August- Sept 18 - Science Congress

EVERYMAN’SSCIENCE

Vol. LIII No. 3 (August-September ’18)

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDDr. Sujay Rakshit (Ludhiana)

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Dr. Soibam Jibonkumar Singh (Imphal)

Prof. Jagdamba Singh (Allahabad)

Prof. J.P. Shrivastava (Delhi)

Prof. Swami Vedajnananda (Kolkata)

Dr. Indra Dutt Bhatt (Almora)

Dr. Ratnadeep Raghunathrao Deshmukh(Aurangabad)

Prof. K. Byrappa (Mangalagangotri)

Prof. Nandadulal Bairagi (Kolkata)

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Dr. Chinmay Kumar Panda (Kolkata)

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Prof. (Mrs.) Seshu Lavania (Lucknow)

COVER PHOTOGRAPHS

Past General Presidents of ISCA1. Dr. G. Madhavan Nair (2010)2. Prof. K.C. Pandey (2011)3. Prof. Geetha Bali (2012)4. Dr. Manmohan Singh (2013)5. Prof. Dr. Ranbir Chander Sobti (2014)6. Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena (2016)

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-ChiefDr. Ashok Kumar Saxena

Area Editors

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena(Biological Sciences)

Prof. Arun Kumar(Earth Sciences)

Dr. Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti(Medical Sciences including Physiology)

Prof. H.P. Tiwari(Physical Sciences)

Dr. Rashmi Sinha(Social Sciences)

General Secretary (Membership Affairs)Prof. Gangadhar

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Everyman’s Science Vol. LIII No. 3 August-September ’18

EDITORIAL :

IMPACT OF OBESITY ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMENRashmi Sinha 139-140

ARTICLES :

THE EMERGENCE OF BIOSENSORS: POTENTIALITIES AND SCOPE IN FOODSAFETYSrinivas K, T. Srinivasa Rao and Ch. Bindu Kiranmayi 141-144

GENETIC POLLUTION: CAUSES AND EFFECTSMonica Bhatt, Neeraj K Mishra, Amit Kumar, Neeta Azad, Pratibha Chaudharyand Rajeev Singh 145-148

GENETICS BASIS OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CHICKENM. Jeyakumar, R. Saravanan, M. Malarmathi and P. Ganapathi 149-154

ELECTROLYZED WATER : A GREEN CONCEPT FOR SANITATION OF FRUITSAND VEGETABLESArchana T Janamatti and Rama Krishna K 155-159

BIOCONTROL : AN ECOFRIENDLY PEST MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUEMoina Khan and Ahmad Pervez 160-164

THE JOURNEY OF OPIUM POPPY: FROM ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA TOGOLDEN TRIANGLER. B. Mohanty and T. Panda 165-167

APPLICATION ASPECTS OF WAX DEGRADING BACTERIA FOR SUSTAINABLECROP PRODUCTIONN. Arunkumar, J. Gulsar Banu, N. Gopalakrishnan and A. H. Prakash 168-172

PLANT-BASED TRADITIONAL FOOD FOR NUTRITIONAL SECURITY IN INDIA:NEED, ISSUES AND CHALLENGESRuparao T. Gahukar 173-181

WATER: CSIR-CSMCRI PREPARES THE ROAD-MAP FOR THE PEOPLEN. Pathak and A. Bhattacharya 182-191

KNOW THY INSTITUTIONS 192-195

CONFERENCES/MEETINGS/SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS 196-197

S & T ACROSS THE WORLD 198-201

CONTENTS

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Obesity is a worldwide public health concernhaving detrimental influences on multiple healthsystems. Owing to its potential health burden,obesity has been identified as a global epidemicby the World Health Organization (WHO).Majority of the research work relating obesity tohealth problems have paid particular attention tochronic diseases such as cardiovascular ailments,hypertension and diabetes, however, the impactof obesity on female reproductive health hasreceived less attention. Due to globalization, ourcountry has undergone rapid development and amodern infrastructure has been established.Women have undergone significant changes inlifestyle that parallel the rapid development ofthe country, including transition from deficiencydiseases and undernutrition to degenerativediseases associated with overnutrition. Thesechanges may lead to a rise in risk factors forchronic diseases and changes in reproductivefactors in women.It is essential to understand therisks of obesity on reproductive functions asultimately the burden of this impact will be borneby future generations.

Obesity has been found to play a very crucialrole in negatively affecting the women ofreproductive age. The risk of developing obesityassociated reproductive consequences iscorrelated with increasing body mass index (BMI)- an index of obesity. Increased BMI may trigger

IMPACT OF OBESITY ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN

many reproductive risks and outcomes includingirregular menstrual cycle, miscarriage, infertility,caesarean section, birth defects, still birth andendometrial cancer. Various metabolic disordersinduced by overweight and obesity conditions,like insulin resistance can also be considered assignificant factors promoting the development ofpolycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a conditioncharacterized by the presence of oligomenorrhea(infrequent menestruation) and hyperandrogenism(excessive level of male sex hormone in femalebody). The association between one’s weight andreproductive health has emerged as an importantaspect with overweight and/or obese femaleshaving a greater incidence of reproductive-relateddisorders. Obesity, or too much body fat, hasbecome a serious health threat for women at everystage of life.There is a direct association ofobesity with menstrual irregularities and infertilityconditions. Apart from BMI, obesity may alsoimpair female reproductive health by affectinghormonal balance and ovarian and endometriumfunctions. The female reproductive systeminvolves a complex interaction of hypothalamus,pituitary gland and the ovaries (HPO). Inoverweight and obese women, the neuro-regulation of HPO cycle deteriorates which leadsto disturbances in ovarian functions.

Although previous researches have citedmultiple components of obesity that influence

EDITORIAL

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various stages of reproductive process, but theexact mechanism behind this process has not beendocumented yet. Understanding the complexassociation between obesity and reproductivefunction requires a systematic and trans-disciplinary approach as both of these systemsare influenced by biological, environmental andsocio-economic factors. Furthermore, publicawareness is required to increase the knowledge

A healthy body is a guest-chamber for the soul; a sickbody is a prison

— Sir Francis Bacon

on reproductive sequels of obesity. Weight lossin obese infertile women results in improvementin reproductive outcome for all forms of fertilitytreatment. Females should be educated andencouraged to maintain healthy lifestyle to reducethe risk of obstetrical problems caused by obesity.

Dr. Rashmi SinhaIndira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

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Food borne pathogens pose a major threat tothe welfare of people in terms of health and

economy. Lapses in hygienic food habits mayresult in diseases ranging from mild nausea,vomiting and diarrhoea to fatal cancers. TheWHO South East Asian Region, which consistsof India, ranks second among WHO regions interms of food borne disease per population-

1.Apart from food-borne diseases, a major area ofconcern in food safety is presence of veterinarydrug residues. Commonly encountered drugresidues belong to the class of antibiotics,followed by pesticides and hormones. Anothermajor concern is the presence of heavy metals infood which causes adverse health effects of which

THE EMERGENCE OF BIOSENSORS: POTENTIALITIES ANDSCOPE IN FOOD SAFETY

Srinivas K, T. Srinivasa Rao and Ch. Bindu Kiranmayi

Increasing world population is a well known fact and increase in food production is one of itsdirect consequences but even in such situations, safety of food is not to be compromised. Severalconventional methods are already in existence for upholding food safety; however they might notbe able to cope up with the humongous pressure on food industry. Thus modern biotechnologicalintervention such as biosensor technology can be used to fill the void left in food safety indetecting food-borne pathogens, drug residues and heavy metals. It can provide rapid and reliableresults, but the idea of its use in food safety is in its adolescence and needs suitable troubleshootingbefore they can set sail in commercial markets.

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology,NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, KrishnaDistrict, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Minamata and Itai-Itai diseases are goodexamples.

Conventional methods for detection ofchemical and microbial hazards in food have theirown drawbacks. Though they are highly sensitiveand specific, they are time consuming and maynot be able cope up with the increasing demandsand market size of food industry2.

Thus many technologies are being developedand tested to face the aforementionedshortcomings. Biosensor technology is one amongthem, with an aim to address various issues infood safety as one of its major objectives3.

A biosensor is a fabricated receptor-transducerdevice, capable of providing analyticalinformation (qualitative and quantitative) usinga biological recognition element. Biosensor is aninterdisciplinary research venture among the

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fields of analytical biochemistry, biology andmicroelectronics4.

BRIEF HISTORYThe development of biosensors set sail in the

year 1962 with the use of enzyme basedelectrodes for glucose estimation by Dr. LelandC. Clark Jr., who is rightfully called as “father ofbiosensors”. However, the term “biosensors” wascoined by Karl Cammann in the year 1972 andhas been scientifically defined by InternationalUnion of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

PRINCIPLEThe “biosensor” technology works on the

principle of conversion of a biologically inducedrecognition event into a detectable signal(transduction) and readings are obtained on screenafter a series of processing. The biologicallyinduced recognition events may be in the formof enzyme substrate reaction, antigen-antibodybinding, etc. Upon recognition, a physico-chemical change is generated on the transducersurface, resulting in a signal which is directlymeasured or converted into another signal whichis suitably interpreted and visualized2.

COMPONENTSAs the name suggests, the word “biosensors”

is an amalgamation of two essential componentsnamely, biological component and sensing (or)physical component2. The biological elementconsists of sensitive bio-element and the analyteunder question, whereas the physical elementconsists of transducer and amplifier. Enzymes,living cells, antibodies, etc. can be used asbiological elements. However, the physicalelements especially transducer component ishighly variable, as they include temperature,electromagnetic radiation, electric potential,electric current, mass, viscosity, etc.

SCOPE IN FOOD SAFETYThe scope of biosensors in food safety lies

with the need to detect the hazards in food at afaster and cheaper rate. Since its inception, thebiosensor technology has undergone fabricationsand developments and they were gradually andsystematically tested for its use in the field offood safety. The main advantage of biosensortechnology is that it can be used to quantify nonpolar molecules5. Some of the developments andfuture prospects in food safety are:

Detection of food borne pathogens andtoxins

The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) basedbiosensors (optical biosensors) have beendeveloped by various scientists for differentorganisms such as E. coli with a detection timeof 20 minutes, Salmonella spp. andCampylobacter2. Other latest procedures underdevelopment are biosensor technology usingimmuno-magnetic separation technology, aptamerand Quantum Dots (QD). A less significantmicrobial hazard is the presence of toxins.Biosensors have also been already developed fordetection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA)6

and marine shellfish toxins7 in food.

Detection of veterinary drug residuesVeterinary drug residues have emerged as a

major public health concern over the last fewyears. Biosensor technology has been effectivelyapplied in detection of antibiotics in poultry meatand pork5. The sensitivity and specificity indetection of antibiotic residues is comparable tothat of immunological assays. Biosensors havealso been successfully developed to screen milkfor antibiotic residues8. Affinity type biosensorshave been developed for monitoring ofhormones9. Optical, electrochemical, acousticbiosensors have been developed based on

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acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition to detectpesticides in food2.

Detection of heavy metalsBiosensor technology also finds its application

in detection of heavy metals owing to itssufficiently high sensitivity for the detection ofheavy metal ions at a cheaper cost. It has beendemonstrated that this technology can be used todetect cadmium10, mercury and other metals suchas aluminium2.

DISADVANTAGES AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING

In spite of possessing potential to become ago-to technology in the future, it does have fewdisadvantages that need to be addressed toincrease its chances of feasibility in the field aswell as its marketability11. A majority of theliterature reviewed suggested the followingdisadvantages:

• Heat sterilization

• Modification of biosensor by the analytes -resulting in single uses

• Physical and chemical changes maysignificantly influences the equilibrium of thecomponents involved in the detection process

• Durability issues

• Portability issues

• Cost of developmentThe methodology of troubleshooting for the

disadvantages have been emphasized by variousauthors belonging to various disciplines. It wouldbe wise enough if they are discussed on acommon platform to arrive at an augmentedsolution9. These efforts are to be aimed at:

• Reducing cost of development

• Multifunctional and versatile

• Easy to handle

• Multiple-array analysis

• Portability

• Integration

INTEGRATION WITH CONTEM-PORARY METHODS

Integrating the Biosensor technology withother methods involved in assessing the foodquality have been suggested a bit more frequentlyin the recent years as they endorse the chancesof complementing and supplementing each other.Some technologies suggested for integration arePCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - baseddetection, Nucleic acid Sequence basedAmplification (NASBA), Microfluidics, Quantumdots (QD) and Nanotechnology. Though effortsto integrate microfluidics and nanotechnology arealready in action, they still require furtherrefinement.

PCR based methods have long been in practiceto ascertain microbiological safety of food. It hasevolved over the years to very much suit therequirements in field. Some of the advancementsare multiplex PCR, Real Time PCR (RT-PCR).Multiplex PCR allows for simultaneous detectionof various pathogen in a single cycle. RT-PCRgives real time values and curtails the necessityfor Post-PCR processing on agarose gels.Recently RT-PCR based kits are availablecommercially for detection of pathogens such asEscherichia coli and Campylobacter12.

NASBA is a sensitive method which wasconceived to the world as recent as 1991 byCompton. It uses an enzyme triplet to selectivelyamplify RNA13. The efforts to exploit the benefitsof this technology have already been initiatedand methods have been developed to use thistechnology in the detection of some food-bornepathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, Listeriamonocytogenes, etc13. Molecular based methods

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have their own advantages and disadvantages12

in terms of their applications in food safety whichneeds to be assessed before venturing for chancesof integration.

Quantum Dot method is another interestingfast growing technology and it has its strongholdin terms of signal detection. Quantum dots arefluorescent nanocrystals which have theproperties of a semiconductor14. This technologyhas not crossed the borders of research anddevelopment for a majority of time. However itis mooted to be a good solution for varioustechnologies which have their drawback in termsof signal detection.

Microfluidics based method such as lab-on-chip devices has been suggested to overcome thelimitations of molecular methods15 andbiosensors16. It allows for increased throughputwith small amount of sample requirement andassurance of sensitivity.

CONCLUSIONBiosensor is an emerging technology with its

own advantages and disadvantages over othermethods used in food safety. The advantages arethat its rapidity and reliability whereas itsdisadvantages are its cost of development. It iswise to conclude that biosensor technology stillrequires adequate amount of incubation periodin laboratories before they set sail in commercialmarkets.

REFERENCES1. NCDC, CD Alert: Food Borne Diseases and

Food Safety in India 2017.2. J. Yasmin, M. R. Ahmed, and B. Cho, J. of

Biosystems Eng., 41, 3, 240-254, 2016.3. H. Yang, H. Li, and X. Jiang, Microfluidics

and Nanofluidics, 5, 5, 571-583, 2008.

4. K. M. Naik, D. Srinivas, B. Sasi, and S. K.J. Basha, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci., 5, 4, 1219-1227, 2017.

5. N. A. Mungroo and S. Neethirajan,Biosensors, 4, 472-493, 2014.

6. S. Wu, N. Duan, H. Gu, L. Hao, H. Ye, W.Gong and Z. Wang, Toxins, 8, 176, 1-20,2016.

7. D. A. McPartlin, M. J. Lochhead, L. B.Connell, G. J. Doucette and R. J. O’Kennedy,Essays Biochem, 60, 49-58, 2016.

8. K. Jayalakshmi, M. Paramasivam,M. Sasikala, T. V. Tamilam and A. Sumithra,J. Entomol. Zool. Stud, 5, 3, 1446-1451,2017.

9. M. S. Thakur and K. V. Ragavan, J. FoodSci. Technol, 50, 4, 625-641, 2013.

10. N. Verma, S. Kumar and H. Kaur, J BiosensBioelectron, 1, 102, 1-3, 2010.

11. P. Meena, Arvind and A. D. Tripathi,Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 6, 4, 576-585,2017.

12. J. W. Law, N. A. Mutalib, K. Chan and L.Lee, Front Microbiol, 5, 770, 1-19, 2015.

13. M. Fakruddin, R. M. Mazumdar, A.Chowdhury and K. S. B. Mannan, Int. J.Life Sci. Pharma Res., 2, 1, 106-121, 2012.

14. N. Hildebrandt, C. M. Spillmann, W. R.Algar, T. Pons, M. H. Stewart, E. Oh,K. Sususmu, S. A. Diaz, J. B. Delehanty andI. L. Medintz, Chem. Rev., 117, 536-711,2017.

15. A. Lauri and P. O. Mariani, Genes Nutr, 4,1-12, 2009.

16. G. Luka, A. Ahmadi, H. Najjaran, E.Alocilija, M. DeRosa, K. Wolthers, A. Malki,H, Aziz, A, Althani and M. Hoorfar, Sensors,15, 12, 30011-30031, 2015.

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Genetic pollution is the contamination ofunaltered or natural organisms with

modified genes from the genetically hybridisedorganisms. According to environmentalists1 andvarious groups, genetic pollution is an undesirablephenomenon. Earlier it was described as thegene flow from domestic, non-native sub speciesto wild native population but lately it has beentermed as the flow of genes from geneticallyengineered species to non-GE species. There aremany terms given to this change like geneticdeterioration, genetic aggression, genetic mixing,

GENETIC POLLUTION: CAUSES AND EFFECTSMonica Bhatt1, Neeraj K Mishra1, Amit Kumar1,2, Neeta Azad1, Pratibha

Chaudhary3 and Rajeev Singh1*

Genetic engineering is a very useful technique as per the agricultural or animal breeding aspects.We can modify the genes of an organism to improve or change its properties. This modificationsometime undesirably spreads into the neighbouring species via pollination or cross breedingwhich might either improve or deteriorate the properties of the organism. This unwanteddeterioration of natural organisms due to genetically tailored one’s cause genetic pollution.Genetically modified species have been extensively synthesized over recent years increasing therisk of genetic pollution more than ever.

1Material/Organometallics Laboratory, Department ofChemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University ofDelhi, New Delhi-110021, India; 2Japan Advanced Institute ofScience and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; 3Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College,University of Delhi, New Delhi-110021 India E-mail:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

but none has been collectively agreed upon.Hence, the definition of genetic pollution remainsa dispute as far as now.

The first genetically modified plant was anantibiotic tobacco plant which was introduced asthe first GMO in 1983. The history of geneticpollution goes back to 1854 when an Austrianmonk, Gregor Mendel discovered the Theory ofInheritance through experiments involvingbreeding of pea plant. Mendel was able toexplain the very basic form of inheritance andassumed that some heritable material is presentin the pea plant which is able to transmit itstraits to the offspring plant. About a centurylater, in 1962, Francis Crick and James Watson2

won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for decipheringthe structure of DNA which is till date the basisof inheritance.

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GENETIC MODIFICATIONThe DNA molecule consists of two chains

that twist around each other forming an anti-parallel double helix structure. The discovery ofDNA was due to the idea of its sequence whichcarries all the genetic information of anyorganism. Some nitrogenous bases calledpyrimidines and purines are arranged in aspecific manner in the DNA molecule itself inorder to create a code which is transferred intoa protein in the cell as a part of the creed ofcentral biology. DNA is the basic unit ofinheritance among the other larger units. Oneof those large units is gene which has the codefor some product protein.

The main idea behind Genetic Modificationis to find such genes within an organism whichcan be modified and then transmitted into target

organism to finally get the desired characteristicbearing species. It can be seen as an argumentwith the fundamental facts of nature which hasits ill effects at very microscopic level summingup to genetically derived pollution.

Genetic engineering has made possible tomodify plants and other organisms3, 4. In orderto acquire desirable properties, new genes fromany other species can be inserted into the subjectspecies. These inserted genes are known asTransgenes5. In few cases, the gene of the subjectspecie is taken out in order to compare the natureand properties of the organism. Various changesare made genetically to study the changes inbehaviour and characteristics. This change thattakes place due to genetic modification has beentermed as “undesirable” by organisations such asGreepeace6 and TRAFFIC7.

Table 1: Genetically engineered crops in this table include the crops that have insect-resistant traitsor crops that have herbicide tolerance traits, or both8. GE corn GE soybeans GE cottonYear Million Percent of Million Percent of Million Percent of

acres corn acres soybean acres cottonplanted acres planted acres planted acres

2000 19.89 25 40.1 54 9.47 612001 19.68 26 50.37 68 10.88 692002 26.82 34 55.47 75 9.91 712003 31.44 40 59.46 81 9.84 732004 38.04 47 63.93 85 10.38 762005 42.53 52 62.67 87 11.25 792006 47.78 61 67.21 89 12.68 832007 68.27 73 58.91 91 9.42 872008 68.79 80 69.66 92 8.15 862009 73.42 85 70.48 91 8.05 882010 75.85 86 71.99 93 10.21 932011 81.21 88 70.46 94 13.25 902012 85.5 88 71.79 93 11.58 942013 87.64 90 72.29 93 9.23 90

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GENETIC POLLUTION IN PLANTSAND ANIMALS

Gene flow can take place undesirably fromgenetically tailored organism to non-geneticallymodified one. This flow of genes may occur viacross pollination, water pollination or animalpollination. Seeds of the genetically modifiedorganism may reach the non-modified organismsthrough animals, water or cross-pollination.Genetic pollution can also occur through themating of wild and modified organisms,producing hybrids. This undesired mixing mightcause genetic pollution by interfering with thegenetics of the other organisms.

The process of gene flow for animals is aboutsame as plants although it is not very commonas the genetic pollution in plants. The gene flowfrom one animal to other can cause geneticpollution by altering certain properties of theanimal. Genetic pollution in animals is a veryserious issue as it can pose harmful effect onthat particular breed of organisms and sometimescan make them extinct.

HOW DOES GENETIC MODIFICATIONCAUSE POLLUTION?• GMOs or Genetically modified organisms can

cross pollinate and it becomes extremelyimpossible to clean the whole genetic pool.

• A survey9 in US from 1996 to 2008 showedthat a larger amount of herbicides andpesticides were required to use on the GMOsas compared to the non-GM plants. This mayreduce the value of nutrients and increase therisk of “superweeds” which are resistant ofherbicides.

• Genetically Modified crops and the extensiveuse of herbicides can harm birds, marineecosystems, insects, amphibians and soilorganisms. They reduce pollute water

resources, bio-diversity and are unsustainable.For example, GM crops are eliminating habitatfor monarch butterflies, whose populations aredown 50% in the US10.

• Contrary to the claim, the yield of the GMOsis less as compared to the natural products.

HOW TO CHECK THE ILL EFFECTSOF GENETIC POLLUTION?• While purchasing food products one should

always look for genetically engineered freeproducts in order to resist from consumingpolluted food.

• New age modification should be developedwhich is not transferable or contaminable toother crops or animals.

• Extensive use of herbicides and pesticides willdeteriorate the quality of both natural andmodified crops which should be strictlyavoided.

• There should be a limit or restriction over thepercent of modification done in the genes. Themodification must only be done to improvecertain properties lacking in the organism andnot to completely modify it.

FEW FACTS• US, Brazil, Argentina, India and Canada are

the countries producing 90% of geneticallymodified food products11.

• 93% or more Soybean produced in US isbioengineered12.

• Herbicide tolerant genetically engineered cropshave created weed resistance causing thepesticide use to increase by 70 million poundswithin the period of 1996 to 2003.

• Scientists from Taiwan have created a glow-in-the-dark pig in 2006 by inserting the genesof jellyfish in the pig’s embryo.

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CONCLUSIONGenetic modification of plants and animals

has been a boon in many ways but sinceeverything has its advantages and disadvantages;genetic pollution became the ill effect of GMOs.Many new species have been derived by genealtering to improve the weak characteristics oforganisms. The undesired cross-pollination inplants and cross-breeding in animals has broughtabout some unwanted changes in field of geneticmodification which is a challenge for thescientists. The contaminated species cannot bebrought back to their natural self hence geneticpollution has become an irreversible process.There are very few steps taken collectively tostop this unfortunate situation where many ofnaturally occurring species are on the verge ofextinction. We must proceed with caution to avoidcausing unintended harm to the human healthand use this technique for the betterment of thehumankind.

REFERENCES1. A. Zaid, H.G. Hughes, E. Porceddu, F.

Nicholas, Glossary of Biotechnology forFood and Agriculture - A Revised andAugmented Edition of the Glossary ofBiotechnology and Genetic Engineering. AFAO Research and Technology Paper ISSN1020-0541. Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations. ISBN92-5-104683-2, 2001.

2. R. Dahm, Dev. Biol., 278, 2, 274-288, 2005.3. A. Barta, K. Sommergruber, D. Thompson,

K. Hartmuth, M. Matzke, & A. Matzke, PlantMol. Biol., 6, 347–357

4. P Beyer, S Al-Babili, X Ye, P Lucca, PSchaub, R Welsch & I Potrykus, Journ. ofNutr., 132, 506-510, 2002.

5. Bryan D. Ness, Encyclopedia of Genetics.Revised Edition. Salem Press Inc, Pasadena,California, 2004.

6. Greenpeace, “Say no to genetic pollution”(n.d.) http://www.greenpeace.org

7. When is wildlife trade a problem? hosted byTRAFFIC.org, the wildlife trade monitoringnetwork, a joint programme of WWF andIUCN-The World Conservation Union.

8. http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Tianjin/Modeling/Human&oldid=297757

9. E Andrianantoandro, S Basu, D K Karigaand R Weiss, Mol. Syst. Biol. 2, 2006.

10. R G Wilson, S D Miller, P Westra, A R Kniss,P W Stahlman, G W Wicks, S D Kachman,Weed Technol. 21, 4, 900–909, 2007.

11. Timo, Kaphengst, Nadja El Benni, E. Clive,F. Robert, H. Sophie, M. Stephen, S. Nataliya2011, Assessment of the EconomicPerformance of GM Crops WorldwideENV.B.3/ETU/2009/0010. Report to theEuropean Commission, March. EcologicInstitute, Berlin, 2009.

12. Cornejo-Fernandez, Jorge, W. Seth, L. Mike,M. Lorraine Genetically Engineered Cropsin the United States, ERR-162 U.S.Department of Agriculture, EconomicResearch Service, February 2014.

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Abasic tenet in all considerations of diseasein poultry is that the genetics of a bird or

a flock defines the maximum disease-resistancepotential available. One gene family, the MHC,has long been the subject of intense investigationfor its role in disease resistance. A response to awide array of pathogens has been demonstratedto be associated, in part, with the majorhistocompatibility complex. Many other candidategenes with a proven or potential role in diseaseresistance can also be identified: cytokine genes,CD-encoding genes, T cell receptor genes,Nramp1, growth hormone, and theimmunoglobulin genes. But resistance to mostdiseases is likely controlled by polygenes. Bothphysiological genetic and molecular geneticapproaches can be used to investigate polygeniccontrol of immune response and diseaseresistance. Divergent genetic selection for

GENETICS BASIS OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CHICKENM. Jeyakumar, R. Saravanan, M. Malarmathi and P. Ganapathi

Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinarycollege and Research Institute, Namakkal-637002, Tamil Nadu.Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

immune competence traits or disease resistancecan produce genetic lines to study for correlatedchanges in their physiology and genetics. Thesedivergent lines can also be crossed to generatepopulations suitable for mapping molecularmarkers for desirable performance. Geneticselection, aided by molecular markers, can beused to improve resistance to disease. But,ultimately, a detailed understanding of thegenetic basis of immune response modulationwill be needed to fully exploit the discoveriesof modern molecular genetics in improvingpoultry health.

RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITYSTUDIES FOR CERTAIN DISEASES INPOULTRY

Among the different diseases, the threeimportant diseases causing great havoc to thepoultry industry are Marek’s disease, Avianlymphoid leucosis and salmonella infection.Experiments by several authors reported linedifferences in resistance to Marek’s disease,

Natural resistance to disease has been recognised for a long time as an important factor in diseasecontrol. There are two types of resistance to infectious diseases: resistance to infectious andresistance to disease development. Resistant to infection or true resistance reduces or preventsinfection and is rare. It is usually specific for a pathogen and inherited in Mendelian fashion.Resistance to disease development or disease tolerance is less specific with regard to type ofpathogen.

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lymphoid leucosis, infectious laryngotracheitis,IBD and Escherichi coli infection, Newcastledisease, pasturellosis and coccidiosis.

MAREK’S DISEASEOne of the major diseases affecting poultry

industry and is a lymphoma caused by avianherpes virus. Resistant and susceptibility lines ofchickens can be selected using natural exposureto the virus. Genetic selection based on pathogenchallenge for improved resistance to MD couldbe observed within relatively few generations. Aselection programme was conducted in CornellRandombred control strain of chickens. Beforeselection programme commenced, mortality dueto MD was 51 per cent. After only fourgenerations of selection in one line for resistanceand another line for susceptibility, the linesshowed mortality of 7 and 94 per centrespectively.

An association of MD resistance with majorhistocompatibility complex (MHC) was firstreported as a difference in susceptibility to MDin chicken’s carrying two different blood groups7.Since this report numerous studies have shownthat genes located in the chicken MHC play animportant role in MD resistance. The mostprominent example is the association of the B21haplotype with resistance. The relative rankingof other alleles: moderate resistance B2, B6 andB14; susceptibility, B1, B3, B5, B13, B15, B19and B27. However, selection based on pathogenchallenge is time-consuming and cost-intensive.Therefore molecular polymorphism in candidategenes or in loci closely linked to genes involvedin MD resistance and vaccine efficacy would beattractive markers for selection.

AVIAN LYMPHOID LEUCOSISA neoplastic disease caused by exogenous

lymphoid leucosis viruses of subgroups A, B, Cand D which causes huge mortality as well asreduces growth rate and productivity in birds with

sub-clinical infection. There are two levels ofgenetic resistance to lymphoid leucosis

a. Cellular resistance to virus infectionb. Resistance to tumour development in

infected birdsResistance to development of neoplasm has

been studied experimentally mainly with Roussarcoma virus. Two types of mechanisms of thisresistance are : One mechanism influencesresistance of cells to neoplastic transformation,while the other causes the initial tumour toregress. The rate of Rous sarcoma regressioncould be increased by selection6. They carriedout selection based on individual and familyselection after viral inoculation at 6 weeks ofage. In sixth generation the percentage ofregression was 59.2 per cent vs 14.3 per cent inthe first generation. The B2 haplotype has anassociation with tumour regression. Regressionof primary tumour and more resistance to tumourmetastasis was observed in line with B2B2

genotype when compared with B5B5 genotype3.Resistance or susceptibility to a leucosis virus

infection can be determined by inoculating chickembryo fibroblasts in cell culture with Roussarcoma virus of corresponding subgroup, thatcan cause neoplastic transformation observed asdiscrete pocks of tumour cells, if susceptible.Resistance can also be detected by inoculationof Rous sarcoma virus on to the chorioallantoicmembrane of 11-day-old embryonated eggs. Aftereight days of inoculation there is formation oftumours visible as pocks on the chorioallantoicmembrane in susceptible line. Lack of mortalityor tumour incidence after subcutaneous,intramuscular or intracerebral inoculation withRous sarcoma virus can be also used as indicatorsof resistance to infection.

RESISTANCE TO SALMONELLAINFECTION

Differences in the susceptibility of chicks tosalmonellosis between strains were also reported.

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The resistance mechanism may apply to allSalmonella spp. The resistance was autosomallyinherited, fully dominant and not associated withthe MHC8. The first successful selection forresistance to disease was made on Salmonellagallinarum in White Leghorns. Years later, theresistance to selected population was retested,and its resistance was found to be unchangeddespite many generations without challenge orselection. This confirms persistence of geneticresistance.

It is clear from many studies that there arelarge differences in susceptibility to most (if notall) diseases in chickens and that these could, inprinciple, contribute to control of disease. It isalso apparent that different diseases are influencedby different resistant genes and mechanism, ratherthan a single common mechanism such asincreased immunological activity. An interestingbut little studied area is that of potentialdifferences in response to vaccines. This is animportant aspect of variability, since morehomozygous or enhanced responses couldsignificantly affect the efficacy of vaccines at thelevel of both the individual and the flock. Thedevelopment of genomic mapping technology inchickens has opened up exciting new possibilityfor locating the genes responsible for thesedifferences in susceptibility.

MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIESChicken genome has 39 pairs of chromosomes

and is about one-third the size of the humangenome. There are six macro chromosomes thatmake up 55 per cent of the genome, five mid-sized chromosomes that make up the next 20 percent and the last 25 per cent of the genome islocated in 28 micro chromosomes4. In chicken,the linkage map first published in 2000, it playsa central role in the alignment of different typesof maps developed for chicken5. Since that timethe map has seen a modest increase in number of

markers from 1889 loci in 51 linkage groupsspanning 3800 cM, to its current size of 4200cM with 2,261 loci on 53 linkage groups. So far31 of the linkage groups have been assigned toparticular chromosomes. The linkage mapremains the essential tool for the mapping ofQTL. The chicken genome map has been derivedmainly from three reference populations. Theyare a) East Lansing (United State of America),b) Compton (United Kingdom) and c)Wageningen (Netherlands). The completesequence of chicken has been derived from RedJungle Fowl x White Leghorn (East Lansing),White Leghorn x White Leghorn (Compton) andbroiler dam x broiler dam (Wageningen) referencepopulations.

The first draft of the entire genome sequencewas published by International Chicken GenomeSequencing Consortium in December 20049.Recently much effort has been spent on obtainingknowledge about quantitative trait loci (QTL) inchicken. The QTL are segment(s) ofchromosomes that affect trait(s). Such informationon QTL would be useful for marker assistedbreeding as well as for improving theunderstanding of the biological background (i.e.,which genes are involved and their effects ontraits). In the past ten years, QTL mapping studiesin the chicken have identified chromosomalregions that contribute to variation ineconomically important traits. The ultimate goalof these studies is generally to identify geneticmarkers that are close to the QTL or the geneunderlying the QTL and to use this informationin marker assisted breeding programmes.

The experimental designs for identifying QTLfor various production traits were typically an F2cross between two breeds with 250 to 700 birds.To detect QTL for disease resistance, selectionlines and backcrosses rather than F2 crosses havelargely been used. In addition, several recentreports described half sib experiments.

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QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI ANDCANDIDATE GENE STUDIESa. Immune response

The QTL associated with antibody responseto Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) andMycobacterium butyricum 13. In a half-sibanalysis, QTL on GGA14, GGA18 and GGA27were detected for KLH and three QTL on GGA2, 3 and 14 for Mycobacterium butyricum.

Cytokines play as important role in regulatingthe intensity and duration of the immuneresponse. The Interferon-ã (IFN-ã) genes play animportant role in chicken primary and secondaryantibody response to sheep RBC and Brucellaabortus antigens16. This IFN-ã gene may beconsidered as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection to improve immune responsein poultry for genetic enhancement of chickenhealth and productivity. Stress resulting fromexposure to hostile environment is partlygenetically determined. Stress is known toinfluence the levels of some hormones that canalso affect immune response and thus influencedisease resistance.b. Mareks’s disease

One promising candidate region for MDresistance is the MHC. Despite the strongcontribution of some MHC haplotypes, othergenes also have a large effect on the overall levelof résistance to MD14. Many studies have shownthat MHC complex (B blood group) onchromosome 16 affects resistance to MD andidentified QTL on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8for MD resistance in White Leghorns15.

The growth hormone gene (GH1) onchromosome 1 also has an allelic association withMD resistance. Stem lymphocyte antigen 6complex locus E (Lr6E) on chromosome 2 hasalso been identified as an MD resistance genethrough genetic, RNA and protein analysis. TheQTL conferring resistance to Marek’s disease in

commercial layer chickens. Seventeenmicrosatellite markers were identified in chickenchromosome 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15 and Z at differentpositions12.c. Salmonellosis

A small number of potential candidate geneshave been identified for salmonella resistance inthe chicken. The natural resistance-associatedmacrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene is linkedto mortality induced by Salmonella typhimuriumin the chicken8. They reported that one G to Asubstitution at nucleotide 696 resulted in thereplacement of Arg223 to Gln223 in theNRAMP1 was specific to susceptible line andthe same mutation was not observed in resistantline. NRAMP1 gene accounted for 33 per centof the differential resistance in early infection.They further reported that resistance to salmonellainfection is inherited as a complex trait andcomparative mapping has proven to be useful toidentify salmonella –resistance genes in thechicken.

There are 37 SNP in 3.1 kb of genomic DNAof the NRAMP1 gene and the SNP (at ser379position) of the NRAMP1 gene was associatedwith spleen bacterial load after exposure topathogenic Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and alsowith antibody production to SE vaccination11. Itmay be used as a useful marker for markerassisted selection to improve resistance to SE inpoultry population. The Slc11a1 region (Solublecarrier family 11, member 1) formerly called asNRAMP1, was significantly involved with controlof probability of spleen contamination four weeksafter inoculation. SNP in Slc11a1 wassignificantly associated with the risk of spleencontamination and appears to be involved in thecontrol of resistance to salmonella carrier state2.d. Coccidiosis

A marker was located at 259 cM onchromosome 1, as being significantly associatedwith reduced oocyst faecal shedding of birds

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experimentally infected with Eimeria maxima17.The QTL loci identified in chicken and classifiedphenotypic traits into 5 major trait categories:growth (body weight, body composition and feedintake), egg (egg production, egg quality andskeleton), disease resistance (traits associated withdisease resistance), metabolic for traits related tometabolic parameters and behaviour for traitsrelated to behaviour1. About 697 QTL werereported and there were more on growth than theother traits. The number of QTL reported forgrowth, disease resistance, egg, behaviour andmetabolic trait categories were 383, 83, 143, 50and 38 respectively. They reported that thepopulation designs used by different authors wereF1, F2, F3 and backcross. Among this F2 designis most frequently used; however resolution ofQTL obtained using this design is generally low.High resolution mapping of QTL location can beobtained using a backcross strategy.

BREEDING FOR DISEASERESISTANCE

The simple and widely used method / approachare the observation of breeding stocks and itsuse in selection. In this method, there is nonegative effect on the expression of geneticpotential for production, but it does not guaranteeadequate expression of genetic resistance. Anybreeder will try to minimise the exposure of hisbreeding stock to disease. Hence resistance toimportant diseases may not be expressed.Breeders tend to select against total mortality, atrait ie. Poorly defined and has low heritability.

The second approach is to challenge thebreeding stock with infectious agents. Thismethod will have a negative effect on theexpression of genetic potential for productiontraits and also there is a danger of losing due todisease. The method is occasionally used forselection of coccidiosis resistance by broodingyoung chicken on litter to get them exposed. If

the dosage of the pathogen is standardised, thismethod could result in good expression of diseaseresistance.

Another excellent way to measure diseaseresistance is to expose sibs/progeny of thebreeding stock to disease agent. This approachwas used to improve MD resistance prior todevelopment of vaccines. It’s obviousdisadvantage is high cost of challengedpopulation. In commercial breeding programmesselection based on exposure testing of full sibswould have higher expected response and wouldallow reduced intervals between generations.

The first successful selection for resistance todiseases was reported by Lambert 10 who selectedwhite leghorn for resistance to fowl typhoid bystandardised challenge of chicks with Salmonellagallinarum. The experiment confirmed thepersistence of genetic resistance after manygenerations. Similar selection studies have carriedout for avian lymphamatosus, MD and Lymphoidleucosis. The selection for egg production andviability resulted in improved MD resistance aswell as production.

Indirect selection based on suitable geneticmarkers represents an ideal approach to theimprovement of disease resistance. Theeffectiveness of indirect selection depends on theheritability of the marker and resistance traitsand their genetic correlation. Numerous studiesreported that selection for increased resistance isfeasible. Hence resistance should therefore betaken into account in selection schemes to preventany decrease in resistance. Improving poultryhealth by increasing genetic resistance to diseaseis essential to meet the increasing emphasis ofthe industry on animal welfare, food safety,environment concerns and efficiency ofproduction.

CONCLUSIONImproving the genetics of disease resistance

is the most eligible approach for sustainable

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control of infectious diseases in poultry. Adifference in disease resistance betweenindividuals is the result of genetic heterogeneityof the immune response. The diversity of theMHC, TCR, immunoglobulins and cytokines,constitutes the major immunological bases inresistance variations. The diversity of thesemolecules is attributed mainly to the intrinsicpolymorphism of their genes. The MHC has beenshown as a major immune factor associated withresistance differences to many infectiouspathogens. Its broad effect on the various immuneresponse features such as antibody responses,cytokine production, and TCR expression wouldelaborate its significance in disease resistancedifferences. A marker assisted selection byintrogression of the resistance QTL is the mostattractive approach to develop the geneticresistance. The immune system counteracts eachpathogen with a distinct way. Therefore, anoptimal improvisation of the immune competenceby simultaneously considering different markersis essential to upgrade the general resistance toa range of pathogens. The immune mediators arealso the best targets for vaccine and therapeuticinterventions to enhance disease resistance.Finally, the eminent effect of genetic interactionsof the immune physiology with certain non-immune related (production) traits and theenvironment on disease resistance needs to betaken into account in a global strategy.

REFERENCES1. B., Abasht, J.C.M. Dekkers, and S.J, Lamont,

Poult. Sci, 85, 2079-2096, 2006.2. C., Beaumont, J., Protais, F., Pitel, G.,

Leveque, D., Malo, and F., Lantier, Poult.Sci, 82, 721–726, 2003.

3. W.M., Colllins, W.E., Briles, R.M., Zsigray,W.R., Dunlop, A.C. Corbett, and K.K, Clark,Immunogenet, 5, 333-343, 1990.

4. R.J, Etches, Poult. Sci, 80, 1657-1661, 2001.

5. M.A.M., Groenen, H.H., Cheng, N.,Bumstead, B.F., Benkel, W., Elwood Briles,and T., Burke, Genome Res, 10, 137-147,2000.

6. N.R., Gyles, B.R., Stewart, and C.J, Brown,Poult. Sci, 47, 430-450, 1968.

7. M. P., Hanson, G. R. J., Law, and J. N, VanZandt, Poult. Sci, 46, 1268, 1967.

8. F.B., Hutt and J.C., Scholes, Poult. Sci, 20,342-352, 1941..

9. J., Hu, N., Bumstead, P., Barrow, G.,Sebastiani, L., Olien, K., Morgan, and D.,Malo. Genome Res, 7, 693–704, 1997.

10. International Chicken Genome SequencingConsortium. Nature, 432, 695-716.

11. W.V., Lambert, J. Immunol, 23, 229-239,1932.

12. W., Liu, M.G., Kaiser, and S.J., Lamont,Poult. Sci, 82, 259-266, 2003.

13. J.P., McElory, J.C.M., Dekkers, J.E., Fulton,N.P., O’Sullivan, M., Soller, and E., Lipkin,Poult. Sci, 84, 1678-1688, 2005.

14. M., Siwek, A.J., Buitenhuis, S.J.B.,Cornelissen, M.G.B., Nieuwland, H.,Bovenhuis, and R.P.M.A., Crooijmans, Poult.Sci, 82, 1845-1852, 2003.

15. R.L., Vallejo, L.D., Bacon, H.C., Liu, R.L.,Witter, M.A.M., Groenen, and J., Hillel,Genet, 148, 349-360, 1998.

16. N., Yonash, L.D., Bacon, R.L. Witter, andH.H., Cheng, Anim. Genet, 30, 126-135.

17. H., Zhou, A.J., Buitenhuis, S., Weigend, andS.J., Lamont, Poult. Sci, 80, 1679-1689,2001.

18. J.J., Zhu, H.S., Lillehoj, P.C., Allen, C.P.,van Tassell, T.S., Sonstegard, H.H., Cheng,Pollock, D., Sadjadi, M., W., Min, and M.G.,Emara, Poult. Sci., 82, 9-16, 2003.

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Over the past few years, food safety hasbecome and continues to be the number

one public concern as the reports of foodborneoutbreaks are increasing over year. The centre ofdisease control and prevention, USA has reportedthat there are 31 pathogens and unknown agentswhich cause illness in humans. Contamination infood and agriculture products may occur at anystage of the food supply chain from field to thetable. The increase in consumption of minimallyprocessed, fresh-cut, fruits and vegetables inrecent years has been parallel to an increase inthe number of foodborne illness attributed theseproduce. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria

ELECTROLYZED WATER : A GREEN CONCEPT FORSANITATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Archana T Janamatti* and Rama Krishna K

INTRODUCTION

Electrolyzed water a new sanitizer also called as miracle water in Japan has gained immensepopularity in recent years due to its simplicity of production and application. It is a simplesolution produced using a table salt and tap water upon electrolysis process. It has found manyapplications in agriculture field including irrigation, food processing, poultry and livestockmanagement etc. In the food industry, it is mainly used as a novel broad-spectrum sanitizer.Electrolyzed water has several advantages over traditional sanitizers due to its sustainable nature,a green concept including cost-effectiveness, ease of application, on-site production, no adverseeffect on health and environment and effective disinfection. Considerable progress has been doneto attain a food safety in many countries. However, unacceptable rates of foodborne illness arestill prevalent and also associated with consumption of fruits and vegetables. So, electrolyzedwater could be a potential sanitizer for fruits and vegetables.

*Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi–110012,E-mail: [email protected]

monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus andClostridium botulinum and other emergingfoodborne pathogens associated with the freshproduce, which poses a high health risk andrequires an effective control/decontaminationtechniques to ensure food safety to the consumermethod. So to achieve this, the food industry hasemployed a number of decontaminationtechniques including both physical and chemicalmethods. However, the existing decontaminationtechnique poses many disadvantages like thehighcost, low efficiency, adverse effects on thequality of the food products and remaining ofchemical residues. The chlorine-based sanitizers,liquid chlorine and sodium hypochlorite arewidely used sanitizer for fruits and vegetables.But these chemicals have drawbacks for its

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application in the food industry as they producechlorinated organic compounds like chloraminesand triatomines, which are carcinogenic in natureand cause respiratory tract and skin irritation onprolonged exposure. So to overcome thedrawbacks of these traditional decontaminationtechniques the recent discovery sought to be thepromising alternative is the possibility of usingthe electrolyzed water, as a result of conceptdeveloped in Japan.

Electrolyzed water (EW) is a solutiondeveloped from regular water without the additionof any harmful chemical except NaCl or dil. HCl.It has been regarded as the non-thermaltechnology and widely used as sanitizer andcleaner. The popularity of the EW is mainly dueto its simplicity of application and production. Ithas a wide range of antimicrobial activity againstvast microbes and eliminates all pathogens infew seconds (5 to 20sec). According to WorldHealth Organization (WHO), electrolyzed wateris the most efficient non-toxic disinfectant knowntoday8.

Electrolyzed water has found its variousapplications in agriculture, food sanitation,medical sterilization, antimicrobial techniques andlivestock management. It is widely used in Japansince 1980 for various purposes including medicalinstitutions. Overtime its use has broadened tovarious purposes. In postharvest management offruits and vegetables, its utility is found as follows

• It is used as disinfectant for equipment inprocessing industry

• It doesn’t have adverse effect on theenvironment as it does not contain any toxicchemical residues, hence it can be used towash fresh fruits and vegetables

• It inactivates pathogen on fresh produce

• It extends shelf life of fresh, pre-cut fruitsand vegetables

• Eliminates pesticide residues, mycotoxinsand reduce rate of germination of certainfungal spores

HOW DOES ELECTROLYZED WATERPRODUCED?

Electrolyzed water is produced in anelectrolysis chamber containing a dilute NaClsolution. Upon onset of electrolysis process, NaCldissolves in water into positive and negative ions.The chamber includes a diaphragm (used toseparate anode and cathode). Current is passedthrough EW generator, whereas voltage isgenerated between electrodes with voltage andcurrent values set at 9-10 V and 8-10A,respectively. NaCl dissolves into sodium chlorine,meanwhile, hydroxide and hydrogen ions are alsoformed. The negatively charged ions movetowards the anode (OH- and Cl-), where electronsare released and hypochlorous acid, hypochloriteion, HCl, O2, chlorine are generated. Thepositively charged ions Na+ and H+ move towardscathode where they gain electrons, resulting inthe generation of NaOH and H2 gas. So at theanode, AEW (Acid ElectrolyzedWater) orelectrolyzed oxidizing water (available chlorineis 20-60 mg/L) is formed whose pH is 2 to 3with oxidation reduction potential of more than1000 mV, which gives a property to the water tokill the microorganisms which comes in contactwith it. At the cathode, the basic electrolyzedwater(alkaline) is formed with pH of 10-13.Recently neutral electrolyzed water (7 to 8 pH)and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (availablechlorine-10 to 30 mg/L) with pH 5-6 are alsodeveloped. NEW and SAEW are produced in asingle cell unit without a diaphragm. Slightly acidelectrolyzed water contains un-dissociated HoClthat SAEW and show excellent sanitizationefficiency against several types of food pathogens.Electrolyzed water can also be stored for future

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use by conserving in the dark or converting itinto ice cubes. Many systems for producing EWare available in the world markets such as inU.S, Russia, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.Japan is the leading manufacturer of EWmachines with over 20 companies manufacturingthem.

Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae) is sought forits nutritive value and antioxidant activities. Lowelectrolyzed water when combined with mild heatreduces the aerobic bacteria, yeasts and mouldsin addition with increasing firmness of organicbroccoli1.

The mango varieties like ‘Tommy Atkins’ getsinfected with Escherichia coli, Salmonella andother illness-causing pathogens at the field. Hotwater treatment is commonly used in mangosand heat treatment may contribute tointernalization of the pathogen in water, hencethe quality of water is very important. Whenelectrolyzed water was used to rinse sliced‘Tommy Atkins’ mangoes, the 2.2 Log cfu/greduction in the population of E. coli wasobserved 6. Similar effects of electrolyzed waterwere also observed in minimally processedapples. The electrolyzed water as an effectivedisinfectant to control E. coli, Listeria innocuaand Salmonella choleraesuis population on appleslices and found positive results. Electrolyzedwater was more effective even when comparedwith other sanitizers like chlorine and sodiumhypochlorite2.

Hurdle technology is the best measure thanany single postharvest treatment because noindividual treatment can satisfy all the purpose.When electrolyzed water was combined with anorganic acid (calcium oxide and fumaric acid)and ultra-sonication, the sanitization effect onfresh apple and tomato was more prominent thanindividual treatments5. The combined treatmentensured a high microbial quality and safety andalso preserved the quality of fresh apple andtomato fruits.

Pesticide residue in food is the main concernof food safety as pesticides are biologically activeand highly toxic even at very low concentration.Fresh fruits and vegetables are the major food

Fig.1. Electrolyzed water generation in chamber(Source: ewatersystems.com.au)

The sanitation of produce is a very importantstep in ensuring its quality and safety. A varietyof disinfectants like liquid chlorine, sodiumhypochlorite, sodium bisulphite and organic acidsare commonly used to reduce the microbialpopulation on fresh-cut vegetables but these posesome potential toxicity and incapable tocompletely eliminate the pathogens. Neutralelectrolyzed water is the promising disinfectionmethod to wash fresh cut lettuce, carrot, endiveand corn salad containing about 50 ppm ofchlorine and equally effective as chlorinated waterat 120 ppm3. Thus electrolyzed water would allowreducing the amount of free chlorine used andcould be safer to wash fresh-cut produce. Thefood spoilage causing organism like Salmonella,L. innocu and E. caratovora on minimallyprocessed vegetables can be effectively reducedby electrolyzed water.

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source for pesticide exposure. Washing solutionadded with strong oxidizing agents like ozoneand chlorine dioxide effectively remove thepesticide residues from produce samples.Therefore, electrolyzed water with dissolvedchlorine could be used to degrade pesticidesresidues from fresh produce. The electrolyzedwater with available chlorine concentration(ACC) of 120 mg/L after washing fresh snap bean,spinach and grapes for 15 min removed 30 to 85% of diazonin, cryrodinil and phosmet residues7.

PROS AND CONS OF THE TECHNO-LOGY

• Electrolyzed water when comes in contactwith organic acids or tap water becomesnormal water again, hence there is noresidual effect and safer to use

• It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity

• It is less expensive and have more powerat 50 mg/L than available chlorine at 120mg/L

• It is more economical as it is produced ondemand on-site reducing the cost of bottlingand transportation

• It not only sanitizes fruit and vegetables, italso prolongs its shelf life therebyelectrolyzed water is more ecologicalapproach by food industries

• The initial cost of the equipment is veryhigh

• Losses its antimicrobial activity very soonif not supplied continuously withhypochlorous acid/chlorine or due toimproper storage condition.

• It causes discomfort to the operator due topresence of chlorine gas when operatedbelow pH 5.

SCENARIO IN INDIAThere is scarce research information available

on the utilization of electrolyzed water in India.Hence, there is scope for ample research work inIndia, in the use of this technology mainly in thefields of water sanitation, food science, industrialequipment sanitation, agriculture food supplychain etc. There are some industries national andinternational wide, which are involved in scalingup this technology by supply and creatingknowledge centers in India. They are

Fig. 2. Mechanism of germicidal action4

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• De Nora India Ltd.-India

• Sana Water Solutions-India

• SSICA-International

• TecnograndaSpA-International

• EAU Technologies-International

• MVS Engineering PVT. Ltd.-India

• Mikuni corporation-India.The efficiency of this technology can be

promoted in India with the support of Indian Govt.and research institutes.

CONCLUSIONOwing to the concern on food safety and

prevailing food-borne illness ecological and cost-effective disinfectant method is required.Electrolyzed water exhibits strong bactericidal,fungicidal effect on fruits and vegetables.Therefore, it seems to be an alternative toavailable disinfectants for microbial control,removal of pesticide residue, although, itspotential need to be explored. Now the expensivechemical for sanitization of fresh fruits andvegetables can be replaced at the price of tablesalt.

REFERENCES1. L. Qin, S. Chih, Y. Hongshun and W. Shifei,

LWT- Food Sci. Technol., 79, 594-600,2017.

2. G. Ana, A. Maribel, S. Miguel and N. Carla,Postharvest Biol. Technol., 61, 172-177,2011.

3. A. Maribel, U. Josep, O. Marcia, A. Isabeland V. Inmaculada, Int. J. food microbiol.,123,151-158, 2008.

4. S. Rahman, I. Khan and D. Oh, Compr. Rev.Food Sci. Food Saf., 15, 471-490, 2016.

5. N. Charles, K. Imran and N. Paul, FoodMicrobiol., 67, 97-105, 2017.

6. S. David, G. Ana, N. Carla and Q. Celia,Food Microbiol., 70, 49-53, 2018.

7. Q. Hang, H. Qingguo and H. Yen, Foodchem., 239, 561-568, 1998.

8. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/Electrolysed-water-is-most-efficient-water-treatment-method-Expert/articleshow/53214910.cms

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Biological pest control is currently the mostexciting area of agricultural and

entomological research. A century ago, HarryScott Smith coined the term ‘biological control’in 1919, which may be defined as “themanipulation of natural enemies, such aspredators, parasites/parasitoids and pathogens,to bring the pest populations below the level ofeconomic threshold and to a tolerable level”.Albeit, this technique has been employed inagriculture for centuries, it is still naive as anindustry. Biological control or “Biocontrol”depends on the knowledge of biologicalinteractions at the ecosystem, organism, cellular,and molecular levels and often is more

BIOCONTROL : AN ECOFRIENDLY PEST MANAGEMENTTECHNIQUE

Moina Khan and Ahmad Pervez*

Biological control or Biocontrol seems to be the best ecofriendly, cost-effective and self-sustainingoption to bring the pest populations below the level of economic threshold. Despite this techniquewas instrumental in the nature since time immemorial, the first successful biocontrol programdated only 130 years back in 1888-89 using ladybird beetles as biocontrol agents. In thiscommunication, the broadening of the scope of biocontrol is attempted in different forms withspecial reference to its advantages and disadvantages.

* Biocontrol Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Radhey HariGovernment Post Graduate College, Kashipur, Udham SinghNagar-244713, Uttarakhand, India. Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

complicated to manage compared with physicaland chemical methods. It is also likely to be lesscelebrated than most physical or chemical controlmethods, however, it is more eco-friendly, cost-effective, self-sustaining and long-lasting. Nowbiocontrol has been given priority for varioustypes of crops and ecosystems as the primarymethod of pest control. One reason for its growingpreference is its record of safety during the past100 years. Also, microorganisms or beneficialinsects which have been applied as a biocontrolagents had not been reported as itself a pest, andthere is no evidence so far of measurable or evennegligible adverse effects ofbiocontrol agents onthe environment.

HISTORY OF BIOCONTROLBiocontrol was in action much before the term

itself came into existence. Old practice of not

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growing the same crop species in the same fieldevery year is supposedly one of the oldestmethods of biocontrol. Such crop rotation buystime for the pest or pathogen populations in thesoil to decrease below some economic thresholdbecause of the predatory, competitive, and otherantagonistic effects imposed by the associatedmicroflora and fauna. In other words, croprotation allows time for the natural soil biota tocauterize the soil, especially plant-specificparasites and insect pests which are highlydependent on their host crop to maintain theirpopulations above the threshold. Similarly,Erasmus Darwin in early eighteenth century thatan ichneumon fly (a parasitoid) killing the eggsof cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae) caterpillar,which was a serious pest of cabbage. The firstcelebrated example of biocontrol came in 1888,when ladybird beetle, Rodolia cardinalis wasimported from Australia to be employed againstthe heavy outbreak of cottony-cushion scale,lcerya purchasi infesting citrus orchards ofCalifornia. This phenomenal success encouragedthe export and import of several natural enemies,especially ladybird beetles. More than 6000species of predaceous ladybird beetles are onrecord and majority of them are known for theirseasonal synchrony with a numerous insect andacarine pests, and thereby could be used as theirbiocontrol agents1. The middle history of thedevelopment of biological control thus beginswith 1888-89 and lasts in 1962. Rachel Carson’sfamous book, Silent Spring in 1962 broughtimmense general awareness against the usage ofsynthetic chemical pesticides that induce bothresistance in insect-pests and eco-degradation.This was followed by the modem era ofbiocontrol, which begins new avenues, as morethan a thousand biocontrol agents have beenintroduced against almost 200 insect-pests, theworld over.

DIFFERENT FORMS OF BIOCONTROLBiocontrol may be employed through several

approaches including the mass introduction ofantagonists, plant breeding, and specific culturalpractices aimed at modifying the microbialbalance. The mechanisms on which biocontrolagents work are as follows:Antibiosis

Vuil1emin coined the term “antibiosis” in1889-90 to describe antagonistic effects betweenmicroorganisms. It has been as defined as theinteractions that involve a low-molecular-weightcompound or an antibiotic produced by amicroorganism that has a direct influence onanother microorganism. This plays an essentialrole in plant disease suppression by certainbacteria like Pseudomonas fluorescence and fungilike Gliocladium and Trichoderma.Competition

This process is supposed to be an indirectinteraction whereby pathogens are excluded bydepletion of a food base or by physical occupationof the site. Biocontrol by nutrient competitioncan occur when the biocontrol agent decreasesthe availability of a particular substance therebyrestricting the growth of the pathogen. Notably,the biocontrol agents have a more efficient uptakeor utilizing the system for the substance than dothe pathogens. A biocontrol agent can provideplant protection by efficient interception of thesestimulating factors before pathogens can usethem.Mycoparasitism

Mycoparasitism is a process in which onefungus as biocontrol agent may attack anotherpathogenic fungus. These fungi parasitizing otherfungi are referred to as mycoparasites. Severalmycoparasites occur on a wide range of fungi,

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and some are very crucial in disease control.Trichoderma harzianum, a mycoparasitic fungushave been used for biocontrol of pathogens ofcrop plants; both soil-borne, (e.g. Rhizoctoniasolani and Sclerotium rolfsii) and foliar pathogensincluding Botrytis cinerea, which infectscucumber2.

Cell wall degrading enzymesExtracellular hydrolytic enzymes produced by

microbes can eliminate plant pathogenic fungiChitin and β-l, 3-glucans are major constituentsof many fungal cell walls, which could easily bebroken by enzymes, chitinase or β-l, 3-glucanasealone or in a combination. Recently, genetic

Table 1. List of some biocontrol agents. Biocontrol Agents Target pathogen/pest/weedFungal Trichoderma spp. Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium and several soils

and foliar nathozenGliocladium catenulatum Pyhtium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Botrytis.Coniothyrium minitans Sclerotinia speciesCryptococcus albidus Botrytis spp., Penicillium spp.Beauveria bassiana whitefly, aphids, thrips, grasshoppers, locustsAlternariacassia Weedicide (Cassia obtusifoliaiCercospora rodmanii Weedicide (Eichhornia crassipes)Colletotrichum coccodes Weedicide, Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) in

cornand soybeansColletotrichum Weedicide (Cuscuta chinensis, C. australisiStreptomyces griseoviridis Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora.Streptomyces lydicus powdery mildewBacillus subtilis powdery mildew, Botrytis, leafspotsBacillus thuringiensis Caterpillars

Bacterial Cydiaspomonells GV Codling mothAutographia californica Lepidopteron larvaAnticarsia gemmantalis Velvet bean caterpillarHeterorhabditismegidis Soil insects primarily Otiorhynchussulcatus

Virus Steinernemafeltiae Sciarid flies and other soil insectsSteinernema carpocapsae Root weevils, cutworms, fleas, borers fungus

Insects Chilocorus nigritus Scale-insects, Aspidiotus destructor, Coccus viridis(Ladybirds) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mealy-bugs, Planococcus citri, Nipaecoccus viridis,

Ferrisia virgataHarmonia axyridis Aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum

rosae, Phorodon humuli

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evidence for the role of these enzymes inbiocontrol was found. For instance, A chitinase(ChiA) deficient mutant of Serratia marcescenswas shown to have decreased inhibition of fungalgerm tube elongation and diminished biocontrolof Fusarium wilt of pea seedling in a greenhouseassay.Induced resistance

The inducible resistance in plants to a varietyof pathogens is known as systemic acquiredresistance (SAR) which may be induced bytreating plants either with a necrogenic pathogenor non-pathogen or with specific natural orsynthetic chemical compounds. This defencesystem is also triggered when plants are colonisedby plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)and a few binucleate Rhizoctonia. Several strainsof PGPR have been shown to be effective incontrolling plant diseases by inducing plantsystemic resistance.Plant growth promotion

Biocontrol agents also produce growthhormones like Auxins, Cytokinin, Gibberellins,etc. These hormones suppress the harmfulpathogens and promote the plant growth andyield. PGPR promotes plant growth directly bythe production of plant growth regulators orindirectly by stimulating nutrient uptake, byproducing siderophores or antibiotics to protectthe plant from soil-borne pathogens or harmfulrhizosphere organisms. Pseudomonas spp. mayincrease plant growth by producing gibberellin-like substances, mineralising phosphates.Hydrogen cyanide

Many rhizobacteria produce hydrogen cyanide,and this has been shown to play directly as wellas the indirect role in biocontrol of plant diseasesand increasing the yields. The fluorescentPseudomonas themselves produce HCN and cansuppress the pathogens.

Lytic enzymesLysis is the entire or partial destruction of a

cell by enzymes and may be ‘classified intoendolysis and exolysis. Endolysis is thebreakdown of the cytoplasm of a cell by the cell’sown enzymes following death, which may becaused by nutrient starvation or by antibiosis orother toxins. This does not usually involve thedestruction of the cell wall. Exolysis is thedestruction of the cell by the enzymes of anotherorganism. Typically exolysis is the destruction ofthe walls of the organism by chitinases, cellulaseswhich frequently results in the death of theattacked cell.

ADVANTAGES OF BIOCONTROLBiocontrol presents a green alternative to

chemical control methods. For example, whereasweed killing chemicals can also destroy fruit-bearing plants, the biocontrol allows the fruit tobe left uninterrupted while the weeds aredestroyed. Biocontrol agents are capable of self-sustaining and thereby there is no need of re-fill.This indicates that after the initial introduction,a very limited effort is required to keep the systemrunning fluidly. It also means that biocontrol canbe kept in place for a much longer time thanother methods of pest control. Biocontrol is highlycost-effective in long-term. Although it may costa bit to introduce a new species to anenvironment, it’s a tactic that only requires to beapplied once due to its self-perpetuating nature.Most significant of all, it is effective in pestmanagement programmes because the predatorintroduced will be naturally inclined to target thepests, very often you’ll see the pest populationdwindle.

DISADVANTAGES OF BIOCONTROLBiocontrol could be fickle and a wrongly

introduced biocontrol agent can’t be retrievedback. It is likely that the introduced biocontrol

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agent may attack the non-target organisms. It islikely that it may decide to feed crops ratherthan insect-pests. Furthermore, it may upset thenatural food chain. Biocontrol could be a slowmethod at times, as it may take enough time andpatience compared to other methods, likechemical control. The upside to this is the long-term impact of biocontrol provides. If you’relooking to wipe out a pest completely, biocontrolis not the best option. Predators can only surviveif there is something to eat, so destroying theirfood population would imperil their safety.Therefore, they can simply reduce the number ofharmful pests. While it is cheap in the long run,the process of actually setting up a biocontrolsystem is a costly venture.

CONCLUSIONIt can be concluded that biocontrol seems to

be the only solution to reduce the deleteriouseffects of synthetic chemical pesticides. If naturehas posed tedious questions in the forms of pests,the answer to those questions are also providedby the nature itself. We just have to minimizethe over-use of chemicals and maximize the

manipulations of natural enemies. Doing so, weare not only providing an ecological balance butalso we are reducing the effects of harmfulchemicals in our environment and human health,which due to bioaccumulation andbiomagnification have become components in thefood-chains. Hence, biocontrol plays an assertiverole for the better crop productivity, toxicant-free environment and improved human health.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAP thanks Science and Engineering ResearchBoard, Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for financial assistance inthe form of Major Research Project (EMR/2016/006296).

REFERENCES1. Omkar, A., Pervez, Ladybird Beetles. In:

Omkar (ed) Ecofriendly Pest Managementfor Food Security. Chapter 9: 281-310.Academic Press, London EC2Y SAS, UK,2016.

2. M., Mukherjee, P.K., Mukherjee, B.A.,Hoewitz, C., Zachov, G., Berg, S., Zeilinger,Indian J Microbial, 54, 522-529, 2012.

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Poppy is a wild and latter cultivated plantwhile opium is the dried latex obtained by

incision of its seed pods. The scientific name ofpoppy plant is Papaver Somniferum L. belongingto family Papaveraceae. It is an erect, rarelybranched, glabrous, annual herb with bluishwhite or purple coloured flowers, ultimatelybearing large capsular fruit and famous forproduction of powerful drug Opium. The plantis cultivated from ancient period as anagricultural crop for production of seeds thatare edible and consumed as condiment andspices, to produce Opium for use inpharmaceutical industry while small number ofplants are cultivated for ornamental purposes.

THE JOURNEY OF OPIUM POPPY: FROM ANCIENTMESOPOTAMIA TO GOLDEN TRIANGLE

R. B. Mohanty1 and T. Panda2*

Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) is a wild cum cultivated plant belonging to family Papaveraceae.Opium is the dried latex obtained by incision of its seed pods. Opium contains two main groupsof alkaloids i.e. Phenanthrenes and Isoquinolines. Morphine, Codeine and Thebaine belong tofirst category and Papaverine and Noscapine belong to Isoquinolines group. The Opiates act uponthe central nervous system being analgesic, narcotic and potentially addicting compound. Theirprincipal action is to relieve or suppress the body pain. They also alleviate anxiety, induce relaxation,drowsiness, sedation and may impart a state of hallucination, euphoria or other enhanced moodfor few hours. The journey of Opium Poppy from the region of lower Mesopotamia to the presentregion of “Golden Triangle” or “Golden Crescent” took a long 5500 years and became instrumentalin initiating wars, trade and prosperity, political changes and ultimately becoming a boon to thepharmaceutical world as well as a bane for the wayward youth of 21st century. This long migrationof Opium poppy through millennia and from one continent to another shall continue as long aspeople need relief from pain and develop addiction.

1Plot No. 1311/7628, Satya Bihar, Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar,Odisha-751010. 2Department of Botany, Chandbali College,Chandbali, Bhadrak-756133, Odisha.

INTRODUCTION

But Opium is mostly used since antiquity for itsmedicinal properties i.e. by suppressing thefunctioning of central nervous system, it controlspain in the body of the patients. It is also usedfor its antitussive properties. Moreover, it isused to treat diarrhoea by reducing the numberand frequency of bowel movement1.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ANDPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF OPIUM

Opium contains two main groups of alkaloidsi.e. Phenanthrenes and Isoquinolines. Morphine,Codeine and Thebaine belong to first categorywho is the chief psychoactive constituents.Papaverine and Noscapine belong to Isoquinolinesgroup having no remarkable effect on the body.The Opiates act upon the central nervous systembeing analgesic, narcotic and potentially addictingcompound. Their principal action is to relieve or

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suppress the body pain. They also alleviateanxiety, induce relaxation, drowsiness, sedationand may impart a state of hallucination, euphoriaor other enhanced mood for few hours. They alsohave other physiological effects i.e. they slowrespiration and heartbeat, suppress the coughreflex and relax the smooth muscles ofgastrointestinal tract. But, Opiates are powerfuladdictive drugs producing a strong physicaldependence and withdrawal symptoms that canbe assuaged by continued use of the drug. Theimportant life saving drugs are mostly derivedfrom five major alkaloids viz., morphine, codeine,thebaine, noscapine and papaverine, which arepresent in opium latex in ample amounts2.

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OFMIGRATION OF OPIUM PLANT

The poppy plant is associated with the humanhistory from Neolithic period (9000BC to3000BC) 3. Finds of Papaver sommiferum L. fromNeolithic settlements have been reportedthroughout Switzerland, Germany and Spain4.Numerous similar findings from Bronze Age(3000BC to 2400BC) and Iron Age (1200BC to1000BC) settlements have also been detected.The native range of Opium plant is probably theeastern Mediterranean region. In fact, this regionhas the earliest archaeological evidence of humanuse of Opium while the oldest known seed datesback more than 5000BC. for food, anaestheticsand religious rituals.

• The opium poppy was cultivated in thefertile valleys of Tigris-Euphrates riversystems of Mesopotamia during3400BC.The Sumerians (4500-1900BC)used it and pass along the plant andknowledge about euphoric effect to theAssyrians (2334BC-2154BC). They in turnhanded over the knowledge to theBabylonians and ultimately it came toEgyptians.

• Egyptians (1300BC) began cultivation ofPoppy and it was traded through thePhoenicians (1550BC-300BC) and

M i n o a n s , ( 2 0 0 0 B C - 1 4 0 0 B C ) , w h otransported it across the Mediterranean seainto Greece Carthage and Europe.

• In 1100BC, the people of Cyprus cultivated,traded and smoked Opium before the fallof Troy.

• Opium is mentioned in the most medicaltext of the ancient world including “EbersPapyrus” and the writings of Dioscorides,Galem and Avicenna. In 460BC,Hippocrates, the father of medicineacknowledges its usefulness as a narcotic,in treating internal diseases and epidemics.

• In 330 BC., Alexander the Great introducedOpium to the people of Persia and India.

• Opium produced from Egyptian field wasintroduced to China by Arab traders in 400AD.

• In 1500 AD, the Portuguese traders, whiletrading along the East China Sea, initiatesmoking of Opium.

• In 1600 AD residents of Persia and Indiabegan eating and drinking Opium mixturefor recreation. In fact, Opium was cultivatedin India and produced in huge quantity.Portuguese merchants carrying cargos ofIndian Opium through Macao, direct itstrade to China.

• In 1700 AD, the Dutch expert shipmentsof Indian Opium to China and other islandsof south East Asia and introduced thepractice of smoking Opium in pipe to theChinese people.

• In 1729, when majority of people of Chinabecame addicted with Opium, the Chineseemperor Yung Cheng ordered prohibitionof smoking of Opium and its domestic sale.

• In 1750, realizing the huge profit out ofOpium trade, British East India companystarted shipping Opium from Calcutta portto China on trade.

• In 1753, Linnaeus, the father of plantTaxonomy, first described and classified

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Papaver somniferum plant in his famousbook “The Genera Plantarum”.

• In 1799, the Chinese emperor bannedopium completely making its cultivationand trade illegal.

• In 1803, Friedrich Sertuerner of Germany,discovered the active ingredient of Opiumi.e. Morphine, which was lauded as god’sown medicine due its wonder action.

• In 1839, Britain attacked China in responseto its total ban on Opium trade called 1st

Opium war. China was defeated, forced toplay large indemity and Hong Kong wasceded to Britain.

• British arrived in Burma in 1852, importedlarge quantity of Opium produced in Indiaand exported to China through goutcontrolled monopoly on Opium trade.

• In 1856, British and French jointly attackedChina when new restriction on Opium tradewas imposed by it, known as 2nd Opiumwar. China was again defeated, forced topay another indemnity and Opium tradewas allowed. As a consequence, Opiumproduction increased along the highlandsof south East Asia.

• In 1874, British scientist C.R Wrightsynthesized ‘Heroin’ by boiling ‘Morphine’.

• In 1906, China and England finally enact atreaty restricting the Sino Indian Opiumtrade.

• In 1925, in the wake of the 1st federal banon Opium, a thriving black market opensup in New York’s China town.

• In early 1940s, during World War II, Opiumtrade routes were blocked, but Franceencouraged the farmers to accelerate Opiumproduction.

• From 1945-1947, Burma gainedindependence from Britain and Opiumcultivation and trade flourished in its Shaustates.

• In 1950s, the infamous “Golden Triangle”region covering parts of Laos, Thailand and

Burma was developed with tacit support ofUnited States for illegal Opium productionand heroin trade.

PRESENT SCENARIOFrom 1990’s the “Golden Triangle” region of

south East Asia became the epicenter of Opiumproduction and smuggling of around 2500 tonsof Opium annually. Another center of illegalcultivation and trade has developed since 1984in the “Golden Crescent” area covering parts ofIran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, producingapproximately 4800 metric tones of Opium peryear. Side by side international drug traffickingorganizations from China, Nigeria, Colombia andMexico are aggressively marketing heroin inEurope and Asia. It is continuing till date and theEuropeans, who as colonial rulers, once hadencouraged the cultivation and trade of Opiumin south East Asia, are now facing this potentdrug menace in their motherland. The journey ofOpium Poppy from the region of lowerMesopotamia to the present region of “GoldenTriangle” or “Golden Crescent” took a long 5500years and became instrumental in initiating wars,trade and prosperity, political changes andultimately becoming a boon to the pharmaceuticalworld as well as a bane for the wayward youthof 21st century. This long migration of Opiumpoppy through millennia and from one continentto another shall continue as long as people needrelief from pain and develop addiction.

REFERENCES1. M., Heydari Mohammad Hashem Hashempur

MH, A., Zargaran. Acta Med-Hist Adriat, 11,(1), 101-112, 2013.

2. Frick Susanne, R, Kramell, J, Schmidt AJ,Fist and TM, Kutchan. Journal of NaturalProducts, 68, 666-673, 2005.

3. M. D., Merlin. Economic Botany, 57, 3, 295–323, 2003.

4. SP, Singh, KR, Khanna, S, Shukla, BS, Dixitand R, Banerjee. Journal of Plant Breeding,114, 89-91, 1995.

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The wide spread application aspects of waxdegrading bacteria in crop production ranges

from decomposition of waxy rich agriculturalresidues (soil enrichment), followed byreclamation of water repellent soils (soilenhancement) and also biological control of waxcoated insects (pest management). Initially,agricultural residue management with moreemphasis on crop residue management is one ofthe important strategies in this direction. It is

APPLICATION ASPECTS OF WAX DEGRADING BACTERIA FORSUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION

N. Arunkumar, J. Gulsar Banu, N. Gopalakrishnan and A. H. Prakash

Wax degrading bacteria are a distinct group of microorganisms capable of degrading waxysubstances through pseudosolubilization, adherence, biosurfactant production, enzyme secretion(lipase) and adsorption of waxes by direct contact. Various wax degrading eubacterial genera,Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus, Nocardia, Corynebacteria, Arthrobacter,Bacillus, Rhodococcus and Proteus capable of decomposing complex waxes are prevalent in theenvironment.The application of wax degrading bacteria in agriculture is diverse such asdecomposition of waxy rich agricultural residues, amelioration of water repellent soils and controlof wax coated insect pests. Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are regarded asecologically unacceptable in all countries. Hence, the demand for the production and applicationof biological agents such as soil enhancers, nutrient recyclers and biocontrol agents’ is risingsteadily in all parts of the world. Hence, in various agriculture systems, wax degradingmicroorganisms with the above said efficacies and applications could enhance the production ofagriculture produces in an ecofriendly approach than conventional chemical products.

ICAR- Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641003, India. [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

estimated that the need of food grain in Indiawould increase to 280 million tonnes by 2020,which needs a lot of inputs including high yieldingvariety, inorganic and organic fertilizers, whilenewer approaches to enhance the agricultureproduction is need of the hour. Agriculturalresidues contain considerable amount of waxand rapid decomposition of wax rich crop residuesby heterotrophic bacteria is hindered by chemicalconstituents of the residues. However, certaingroups of bacteria are effective in waxdegradation process resulting in addition ofnutrients to the soil naturally. The emphasis is on

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water repellency: water repellency is a widespreadphenomenon that occurs naturally due toaccumulation of hydrophobic waxes or humicsubstances on soil particles. Inoculation of waxdegrading bacteria in repellent soils underlaboratory condition resulted in decrease of waterrepellency due to the biosurfactants produced bythe bacterial isolates to utilize the waxcompounds1. The cuticular waxes of the insectspecies contain the following chemical classes:hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols,triacylglycerols, and wax esters2. Hence, insectpest management is highly possible with effectivehydrocarbon degrading bacteria3. Reduction inthe wax content of certain insect pests likemealybugs through wax degrading microbialapplications could be a potential biocontrol toolfor mealybug control.

APPLICATIONS OF WAX DEGRADINGBACTERIA

1. AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES DECOM-POSITIONCrop residues are good sources of plant

nutrients and are important components for thestability of agricultural ecosystems. Largequantities of crop residues are left in the field,which can be recycled for nutrient supply. InIndia, agricultural residues are mostly used asfuel, but a large amount is burnt in the fielditself. These crop residues are abundant withcellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and alsocontain a low amount of diverse group ofsubstances like protein, waxes and fatty acids.Decomposition of wax rich crop residue like ricestraw (2.18%), sunflower residues (3%), soybean

Figure 1. The main n-alkanes degradation pathways (Terminal and subterminal oxidation)6

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(0.5%), sugarcane bagasse (1%) provides majorand micro nutrients and also releases growthpromoting substances4. Biodegradation of theseubiquitous crop residues with suitablemicroorganism facilitates nutrient release fromcrop residues and maintain sustainable soilfertility and health5.

A wide variety of microbes are able to uselong chain hydrocarbons as their sole source ofcarbon and energy, mostly by following twooxidation pathways. For example, in the case ofaliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes),microorganisms utilise soluble or integral-membrane non-haem iron monooxygenases; theseenzymes, alkane hydroxylases (e.g. AlkB)hydroxylate the substrate. Essentially, the aerobicdegradation of alkanes is usually initiated withan oxidization of the terminal methyl groupproducing a primary alcohol. This product isfurther oxidized by alcohol and aldehydedehydrogenases to form the correspondingaldehyde. The resulting product is finallyconverted to fatty acid via β-oxidation. Fattyacid couples with CoA and is then channeledinto the β-oxidation pathway in the form ofacetyl-CoA (Figure 1)6.

Wax degrading microorganisms also producemicrobial lipases, cellulase, amylase and xylanaseenzymes for effective decomposition of plantresidues. Composting of wax rich sugarcaneindustry wastes like bagasse, pressmud and trashwith wax degrading bacteria strains ofPseudomonas striatum , Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomonas sp. and Serratia sp. resulted invalue added disposal of waste materials7, 8.Various studies have shown that composting oforganic waste with microorganisms acceleratesorganic matter stabilization and gives a productrich in chelating and phytohormonal elements5.Triacontanol a phytohormone obtained from wax

breakdown is a natural growth promotingsubstance, enhanced the growth rate and yield ofrice, maize, tomato, alfalfa, green gram andgarden pea9.2. AMELIORATION OF WATER

REPELLENT SOILSWater repellency is the accumulation of

hydrophobic waxy coatings around soil particlesproduced by roots, surface waxes from plantleaves, decomposed organic matter and soil biota,particularly fungi (Figure 2)10. These compoundsare strongly hydrophilic when wet, but below acritical moisture threshold, the hydrophilic endsof this amphiphilic compounds bond stronglywith each other and soil particles, leaving anexposed hydrophobic surface that induces waterrepellency. Severe soil water repellency iswidespread and affects land used for agriculture.

Figure 2. Origin of water repellency in soil10

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Water repellency reduces crop and pasture yieldsthrough delayed germination, poor standestablishment and increased risk of erosion fromwind and water. Different approaches exist toameliorate soil water repellency; such as physical(tillage, addition of clay), chemical (applicationof wetting agents) and biological (increasingwax degrading bacterial population) but the firsttwo approaches provide only short-term positiveimpacts, whereas the third approach shows long-term impacts by complete decomposition ofrepellency causing wax from soil particles withthe help of lipase enzyme and microbial surfactantproduction11.

The biological phenomenon was demonstratedto manage water repellency and isolated a numberof bacteria (Roseomonas sp., Mycobacterium sp.Nocardia sp. Rhodococcus spp.) includingActinomycetes that are able to utilize waxes assole carbon sources and inoculation of thesewax-degrading bacteria in water repellent soilsunder controlled laboratory conditions improvedsoil wettability1. Reclamation process combiningboth chemical and microbial process is alsosuccessful. Laboratory and glasshouseexperiments conducted in water repellent SouthAustralian calcareous soils with slow-releasesources of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizersresulted in a significant drop in hydrophobicitydue to stimulation of indigenous wax-degradingmicroorganisms already prevalent in the sandyloam soil12.3. CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS

The major components in the cuticular extractsof insects include hydrocarbons, wax esters,aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and acids. Thehomopteran insects produce large amounts ofwax, which protects them from target chemicalsresulting in higher insecticide consumption.Repeated use of chemical insecticides for a longtime has disrupted biological control by natural

enemies leading to frequent pest outbreaks anddevelopment of resistance in major insect pests.This indicates the need to develop new andselective insect control alternatives of biologicalorigin, particularly for insects with waxy richcuticle. Certain hydrolyzing microbes termed asthe wax degrading microbes, are capable ofdegrading this waxy coating on mealy bugs andcertain other insects. Since the chemicalcomposition of plant wax and insect wax aremostly different (Figure 3)13, insect wax specificwax degrading bacteria could be an effectivesolution to pest problems. For example, in caseof cotton mealy bugs it is possible to developwax degrading bacteria targeting the mealy waxwithout hindering the composition of the plantwax14.

Wax degrading microbes produce cell walldegrading enzymes viz., chitinase, lipase,protease, β-1,3-glucanase, chitin deacetylase andchitosanase as a lethal component against insectpests. The bacterial isolates originating fromMaconellicoccus hirsutus cadavers were screened

Figure 3. Summary of similarities and differencesbetween the surface characteristics of insect andplant cuticles13

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for their wax degrading effects and the threemost potent wax degrading isolates wereidentified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andBacillus subtilis. Application of these waxdegrading bacterial isolates reduced femalelongevity, offspring production as well asreduction in weight and wax content of emergingmealybug adults3. Likewise eight strains of waxdegrading bacteria identified asPseudoxanthomonas sp. (PSAD1), Acinetobactersp. (PSAD 2 and PSAD 7), Klebsiella sp. (PSAD3and PSAD 8), Providencia sp. (PSAD5) andSerratia sp. (PSAD 9) capable of producingbiosurfactants and lipase enzyme capable ofdegrading cuticle wax were isolated from thecarcass of mealybug species Phenacoccussolenopsis (Tinsley) and Ferrisia virgata(Cockerell)15.

CONCLUSIONExtensive use of chemical pest control agents

are regarded as ecologically unacceptable in allcountries. Now, it is time to replace themgradually with biopesticides with variousbiological activities that occur naturally fromliving organisms. Biopesticides based on microbesas whole, microbial toxins, biochemicals derivedfrom micro-organisms are emerging faster butthe potential of certain group of microbes stillremains unexplored. This paper underscores thepotential of wax degrading bacteria in plantresidue decomposition, reclamation of proble-matic soils and importance in insect pest control.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe Financial assistance to Dr. Arunkumar

Nagarathinam in the form of SERB NationalPost-Doctoral Fellowship (File Number: PDF/2015/000844) from Science & EngineeringResearch Board (SERB), Department of Science

and Technology, Government of India andinstitutional support by ICAR- Central Institutefor Cotton Research (CICR), Nagpur,Maharashtra, India are gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES1. M. M. Roper, Aust J Soil Res, 42, 427–434,

2004.2. M. Golebiowski, M. I. Boguse, M.

Paszkiewicz, P. Stepnowski, Anal BioanalChem, 399, 3177-3191, 2011.

3. R. Salunkhe, C. D. Patil, B. K. Salunkhe, N.M. Rosas-Garcia, S. V. Patil, BioControl,58, 535–542, 2013.

4. G. Kumar, R. Kumar, A. Sharma, J EnvironBiol, 36, 1101-1104, 2015.

5. U. Tomati, E. Galli, L. Pasetti, E. Volterra.Waste Manage Res, 13, 509-518, 1995.

6. E. Koshlaf, A. S Ball, AIMS Microbiol, 3,25-49, 2017.

7. V. Muthuvelu. M.Sc. Thesis, Tamil NaduAgric. Univ. Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India,115, 2008.

8. R. Kumar, D. Verma, B. Singh, U. Kumar,N. Shweta. Bioresource Technol, 101, 6707-6711, 2010.

9. M. Naeem, M. Masroor A. Khan, M.Moinuddin, J Plant Interact, 7, 129 -142, 2012.

10. S. H. Doerr, R. A. Shakesby, R. P. D.Walsh, Earth-Sci Rev, 51, 33-65, 2000.

11. M. M. Roper, V. V. S. R. Gupta, Aust J SoilRes, 43, 171-177, 2005.

12. C. M. M. Franco, P. P. Michelsen, J. M.Oades, J Hydro, 231/232, 342–351, 2000.

13. S. H. Nguyen, H. K. Webb, P. J. Mahon, R.J. Crawford, E. P. Ivanova, Molecules, 19,13614-13630, 2014.

14. N. Arunkumar, J. GulsarBanu, N.Gopalakrishnan, A. H. Prakash,Phytoparasitica, 46,145-152, 2018.

15. N. Arunkumar, J. Gulsar Banu, N.Gopalakrishnan, A.H. Prakash, Journal ofEntomology and Zoology Studies, 5, 1191-1195, 2017.

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In India, the current population is estimated at1.26 billion and the trend towards any further

increase will put the country in a difficult situationof rood security. For example, country produced230 million tonnes of food grains to meet theneeds of population of 1.15 billion. Thisproduction needs to be doubled by 2050 to meetthe food needs of the expected population of 1.8billion1. The compound growth rate of foodgrain production has constantly decreased from3.22% during 1950-1959 to 1.22% in 2000-2007. Consequently, the per capita net availabilityof food grains decreased to 442.8 g/day in 2007from 494.1g in 20022. Thus, the challenge facingthe country is to produce more and more fromdiminishing per capita arable land and irrigation

PLANT-BASED TRADITIONAL FOOD FOR NUTRITIONALSECURITY IN INDIA: NEED, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Ruparao T. Gahukar

The alarming pace of food biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation and their impact onpoverty and human health make us think of traditional foods connected with agricultural systems.Malnutrition and undernourishment remain a major problem in rural areas and incur economiccosts to the government. Choosing traditional foods can be more affordable, tasty and nutritiousthan the packaged and processed foodstuff or “super foods”. In this article, need, current issues,challenges and approaches to nutritional security related to traditional foods are discussed witha perspective towards better food habits and life style.

Formerly with UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Plot220, Reshimbag, Nagpur 440009, Maharashtra, E-mail:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

resources and expanding abiotic and bioticstresses. There is stagnation in productivityimprovement due to declining farm size andincome, depleting natural resource baseparticularly ground water, increasing farm inputcosts, deficiency of micronutrients resulting indeterioration of soil health, inadequate harnessingof post-harvest technologies, high indebtness offarmers and uncertain market prospects1. Apartfrom socio-economic situation people suffer notonly from lack of food availability and access tohealthy food but also from undernourishmentdue to inadequate consumption and micronutrientdeficiency2. For example, 230 million people inrural areas are undernourished, 40% of childrenbelow three years of age are underweight and45% are stunted in growth2. In rural areas, peoplesustain their livelihood on farm activity byworking as labourer or farm owner. The most

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distress period for them is before rainy seasonwhen the food from the previous harvest areconsumed and the next harvest is far away.Therefore, poor communities survive on anyavailable food sources including wild food plants.Early grown/seasonal vegetables and legumesgrown in vicinity of villages on the onset ofearly rains are used to tide over distress at thebeginning of crop season2.

Until the last two decades, food grainproduction by increasing crop productivity wasemphasized by the policy makers. This is evidentfrom Green revolution (GR) in the late 1960swith introduction of the high yielding cropgenotypes without considering their nutritivevalues. These aspects affected human nutritionto a large extent. In fact, cost of treatingmalnutrition is 27 times more than the investmentrequired for its prevention3. Malnutrition has alsoeconomic cost (low energy, deficiency inmicronutrients, disease infection etc.). Plant-basedfoods can be one of the sustainable solutions tonutritional insecurity. In this article, traditionalfoods are discussed with a perspective ofimproving human nutrition for better living andhealthy life.

NEED OF TRADITIONAL FOODSFirstly certain local plants (minor food crops

and wild species) are rich in protein,micronutrients and vitamins and can fill in thegap of nutritious food4. Therefore, there is needto revive them under Biological Diversity Act(2002) and distribute their seeds to farmingcommunities. Exchange of seed of indigenousplants within communities can boost some of thetraditional crops cultivated on small farms tocontribute substantially towards mitigaling hungerand malnutrition. To make people aware of thisfact, the UN celebrated the International familyfarming year in 2014 and stressed the importance

of small farming and traditional foods from localplants to rejuvenate the basic principle of foodavailability.

Secondly globalization and liberalization infood trade made all foods available even in remoteplaces and changed the consumers’ food habits5.As a result, food recipes are prepared as perchoice of consumers who appreciate the modemfoods but who are not are aware of traditionaldishes. This scenario is different in tribalcommunities who consume local vegetables andfruits. The freshness of local plants is assuredwhen purchased in daily “haat” and weekly“bazar” that are held in small villages. These arethe sole places for retail sale and purchase offresh, often seasonal farm produce (dependingupon local ecology). Unfortunately, not muchattention has been given by concerned authoritiesto create infrastructure and market access for localproducers except that laws are enacted to regulatethem5. With new set up of Agricultural ProduceMarketing Committee, it would be feasible andlogical to include locally produced vegetables andfruits.

Thirdly, the dietary recommendations forhumans are compatible with an environmentallysustainable food system6. For example, irondeficiency can be compensated by preparingdishes from local leafy vegetables (Amaranthusspp., Chenopodium spp. etc.) and minor millets(finger millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet).Mehta et al.7 identified several recipes based onlocal foods in Uttarakhand. The diversity ofrecipes in the region (amounting to nearly 125containing cereals, pulses, vegetables and fruits)supports locals to sustain and enjoy the life inhilly areas of Himalaya where varieties of localcrops, value-addition to local food and traditionalknowledge are the pillars of food sustainability7.However, several plants that are easily available

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in plenty round the year are still undocumentedfor their nutritional quality4. For example, about100 species of domesticated plant species and419 wild species are used as food in central India8.Most of them have medicinal/therapeutic usesand contain micronutrients, vitamins and mineralsneeded for human body and may have readilyavailable antioxidants8,9. Cost of cultivation oflocal crops is not high but they have low yieldpotential. Therefore, fanners sell traditional foodproducts at higher price than fast foods orconventional meals. Consequently, a smallnumber of citizens purchase these items. Thereis urgent need to improve crop productivity andto initiate local marketing channels.

CURRENT ISSUES(i) Marginal farners with small and fragmented

land holdings are often unable to producesufficient food and their livelihood is at stake incase of crop failure, lean seasons and periods ofvulnerability or when food consumption exceedsproduction. In such cases, promoting traditionalfood through organic fanning on the principlesof contract or cooperative farming can solve theproblem of food accessibility and money earning,at least for a short period. In recent years, organicfood has spread through and beyond food markets,taking a variety of forms and structures in theprocess of creating a new sustainable foodnetwork of traditional food systems10. Once thenetwork is established, it would minimizemalnutrition-related health complications in urbanand rural populations. Schmid11 explained reasonsfor chronic health problems due to consumptionof modern diet and recommended traditionalfoods for improving our wellbeing. Poor personshaving a significant deficiency in protein,micronutrients (calcium, iron, iodine) andvitamins (A, B-complex), do not take theRecommended Dietary Allowance (RDNday/

person) of 55-60 g of protein, 25-30 g of fat, 600mg of calcium and 17-21 mg of iron12. This isprobably a result of Iow level of utilization ofcereals, pulses, oils, fruits and vegetables andwhich is reflected by a significant difference inRDA and actual consumption of the foods(Table 1).Table 1. Recommended dietary allowance(RDA), food consumption and food availabilityper person per day12.Food RDA Current food Current foodCategory consumption availabilityCereals 400 g 345 g 412 gPulses 80 g 24g 32.5 gMilk 300 s 71 g 245 gVegetables 300 g 43 g 210 gOils 30 g 12 g —

(ii) Research is focused on modernized cuisineand traditional recipes have been ignored bygovernment departments, universities and foodindustry probably because new generation oftribal communities has lost the traditionalknowledge and are no more interested intraditional food. Moreover, with modem lifestyles, urban consumers are looking only forcelebrity food stuffs or so called “super foods” tofill kitchen racks10. To satisfy personal needs ofyoung consumers towards processed food, certainfood items are outsourced from differentgeographical locations. They are not aware ofcontents therein, and enjoyment being the solemotto, nutritional aspect is neglected. The junk/processed food is often contaminated withpesticides, mycotoxins, trans-fat and artificialcolours and is adulterated with non-permittedmatters and have higher calories than traditionalfoods5. Persons (particularly employees) havingincreased family income have changed their foodstyles by preferring “outside” food rather than

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“home-made” food. Thus, one can enjoy easy-to-make delicious home food and reject“discernible palate” as described by Date13.

Currently, demand for readily available foodsis increasing day by day probably because therestaurants serve quick menus at affordable price.Nevertheless, contents of street food recipes/foodstuffs are unhealthy. For example, wheatbeing glutenous is used for soft breads and puffpastries12. On the contrary, millets are gluten-free, rich in fibre, good source of protein andcontain micronutrients. Finger millet is rich incalcium and being non-acidic, is ideal to maintainthe natural pH of the body14. Millets are perhapsthe most indigenous grains that exist in India butunfortunately, do not find place in supermarkets.Similarly, high quality protein intake largely

Table 2. Content of major nutrients (per 100 g fresh weight) of popular local cultivated plantsused in traditional recipes14, 17 & 18.Plant Carbohy- Protein Fat Fibre Calcium Iron

drates (g) (g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg)Barnyard millet (1) 65.0 6.0 2.0 10.0 20 5.0Bitter gourd (3) 4.2 1.6 0.2 0.8 20 1.8Black gram (1) 60.0 24.0 1.0 1.0 154 4.0Chick pea (1) 61.0 17.0 5.0 4.0 202 5.0Finger millet (1 ) 72.0 7.0 1.0 4.0 344 3.9Green gram (1) 57.0 24.0 1.1 4.0 124 4.0Indian spinach (2) 8.9 5.0 0.8 — 410 20.5Italian millet (1) 60.9 12.0 4.0 8.0 31 3.0Kodo millet (1) 66.0 8.0 1.4 9.0 27 0.0Little millet (1) 67.0 8.0 5.0 8.0 17 9.0Pearl millet (1 ) 67.0 12.0 .0 1.0 42 8.0Pigeon pea (1) 58.0 22.0 2.0 1.0 73 2.0Rice grains (1) 77.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 10 3.0Spine gourd (3) 4.2 3.1 1.0 3.0 33 4.6Sweet gourd (3) 7.6 1.5 0.1 1.1 64 0

provided by pulses is low. In future, foodprovision can be fulfilled by increasing pulseproduction in the country15. In fact, severalrecipes and traditional preparations of cultivatedcereals and pulses are common in various states,examples of plants with content of major nutrientsare given in Table 2. Recently, geneticallymodified (GM) food crops (cereals, pulses andvegetables) have been developed and may beavailable for human consumption in a course oftime. They contain traits of resistance to abioticand biotic stress, productivity increase etc.Whether traditional foods prepared from GMcrops would be safe or not is a debatablesubject16.

(iii) Family farming or smalIholder farmingprovides an opportunity to contribute significantly

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to improve livelihood basically due to self-reliance, to manage natural resources on the farmand to provide jobs to the family members ofpoor farmers. Biodiversity is maintained througha variety of crop compositions, cropping patternsand crop rotations. For example, cropcombinations consisting of cereals and pulses arepractised by local communities in the centralHimalayan region that help in safeguardingagrobiodiversity and in producing a rich andbalanced nutritional diet. By this way, familyfarming contributes to 30-40% of the foodrequirement of small and marginal farmers19. Thesynergistic effect can thus avert total crop failureand thereby ensure food security to the family.Considering this success, cropping systems(intercropping, mix-cropping, relay-cropping,terrace farming) suitable to each agro- climaticzone needs to be promoted.

Livelihood to a large section of resource-poorfarmers and landless labourers is equally assuredwhenever they get field work. For example, tribalwomen in central India collect mahua (Madhucaindica) flowers during peak flowering period thatfetch good remuneration whenever there is marketdemand20. Otherwise, they prepare pan cake ofsun-fried flowers and preserve to tide over periodof drought and other natural disasters. Most ofthe farm activities and collection of wild foodbeing handled by women, their empowermentbecomes imperative to popularize local foodplants for traditional foods. Food recipes readilyavailable in cook books can be promoted duringfestivals because traditional foods often give abetter indication of local cuisine. Along withseasonal plants, wild plants are traditionally usedas food in the period of food scarcity byindigenous people. However, acceleratedmodernization is leading to erosion of traditionalknowledge and cultural values of Iocal foods.The challenge is how to integrate traditional foods

into contemporary diets. For this purpose, localgroups should be encouraged through education,training, community outreach and networking.Creating and enhancing local marketing cantherefore link farming, food, health and localeconomies. Foods from uncultivated plants wouldhave a prominent role in future foods. To explaintheir importance in daily diet, 11 local wild plantspecies with their nutritional value and traditionalpreparations are described below. Plants are easilyavailable in nature with no cost and supportfamily livelihood. Some food recipes/preparationsstill exist in certain tribal communities in differentstates are given below :Examples of specialized traditional foods basedon local uncultivated plants with the contentof major nutrients (compiled from variouspublications).

1. Atrocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Jack fruit):Raw fruit contains carbohydrates (23%), protein(6-7%) and fat 92-3%). It is a good source ofvitamins (A and C), minerals (K, 10%), (Mg,8%), insoluble fibre with low sugar, andantioxidant (flavonoid). It can replace starchystaple food (wheat and rice). Raw buds havingunique flavor are cut into slices to which gratedcoconut, honey and banana slices are mixed. Rawfruits are used in porridge or as raw meal. Curryprepared of raw fruits is very much appreciatedby non-vegetarians due to meat-like texture. Fruitflesh is used with rice for steaming to prepareIdli and Dosa. Ripe fruits with sweet aroma aresliced and mixed with fruit salad. Jam, jelly andChutney are other products prepared from ripefruit.

2. Fagopyrum esculentum (Moench) (Ruckwheat): This pseudocereal is used in raw foodrecipes, porridge, breakfast food, and asthickening agent in soups, gravies and dressings.The whole grain and groats (grains after removing

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hulls) contain protein (11.2%), fat (2.4%) andgrains have more fibre (10.7%) than groats(0.6%).

3. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick,moringa): Fresh leaves, flowers, green pods andseeds are popularly used in various foods. Tea isprepared from leaves. A preparation of Pakodafrom fried flowers is a delicacy. Young pods areroutinely used in Sambar and curry preparationsand are appreciated for their asparagus-like taste.Seeds are boiled and consumed with other foods.Content of nutrients in 100 g fresh leaves andpods are as follows: carbohydrates 12.5 and 3.7g, protein 6.7 and 2.5 g, fat 1.7 and O.lg, fibre0.9 and 4.8 g, Ca 440 and 30 mg, K 42 and 24mg, Mg 259 and 260 mg and P 70 and 110 mg.Content of vitamin A is 4 times greater than incarrot and Vitamin C is 7 times higher thanorange. Both leaves and pods contain all essentialamino acids.

4. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) (Whitepumpkin, fuzzy melon, wax gourd): Ripe fruitsbeing sweet, are added to stir fries and soups.Sweet Petha and Halwa are common desserts inlow-income communities. Fruits containcarbohydrates (3.05%), protein (1.06%), fat(0.74%), fibre (10.0%), vitamin C (19.11%),Vitamin B12 (11.15%) and amino acids (lysine,tryptophan). Among minerals, Na and Zn contentsare 80% and 7.36% respectively.

5. Manihot esculenta Crantz (Tapioca):Although the plant is considered as poor man’scrop, its tubers are high energy booster becausethey contain 78-90% starch and importantminerals (Ca, Fe, P, Mg). Tuber starch isprocessed to edible starch, popularly known asSago which also has high calorific value (350Kcal), and content of protein (0.20%), fat(0.05%). Sago Khichadi is available even inrestaurant on fasting days. In southern and central

states, Sago Kheer as a sweet dish is served inreligious rituals. In food industry, sago-basedproducts like chips, wafers, vermicelli aremanufactured and sago flour is used as thickeningagent for soups, cakes and cookies. In rural areas,sago is mixed with rice in daily meals.

6. Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd.(Horse gram, kulthi): Grains are potential sourceof protein (22.0 g/100 g, fresh weight),carbohydrates (57.0 g), fibre (5 g), Ca (287 mg),Fe (7 mg) and P (311 mg/l00 g, fresh weight).Consumed as whole grains and sprouts and itsdal (split grains) is quite popular in the form ofcurry, soup, Vada, Ras (cooked in frying pan)and Chutney. These preparations are consumedwith boiled rice or bread (Chapati), tender leavesof radish and coriander or mustard grains.

7. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. (Agathi):The plant is available in plenty during early periodof rainy season when the green tender leaves areplucked by folk for various traditional dishes.Also, flowers and young pods are consumed asvegetable. Pan cake is prepared from leaves aftermixing with wheat flour. Leaves containcarbohydrates (11.8 g/100 g, fresh weight), protein(4.8 g), fat (1,4 g), Ca (1130 mg/l00 g), P (80mg) and Fe (3.9 mg/l00 g, fresh weight). Lavealso contain a reasonable quantity of vitamins A,B1, B2, B3 and C.

8. Vicia faba L. (Broad bean, double bean,faba bean): Plant is largely Green pods and drycotyledons are consumed as vegetable (fried orcurry with potato) by local communities in hillyareas. Also, beans are boiled with salt, seasonedand consumed as snack. Beans are mixed withPulav and vegetarian Biryani. Beans are a goodsource of calorific energy (341 Kcal/I00 g),carbohydrates (58.3%), protein (26.1%), fat(1.53%), Mn (77.0%), P (60.0%), Mg (54.0%),Fe (52.0%) and vitamin B9.

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9. Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Macbr(Mahua): Flowers having sweet taste and flavourare consumed by tribal communities duringflowering season and often as substitute to costlyfood grains. During off-season, sun-dried flowersare stored to use whenever needed. The flowersare fermented, jaggery is added and the resultingalcoholic drink forms a part of religious ritualsand cultural heritage. Cake, syrup, jam andvarious kinds of bread are prepared from driedflowers. The pan cake is one of the dishes whichare very much appreciated as seasonal delicacyin forest-dwelling populations. Flowers containhigh amount of sugar (54.1 %), protein (6.4%),fat (0.5%), Ca (8.0%) and P (2.0%).

10. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle): Freshleaves and shoots are consumed as sour-flavouredgreen vegetable or condiment. Chutney preparedby mixing roselle leaves with green chillies, salt,and garlic is consumed with millet bread or pancake. To prepare curry, leaves are steamed withlentil and cooked with Dal (split grains) or meat.Fleshy red calyxes/flowers are used in productionof soft drink, tonic, soup or tea. Fried seeds aremixed in various diets. This plant is appreciatedby villagers as a seasonal delicacy. The contentof nutrients in leaf, calyx and seed/100g (freshweight) are as follows: carbohydrates (3.5, 2.0,28.9 g), protein (8.7,10.2,25.5 g), fat (0.3, 0.1,21.4 g), Ca (240, 150, 350 mg). The high contentof vitamin C in leaf (240 mg/100 g), calyx (150mg) and seed (350 mg/100g), and vitamin A inleaves (1000 mg/100 g) made this vegetablepopular among rural and urban consumers.

11. Amaranthus spp. (Amaranths): Freshleaves are cooked with salt, chillies, tamarind,garlic and eaten with sorghum pan cake or fingermillet balls. Soup, curry, kofta are popular dishesin northern India. Leaves being easily availablein uncultivated land, is sold in local market during

early period of rainy season. Although leafcontains low amount of carbohydrates (4.0 g/100g) and protein (5.0%), it is accepted as a nutritiouslegume due to high content of Ca (330 mg/100g) and Fe (19 mg/100 g).

CHALLENGES(i) Intensification of agricultural systems has

led to a substantial reduction in the geneticdiversity of domesticated minor plants2.Therefore, tribal communities have lost accessto numerous local plants which otherwise ensuredfood access and availability whenever urgent needwas perceived. With implementation of NationalFood Security Act (2013), poor persons includingsmall and marginal farmers get food grains athighly subsidized rate and subsidy on farminputs2. These schemes prompted farmers toabandon traditional crops and discouragedprocuring diverse foods from the wild. Indeed,farmers are always dependent on governmentrather than doing themselves innovative work ontheir farms (farm ponds, check dams, ridges andfurrows, FYM composting, indigenous plantproducts for plant protection etc.). Farmers shouldbecome self-sufficient to procure preferred foodsand cultivate minor food plants of their choicefor supporting family livelihood.

(ii) Multi-grain food with magnitude ofcombinations is the recent addition to our foodbasket and is available in different market-innovated forms because it is healthy with highnutritional value. Indeed, these mixtures werealready eaten by our ancestors and had been apart of Indian diet since ancient times as revealedby Acharya21. Even now, depending upon theausterity, locals mix the grains and enjoy abalanced diet. They often add condiments/accompaniment or follow seasoning to maketraditional food tasty. Generally, most of thetraditional recipes based on local crops are

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especially prepared for religious festivals andcultural events. The current challenge is how topopularize these foods.

(iii) In developed countries, school food isbased on the content of energy, saturated fat andsodium. The Netherlands is perhaps one of thefirst countries to include ecological perspectivein its dietary guidelines in 201122. In India, TheFood Safety and Standards Authority of India(FSSAI) had set up an expert committee to framejunk food guidelines for schools after the DelhiHigh Court order in 2014. Likewise, providingcooked food was made mandatory in mid-daymeals by a Supreme Court order in response toa public interest litigation.

Gahukar23 discussed at large the currentsituation of foods served in schools in India andprescribed certain logical steps to avert the trendof junk food easily available in the canteens andrestaurants. Legally, the FSSAI has a mandate ofdeveloping and enforcing stringent laws,particularly labelling, to enable disclosing ofrelevant information on junk foods. This is beingdone only for energy foods and supplements.

(iv) Content of anti nutrients and toxicsubstances such as, phylates and tannins in millet,and trypsin, amylase inhibitors and saponins inpulses, can prevent the assimilation of essentialnutrients by the body and may be hazardous tohuman health4. Simple processing methods suchas, boiling, parboiling, drying, roasting etc. caneffectively eliminate these elements to make foodconsumption safe 4. In future, research on naturaldetoxification may be helpful for “ready to use”foods.

(v) More and more people now rely on foodthat is not harvested locally but distributed byPublic distribution system (PDS)2. The systemhas played an important role to augment supplyand thereby to moderate market prices. With

changing food habits, the urban and ruralpopulations now prefer wheat and rice In pace ofcoarse grams an minor pulses24. Subsequently,demand for these two cereals has increasedsignificantly. Certainly, this system assures foodsecurity but discourages traditional food andmakes people vulnerable to malnutrition.Ultimately, those who cannot buy adequatelydiverse vegetables and food grains from themarket, suffer from food insecurity,undernourishment and malnutrition2. Regionaldifferences in food habits are evident fromcultural diversity, economic growth and life style.To facilitate easy distribution to the poor peoplethrough fair price shops, government introducedsubsidized rates to those Below Poverty Line(BPL). But the quality of food grains in theseshops is often contested. There is a need to re-introduce system which would encourage sellingminor food crops (pearl millet, finger millet, horsegram, green gram, black gram etc.) particularlyin areas of their cultivation. The Food Corporationof India (FCI) should procure, store/maintain anddistribute the grains of minor food plants. Thiswould assure nutritional security of localcommunities. Unfortunately, PDS is concernedonly with food from cultivated crops though foodsprepared from indigenous uncultivated/wild fruitsand vegetables are routinely consumed by tribaland other local communities. This aspect did notreceive attention of government agencies andresearchers as well.

CONCLUSIONSEating fresh, home-cooked food is the best

for health. For this goal, farmers and consumersshould come together on a common platform forright to save traditional recipes of local foodplants and have healthy and safe food producedthrough ecologically sound and sustainablefanning. This would be a welcome step towards

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food sovereignty. Concurrently, there is increasinginterest in second GR based on sustainableagriculture. Combining nutritional security wouldbe a welcome step for traditional foods. Newinformation technology (websites, blogs, appsetc.) can therefore be used to explore possibilityof promoting traditional foods. Nowadays, events/fairs on food recipes (often combined withcultural programmes) are organized by group ofrestaurants where holiday meals containingdiverse traditional recipes can be made available.The current trend being for a fusion cuisine oftraditional and modem recipes, cooking lessonsand demonstrations are possible in metro citieswith TV channels and teleconferences.

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J Med Res, 138, 383-39, 2013.2. R.T. Gahukar, J Agric Food Inf, 12, 3-4, 270-

286, 2011.3. S. Burza et al., American J Clin Nutr, 101,

4, 847-859, 2015.4. R.T. Gahukar, J Agric Food Inf, 5, 4, 342-

352, 2014.5. R.T. Gahukar, Int J Basic Appl Sci, 3, 1, 47-

54, 2014.6. M. Nesheim, P.J. Stover, and M. Oria, Nature,

522, 7556, 287, 2015.7. P.S. Mehta, K.S. Negi and S.N. Ojha, Indian

J Nat Prod Resour, 1, 1, 89-96, 2010.8. V. S. Kamble and V.D. Jadhav, lnt J Agric

Food Sci, 3, 2, 56-58, 2013.9. B. Goudappanavar, K. Naik and S. Mahesh,

Kisan World, 42, 5, 52-53, 2015.10. J.E. Ikerd, J Agric Food Inf, 12, 1, 49-57,

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11. R. Schmid, Traditional foods are your bestmedicine. Healing Arts Press, Randolph, VT,USA, 2015.

12. NIN (National Institute of Nutrition), Dietaryguidelines for Indians: a manual. NlN,Hyderabad, Telangana State, 2011.

13. R. Date, What’s for lunch, Sakal PublicationsPvt. Ltd., Pune, India, 264 pp, 2014.

14. C. Gopalan, B.V. Rama Sastri and s.c.Balasubramanian, Nutritive value of Indianfoods. National Institute of Nutrition,Hyderabad, Telangana State, 2004.

15. A. Das and P.K. Ghosh, Outlook Agric, 41, 4,279-284, 2012.

16. R.T. Gahukar, J Food Agric Environ, 2, 2,11-13, 2004.

17. D. Balasankar, P. Selva Preetha, and P.Jansirani, Kisan World, 40, 5, 33-35,

18. I.S. Mathi, Down Earth, 21, 9, 46, 2012.19. R.K. Maikhuri et al., Curr Sci, 108, 9, 1581-

1583, 2015.20. M. Pate! and S.N. Naik, Indian J Nat Prod

Resour, 1, 4, 438-443, 2010.21. K.T. Acharya, The story of our food, Orient

Blackswan Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, TelanganaState, 104 pp., 2000.

22. CSE (Centre for Science and Environment),Junkfood targeted at children, CSE, NewDelhi, 2014.

23. R.T. Gahukar, Everyman’s Sci, 52, 1, 26-29,2017.

24. J.V. Meenakshi, The public distributionsystem in the context of changing foodconsumption trends: a review of the evidence.Planning Commission, Govt. of India, Delhi,2001.

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Fresh Water is treated as national security. Itcreates the history of the place. It controls

the major part of the economy battle. It affectsenergy and food production as well as healthissue. In other words water is for our survivaland delivers the quality of environment. Ironically,sometimes natural or added contaminations robus of the gift making us to confront a lot morechallenging world. The fresh water is an importantnecessity for our health. The world is facingturbulent situation regarding water. United Nationhas marked 22nd March as ‘world water day’ tospread the importance of water. With theadvancement of technology and industrial growthfresh water resources all over the world arethreatened. It is the technology to have the abilityto counter the issue. The direction is to search

WATER: CSIR-CSMCRI PREPARES THE ROAD-MAP FOR THEPEOPLE

N. Pathak and A. Bhattacharya*

Scientific research is the foundation of modern advancement of techniques in water purification.In this regard ‘Reverse osmosis (RO)’ technique is one of the milestones. Banking on RO technology,CSIR-CSMCRI, Bhavnagar is serving people in a great extent. The present article covers activitiesregarding the RO Plant installation to various locations inside the country and abroad for providingsafe and clean drinking water and also for providing water during the disaster like Cyclone, Aila.

*Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division,Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Central Salt andMarine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI),Bhavnagar-364002 Gujarat, IndiaE-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

effective, lower cost as well as robust techniqueto decontaminate as well as disinfect water fromsource to point of use. In this regard ‘ReverseOsmosis’ is the technique we can faith on it 1-3.

We owe the term ‘Osmosis’ to FrenchPhysiologist Henri Dutrochet, who coined theword 80 years after the discovery of thephenomenon by Abbe Nolet in 1748 4,5. Theconcept of ‘reverse osmosis’ arose in mid-1950’sand considered a need based invention. Osmosisis the process where life sustains where asReverse Osmosis is the regulator of life6. As weare progressing to the modern civilization, RO isthe priority in our life. The ongoing revolutionaryworld of RO technology never stops. What itdoes is that it always innovates. It does not staystatic. Its dynamism can be felt by the constantdeliberation on making and upgradingtechnological advancements which are and infuture will be impacting individuals and theirsetting.

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Though India has blessed regarding manyreservoirs, long coastal line and average annualrainfall (120cm) is above the global average of100cm many of its parts are water distressed.According to Central Ground Water Board reportnearly half of India’s groundwater is heavilypolluted with geological as well as anthropogenicsources like fluoride, nitrates and even arsenic,which disturbs the general health of the people.The added concern is that agrochemicals anddischarge of untreated industrial effluents andurban wastes in to water bodies make the surfaceand ground water sources unfit for drinking.Moreover, the population is another growingconcern in our country. It is said that by 2022 thecountry will be most populous one overtakingChina. In order to cater the population in termsof food, energy as well as to maintain theeconomic growth, availability of water is verymuch important. Thus technology can only protectus.

CSIR-CSMCRI has the pride in terms ofdevelopment of technology. Being situated inremote part of the country, the institute has neverminded to cross the obstacles in terms ofdeveloping different technologies as well asservice to the nation. The Membrane Divisionhas carrying the torch of the development of ROtechnology. It already becomes a trademark toCSIR-CSIR-CSMCRI with its splendid trackrecord of performance over the past 50 years andhaving serviced the nation. Initially it was namedas Reverse Osmosis Division. The researchprogram in the area of membranes was initiatedin 1969 with the main aim to develop membranetechnologies to meet the demand for clean waterthrough water purification and desalination. Inthe initial period, RO membranes for brackishwater desalination were developed from celluloseacetate (CA) in the form of tubular membranes.Later, CA based flat sheet RO membrane

technology was developed for brackish waterdesalination during the period 1970-1985. Withthe view to develop more robust membranes fordesalination and other applications, research workwas initiated on the development of state-of-artthin film composite (TFC) RO membranes inearly 1990s7. The Division has been growingsteadily since inception. The institute has not onlyrecognized the true meaning of technologyupgradation and transcended it into bigger framesbut also the lives of people good enough8.

The institute has spread its wings in terms ofplant installation in various parts of the country.The state wise activities are described below.

RAJASTHANRajasthan, the state of palaces and forts is

proud for its history. But, Rajasthan is sufferingfrom its geological contaminants in water. It ismainly because of the presence of fluoride, Nitrateas well as common salinity.

The attempt of CSIR-CSMCRI to tackle theproblem started in the year 2003. It was in Barmerair force station, Utarlai. The capacity was1500LPH. It was funded by DST, New Delhi.The performance for the plant for TDS 4288 ishaving rejection > 90%. The plant for KasnauMines (Rajasthan State Mines and MineralsLimited), Nagaur (Rajasthan) was installed in2005. It was the capacity of 2400LPH. Theperformance for this plant for brackish waterhaving TDS 7000-10000 ppm is extraordinary. Ithas the performance of 75-80% recovery of thewater in the form of either drinking water orirrigation water.

It was the initiative of DST, India who has theunderstanding that CSIR-CSMCRI has the abilityto do plant installation. In that mission threeplants viz. Bhojadesar (Sikar), Theekaria Kala(Nagaour) and Kisar (Jhunjhunu) were installed.After studying the successful performance of these

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Table 1District Village District VillageJhunJhunu Khidarsar Rajsamand Dhaneria

(Feed: 4000 ppm, Permeate: 70 ppm) (Feed: 1810 ppm, Permeate: 28 ppm)Tomkor Pasund(Feed: 3600 ppm, Permeate: 46 ppm) (Feed: 1180 ppm, Permeate: 10 ppm)Kabirsar Mohi(Feed: 3230 ppm, Permeate : 65 ppm) (Feed: 1480 ppm, Permeate: 11 ppm)Chimanpura(Feed: 4420 ppm, Permeate: 86 ppm)Mukha ka bas(Feed: 3750 ppm, Permeate: 65 ppm)Dhanicharan(Feed:4230 ppm, Permeate: 70 ppm)Gokhari(Feed: 3500 ppm, Permeate: 50 ppm)Kakra(Feed: 1300 ppm, Permeate: 18 ppm)Deblavas(Feed: 2080 ppm, Permeate : 18 ppm)Manjari ashram(Feed: 2180 ppm, Permeate: 23 ppm)Navta(Feed: 1120 ppm, Permeate: 21 ppm)Ramsar(Feed: 1400 ppm, Permeate: 11 ppm)Majri(Feed: 1340 ppm, Permeate: 09 ppm)Ramsinghpura Kamalsar KalvaDhakamandiDhanibhalod(Feed: 1130 ppm, Permeate: 10 ppm)

Sikar Chachiwad bada Churu Dandoo(Feed: 3150 ppm, Permeate:134 ppm) (Feed : 3200 ppm, Permeate:80 ppm)Shekhisar Payli(Feed: 1900 ppm, Permeate:150 ppm) (Feed : 2150 ppm, Permeate: 56 ppm)Mardatu Badi Lakhau(Feed: 1500 ppm, Permeate: 50 ppm) (Feed: 3120 ppm, Permeate: 50 ppm)Narsara Shyopura(Feed: 1450 ppm, Permeate: 50 ppm) (Feed : 3470 ppm, Permeate: 50 ppm)Rinau Aslu astesan(Feed: 1350 ppm, Permeate: 20 ppm) (Feed : 2220 ppm, Permeate: 56 ppm)Dinarpura Raboori(Feed: 1730 ppm, Permeate: 25 ppm) (Feed :3830 ppm, Permeate: 250Rolsahabsar ppmautomated plant operational at(Feed: 2030 ppm, Permeate: 67 ppm) CEERI, PILANI for more thanBibipur chota Shekhivas six month before installation)

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plants Department of Science and Technology,Rajasthan has initiated the programme regarding60 plant installations (initially it was 10 afterthose 50 plants were added). DST, Rajasthanunder its societal activities engaged indissemination of appropriate technologies in thestate. The assignment was “Installation ofCommunity Managed Reverse Osmosis Pilotdemonstration plants in different geographicalregions of the state”. It was close coordinationwith Public Health Engineering Department(PHED), Rajasthan. In this direction the DST,Rajasthan had divided Rajasthan in three clusters-North Western, Western, and Eastern.

It is mostly 1000LPH capacity. The names ofthe villages are listed in Table 1. The feed waterTDS is basically 1500- 8000 ppm. In this contextCSIR-CSMCRI had taken initiative by installingplant in one Ashram for mentally challengedchildren (village: Chachiyawas, Ajmer) students.It is run by Rajasthan Mahila Kalyan Mandal.

CSIR-CSMCRI had overwhelmed of theirresponses.

It was another chapter when CSIR-CSMCRIhad installed plant in the army campus to deliverthem safe water. CSIR-CSMCRI also had thefeeling to them where no electricity is there. Inthose cases Solar Power driven plant was installedwith the help of Barefoot College.

ANDHRA PRADESHAndhra Pradesh is suffering geogenic

contaminants especially fluoride. EarlierCSMCRI-CSIR has demonstrated through smallmobile RO plants. After successful demonstrationin various villages ranging fluoride level 3 to6.5ppm, DST, India has sanctioned fund throughAndhra Pradesh State council of Science andTechnology (APCST), Hyderabad for installationof plants. In the year 2008 the first plant wasinstalled at Kosuru village having capacity of4000LPH. The plant locations are in ensemble(Table 2).

Nagaur Jhabdi Nagar Central Jail, Bharatpur(Feed:1820 ppm, Permeate: 27 ppm)

Ajmer Chachiyawas (Rajasthan mahilaKalyan Mandal)Feed: 2800 ppm, Permeate: 150 ppm

District Village District Village

Table 2

District Village

Krishna KosuruCapacity : 4000LPHFeed : 1500ppm, Permeate : 100ppm

Nalgonda SiripuramCapacity : 4000LPHFeed : 2000ppm, Permeate : 230ppm

Chittor BandlapalliCapacity : 4000LPHFeed : 854ppm, Permeate : 75 ppm

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WEST BENGALThe state is based on river basin. Many of the

districts are suffering from Arsenic as well asiron contamination problem. CSIR-CSMCRIactivity was mainly in 24Parganas (North) as wellas Kolkata.

The initiation started from the approach ofPublic Health Engineering Department. Theyhave approached CSIR-CSMCRI for the settingup RO plant. CSIR-CSMCRI has first installedbullock driven RO plant in Machranga island,where there was no power at that time. It wasCSIR-CSMCRI attempt to check the sustainabilityof indigenous bullock driven RO technology inreality. After successful installation, PHEdepartment, West Bengal has approached CSIR-CSMCRI to install brackish water plant in 2004.CSIR-CSMCRI has installed plant havingcapacity of 5000LPH in AbadKulia Danga,Hasnabad area.

The remarkable achievement came whenCSIR-CSMCRI in 2007 has set up boat mountedplant (having capacity of 150LPH) to cater thefresh water to different islands in Sunderbans. Itis basically sea-water RO plant. In the same yearanother plant was installed having capacity of500LPH at Central Glass Ceramic ResearchInstitute (CGCRI) campus, Kolkata.

CSIR-CGCRI and CSIR- CSMCRI jointlyinstalled one plant at Taki (24 Pgs(N)) inSeptember, 2012 through DST, New Delhifunding. The capacity of the plant is 1250LPH.In the same year Indian Institute of ChemicalBiology (IICB), Kolkata approached CSIR-CSMCRI to install four plants in their Kolkatapremises for removal of iron. All the four plantswere of 500LPH capacity. All the plants are inensemble (Table 3).

Table 3District Village24 Parganas (North) Machranga island

Animal powered plantCapacity:500-700LPHFeed:3200 ppm,Permeate: 400ppm

24 Parganas (North) Abadkulia dangaCapacity: 5000LPHFeed: 15000 ppm,Permeate: 450 ppm

24 Parganas (North) Boat mounted plantCapacity: 150LPH

24 Parganas (North) TakiCapacity: 1250LPHFeed: 6662ppm,Permeate: 147ppm

Kolkata CGCRI campusCapacity: 500LPH

Kolkata IICB campusCapacity: 500LPH (four)

TAMILNADUThough the state has long coastal belt, it

suffers drinking water problem. CSIR-CSMCRIhas shown the gesture long back. The firstBrackish water plant was installed inMelakudumular, (District: Ramnathpuram) in1985. The successful and sustainable plantoperation has driven CSIR-CSMCRI for acceptingchallenges with the initiative of CHT and CPCL,Chennai to install 1MLD capacity plant with 70%recovery in 2003. The notable achievement madeCSIR-CSMCRI proud as it was based onindigenous RO membrane. Earlier CPCL wasimported module to serve the purpose.

To solve the drinking water problem CSIR-CSMCRI installed sea-water desalination plantin Nelmudur (District: Ramnathpuram) with thefinancial support of DST, India. It was havingthe capacity of 1000LPH. Based on sustainable

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performance DST, India funded for high capacity(6000 LPH) RO desalination plant at Ervadi inthe year 2012. The plant details are in ensemble(Table 4).

The successful as well as sustainableoperational activities regarding sea and brackishwater with CSIR-CSMCRI based indigenoustechnology is continuing.

PUNJABIt is recognized as the state of ‘green

revolution’. The state suffers from excessagricultural chemicals in water as well as salinity.The Central University of Punjab approachedCSIR-CSMCRI for their needs in the campus.Actually the campus was suffering from goodquality drinking ground water as well asinsufficient supply from the Municipal

Table 4District Village District VillageRamnathpuram Melakudumulur Ramnathpuram Mullimunai

Capacity: 1250LPH, Sea water desalination plantFeed : 2400 ppm Capacity: 1000 LPHPermeate: 670 ppm Feed : 32555 ppm

Permeate: 355 ppmCPCL (Chennai Sewage water Ramnathpuram Thirupalaikudipetroleum Corporation Treatment Plant Sea waterLimited) Capacity: 1MLD desalination plant

Feed : 1500 ppm Capacity: 1000LPHPermeate: 177 ppm Feed : 29890 ppm

Permeate: 140 ppmRamnathpuram Nelmudur CMFRI Brackish water

Sea water desalination plantdesalination plant Capacity: 2000LPHCapacity: 1000LPH Feed : 3500 ppmFeed : 36540 ppm Permeate: 250 ppmPermeate: 860 ppm

Ramnathpuram Karankadu Ramnathpuram ErvadiSea water Sea waterdesalination plant desalination plantCapacity: 1000LPH Capacity: 6000LPHFeed : 32060 ppm Feed : 42760 ppmPermeate: 500 ppm Permeate: 282 ppm

Nagapattinam Akkaraipettai Ramnathpuram MullimunaiCapacity: 2000LPH Sea waterFeed : 6800 ppm desalination plantPermeate: 420 ppm Capacity: 6000LPH

Feed : 32000 ppmPermeate: 287 ppm

Chennai CLRI-CSMCRICapacity: 2500LPHFeed : 1500 ppmPermeate: 100 ppm

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Corporation. The brackish water desalinationplant having 4000LPH capacity was installed in2014. It was of 99% salt recovery. After thesuccessful implementation of the plant CSIR-CSMCRI installed a large capacity plant of10KLPH in their new campus in the year 2016.The specific feature of the two plants is thatCSIR-CSMCRI was added ‘water reclamation’strategy. The reject water of the plant was usedin the toilets of the universities through theconnection. The locations of the plants are listedin Table 5.

Table 5Location DetailBathinda Central University of Punjab

(Campus-I)Capacity : 4000LPHFeed : 2100ppm,Permeate: 10ppm

Bathinda Central University of Punjab(Campus–II)Capacity : 10KLPHFeed: 1570ppm,Permeate: 227ppm

GUJARATThe state has its geography with long coastal

belt. That’s why the salinity in water is its inherentproblem. CSIR-CSMCRI is being in Gujarat hasits responsibility to solve the problem with itscapacity. The plant installation started in Mochavillage (Porbandar District) in the year 2000. Theunique feature of the plant was to utilization rejectwater (10000 ppm) for growing Atriplexhalophytes used as fodder. In this way CSIR-CSMCRI was successfully managed RO rejectwater in the coastal area. It was the initiative ofDST, India. CSIR- CSMCRI installed in 2006 tocounter the post effect of Surat Flood victims.The high recovery plants were installed in Airforce station, Bhuj. The success story wasrepetitive regarding the animal power driven plantat Shram Mandir Trust, Vadodara. Apart fromthe brackish water plant sea water plant wasinstalled at Narayan Sarovar, Bhuj in 2011.CSIR- CSMCRI was also made its mark byinstalling plant at Bhavnagar for hospital ofdialysis patients administered by Sai Trust,Bhavnagar. The locations of the plants are inensemble (Table 6).

Table 6Location Some feature(s)Mocha, Porbandar Capacity :1000-1500LPHSurat Capacity :20000LPH

Feed water: 5000ppm, Product water: 200ppmAir force station, Bhj, Kutch I. Capacity :2000 LPH

Feed : 1500ppm, Permeate: 250ppm andII. 600LPHFeed: 2500ppm, Permeate: 250ppm

Shram Mandir Trust, Vadodara Capacity :400-600LPHFeed: 2700ppm, Permeate: 200ppm

Narayan Sarovar, Bhuj , Kachh Sea waterCapacity :6000LPHFeed: 35000ppm, Permeate: 220ppm

Sai Trust, Bhavnagar Capacity :1000LPHFeed: 380ppm, Permeate: 10ppm

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KARNATAKAThe initiative started from M. S. Ramiah

Medical College and Hospital. The appeal wasnecessary steps regarding the Fluoride toxicityproblem to the Government. The Governmenttook initiative through CSIR-CSMCRI regardingthe problem. In this connection CSIR-CSMCRIinstalled a plant having capacity of 6000LPH atKiwara District in the year 2008. The fluoridetoxicity problem was 2.26ppm. After filtration itwas 0.539 ppm. It was funded by CSIR. Theplant was named as ‘Sujala’. The water transportvehicle was also arranged to supply water doorto door.ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

It is one of the seven union territories. Actuallyit is group of islands ( ~300) positioned in Bayof Bengal and Andaman Sea. That’s why thedrinking water is mostly saline of different range.Desalination is the choice by which one can solvethe drinking water problem. The activities ofCSIR-CSMCRI was recommissioning of plants.These plants were dumped for nearly 3-4 yearsand all these plants were nonfunctional at thattime. Central ground water board, Ministry of

water resources had approached CSIR-CSMCRIto make them functional. CSIR-CSMCRIgenerated its capability to recommission for thedevelopment suiting to the site requirement forthe plants. This was really challenging one interms of logistics. The army as well as AndamanPublic Works Department (APWD) helped a lot.CSIR-CSMCRI commissioned plants in the year2007 within 2 months’ time period. The namesof the locations are in ensemble (Table 7).

AFGHANISTAN AND KENYACSIR-CSMCRI had spread their wings in

Afghanistan outside India. The initiation isthrough Norweigh Church Aid (NCA). It is oneof the NGO’s active in various social activitiesin Afghanistan. They came to know CSMCRIcapability for installation of RO plants and thusthey have approached CSIR-CSMCRI for the saidinstallation.

Actually in the north province of Afghanistan(Faryab), there is serious concern regardingdrinking water. The water is saline as well asfluoride contamination problems. CSIR-CSMCRIsupplied and installed customized RO plantssuitable for reducing the salinity and fluoride

Table 7Island (RO plant site) Product water output Product water ppm Raw water ppm

(liters/hour)Bamboo Flat 1400 210 17000Hut Bay 2100 50 2000Kamorta 1500 200 14000Chapin 1800 50 3000Campbell bay-1 1200 208 13000Campbell bay-2 1100 120 13000Katchal 2000 50 1000Teressa 2000 50 1000Car Nicobar 1400 50 1500

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content of ground water and brought it to drinkingwater level. These activities were done during2007-2012. CSIR-CSMCRI installed 25 brackishwater RO Plants having capacity of 1000LPHsupplied and installed and 25 people were trainedto operate and maintain the RO plants. Thelogistics were supported by Government ofAfghanistan. The main obstacle was security forthe CSIR-CSMCRI persons who went there forinstalling the plants. The success story is reallyencouraging amidst the turmoil situation and lotof terrorist activities. Later on it was sorted outthe problem by sending the videography of allmaintenance and installation activities. After thatthey requested us to bid for 50 plants ininternational bidding, but as CSIR-CSMCRI isResearch and Development Institution did nottake part in that bidding.CSIR-CSMCRI also installed sea waterdesalination plant having capacity 200LPH atKenya in 2008. It was stationed at GongoniSaltworks, Kensalt Limited, Kenya. The permeatewas in the range of 325-520ppm.

MOBILE RO BUSCSIR – CSMCRI, Bhavnagar has its unique

design in developing a mobile unit consistingRO & UF Plants for water desalination andpurification. The key motivations include: (i)being in a state of readiness to respond swiftly toemergency situations (like drought, cyclone) (ii)providing on the spot demonstration of thecapabilities of the various water purification units,(iii) creating awareness among the public onindigenous water purification technologies, and(iv) creating a model to serve a cluster of villages.The mobile RO units are operated by utilizingthe power from the engine of the van and/or solarpanels fitted on the roof to carry out solar poweredwater purification as well.

CSMCRI has continued to play a laudable rolein providing water to the needy in the aftermathof natural calamities like cyclone in Orissa (1999),Earthquake in Gujarat (2001), Tsunami inTamilnadu and Andaman (2004) post Tsunami atCampbell bay (2005), Flood Surat (2006), Floodin Bihar (2008), Cyclone ‘Aila’ in W. Bengal(2009), Himalyan Tsunami in Uttarakhand (2013),Cyclone ‘Phailin’ in Orissa (2013), drought inMaharastra (2016). Among these one of thechallenging missions is ‘Aila’. In that missionthe bus had to go Hingalganj, away from mainland by vessel service. The bus was stationed inthe BSF camp and provided more than 30,000LPD of potable water through desalination ofsaline (5000 ppm TDS) pond water. The filteredwater was filled in to jerry cans. These werethen distributed to the distressed to the affectedpeople in several islands of Sunderban, W.Bengal.

CONCLUSIONAs it is safer and cleaner technique people

accepted the technology with great enthusiasm.The plant installation based on several factorsviz. funding, support of local administrators,logistics, availability of semi-skilled/skilledoperators. The infrastructure is basically requiredis covered space (preference concrete structure),electrification. It should not be far away fromthe vicinity of feed water source. The successstory of the plants is not only installing them, itshould also monitor the time -frame operation. Itmeans the plant should be sustainable. CSIR-CSMCRI in that cases very successful byincluding recurring expenditure it in to it, ofcourse it depends on site.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors are thankful to Director, CSIR-

CSMCRI who has guided throughout the

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activities. The authors are especially thankful toall the colleagues (Division as well asadministration) who have helped the activitiesdirectly or indirectly. The manuscript is havingthe CSIR-CSMCRI communication number 119/2018.

REFERENCES1. A. Bhattacharya and P. Ghosh, Rev. Chem.

Eng. 20, 1-2, 111-180, 2004.2. S. Sharma and A. Bhattacharya, Applied Water

Science, 7, 3, 1043-1067, 2017.3. Mark A. Shannon, Paul W. Bohn, Menachem

Elimelech, John G. Georgiadis, Benito J.Marinas and Anne M. Mayes, Nature 452,2008

4. J.A. Nollet, Lecons de physique experimentale,Hippolyte-Louis Guerin and Louis-FranciosDelatour, Paris, 1748.

5. C. Reid, “Principles of Reverse Osmosis”, inDesalination by Reverse Osmosis, U. Merten,ed., pp.1-14, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.1966.

6. A. Bhattacharya, Science and Culture, 47-48,2001.

7. V.J. Shah, S.V. Joshi, A.V. R. Reddy, J.J.Trivedi, C.V. Devmurari, A. Prakash Rao, N.Pathak, P. Singh, S.L. Daga, S.T. Rajan, P.K.Ghosh, Sustainable Management of WaterResources: Emerging S&T Issues in SouthAsia, Eds. M.G. K. Menon and V. P. Sharma,XII General assembly of scope, New DelhiIndian National Science Academy Publication123. 2005.

8. P.K. Ghosh, V. J. Shah, S. V. Joshi, N. Pathak,J.J. Trivedi, C.V. Devmurari, A. Prakash Rao,A. A. Patel, K. Eswaran and S. L. Daga, UNDP11, 61-74, 2006.

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National Institute of Technology Delhi (NITD)is one of the thirty NIT (s) established in

the year 2010 by an act of parliament and hasbeen declared as an Institute of Nationalimportance.

NIT Delhi is an autonomous Institute whichfunctions under the aegis of Ministry of HumanResource Development, Government of India. Itaims to provide instructions and research facilitiesin various disciplines of Engineering, Science andTechnology, Management, Social Sciences andHumanities for advance learning anddissemination of knowledge.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI

KNOW THY INSTITUTIONS

The mission of NIT Delhi is to produce humanresource those who are creative, competitive andinnovative with high intellect and ethical values.The Institute is imparting holistic education, alongwith inculcating high moral values in its students.

NIT Delhi has started its academic session in2010 with three undergraduate B.Tech degreeprogrammes in Computer Science andEngineering, Electronics and CommunicationEngineering and Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering. The academic activities of NITDelhi were initiated at NIT Warangal in year 2010

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which later moved to a temporary campus atDwarka, New Delhi in June 2012 and nowcurrently running at IAMR Campus, Narela(February 2014).

Possession of fifty one acre land has beenallotted for permanent campus of NIT Delhi onNH-1, Narela sub city, New Delhi. The processof developing the permanent campus has begun.Vision

Committed to holistic development of Livesand Society by imparting Knowledge of Scienceand Technology and Crystallizing the future.Mission

Application of Knowledge through learningand inculcating Research Oriented mindsettowards Design and Innovative Development forRealistic Societal Solutions.Academic Programmes underway at NIT Delhi

From academic year 2013-14 the intake ineach B. Tech programme has been increased tostrength of 60 students. Admission for B.Techprogrammes are made on the basis of theperformance in the Joint Entrance Examination(JEE) for the Indian Nationals. Admissions to50% of the seats are made amongst the studentsof Delhi & Chandigarh and the remaining 50%seats are made on the basis of All India rankingof the aspiring applicants. The intake in each M.Tech programme is 15 students. Admissions tothe M.Tech Programmes are made on the basisof performance in GATE (Graduate Aptitude Testin Engineering).Quality Policy

• To create an environment for holisticlearning and development.

• To provide academic excellence, goodgovernance, team work, spirit towards thedevelopment of responsible citizen.

• To provide opportunities for Research,Innovation, Creativity initiatives to reflect

high level of Intellectual Professionalismtowards achieving Excellence.

• To provide infrastructure and facilitiesbenchmarked to reflect the High Standardand Latest Technology.

• To provide state-of-the-art laboratories withlatest Equipment and Instruments.

• To provide the highest level of cleanliness,hygiene, safety, discipline environmentalconsciousness in the institute.

DepartmentsDepartment of Applied Sciences

The Department of Applied Sciences providesan inclusive environment for everyone byintegrating a range of educational, research andconsultancy opportunities to enhance knowledgeand skills. The department acts as a bridge inbetween the basic science like physics, chemistryand mathematics with engineering procedure.Faculty in applied sciences offers high qualitybasic courses to first year undergraduate studentsto make them strong in fundamentals beforehanding them over to their concerned engineeringdisciplines for completing their required credits.Also our faculty equipped the graduate studentswith knowledge and skills by offering specializedcourses across a broad range of study options toM. Tech. in Smart Materials and Doctoral degreein applied physics, chemistry, and pure andapplied mathematics to drive the student carrieras a professional scientist/engineer. Thedepartment aspires to develop the full potentialof our students whilst offering an enrichededucational experience that equips them with thequalifications and skills to achieve their scientificand technical ambitionThe Computer Science and EngineeringDepartment

The Computer Science and EngineeringDepartment was started in 2010 along with the

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foundation of NIT Delhi. Initially, only Bachelorof Technology Programme was offered with theintake 30 which presently has been increased to60. Now, apart from B. Tech., the departmentalso offers Master of Technology and Ph.D.programmes which cover a number of importantareas of Computer Science and Engineering, e.g.,Algorithms, Computer Networks, DataWarehousing and Data Mining, SoftwareEngineering, Machine Learning, ImageProcessing, Web Technologies, Data Analytics,Complex Networks, Wireless Sensor Networksetc. Students are provided with a broadundergraduate and graduate curriculum based onthe application and theoretical foundations ofcomputer science. Faculty and students participatein interdisciplinary research. The combination ofthese elements makes the department anespecially exciting environment in which to studyand work; an environment that serves us well inour goal of providing excellence in education,research, and discovery. The department envisionsproducing quality graduates, capable of leadingthe world in technical realm. The department isequipped with latest configuration and highcomputing system with hi-speed Internet facility,both wired as well as wi-fi. The ComputerScience programs at this institute are dedicatedto educate students and to advance research incomputer and information technology. Thedepartment has all the facilities to carry out therelated teaching and research work.Department of Electronic and CommunicationEngineering (ECE),

The Department of Electronic andCommunication Engineering (ECE), wasestablished in 2010, immediate with the beginningof the Institute under the ages of Ministry ofHuman Resource and Development (MHRD),Govt. of India. Currently it is offering one

Undergraduate (B. Tech) course and two PostGraduate (M. Tech) courses in ECE and in VLSIDesign. The Department also offers PhDprogramme in relevant areas. It has excellentlaboratories and research facilities in followingareas:

• Electronic Devices and Circuits.

• Electronic Measurement andInstrumentation.

• Microprocessor and Microcontroller.

• Microwave and Antenna Design.

• Optical Fibre Communication and OpticalDevice.

• Multimedia and Advanced Communication.

• Design, Automation and SimulationLaboratory

The Department has received grants from,Ministry of Electronics and InformationTechnology (MeitY), Department of Science andTechnology (DST)-SERB for various projects.The Department has active collaborations withInstitutes & research institutes in India andabroad. The Department of ECE has a blend ofyoung as well as experienced, dynamic facultymembers and is committed to providing qualityeducation and research in the field.Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)Department

The Electrical & Electronics Engineering(EEE) Department is a blend of teaching andresearch activities pertaining to advanced fieldsof engineering. The department is currentlyoffering courses at both the UG and PG levelwith an intake of 60 and 15 respectively. Thespecialization of PG course is Power Electronics& Drives. The department also offers Ph.D.program in various specialization of ElectricalEngineering and allied areas. The department isequipped with state-of-the-art facilities to carry

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out research work at all levels. The research focusof the department is in the area of powerelectronics, renewable energy systems, control/time delay systems, pattern recognition, imageprocessing etc. The department also activelyinvolved in multi-disciplinary research activities.The UG program is embraced by rigor and spanto prepare a practicing engineer for a lifetime ofcreative work and ongoing technical learning. Thedepartment provides healthy & competitiveenvironment for all round development ofstudents leading to several remarkableachievements in GATE, CAT, GRE, TOEFEL,PSUs etc. The department currently has followinglaboratories, equipped with latest equipment andsoftware platforms, to impart state-of-the arttechnical knowledge. The department aims tosetup new laboratories such as Green EnergyTechnologies, Digital Control & FPGA Design,Biometric etc.

• Electrical Machines,

• Power Electronics and Drives,

• Power System,

• Control System,

• Electrical Measurement,

• Network Analysis,

• Signals and Systems,

• Microprocessor & Microcontroller,

• Analogue Electronics & IC applications,

• Modelling and Simulation etc.Mechanical Engineering

The Department of Mechanical Engineeringis a diverse subject, which involves design,analysis and manufacturing from small machineparts and devices to large systems. It is aspiredto have a distinguished tradition of excellence inthe theme areas ranging from thermal, mechanics,design and manufacturing to CAD/CAM/CAE.Currently Department offers M. Tech. programmein Computer Aided Design & Manufacturing(CAD/CAM) and Ph.D. programme inMechanical Engineering. Apart from these,Department also offers first year courses in B.Tech. (common for all branches). The Departmenthas two Laboratories: CAD Lab. & CAM Lab.Intake for M.Tech. CAD/CAM Programme: 15seats (through CCMT) + 2 seats (through DASA).The programme has been started from academicsession 2016-17.

CONTACT :DirectorNational Institute of Technology DelhiNational Institute of Technology Delhi Sector A-7, Institutional Area, Near Satyawadi Raja HarishChandra Hospital, Narela, Delhi – 110040, Phone: 011 –33861005, 33861006, 33861010, 33861012

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CONFERENCES/MEETINGS/SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS

XIV AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE CONGRESS (ASC), 20-23 FEBRUARY, 2019,NASC, PUSA, NEW DELHITopics:• Plant sciences (Field Crops)• Plant sciences (Horti Crops)• Natural Resource Management• Plant Protection• Food Science & Value Addition• Animal Sciences-Livestock, Dairy & Poultry• Fisheries• Engineering & IT• Social Sciences• Agricultural EducationContact:Dr. Anil K. Bawa, Executive Director, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NASC Complex,DPS Marg, Pusa, New Delhi - 110 012 Post Box No. 11325, Email: [email protected]

2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATIONS IN CHEMICAL,BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, FEBRUARY 27-28, 2019,PANIPATTopics:Physical Chemistry: Solution Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics of Biological Systems, Colloid andInterface, Physicochemical properties of Ionic Liquids, Polymer Chemistry, Catalysis, QuantumChemistry,Electrochemistry, Vapour Liquid Equilibria, Nano-Surface Chemistry, Crystallography, Nano-Chemistry, Nano & Green Composite, Smart Polymers and Materials, Corrosion, Non-EquilibriumThermodynamics etc.Organic Chemistry: Synthetic and Structural Organic Chemistry, Natural Products, Applications ofSpectroscopic Techniques, Bio-organic Chemistry, Drug Design and development and Therapies, MedicinalChemistry, Green Chemistry, Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutics and Diagnostics etc.Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Industrial Pollution, Bio-inorganic Chemistry,Organometallics, Nano-Environmental Chemistry, Metallurgy, Nuclear Chemistry etc.Role of Chemical Sciences in drug design, biosciences & environmental sciences.Petrochemicals, Analytical chemistry, Soil Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Nano-Technology,Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cheminformatics, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry& Chemistry of Life, Chemistry of Food & Nutrition, Water Chemistry, Dairy Chemistry, ChemicalEngineering, Nuclear Radiations Safety and any other topic related to the theme of the conference.Contact:Dr. Anil Kumar, HOD Chemistry & Organizing Secretary, ICICBES-2019, ARYA P.G. COLLEGE,PANIPAT, HARYANA, INDIA. E-MAIL: [email protected], [email protected] Mob.No.: +919416937764, www.aryapgcollege.com

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FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOSIGNALS, IMAGES ANDINSTRUMENTATION (ICBSII 2019), MARCH 14-15, 2019, CHENNAI, TAMILNADU, INDIATopics:• Bio - signals Track

o Biomedical Signal Processing.o Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems Engineering.o Cognitive Neuroscience.o Brain Computer Interface.o Speech Signal Processing.

• Images Tracko Biomedical Imaging and Data Visualization.o Computer Aided and Automated Diagnosis.o Medical Image Mining & Retrieval system.o Optimization techniques.o Virtual Reality.

• Instrumentation Tracko 3D Bio-printing.o Device Technologies & Biomedical Robotics.o Drug Delivery & Diagnostic Systems.o IOT & Healthcare Information System.o Mobile Health and Wearable Sensor Networks.o Advances in Biomedical Instrumentation.

Contact : SSN College of Engineering, Old Mahabalipuram Rd, Kalavakkam-603110, Tamil Nadu,India, Phone: 044 2746 9700, Intercom number: 493/414/485 Mobile: +91-98947 74811 / +91-9789444988, Email: [email protected]

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN MATERIAL SCIENCE ANDNANOTECHNOLOGY, 29TH-30TH APRIL, 2019 , STELLA MARY’S COLLEGE OFENGINEERING, ARUTHENGANVILAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIATopics:1. Advanced materials in Engineering 2. Bio Medical, Electronics and Green Architecture 3. BuildingEnergy Conservation and Green Architecture 4. Computer Vision and Robotics 5. Computational FluidDynamics 6. Civil Engineering Materials 7. Chemical and Process Engineering 8. Design of Embeddedsystem with VLSI 9. Data mining 10. Electrical Materials Electro magnetics 11. Electrical, Electronic andSystems Engineering 12. Green Manufacturing 13. Internal combustion Engines Internet and MobileComputing 14. Instrumentation and Control Engineering 15. Mechatronics 16. MEMS and NEMS 17.Materials preparation and processing Nanotechnology 18. Nano Devices 19. New Technology, methodsand Techniques in Civil Engineering 20. Networking, Communication and Multimedia 21. Photonics andOpto-electronics 22. Power engineering 23. Pervasive, Grid, Cloud computing 24. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energies 25. RADAR and satellite communication 26. Semiconductor devices 27. StructuralEngineering, Signal and Image Processing 28. Theory and Advanced Technology of Engineering StructureContact : Conference Organizing Chair, ICMN-2K19 ,Dr. M Freeda , Professor & Head,Departmentof Science and Humanities, Stella Mary’s College of Engineering, Aruthenganvilai, Azhikal post,Kanyakumari Dist-629202, Tamil Nadu, South India. +91 9486881397, +91 9442075946, email :[email protected]

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S&T ACROSS THE WORLDNOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2018

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences hasdecided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics2018 “for groundbreaking inventions in the fieldof laser physics”with one half to Arthur Ashkin,Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, USA”for the opticaltweezers and their application to biologicalsystems” and the other half jointly to GérardMourou, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA andDonna Strickland, University of Waterloo, Canada“for their method of generating high-intensity,ultra-short optical pulses”The inventions being honoured this year haverevolutionised laser physics. Extremely smallobjects and incredibly rapid processes are nowbeing seen in a new light. Advanced precisioninstruments are opening up unexplored areas ofresearch and a multitude of industrial and medicalapplications.Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers thatgrab particles, atoms, viruses and other livingcells with their laser beam fingers. This new toolallowed Ashkin to realise an old dream of sciencefiction – using the radiation pressure of light tomove physical objects. He succeeded in gettinglaser light to push small particles towards thecentre of the beam and to hold them there.Optical tweezers had been invented.A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkinused the tweezers to capture living bacteriawithout harming them. He immediately beganstudying biological systems and optical tweezersare now widely used to investigate the machineryof life.

Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland paved theway towards the shortest and most intense laserpulses ever created by mankind. Theirrevolutionary article was published in 1985 andwas the foundation of Strickland’s doctoral thesis.Using an ingenious approach, they succeeded increating ultrashort high-intensity laser pulseswithout destroying the amplifying material. Firstthey stretched the laser pulses in time to reducetheir peak power, then amplified them, and finallycompressed them. If a pulse is compressed intime and becomes shorter, then more light ispacked together in the same tiny space – theintensity of the pulse increases dramatically.Strickland and Mourou’s newly inventedtechnique, called chirped pulse amplification,CPA, soon became standard for subsequent high-intensity lasers. Its uses include the millions ofcorrective eye surgeries that are conducted everyyear using the sharpest of laser beams.The innumerable areas of application have notyet been completely explored. However, evennow these celebrated inventions allow us torummage around in the microworld in the bestspirit of Alfred Nobel – for the greatest benefitto humankind.

NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2018

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences hasdecided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry2018 with one half to Frances H. Arnold,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA“for the directed evolution of enzymes” and theother half jointly to George P. Smith, Universityof Missouri, Columbia, USA and Sir Gregory P.Winter, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology,Cambridge, UK “for the phage display ofpeptides and antibodies”

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The power of evolution is revealed through thediversity of life. The 2018 Nobel Laureates inChemistry have taken control of evolution andused it for purposes that bring the greatest benefitto humankind. Enzymes produced throughdirected evolution are used to manufactureeverything from biofuels to pharmaceuticals.Antibodies evolved using a method called phagedisplay can combat autoimmune diseases and insome cases cure metastatic cancer.Since the first seeds of life arose around 3.7billion years ago, almost every crevice on Earthhas filled with different organisms. Life hasspread to hot springs, deep oceans and dry deserts,all because evolution has solved a number ofchemical problems. Life’s chemical tools –proteins – have been optimised, changed andrenewed, creating incredible diversity.This year’s Nobel Laureates in Chemistry havebeen inspired by the power of evolution andused the same principles – genetic change andselection – to develop proteins that solvemankind’s chemical problems.One half of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistryis awarded to Frances H. Arnold. In 1993, sheconducted the first directed evolution of enzymes,which are proteins that catalyse chemicalreactions. Since then, she has refined the methodsthat are now routinely used to develop newcatalysts. The uses of Frances Arnold’s enzymesinclude more environmentally friendlymanufacturing of chemical substances, such aspharmaceuticals, and the production of renewablefuels for a greener transport sector.The other half of this year’s Nobel Prize inChemistry is shared by George P. Smith and SirGregory P. Winter. In 1985, George Smithdeveloped an elegant method known as phagedisplay, where a bacteriophage – a virus thatinfects bacteria – can be used to evolve new

proteins. Gregory Winter used phage display forthe directed evolution of antibodies, with theaim of producing new pharmaceuticals. The firstone based on this method, adalimumab, wasapproved in 2002 and is used for rheumatoidarthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory boweldiseases. Since then, phage display has producedanti-bodies that can neutralise toxins, counteractautoimmune diseases and cure metastatic cancer.

NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY ORMEDICINE 2018

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet hasdecided to award the 2018 Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine jointly to James P. Allisonand Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancertherapy by inhibition of negative immuneregulationCancer kills millions of people every year and isone of humanity’s greatest health challenges. Bystimulating the inherent ability of our immunesystem to attack tumor cells this year’s NobelLaureates have established an entirely newprinciple for cancer therapy.James P. Allison studied a known protein thatfunctions as a brake on the immune system. Herealized the potential of releasing the brake andthereby unleashing our immune cells to attacktumors. He then developed this concept into abrand new approach for treating patients.In parallel, Tasuku Honjo discovered a proteinon immune cells and, after careful exploration ofits function, eventually revealed that it alsooperates as a brake, but with a differentmechanism of action. Therapies based on hisdiscovery proved to be strikingly effective in thefight against cancer.Allison and Honjo showed how differentstrategies for inhibiting the brakes on the immunesystem can be used in the treatment of cancer.

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The seminal discoveries by the two Laureatesconstitute a landmark in our fight against cancer.Cancer comprises many different diseases, allcharacterized by uncontrolled proliferation ofabnormal cells with capacity for spread to healthyorgans and tissues. A number of therapeuticapproaches are available for cancer treatment,including surgery, radiation, and other strategies,some of which have been awarded previousNobel Prizes. These include methods for hormonetreatment for prostate cancer (Huggins, 1966),chemotherapy (Elion and Hitchins, 1988), andbone marrow transplantation for leukemia(Thomas 1990). However, advanced cancerremains immensely difficult to treat, and noveltherapeutic strategies are desperately needed.In the late 19th century and beginning of the20th century the concept emerged that activationof the immune system might be a strategy forattacking tumor cells. Attempts were made toinfect patients with bacteria to activate thedefense. These efforts only had modest effects,but a variant of this strategy is used today in thetreatment of bladder cancer. It was realized thatmore knowledge was needed. Many scientistsengaged in intense basic research and uncoveredfundamental mechanisms regulating immunityand also showed how the immune system canrecognize cancer cells. Despite remarkablescientific progress, attempts to developgeneralizable new strategies against cancer proveddifficult.The fundamental property of our immune systemis the ability to discriminate “self” from “non-self” so that invading bacteria, viruses and otherdangers can be attacked and eliminated. T cells,a type of white blood cell, are key players in thisdefense. T cells were shown to have receptorsthat bind to structures recognized as non-self andsuch interactions trigger the immune system to

engage in defense. But additional proteins actingas T-cell accelerators are also required to triggera full-blown immune response Many scientistscontributed to this important basic research andidentified other proteins that function as brakeson the T cells, inhibiting immune activation.This intricate balance between accelerators andbrakes is essential for tight control. It ensuresthat the immune system is sufficiently engagedin attack against foreign microorganisms whileavoiding the excessive activation that can lead toautoimmune destruction of healthy cells andtissues.During the 1990s, in his laboratory at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, James P.Allison studied the T-cell protein CTLA-4. Hewas one of several scientists who had made theobservation that CTLA-4 functions as a brake onT cells. Other research teams exploited themechanism as a target in the treatment ofautoimmune disease. Allison, however, had anentirely different idea. He had already developedan antibody that could bind to CTLA-4 andblock its function. He now set out to investigateif CTLA-4 blockade could disengage the T-cellbrake and unleash the immune system to attackcancer cells. Allison and co-workers performed afirst experiment at the end of 1994, and in theirexcitement it was immediately repeated over theChristmas break. The results were spectacular.Mice with cancer had been cured by treatmentwith the antibodies that inhibit the brake andunlock antitumor T-cell activity. Despite littleinterest from the pharmaceutical industry, Allisoncontinued his intense efforts to develop thestrategy into a therapy for humans. Promisingresults soon emerged from several groups, and in2010 an important clinical study showed strikingeffects in patients with advanced melanoma, atype of skin cancer. In several patients signs of

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remaining cancer disappeared. Such remarkableresults had never been seen before in this patientgroup.

PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES 2018

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences hasdecided to award the Sveriges Riksbank Prize inEconomic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel2018 to William D. Nordhaus, Yale University,New Haven, USA “for integrating climate changeinto long-run macroeconomic analysis” and PaulM. Romer, NYU Stern School of Business, NewYork, USA”for integrating technologicalinnovations into long-run macroeconomicanalysis”William D. Nordhaus and Paul M. Romer havedesigned methods for addressing some of ourtime’s most basic and pressing questions abouthow we create long-term sustained andsustainable economic growth.At its heart, economics deals with themanagement of scarce resources. Nature dictatesthe main constraints on economic growth andour knowledge determines how well we dealwith these constraints. This year’s LaureatesWilliam Nordhaus and Paul Romer havesignificantly broadened the scope of economicanalysis by constructing models that explain howthe market economy interacts with nature andknowledge.Technological change – Romer demonstrates howknowledge can function as a driver of long-termeconomic growth. When annual economic growthof a few per cent accumulates over decades, ittransforms people’s lives. Previous macroeconomicresearch had emphasised technological innovationas the primary driver of economic growth, buthad not modelled how economic decisions andmarket conditions determine the creation of new

technologies. Paul Romer solved this problemby demonstrating how economic forces governthe willingness of firms to produce new ideasand innovations.Romer’s solution, which was published in 1990,laid the foundation of what is now calledendogenous growth theory. The theory is bothconceptual and practical, as it explains howideas are different to other goods and requirespecific conditions to thrive in a market. Romer’stheory has generated vast amounts of newresearch into the regulations and policies thatencourage new ideas and long-term prosperity.Climate change—Nordhaus’ findings deal withinteractions between society and nature. Nordhausdecided to work on this topic in the 1970s, asscientists had become increasingly worried aboutthe combustion of fossil fuel resulting in a warmerclimate. In the mid-1990s, he became the firstperson to create an integrated assessment model,i.e. a quantitative model that describes the globalinterplay between the economy and the climate.His model integrates theories and empiricalresults from physics, chemistry and economics.Nordhaus’ model is now widely spread and isused to simulate how the economy and theclimate co-evolve. It is used to examine theconsequences of climate policy interventions, forexample carbon taxes.The contributions of Paul Romer and WilliamNordhaus are methodological, providing us withfundamental insights into the causes andconsequences of technological innovation andclimate change. This year’s Laureates do notdeliver conclusive answers, but their findingshave brought us considerably closer to answeringthe question of how we can achieve sustainedand sustainable global economic growth.(Source : https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/)

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÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ14, «UÊÚ0 Á’⁄U‡Ê ªÈ„UÊ S≈˛UË≈U, ∑§Ù‹∑§ÊÃÊ–700 017, ÷Ê⁄Ã

THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, INDIA

ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· / Telephone : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323 »Ò§Ä‚ / Fax : 91-33-2287-2551fl’‚Êß≈ / Website : http://sciencecongress.nic.in ß¸-◊‹ / E-mail : [email protected]

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‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÃZ •ı⁄ ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ∑§Ë Áfl‡Ê·ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄/Terms of Membership and Privileges of Members :

‚¢SÕÊ ∑§Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ©Ÿ ‚÷Ë ‹ÊªÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ πÈ‹Ë „Ò¢, ¡Ê SŸÊÃ∑§ ÿÊ ©‚∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ SÃ⁄ ¬⁄ ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ •¡¸Ÿ ∑§⁄øÈ∑§ „Ò¢, •ı⁄ Á¡ã„¢ ÷Ê⁄Ã ◊¢ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ë Ã⁄Ä∑§Ë ◊¢ M§Áø „Ò¢–

Membership of the Association is open to person with Graduate or equivalent Academic Qualificationsand interested in the advancement of Science in India.

1. flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ — ¡Ê √ÿÁÄÃ Ÿÿ M§¬ ‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ª˝„áÊ ∑§⁄ŸÊ øÊ„ÃÊ „Ò ©‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§r 200/- ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÷ÃË¸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 50/-* (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞** U.S. $ 70) ◊ÊòÊ ŒŸ ¬«∏¢ª– flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ¬˝àÿ∑§ fl·¸ ∑§ 01 •¬˝Ò‹ ∑§Ê Œÿ „Ê ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ¡Ê ÷Ë 15 ¡È‹Êß¸ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ Ÿ„Ë¢•ŒÊ ∑§⁄ ¬Ê∞ªÊ fl„ ©‚ ‚Ê‹ ∑§ Á‹∞ •¬ŸË flÊ≈ ŒŸ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ‚ fl¢ÁøÃ „Ê ¡Ê∞ªÊ •ı⁄/ÿÊ fl„ ©‚ fl·¸∑§ Á‹∞ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ ∑§Ê ÷Ë ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ Ÿ„Ë¢ ∑§⁄ ¬Ê∞ªÊ– flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ŒÊ’Ê⁄Ê •ª‹‚Ê‹ 15 ¡È‹Êß¸ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Á’ŸÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ÁŒ∞ ¬ÈŸ— •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¢–

‚ŒSÿªáÊ •¬ŸÊ ¬¬⁄ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ©ã„¢ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§Ë ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ¬˝ÁÃ Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ◊¢ ¬˝ÊåÃ „Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò– ß‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ fl ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êß¢‚”” ∑§Ë¬˝ÁÃ ÷Ë Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ©‚ ‚Ê‹ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑Î§¬ÿÊ ISCA fl’‚Êß≈‚ »§Ê◊¸ «Ê©Ÿ‹Ê« ∑§⁄¢–

1. Annual Member : A person willing to be enrolled as new Annual Member has to pay anannual subscription of r 200/- along with an admission fee of r 50/-* (for foreign** U.S.$70) only. The annual subscription of a Member shall become due on the 1st April of eachyear. Anyone who fails to pay the subscription on or before the 15th July in any year shalllose the right of voting and/or holding any office of the Association for that year. A memberfailing to pay the annual subscription by the end of March of the following year shall ceaseto be a Member. Annual members can renew their Membership without paying the admissionfee in the next year by remitting subscriptions in time i.e. within 15th July. Members maycontribute papers for presentation at the Science Congress. They will receive, free of cost,reprints of the Proceedings of the Session of any one section of their interest and also thebi-monthly journal of the Association Everymans Science for that year only. For Renewalof Membership please download the form from ISCA website.

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2. ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ — ÿÁŒ ∑È§¿ ∑§Ê⁄áÊÊ¢ ‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ©‚ fl·¸ ∑§ 15 ¡È‹Êß¸ ∑§ •¢Œ⁄ ŒÊ„⁄ÊŸÊ÷Í‹ ¡Ê∞°, ÃÊ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ, ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Á’ŸÊ flÊ≈ «Ê‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ◊¢ ‚ËÁ◊Ã ∑§⁄ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ–‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ∑§Ê r 200/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ $ 50) •ŒÊ ∑§⁄ŸÊ ¬«∏ªÊ– ∞∑§ ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ‹π/¬ÊS≈⁄ ¬˝SÃÈÃË∑§⁄áÊ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÊªÊ Á¡‚ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§Ê fl„ ‚ŒSÿ „Ò¢– ∞∑§ ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ flÊ≈ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¢ ÷Êª ‹Ÿ ∑§ÿÊÇÿ Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢– ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê Áfl÷ÊªÊ¢ ∑§ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ’ÒΔ∑§Ê¢ •ı⁄ ‚ÊœÊ⁄áÊ ’ÒΔ∑§Ê¢ ◊¢ ÷Êª ‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ÿÊÇÿÃÊ ¬˝ÊåÃŸ„Ë¢ „Ò¢–

2. Sessional Member : If for some reasons, Annual Members fail to renew their Membershipby remitting subscription prior to 15th July each year, their Membership for the year wouldbe restricted to Sessional Membership without voting right. Sessional Member has to payr 200/- (for foreign $50). A Sessional Member shall have the right to present paper/posterat the session of the congress of which he/she is a member. A Sessional Member shall notbe eligible to participate in the voting process. A Sessional member shall not be eligibleto participate in the Business meetings of the Sections and the General Body.

3. ¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ — ¡Ê √ÿÁÄÃ SŸÊÃ∑§ SÃ⁄ ‚ ŸËø ¬…∏Êß¸ ∑§⁄ ⁄„Ê „Ò¢, ©‚ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 100/- ◊ÊòÊŒŸ ¬«∏¢ª •¬ŸÊ ŸÊ◊ ¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Á‹πflÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞, ’‡ÊÃ¸ ©‚∑§ •ÊflŒŸ ¬òÊ ¬⁄ ©‚∑§ ¬˝ÊøÊÿ¸/Áfl÷ÊªÊäÿˇÊ/‚¢SÕÊŸ ∑§ ¬˝œÊŸ ∑§ „SÃÊˇÊ⁄ „Ê¢– ∞∑§ ¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ÿ„ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ ÁŒÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ, Á∑§ fl„ •¬ŸÊ¬¬⁄ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄ ‚∑§¢, ’‡ÊÃ¸ fl„ ¬¬⁄ fl„ Á∑§‚Ë flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ÿÊ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§Êß¸ •flÒÃÁŸ∑§‚ŒSÿ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄¢– ©‚ flÊ≈ ∑§⁄Ÿ ∑§Ê ÿÊ ∑§Êÿ¸Ê‹ÿ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ¢òÊáÊ ∑§⁄Ÿ ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ ¬˝ÊåÃ Ÿ„Ë¢ „ÊªÊ–¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê Áfl÷ÊªÊ¢ ∑§ √ÿfl‚Êÿ ’ÒΔ∑§Ê¢ ◊¢ ÷Êª ‹Ÿ ∑§Ë ÿÊÇÿÃÊ ¬˝ÊåÃ Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢–

3. Student Member : A person studying at the under-graduate level may be enrolled as aStudent Member by paying an annual subscription of r 100/- only provided his/herapplication is duly certified by the Principal/Head of the Institution/Department. Astudent member shall have the right to submit papers for presentation at the Session of theCongress of which he/she is a member, provided such papers be communicated through aMember, or an Honorary Member of the Association. He/She shall not have the right tovote or to hold any office. A student member shall not be eligible to participate in theBusiness Meetings of the Sections and the General Body.

4. •Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ — ∞∑§ ‚ŒSÿ •¬Ÿ ÷Áflcÿ ∑§Ë ‚Ê⁄Ë flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∞∑§ ’Ê⁄ ◊¢ r 2,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§Á‹∞ U.S. $ 500) ◊ÊòÊ •ŒÊ ∑§⁄∑§ ¬Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¢– ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄÃ ¡Ê 10 ‚Ê‹ ÿÊ ©‚‚ •Áœ∑§ ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã M§¬‚ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄ øÈ∑§Ê „Ò, ©‚ ©‚∑§Ë ‚¢ÿÈÄÃ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ ™§¬⁄ ¬˝ÁÃfl·¸ r 50/- ∑§Ë ¿Í≈ ŒË ¡Ê∞ªË,’‡ÊÃ¸ Á∑§ ©‚∑§Ë ‚¢ÿÈÄÃ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 1,200/- ‚ ŸËø Ÿ „Ê¢ (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 12.50 •ı⁄ U.S. $300 ∑˝§◊‡Ê—)– ∞∑§ •Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ©‚∑§ ¬Í⁄ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¢ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ‚Ê⁄ Áfl‡Ê·ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄ ¬˝ÊåÃ „Ê¢ª–

4. Life Member : A Member may compound all future annual subscriptions by paying a singlesum of r 2,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 500) only. Any person who has been continuouslya member for 10 years or more, shall be allowed a reduction in the compounding fee ofr 50/- for every year of such membership, provided that the compounding fee shall not beless than r 1,200/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 12.50 and U.S. $ 300 respectively). A life Membershall have all the privileges of a member during his/her lifetime.

5. ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ — ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ¡Ê r 5,000/- ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Œ fl„Ë ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ©‚ ÁflûÊËÿ fl·¸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ’Ÿ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò, (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 2,500)– ß‚◊¢ fl„ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ∑§flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚òÊ ◊¢ •¬Ÿ ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄÃ ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ŸÊ◊Ê¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¢, ¡Ê ©Ÿ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁœ „Ê¢– ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ

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∑§Ê flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§Ë ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ¬ÍáÊ¸ ¬˝ÁÃ Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ◊¢ ¬˝ÊåÃ „Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò– ß‚‚ ‚ÊÕfl ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êß¢‚”” ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ ÷Ë Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢–

5. Institutional Member : An Institution paying a subscription of r 5,000/- (for foreign**U.S. $ 2,500) only, can become an Institutional Member of the Association for that financialyear. It shall be eligible to nominate one person as its representative to attend Annual Sessionof the Science Congress. An Institutional Member shall be eligible to receive, free of cost,a copy of the complete set of Proceedings of the Annual Science Congress Session as alsoa copy each of the Associations journal Everymans Science.

6. ŒÊÃÊ — ∑§Êß¸ ÷Ë √ÿÁÄÃ ¡Ê ∞∑§‚ÊÕ r 10,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 5,000) ◊ÊòÊ Œ¢, fl„ ‚¢SÕÊ∑§ ŒÊÃÊ ’Ÿ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄÃªÃ ŒÊÃÊ ∑§Ê fl„ ‚Ê⁄ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ •ı⁄ Áfl‡Ê·ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄ Á◊‹¢ª ¡Ê ∞∑§ ‚ŒSÿ∑§Ê ©‚∑§ ¬ÍáÊ¸ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¢ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÊÃ „Ò¢–

∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ¡Ê ∞∑§‚ÊÕ r 50,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 25,000) ◊ÊòÊ Œ¢, ‚ŒÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ß‚ ‚¢SÕÊ∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ŒÊÃÊ ’Ÿ ‚∑§Ã „Ò, Á¡‚ fl„ ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄÃ ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊Ê¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄∑§ ©‚ •¬Ÿ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁœ ∑§M§¬ ◊¢ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ∑§ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚òÊ ◊¢ ÷¡ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ/√ÿÁÄÃªÃ ŒÊÃÊ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ •ı⁄ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êß¢‚”” ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ ÷Ë ÁflŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝ÊåÃ ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢–

6. Donor : Any person paying a lump sum of r 10,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 5,000) only,can become an Individual Donar of the Association, an INDIVIDUAL DONOR shall haveall the rights and privileges of a member during his/her lifetime.An Institution paying a lump of r 50,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 25,000) only, can becomean INSTITUTIONAL DONOR of the Association forever, which shall have the right tonominate one person as its representative to attend Annual Session of the Science Congress.An Institutional/Individual Donor shall be eligible to receive, free of cost, a copy of thecomplete set of Proceedings of the Annual Science Congress Session as also the Associationsjournal Everymans Science.

* ÷ÃË¸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 50/- Á‚»¸§ ∞∑§ Ÿÿ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „Ò– ÿ„ ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ/•Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/ŒÊÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò–

* Admission fee of r 50/- is needed only for becoming a new Annual Member and not forSessional Member/Life Member/Institutional Member/Student Member/Donor.

** (∞∑§ ÁflŒ‡ÊË ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê •Õ¸ „Ò¢, ¡Ê ÷Ê⁄Ãfl·¸ ∑§ ’Ê„⁄ ∑§Ê ŸÊªÁ⁄∑§ „Ê¢–)

** (A Foreign Member means one who is normally Resident outside India).(•) ¬¬⁄ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄ŸÊ — ∞∑§ ¬ÍáÊ¸ ¬¬⁄ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ ©‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÃËŸ ‚Ê⁄Ê¢‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁÃ ¡Ê 100 ‡ÊéŒÊ¢ ‚ íÿÊŒÊ Ÿ

„Ê¢ •ı⁄ Á¡∏‚◊¢ ∑§Êß¸ •Ê⁄π ÿÊ »§Ê◊Í¸‹Ê Ÿ „Ê¢, fl„ ¬˝àÿ∑§ fl·¸ 15 Á‚Ãê’⁄ ∑§ •¢Œ⁄ •ŸÈ÷ÊªËÿ •äÿˇÊÃ∑§ ¬„È°ø ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„∞–

(A) Presentation of Papers : A copy of complete paper accompanied by an abstract intriplicate not exceeding one hundred words and not containing any diagram or formula,must reach the Sectional President latest by September 15, each year.

(’) ‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ¡Ê ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ◊¢ ÷Êª ‹Ÿ ∑§ ¬‡øÊÃ ‹ÊÒ≈Ã ‚◊ÿ ∑§ Á≈∑§≈ ◊¢ Á⁄ÿÊÿÃ ¬˝ÊåÃ∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò, ’‡ÊûÊZ Á∑§ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ πø¸ ∑§Ê ÕÊ«∏Ê ÷Ë ÷Êª ‚⁄∑§Ê⁄ (∑§ãŒ˛Ëÿ ÿÊ ⁄Êíÿ), ∑§Êß¸ ∑§ÊŸÍŸË

205


‚ûÊÊ ÿÊ ∑§Êß¸ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ÿÊ ∑§Êß¸ Ÿª⁄¬ÊÁ‹∑§Ê Ÿ ©ΔÊ∞° •ı⁄ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ∑È§‹ ∑§◊Êß¸ ÿÊ ¬Á⁄‹ÁéœÿÊ¢ r 5,000/-(¬˝ÁÃ ◊Ê„ ¬Ê°ø „¡Ê⁄ L§¬∞) ‚ •Áœ∑§ Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢– ∑Î§¬ÿÊ ISCA fl’‚Êß≈ ‚ ⁄‹fl Á⁄ÿÊÿÃ »§Ê◊¸ «Ê©Ÿ‹Ê« ∑§⁄¢–

(B) Members of all categories are entitled to Railway Concession of return ticket by the sameroute with such conditions as may be laid down by the Railway Board for travel to attendthe Science Congress Session provided that their travelling expenses are not borne, evenpartly, by the Government (Central or State), Statutory Authority or an University or aCity Corporation and their total earning of or emoluments drawn do not exceed r 5,000/-(Rupees Five Thousand per month). Please download the Railway Concession form fromISCA Website.

(‚) ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ¬ÈSÃ∑§Ê‹ÿ ◊¢ ‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ¬…∏Ÿ ∑§Ë ‚ÈÁflœÊ ‚È’„ 10.00 ’¡ ‚ ‡ÊÊ◊ ∑§Ê 5.30’¡ Ã∑§ ‚÷Ë ∑§Ê◊ ∑§ ÁŒŸÊ¢ ◊¢ (‡ÊÁŸflÊ⁄ •ı⁄ ⁄ÁflflÊ⁄) ∑§Ê ¿Ê«∏∑§⁄ ¬˝ÊåÃ „ÊªË–

(C) Members of all categories are entitled to reading facilities between 10.00 a.m. to 5.30p.m. on all weekdays (except Saturdays & Sundays) in the library of the Association.

(«) ‚◊ÿ ‚◊ÿ ¬⁄ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê Ãÿ ∑§Ë ªß¸ ◊ÍÀÿ Œ⁄Ê¢ ¬⁄ ÁflüÊÊ◊ªÎ„, ‚÷ÊªÊ⁄ •ÊÁŒ ‚ÈÁflœÊ•Ù¢ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊÁåÃ ÷Ë‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢–

(D) Members of all categories may avail Guest House facilities, Lecture Hall hiring at therates fixed by the Association from time to time.

(ß¸) ÷Áflcÿ ◊¢ ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê •ÊÿÊÁ¡Ã ¬Á⁄‚¢flÊŒ, ‚ê◊‹Ÿ •ı⁄ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ◊¢ ‚÷ËflªÊZ∑§ ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ mÊ⁄Ê ÷Êª ‹Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ •¬ŸËó•¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ¬òÊ ∑§Ê ‹ÊŸÊ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „ÊªÊ–

(E) Members of all categories should bring the Membership Card always for attending anySeminar, Conference and Annual Congress organized by ISCA in future.

äÿÊŸ Œ¢ — (1) ‚÷Ë ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ The Indian Science Congress Association ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ „Ë Á‹πÊ ¡Ê∞°,‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¢ ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊÁåÃ •ı⁄ ¡Ê ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ ◊¢ Œÿ „Ê¢– ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ‚ ÿ„ÁŸflŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄„Ê „Ò, Á∑§ fl •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ©À‹π ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬òÊÊøÊ⁄ ∑§ flÄÃ •fl‡ÿ ∑§⁄¢–

(2) ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê ◊ŸË•Ê°«¸⁄, •Êß¸. ¬Ë. •Ù., ß¸. ‚Ë. ∞‚. ÿÊ ø∑§ ‚ ÷ÈªÃÊŸ ª˝„áÊ Ÿ„Ë¢Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑§Êß¸ ÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄Ã ‚ŒSÿÃÊ »§Ê◊¸ (•ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ Ÿß¸ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ/‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§Á‹∞) ◊¢ ÁflÁœflÃ Á’ŸÊ ÷⁄Ÿ ‚ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ–

(3) Ÿ∑§ŒË ∑§fl‹ ISCA ◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ ◊¢ „ÊÕ ‚ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑Î§¬ÿÊ «Ê∑§ mÊ⁄Ê Á‹»§Ê»§ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Ÿ∑§ŒË Ÿ„Ë¢ ÷¡¢–

Note : (1) All Bank Drafts should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association,membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata.Members are requested to mention their Membership No. while making any correspondenceto ISCA office.(2) No money order, I.P.O., ECS or cheque will be accepted by ISCA. No Membership willbe taken without duly filled in prescribed Membership Form (Application From for NewMembership/Application for Renewal of Membership).(3) Cash will only be taken by hand at ISCA Hqrs. Pl. do not send the Cash by Post withinthe envelop.

206


÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ14, «UÊÚ0 Á’⁄U‡Ê ªÈ„UÊ S≈˛UË≈U, ∑§Ù‹∑§ÊÃÊ–700 017, ÷Ê⁄Ã

THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, INDIA

ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· / Telephone : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323 »Ò§Ä‚ / Fax : 91-33-2287-2551fl’‚Êß≈ / Website : http://sciencecongress.nic.in ß¸-◊‹ / E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ŸÿÊ •ÊflŒŸ ¬òÊ/Application Form For New Membership

‚flÊ ◊¢/To

◊„Ê‚Áøfl (‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Êÿ¸)/The General Secretary (Membership Affairs)÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ/The Indian Science Congress Association14, «ÊÚ0 Á’⁄‡Ê ªÈ„Ê S≈˛Ë≈/14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street,∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ-700 017/Kolkata-700 017

◊„ÊŒÿ/Dear Sir,

◊Ò¢ ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§Ê •Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ/‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ/√ÿÁÄÃªÃŒÊÃÊ/‚¢SÕÊªÃ ŒÊÃÊ •¬ŸÊ ŸÊ◊ Á‹πflÊŸÊ øÊ„ÃÊ/øÊ„ÃË „Í°–

I like to be enrolled as a Life Member/Annual Member/Sessional Member/Student Member/Institutional Member/Individual Donor/Institutional Donor of The Indian Science Congress Association.(Pl. Tick)

◊Ò¢ ß‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ óóóóó ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Ÿ∑§∏Œ r óóóóó/’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ‚¢ÅÿÊ óóóóóÁŒŸÊ¢Á∑§Ã óóóóó ¬˝øÊ‹∑§ ’Ò¢∑§ óóóóó 01 •¬Ò̋‹ 20—— ‚ 31 ◊Êø¸ 20—— Ã∑§ ÷¡ ⁄„Ê/⁄„Ë „Í°–

I am sending herewith an amount of r in payment of my subscription by Cash/Bank DraftNo. dated issuing bank from the year 1st April 20_____ to 31st March 20_____.

◊Ò¢ ÁŸêŸÁ‹ÁπÃ Áfl÷Êª ◊¢ L§Áø ⁄πÃÊ/⁄πÃË „Í° (∑Î§¬ÿÊ Á∑§‚Ë ∞∑§ ◊¢ ÁŸ‡ÊÊŸ ‹ªÊ∞°)/I am interested in thefollowing section (Please tick any one).

Áfl÷Êª/Sections1. ∑Î§Á· •ı⁄ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ/Agriculture and Forestry Sciences

2. ¬‡ÊÈ, ¬‡ÊÈÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê •ı⁄ ◊àSÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences

3. ◊ÊŸfl‡ÊÊùËÿ •ı⁄ √ÿfl„Ê⁄¬⁄∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã, „Ò¢, ¬È⁄ÊÃàfl-ÁflôÊÊŸ, ◊ŸÊÁflôÊÊŸ, ‡ÊÒÁˇÊ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄‚ŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ)/Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences (including Archaeology, Psychology,Education and Military Sciences)

4. ⁄‚ÊÿŸ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Chemical Sciences

S≈Òê¬ •Ê∑§Ê⁄ ∑§Ê»§Ê≈Ê /

Stamp SizePhotograph

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5. ÷Í-¬hÁÃ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Earth System Sciences

6. •Á÷ÿãÃÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Engineering Sciences

7. ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄áÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Environmental Sciences

8. ‚ÍøŸÊ •ı⁄ ‚¢øÊ⁄áÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë (Á¡‚◊¢ ∑¢§åÿÍ≈⁄ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò)/Information andCommunication Science & Technology (including Computer Sciences)

9. ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Materials Science

10. ªÁáÊÃ ÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ‚Ê¢ÁÅÿ∑§Ëÿ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò)/Mathematical Sciences (including Statistics)

11. ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ‡ÊÊù (Á¡‚◊¢ ‡Ê⁄Ë⁄ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò)/Medical Sciences (including Physiology)

12. ŸÿÊ ¡ËflÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ¡Ëfl ⁄‚ÊÿŸ, ¡Ëfl ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë •ı⁄ •ÊáÊÁfl∑§ ¡ËflÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄ ¡Ëfl-¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã„Ò)/New Biology (including Bio-Chemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology andBiotechnology)

13. ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ëÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Physical Sciences

14. flŸS¬ÁÃ ÁflôÊÊŸ/Plant Sciences

(∑Î§¬ÿÊ ≈¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄¢ ÿÊ é‹ÊÚ∑§ •ˇÊ⁄Ê¢ ◊¢ ÷⁄¢/Please type or fill up in Block Letters)

ŸÊ◊/Name (é‹ÊÚ∑§ •ˇÊ⁄Ê¢ ◊¢/in Block Letters) :

üÊË/‚ÈüÊË/üÊË/üÊË◊ÃË/«ÊÚ0/¬˝Ê0/Mr./Ms./Shri/Shrimati/Dr./Prof (∑Î§¬ÿÊ Á≈∑§ ∑§⁄¢)/(Please tick)

∑È§‹ŸÊ◊/Surname ¬˝Õ◊ ŸÊ◊/First Name ◊äÿ ŸÊ◊/Middle Name

‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ/Academic Qualifications :

(•¢ÁÃ◊ ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ-¬òÊ •¢∑§-‚ÍøË ∑§Ê SflÃ—‚àÿÊÁ¬Ã Á¡⁄ÊÄ‚ ¬˝ÁÃ ‚¢‹ÇŸ ∑§⁄ŸÊ „Ò/Self attestedxerox copy of last educational certificate/marksheet must be attached)

¬ŒŸÊ◊/Designation

‚ê¬∑¸§ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ/Address of communication :

(⁄Êíÿ, ‡Ê„⁄/Ÿª⁄ •ı⁄ Á¬Ÿ ∑§Ê« ‚Á„Ã/including state, city/town and pin code)

ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· ‚¢ÅÿÊ/◊Ê’Êß¸‹ ‚¢ÅÿÊ •ı⁄ ß¸-◊‹/Phone No./Mobile Number & E-mail :

Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‚⁄∑§Ê⁄Ë •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŒÃ ¬„øÊŸ ¬òÊ (•ÁŸflÊÿ¸)/Any Govt. approved ID Card (Mandatory) :

flÃ¸◊ÊŸ fl·¸ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ¬˝fl‡Ê-¬òÊ/Current Year University Admit Card :

SÕÊÿË ¬ÃÊ/Permanent Address :

ÁŒŸÊ¢∑§/Date : ÷flŒËfl/Yours Faithfully

„SÃÊˇÊ⁄/Signature

208


äÿÊŸ Œ¢ — (i) ‚÷Ë ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ The Indian Science Congress Association ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ „Ë Á‹πÊ ¡Ê∞°, ‚ŒSÿÃÊ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¢ ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ¬˝ÊÁåÃ •ı⁄ ¡Ê ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ ◊¢ Œÿ „Ê¢–

Note : (i) All Bank Drafts should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association,membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata.

(ii) ‚÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ •ı⁄ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ •ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ •ÊflŒ∑§Ê¢ ∑§Ê •¬Ÿ πÈŒ ∑§ ¬Ã ©¬‹éœ∑§⁄Ê∑§ ∑§⁄Ÿ øÊÁ„∞ Ÿ Á∑§ Œπ÷Ê‹ ∑§ ¬Ã ¬˝SÃÈÃ ∑§⁄Ÿ øÊÁ„∞–

(ii) All Application Forms for Membership and the renewal of Membership must besubmitted by providing the address of the applicants themselves only and not any careof address.

(iii) ÷ÃË¸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ r 50/- Á‚»¸§ ∞∑§ Ÿÿ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „Ò– fl„ ‚ŒSÿ/•Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/ŒÊÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò–

(iii) Admission fess of r 50/- is needed only for becoming a new Annual Member andnot for Sessional Member/Life Member/Institutional Member/Student Member/Donor.

(iv) ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ‚ ÿ„ ÁŸflŒŸ Á∑§flÊ ¡Ê ⁄„Ê „Ò Á∑§ fl •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ©À‹π ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§ÊÿÊ¸‹ÿ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬òÊÊøÊ⁄ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ •fl‡ÿ ∑§⁄¢–

(iv) Members are requested to mention their Membership No. while making anycorrespondence to ISCA office.

(v) ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê ◊ŸË•ÊÚ«¸⁄, •Êß¸. ¬Ë. •Ù., ß¸. ‚Ë. ∞‚. ÿÊ ø∑§ ‚ ÷ÈªÃÊŸ ª˝„áÊŸ„Ë¢ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ–

(v) No Money Order, I.P.O., ECS or Cheque will be accepted by ISCA.

(vi) ∑§Êß¸ ÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄Ã ‚ŒSÿÃÊ »§Ê◊¸ (•ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ Ÿß¸ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ/‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞)◊¢ ÁflÁœflÃ Á’ŸÊ ÷⁄Ÿ ‚ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ–

(vi) No Membership will be taken without duly filled in prescribed Membership Form(Application Form for New Membership/Application For Renewal of Membership).

(vii) Ÿ∑§ŒË ∑§fl‹ ISCA ◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ ◊¢ „ÊÕ ‚ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑Î§¬ÿÊ «Ê∑§ mÊ⁄Ê Á‹»§Ê»§ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Ÿ∑§ŒËŸ„Ë¢ ÷¡¢–

(vii) Cash will only be taken by hand at ISCA Hqrs. Pl. do not send the cash by Post withinthe envelope.

Documents

August- Sept 18 - Science Congress