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7/29/2019 Attribution Theory and the Key Characteristics of This Theory
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Attribution Theory and the key
characteristics of this theory.
Attribution theory was developed by the social psychologists Heider, Kelley, Jones and Ross.
The theory is concerned with how people explain or attribute various causes to events.
According to the 'attribution theory' it is normal for people to look for explanations or causes
- that can be attributed to their own success or failure.
An assumption of the attribution theory is that people will interpret their environment in such
a way as to maintain a positive self-image.
Attribution theory provides an important method for examining and understanding motivation
in academic settings. It examines individuals' beliefs about why certain events occur and
correlates those beliefs to subsequent motivation. The basic premise of this theory is that
people want to understand their environments and, therefore, strive to understand why certain
events happen. In the classroom, the understanding students have about the causes of past
events influences their ability to control what happens to them in the future. For example, if
students fail a test, they will probably attribute that failure to a specific cause, such as
(1) Lack of ability,
(2) Lack of effort, or
(3) Poor instruction.
The selected attribution will affect their subsequent motivation to engage in similar learning
activities.
HOW ATTRIBUTIONS INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR
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Many studies indicate that the types of attributions that individuals make influence their
subsequent behaviors in predictable ways. Both the expectancy beliefs and the emotions that
individuals experience as a result of the attributional process tend to determine future
behaviors. Research generally indicates that academic achievement is improved and
enhanced when learners attribute academic outcomes to factors such as effort and the use of
appropriate study strategies; in contrast, academic achievement is hindered when learners
attribute their failure to factors such as lack of ability or chronic health problems and attribute
their success to luck. Consequently, a student who attributes failure on an examination to a
lack of effort (e.g., she did not study enough the week before the exam) may be motivated to
put forth additional effort when preparing for a subsequent exam. In contrast, a student who
attributes failure on an examination to a lack of ability (i.e., she believes that she does not
have adequate ability in the examination area) will be unlikely to exert effort for a subsequent
examination.
Main Features of the Theory
Heiders (1958) initial ideas have been expanded in a number of ways to account for the
complex process of attribution. For example, researchers have argued that attributions varyfrom one another not only based on causal locus but also on other dimensions. These include
stability, or whether or not we see the cause of something as stable (Hes late because he
doesnt care about other people) or unstable (Hes late because he wasnt feeling well and
it took him a while to get ready); and control, orwhether or not we think a person was
able to alter the cause (Hes late because he forgot to set his alarm again) or unable to alter
the cause (Hes late because there was a traffic accident that delayed traffic).
In addition to a broadening of what form attributions take, four theoretical currents have
emerged since Heider introduced the concept of attributions. Most research relies on just one
of these currents, but, collectively, they make up the primary features of attributional
scholarship.
A FOCUS ON CORRESPONDENCE
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One of the ways that any action can be explained is as a product of some set of characteristics
(i.e., a kind person would act that way). When attributions are informative of a persons
nature or personality, they are considered correspondent. Jones and his colleagues (Jones &
Davis, 1965; Jones & Harris, 1967) developed this line of theorizing, and it has since been
studied in a wide variety of disciplines and contexts. For example, Stamp and Sabourin
(1995) found that relationally abusive or aggressive men tend to attribute their violence to
things that were external to them, such as a wifes behavior or jealousy.
Most of these external factors are considered correspondent, because abusive men tend to
attribute such causes to intentional and negative factors in their partners. Importantly, such
attributions reflected the mens thinking, rather than what may actually have prompted the
behavior.
A FOCUS ON COVARIATION
Attributions are not tied only to dispositions. In order to understand the underlying structure
of attributing causes to effects, Kelley (1967, 1971) proposed a normative model that came to
be known as the ANOVA (an acronym for analysis of variance) cube. In general, events
are attributed to causes with which they covary or co-occur. Causes are attributed to factors
that are present when an event or effect is observed, and not present when the event or effect
is absent. If you find that your relationships tend to get more complicated and are more likely
to dissolve only after one of you says I love you, you might attribute the utterance or state
of love as the cause of relationship problems. For you, these events covary.
A FOCUS ON RESPONSIBILITY
Not all attributions are about the cause of an action, however. When we are making sense of
things, we often focus instead on who or what was responsible for that behavior or outcome
(Weiner, 1986). Importantly, research following this reasoning has looked at the potentialconsequences of responsibility attributions, and these consequences can be extensive. For
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example, according to research by Badahdah and Alkhder (2006), people are, for example,
more likely to feel sympathetic to a person with AIDS if that person is viewed as not
responsible for his or her own plight (e.g., if AIDS was contracted through blood transfusion)
as opposed to intentional risky conduct. Thus attributions of responsibility can have
significant repercussions.
A FOCUS ON BIAS
Whereas people can make relatively logical assessments of cause and responsibility, as
Heider (1958) predicted, researchers have found there are often sys- tematic biases in how we
make attributions (see Ross, 1977). Perhaps the most well-known bias is the fundamental
attribution bias, which is our tendency to make more internal attributions than external
attributions for others behaviors. But there are other biases as well. For example, Canary and
Spitzberg
(1990) predicted a self-serving bias in conflict situations, and found that actors in conflicts
tend to view their behavior as significantly more appropriate than the behavior of their
partners. They further predicted and found that more salient conflict behaviors such as anger
and criticism would be more correlated between self and partner perceptions than less salient
behaviors such as topic shifting and integrative discussion. To the extent that we generally
view ourselves as competent and not responsible for negative events, and that we view our
partners as stable and personally responsible for negative events, conflicts are spring loaded
to escalate in unpleasant ways.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/ https://sites.google.com/site/motivationataglanceischool/attribution-theory
http://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/https://sites.google.com/site/motivationataglanceischool/attribution-theoryhttps://sites.google.com/site/motivationataglanceischool/attribution-theoryhttp://www.education.com/reference/article/attribution-theory/7/29/2019 Attribution Theory and the Key Characteristics of This Theory
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