AFSAL .PKM.Ed 2010-2011

PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF EDUCATION

AUTOCRATIC METHODS OF TEACHING:

1.LECTURE METHOD

2.DEMONSTRATION METHOD

3.TUTORIAL METHOD

1.LECTURE METHOD

Main facts

1. considered as the oldest teaching method2. a teacher centered teaching method involving

one way communication3. based on the philosophy of idealism

According to James Michael Lee “a lecture is a pedagogical method whereby a teacher formally delivers a carefully planned expository address on some particular topic”

1.LECTURE METHOD

How to prepare and deliver more effective lectures:

•Better to outline the lecture notes than to write everything in full

•Don’t be so rigid with the plan of the talk

•Distribute among the audience appropriate reading materials prior to the presentation.

•A good beginning is an important factor for an effective lecture

•Appropriate use of humor is a wonderful means of stimulating attention and imagination.

Situations when lecture method can be effectively used

•In the introduction of a new topic.

•In the introduction of new instruments.

•Revising and summarizing lessons.

•Presentation of supplementary information.

•Covering the syllabus quickly.

•Presenting the history of plants and animals

•Passing on biographical information about scientists.

•Presentation of factual information.

•Large number of students can be handled at the same time.

•It economizes time and effort.

•The teacher can express his ideas very effectively by his tone, gestures and facial expressions.

•It provides better opportunity for clarification of important things.

•It can be organized in accordance with the principles of educational psychology.

•It is easy for the teacher to prepare and execute•This method is more helpful in introducing a new topic.

•Lecture method develops good audience habits.

•It provides opportunities of correlating events and subjects

Advantages of lecture method

Disadvantages of lecture method

•Lengthy lectures can easily lead to boredom

•It does not encourage pupil activity unless the lecturer is extremely competent.

•In it, the students are generally passive recipients.

•The average students may not be able to fix up his attention to a lecture of say45 minutes. During this span his attention may be diverted.

•In this method more content may be covered, but less learning may take place.

•A lecture may become monotonous to the pupils after a while. •There is no way to know the real reaction of pupils.

How to evaluate a lecture?.....The evaluation tool may contain the following factors:•The speakers content expertise

•The language used

•The degree of transparency of presentation

•Extent of realization of objectives

•Use of audio visual aids and other mediators

•Attention and intellectual participation of students

•Extent of stimulus various

•Appropriateness of the method to the content

2.DEMONSTRATION METHOD

2.Demonstration method

MAIN FACTS

• Demonstration means showing how something is to be done and not to be done.

• Through demonstration a teacher presents a task requiring some skill before the students

• The student’s role is that of the observer and recorder of information and skills

• Demonstrations are most effective when followed by a corresponding student-activity.

This method is especially desirable when:

• The apparatus to be used is very costly

• Experiments involve a slight danger

• Apparatus is very sensitive and unsuitable for children to handle

• Several experiments are to be performed sequentially

Characteristics of a good demonstration•All pupils should be able to observe the demonstration

•Apparatus, specimens, models, etc. should be as large as possible and graduation in any instrument used should be prominent

•Attention must be given to the adequate lighting of the demonstration table

•Make sure that all the materials and illustrations are nearby when the demonstration begins

•Apparatus should be arranged in the proper order

•Before demonstration, adequate and specific instructions for observation must be given to pupils

•Whenever possible, involve students in the demonstration

Characteristics continues……….

•The demonstrated items should be removed from the vicinity of the pupils when its use is over

•When several tasks are to be demonstrated during a lesson, they should not be shown all at once

•Breakdown the demonstration into a simple step by step pattern so that it can be neither too fast nor too slow

•For recording the data pupils should be given sufficient time

•Prior to demonstration, the teacher should conduct a thorough rehearsal

•Control experiments play a great part to clarify details

•Time and season for practical work should be considered

•There must be an element of curiosity, anticipation or surprise associated with the demonstration

•A black board behind the demonstration table will facilitate summarizing the related principles and key concepts, in time

3.TUTORIAL METHOD

3.The Tutorial Method

1. This method of teaching was said to be invented by Socrates.

2. It sprang from the character of the Greek people who loved asking questions and arguing them out.

3. This was done by asking the student a series of questions.

4. In the process of answering questions on the part of the student, he was made to realize that knowledge and truth were in the student's own power to find, if he cares to search long enough and hard enough.

5. It is in the combination of these two assumptions, namely: the critical method and the positive purpose of self assertion, where the essence of the tutorial method lies

Main facts

The merits of tutorial methods are summarized below:

•It caters to the learner's individualized needs, interests, aptitude

•It permits the learner to acquire a gradual, orderly and sequential progression from a broad and relatively simple level to one of much greater depth and complexity

•It makes possible immediate feedback, thereby promoting the learner's motivation

•It encourages active, analytic, independent learning in the student

•It trains oral presentation, articulation and intellectual self-defense.

•It enables the students to come to grasp more quickly with abstract concepts and complicated problem-solving skills.

Some drawbacks of tutorial method:

•It is an extremely expensive method in terms of money, time and effort

•It may unnecessarily foster unhealthy identification of the learner with the tutor.

•It is liable to provoke an enormous amount of anxiety in the learner; thereby retarding the latter's learning progress

In view of the impracticability and the demerits of the tutorial method, some modified forms of the tutorial system have been developed and are in popular use in college and university teaching. They are of the following.

. 1. Small group tutorial,

2. Seminar,

3. Colloquium,

4. Panel presentation and

5. Debate discussion

1.Small Group Tutorial

1.The tutor takes a small group of students, about five to seven

2.Each student takes turn to prepare and to present his written report orally

3.The other students, led by the tutor, will fire questions, comments and queries towards the student charged with the presentation

2.Seminar

• A student will take turn to deliver a paper on a particular topic, carefully written after much thorough reading

• The other students will listen to the presentation, make notes of his references and follow up by further reading

• The role of the instructor is to direct the discussion, in which all students take part.

3.Colloquium

•The students meet in a group and talk about their reading, confronting each other with challenges and questions, and probing into the multifarious facets of an issue with intent to seek depth and breadth in knowledge

•Result in the realization of the art of conversation, a sense of style in speaking, and the interplay of poise, gravity, humor and controversy will be achieved by the students.

4.Panel-Presentation

•A group of students, typically from 3 to 6, forms a panel.

•Each panelist prepares a sub-part in a subject in some depth and then presents it before the class

•The panel chairman participates to keep the discussion to the point, to invite silent class members to talk or to give an occasional summary to suggest how the discussion has progressed

•The purpose is to provide an opportunity for the panelists to learn rhetoric speaking in front of a group and to practice intellectual defense.

5.Debate-discussion

•Two or more speakers usually take definite points of view, present their opinions and facts, and participate later by responding to questions and comments from others in the class.

•Quickness and sharpness in thinking and the art of exposition and discourse are the fruits of such learning activity

WHICH METHOD IS GOOD…………………….?

As each one of these method has its advantages and disadvantages, it is better advised to select the method with respect to the content, contest, audience, available resources, etc…….