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Research, monitoring and modelling in the study of climate change and air pollution impacts on forest ecosystems
5 – 7 October 2010, Rome
Availability and evaluation of European forest soil monitoring
data within the ICP Forests Monitoring
Programme
Nathalie Cools and Bruno De VosForest Soil Co-ordinating Centre, Belgium
http://fscc.inbo.be
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UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
ICP Forests
Large-scale forest condition monitoring (level I):• Objective: Monitoring of forest condition and its spatial and temporal changes on a systematic grid across Europe (16 x 16 km grid)• About 6000 plots• Surveys:
– Crown condition (defoliation, discolouration, damage visible to the trees) ANNUALLY
– Foliar chemistry (1400 plots)
– Soil chemistry
www.icp-forests.org
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UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboudary Air Pollution
ICP ForestsIntensive monitoring (Level II)• Objective: Integrated evaluation of
different surveys to understand complex ecosystem processes
• About 800 plots• Major forest types in Europe are
represented• Surveys:
– Crown condition– Foliar chemistry– Soil chemistry– Tree growth– Ground vegetation– Stand structure incl. deadwood– Epiphytic lichens– Soil solution chemistry– Atmospheric deposition– Ambient air quality– Meteorology– Phenology– Litterfall– Remote sensing
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European soil databases within ICP Forests
Systematic Monitoring Sites Level I
Permanent Monitoring
Sites Level II
Commission Regulation EEC no. 926/93 Forest Soil Condition Database
Commission Regulation EEC no. 3528/86FIMCI database
Commission Regulation EEC no. 2152/2003 (Forest Focus) BioSoil demonstration projectLevel I
Commission Regulation EEC no. 2152/2003 (Forest Focus) BioSoil demonstration project
Profile descriptions and samples fromgenetic horizons
Profile descriptions and samples fromgenetic horizons
Composite samplesfixed depths
(O, M01, M12)
Composite samplesfixed depths
(O, M01, M12)
Composite samplesfixed depths
(O, M01, M12, M24, M48)
Composite samplesfixed depths
(O, M01, M12, M24, M48)
Intensive Monitoring Sites (IM1)
Life + FutMon project 2009/2010
Subset of Level II: 127 plots
Profile descriptions and samples fromgenetic horizons
Composite samplesfixed depths
(O, M01, M12, M24, M48)
1994 - 1995 2006 - 2007
2009 - 2010
ICP Forest Manual IIIa, 1994 ICP Forest Manual IIIa, update 2006
ICP Forest Manual IIIa, update 2006 + FutMon Field protocol soil moisture (D3)
1995 - 1996
Qual
ity
contr
ol
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Forest Soil Condition Database
Fixed depths or recalculated from horizons into fixed depth intervals (0 – 10 – 20 – 40 –80 cm)
Organic layer 0 – 10 cm 10 – 20 cm
Sampled layers
1990 – 2000 (1995)
1985 – 1996 (1994)
Time span of sampling
2430N° countries
7385289N° plots
ICP-Forests Manual (UN/ECE 1994)
ICP-Forests Manual (UN/ECE 1994)Commission Regulation EEC no. 926/93 (CEC, 1993)
Methods
IIILevel
Level II, Ravels, BE, Plot N°14
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Forest Soil Condition Database Level I
28%
60%
21%
6%
85%
88%
81%
83%
40%
95%
100%
%
573
869
2984
1099
4636
4633
4686
2448
2259
3430
Surface
N° plots
11%
16%
56%
21%
88%
88%
89%
46%
43%
65%
%
3
338
987
553
995
996
996
551
371
510
Subsurface
N° plots
4%
6%
19%
10%
19%
19%
19%
10%
7%
10%
%
4400Organic layer mass
Coarse fragments (meas.or est.)
Bulk density (meas. or est.)
Texture (measured or estimated)
1503Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn (Aqua regia)
3173P, K, Ca, Mg (Aqua regia)
1115Exchangeable elements (BCE, ACE, CECe, BS, Exch. Acidity)
325Carbonate content
4471OC
4670Total N
4262pH(CaCl2)
Organic layerSoil parameters at layer level
2132Parent material
5013Soil unit (FAO, 1989)
5289Altitude class (50 m intervals)
N° plotsGeneral parameters
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Quality improvement between 1997 and 2006
• More harmonised methods both in field and in lab:– All countries used same fixed depth intervals (0 – (5) – 10 – 20 – 40 – 80 cm)
– Description of organic subhorizons (OL, OF, OH, Hf, Hfs, Hs) and peat layers
– Min. N° of subsamples in composite, sampling design
• Laboratory methods are refined– Texture analysis by pipette method; USDA texture triangle
– Distinction ‘total’ and ‘total total’ analysis
• Laboratory reference methods are mandatory– Application of ISO standards
– Follow up by ring tests every other year
– Follow up by FSCC soil reference material during BioSoil survey
• Soil classification– Profile description and laboratory analyses mandatory
– World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2006, 2007) mandatory
• Humus classification– Harmonised definitions (advised by European Humus Research Group, 2005)
• Improvement overlay with Crown Condition Survey– Forest soil condition often on (subset of) NFI plots
– BioSoil survey on systematic 16 x 16 km grid
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BioSoil+
Optional/ mandatory according to ICP Forests manual 2006
All parameters of manual were mandatory on all layers
Parameters
- Composite samples at fixed depths:
• Organic layer (OL, OFH-layers or H-layers, peat)
• Mineral soil layer (0 – (5) - 10 – 20 – 40 - 80 cm)
- Samples from genetic horizons from profile pit descriptions
Sampled layers
- Field: more detailed site and profile description (to be reported)
- Lab:measured bulk density; stone content; texture by pipette; total elements; acid oxalate extractable elements
New compared to first inventory
2006 - 20092004 - 2008Time span
– ICP-Forests Manual IIIa (2006)
- Guidelines for soil profile description [FAO (1990) or FSCC (2006)]
- Soil geographical database of Eurasia and the Mediterranean: instruction guide 4.0 (Lambert et al., 2002)
Methods
1722N° Countries
1274928N° plots
Level IILevel I
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BioSoil+ Level I
--3 %133Total elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na)
43 %11027 %1321Acid oxalate extractable Fe and Al
80 %
56 %
0 %
71 %
72 %
72 %
58 %
72 %
Completeness
3934
2784
3476
3544
3544
2848
3546
OFH - layer
N° plots
H-layers (peat)
241
201
15
144
241
241
231
241
N° plots
56 %Organic layer mass
6 %Carbonate content
79 %Exchangeable elements (BaCl2 unbuffered)
95 %Aqua regia extractable elements
Soil parameters at layer level
CompletenessOrganic layer
95 %pH(CaCl2)
91 %pH(H2O)
95 %Total N
95 %OC
• Few important parameters less covered (e.g. France)• Aqua regia extractable elements better covered
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BioSoil+ Level I
8%39312%543Total Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na
Total elements
47%217953%2473Reactive Al, Fe
Acid oxalate extractable elements
29%136687%4046Micronutrients and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, S, Na)
51%237385%3977Macronutrients (P, Ca, K, Mg, Mn)
Aqua regia extractable elements
63%292785%3956Exchangeable acidity, free H+, Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, K, Mg, Na
Exchangeable elements
19%87324%1130Carbonates
54%253493%4345Total N
65%303593%4345Total Organic Carbon
62%291077%3586pH(H2O)
65%303693%4350pH(CaCl2)
pH, OC, N and carbonates
49%226876%3549Coarse fragments (vol % or mass %)
63%292689%4180Measured or estimated bulk density of the fine earth
63%295880%3722Texture class (and % clay, silt and sand)
Physical soil parameters
Mineral subsurfaceMineral surface4673
%N° plots%N° plotsN° of mineral soil plots:
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BioSoil+ Level I: WRB Reference Soil Groups
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FSCdbase and BioSoil+: shared plots
Distance > 2 km
Distance ≤ 2 km
Not in common
Level IILevel I
10 (8%)80 (2%)
95 (75 %)2326 (47 %)
22 (17%)2522 (51%)
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Preliminary analysis: change in soil pH in upper 10 cm of mineral soil
• Overall significant decrease of 0.03 pH units (paired t-test, p= 0.0005, 95% confidence interval [-0.052, -0.015 ])
Stratification by pH classesStratification by RSG
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Stratification by pH classes
2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.4pH(CaCl2) in upper 10 cm of mineral soil (BioSoil+)
0
100
200
300
400
Forest soil condition BioSoil+
2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.2 8.0pH(CaCl2) in upper 10 cm of mineral soil (FSC)
0
100
200
300
400
1.3191.366St. dev.
764NA’s
22662266Total N
7.707.85Max.
4.144.20Median
2.722.50Min
BioSoilFSC
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5
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Stratification by pH classes
0.71380.055 -0.0380.009> 6Class 5
0.83530.100-0.0810.0105 - 6Class 4
0.26030.016-0.061-0.0224 - 5Class 3
0 **-0.035-0.080-0.0583.2 - 4Class 2
0 **-0.10 -0.226-0.163≤ 3.2Class 1
P-value95 % confidence limitsMean differencepH(CaCl2)
0.059
0.107
0.014
-0.035
-0.107
-0.032
-0.072
-0.064
-0.080
- 0.233
95 % confidence limits
**
**
0.011> 6Class 5
0.0115 - 6Class 4
-0.0264 - 5Class 3
-0.0573.2 - 4Class 2
-0.163≤ 3.2Class 1
Mean differecepH(CaCl2)
Paired t-test
After bootstrapping of the mean difference:
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Stratification by WRB Soil Reference Group
254
11
57
82
56
146
182
213
252
368
645
N°plots
-0.05
-0.01
-0.03
0.04
0.01
-0.08
-0.06
-0.01
-0.04
-0.02
Mean dif.
254Other
11Unknown
0.082-0.10157Stagnosols
0.065-0.14782Umbrisols
0.194-0.11556Gleysols
0.094-0.080146Luvisols
**-0.021-0.132182Arenosols
*-0.002-0.114213Leptosols
0.026-0.063252Podzols
**-0.008-0.081368Regosols
0.016-0.058645Cambisols
95 % confidence interval+
N°plots
RSG
+ for LP: 90%
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Conclusions
• Paneuropean soil databases of ICP Forests network: – Soil chemical data available for forest soil monitoring– Good base line of soil physical data– Soil water availability: under development on subset of Level II– Harmonised field and lab methods– Quality control by regular interlaboratory comparisons– Monitoring data: 2421 plots, time interval ± 13 years– Covered parameters old+new:
• pH(CaCl2)• TOC• Total N• CECe, BS, BCE, ACE, Exch. Acidity, BS• Aqua regia extractable elements in organic layer
• Preliminary analysis of pH(CaCl2) in upper 10 cm on 2266 plots:• Decrease of pH in acid forest soils. No change pH(CaCl2) > 4.• The lower the pH class, the bigger the decrease.• Decrease of pH in Regosols, Arenosols and Leptosols.