eating bacteria have also been developed.

Water treatment plants should be prepared by the factories.

Factory wastes should be properly dumped. Afforestation.

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