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Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Stefan NEAGU, Stefan TAMAS
Action FP0903
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
ICAS
� Forests, as a component of Natural Capital and socio-ecological system, provide indispensable benefits for life quality at global, regional and local levels.
� The forests’ functionality and health status are the result of the combined actions of different stressors such as:
� Air pollution;
� Climate change;
� Biotic agents;
� Land use;
� Inappropriate management practices.
� Long term monitoring activities of air pollutants, especially of ozone and other phytotoxic pollutants concentrations are necessary forunderstanding their negative effects on forest health status andbiodiversity, including visible leaf injuries, losses in stand growth and productivity as well as higher sensitivity to biotic and abiotic stressors.
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� To characterize spatial and temporal trends of
ozone distribution.
� To evaluate effects of ozone concentrations on
forests’ health status, growth and biodiversity.
� To select native indicators of air pollutants with a
special emphasis on ozone.
� To estimate incidence and severity of ozone
injury to vegetation.
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Networks where O3 and other pollutants were measured
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� A comparative study between United States of America and the Carpathian countries (the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine) was started in the Carpathians forests –“Evaluation of ozone air pollution and its phytotoxic potential in the Carpathian forests” .
� In Carpathians, a network of 26 locations (6 in Romania) for O3, NO2, SO2 and NH3 concentration measurements was placed.
� 1997 – 1999
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� Research activities regarding long term effects of air pollution on selected forest ecosystems in the Retezat National Park were developed.
� In 2000, in representative forest ecosystems, 11 locations for ozone and other phytotoxic pollutants (NO2 and NH3) monitoring were placed.
� 2000 – 2003
2009 – 2011
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� Long-term effects of air pollution on selected forest ecosystem in the Bucegi Natural Park (EPAEFOR project) – 2005-2008. Since 2009, Piatra – Craiului National Park was included.
� Environmental quality and pressures assessment across Europe: the LTER network as an integrated and shared system for ecosystem monitoring (ENVEUROPE – LIFE+ project) –since 2010.
� 22 monitoring plots (11 placed in 2006 in Bucegi Natural Park and 11 placed in 2009 in Piatra Craiului National Park).
� 2005 – 2008
2009 – 2011
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� Ozone concentrations
monitoring in Level II
plots (MAF project).
� FutMon (LIFE+
project).
� In 4 intensive
monitoring core plots
ozone was
monitored.
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
� 2007 – 2008
� 2009 – 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� Passive samplers system: Ogawa type� 2 replicate filters in a sampler
� Sampling period:� May 15th – October 15th in LTER Sites� April 1st – September 30th in Intensive Monitoring
network (Level II – core plots)� May 15th – October 30th in Carpathian network
� Sampling frequency: � Monthly: LTER sites� Biweekly: Carpathian network, Intensive Monitoring
network (Level II – core plots)
� Laboratory analysis:� 1997 – 2007 – USDA Riverside Laboratory� 2008 – 2011 - ICAS Campulung Moldovenesc
Laboratory� Ion cromatography analysis of nitrate-ion
concentration
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� Since 2010 – Ozone active monitor: Model 202 (2B Technologies)
� UV absorption at 254nm
� Accuracy 1.5 ppb or 2% of reading
� 1 hour average sampling rate
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� In each individual year, differencesbetween seasonal mean concentrations of each locations were noticed, as determined with all pair-wise comparison procedure (Tukey’s test).
� The lowest ozone concentrations values in Romanian Carpathians, as well as at whole Carpathian network level were registered at Retezat location which was relatively not influenced by human activities.
� High concentrations registered in the homogenous group which contains 4 locations (Obcina Mare, Magura Odobesti, Fundata and Stana de Vale) could be related to a long-range transport of polluted air masses from nearby urban agglomerations.
� In general, temporal distribution of ozone concentrations was relatively uniform for all locations (coefficient of variation for 3-year period was 10%).
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
Different letters set as labels to each bar indicate significant
differences between locations at P < 0.05.
Comparisons of mean O3 concentrations
(ppb) for each location during 1997-1999
period – Carpathian project (Romanian
locations)
� Romanian Carpathian locations
showed little variation in
average O3 concentrations
between individual years.
� In comparison with the other
Carpathian countries, in
Romania, the ozone
concentrations registered in
1997-1999 period were the
lowest (range 21.6 – 47.1 ppb).
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
Year-to-year variability of ozone
concentrations on the Carpathian
monitoring network
LocationTukey’s Test (P < 0.05)
2000 2001 2002 2009Judele e c b fRotunda bcde bc b cdefOGA cde bc B efGura Zlata de bc b defRausor abc abc ab abcBaleia Sohodol abcd ab ab aBaleia Stana abcd bc ab aBaleia Urs ab ab ab aCampusel abcd abc b abCampusel Neagu bcde bc b bcdBaleia a aGol Alpin cde
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� There were significant differences in ozone
concentrations between individual sites in
Retezat National Park for each year (Tukey’s
test).
� Ambient O3 showed consistent spatial and
temporal characteristics:
� The western portion of the mountains
experienced the lowest levels
� In 2000 and 2001 concentrations were
similar throughout the season, while in
2002 and 2009 were much lower than in
previous years.
� The coefficient of variation values for each
individual year demonstrates an increase in the
variability of ambient ozone temporal
distribution (20.4% in 2000 up to 34.0% in
2009), but the overall coefficient of variation
value (20%) shows a relative long term spatial
stability at whole network level.
Comparisons of mean O3 concentrations (ppb)
for each location – Retezat National Park
LocationTukey Test (P = 0.05)
2006 2007 2008 2009Salvamont Bran cd abc a bcdObservator Urs e c a d
Timen-Grofi de bc a cdPoiana Stânii bc ab a abcValea cu Brazi abc ab a abc
Dichiu abc ab a bcBrânduşi ab a a ab
Cariera Lespezi abc ab a abcPodu cu Flori a a a a
Bătrâna ab a a abcPiatra Arsă abc ab a abc
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� Except 2008, significant differences in ozone
concentrations between each individual sites in
Bucegi Natural Park (Tukey’s test) were noticed
(seasonal averages for various sites varied between
22.5 ppb and 57.4 ppb).
� Ranges of the monthly average O3 concentrations
for individual locations were similar for 2006, 2007,
and 2009 (20.7–61.6 ppb, 23.0–66.8 ppb, and 19.2–
67.0 ppb, respectively), but were more variable in
2008 (13.5–80.0 ppb).
� The determined seasonal means of 42.5–47.2 ppb in
2006–2008 were higher than those determined in
the Romanian Carpathians in the 1997–1999 period
(39–42 ppb), while the 2009 mean of 40.0 ppb was
in the range of those values.
� Compared with 2006-2008 period, in 2009 the
seasonal average of ambient ozone concentrations
was the lowest at most locations (except Podu cu
Flori location).
� The maximum annual average was registered in
2007, when the temperatures during the growing
season were very high (over 350C), followed by a
small decrease in following years, 2008 and 2009).
Comparisons of mean O3 concentrations (ppb)
for each location – Bucegi Natural Park
� Significant differences in ozone concentrations between individual sites in Piatra Craiului NP (Tukey’s test) were noticed.
� The seasonal mean values for each location were between 21.4 ppb and 39.3 ppb.
� The average value for the entire season was 32.7 ppb in Piatra Craiului NP, compared to 39.9 ppb in Bucegi NP.
� The variation coefficient of ozone concentration were lower in Piatra Craiului NP than in Bucegi NP (17.4% compared to 23.2%, respectively).
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
Comparisons of mean O3 concentrations (ppb)
for each location – Piatra Craiului National
Park
Different letters set as labels to each bar indicate significant
differences between locations at P < 0.05.
� Except 2007, no significant differences in ozone concentrations between individual sites in Level II core plots network was noticed.
� Comparing 2007 and 2008 averages (t-test), no significant differences between individual years were noticed.
� In 2009, the mean of ozone concentration increased with altitude (from 500 m at Mihaesti-gorun to 1300 m at Fundata-fag ).
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
Comparisons of mean O3 concentrations (ppb)
for each location – Intensive Monitoring
(Level II core plots)
Different letters set as labels to each bar indicate significant
differences between locations at P < 0.05.
Distribution of ozone
concentration by altitude during
the period 2006-2009 – Bucegi
NP
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
Distribution of ozone
concentration by altitude in
2009– Bucegi – Piatra Craiului
LTER Site
Distribution of ozone
concentration by altitude during
the period 2000-2002 and 2009 –
Retezat NP
� In Retezat NP, an increase of ozone concentration correlated with altitude was noticed both in terms of exposure period and growing season levels. Compared with the results registered in 2000-2002 period, in 2009 ozone concentrations on altitudinal strata were lower, but slightly higher than in 2002. The correlation between these multiannual ozone distributions and altitude was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The correlation coefficient values (r) vary between 0.469, p > 0.05 (in 2009) and 0.601, p > 0.05 (in 2002).
� In 2009, similar to Retezat NP, in Bucegi - Piatra Craiului an increase of ambient ozone concentrations with altitude was noticed. The same situation was encountered in Bucegi Mountains during the period 2006-2009.
Regression
coefficients
Standard
error of
regression
coefficients
Standardized
coefficients
Step 1
Constant 2.776 4.209Altitude 0.30 0.003 0.700
Step 2
Constant -25.1 5.000Altitude 0.33 0.002 0.759Temperature 1.938 0.256 0.434
� Multiple linear regression
analysis showed that altitude
account for 49% of the
variation of ozone
concentration and mean
temperatures explained
18.5%. Together they
accounted for 67.5% of the
observed O3 changes.Note: R2=0.490 for Step 1; ΔR2=0.185 for Step 2 (αs <
0.001); dependent variable : ozone (y); predictors: altitude
(x) and temperature (z)
Parameters of multiple regression
analysis (step 1: y=b0+b1*x, step
2: y=b0+b1*x+b2*z) – Bucegi NP
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
The influence of ozone
concentrations on percentage of
damaged trees (defoliation classes 2
- 4) (Retezat LTER Site). R2 for linear
relationship was 0.002 indicating no
significant effects of ambient ozone
on defoliation
The influence of ozone
concentrations on percentage of
damaged trees (defoliation
classes 2 - 4)( Bucegi-Piatra
Craiului LTER Site). R2 for linear
relationship was 0.125 indicating
no significant effects of ambient
ozone on defoliation
� The ambient ozone (described as seasonal mean concentrations among locations) had no significant influence on forest health status (percent of trees with crown defoliation above 25%) in Retezat and Bucegi Mts.
� In Bucegi mountains forests, ozone concentration had no effect on annual volume growth losses (due to action of different stress factors).
� Ozone concentrations in Romanian Carpathians were rather low and below the levels considered to be toxic for Norway spruce and European beech, especially in Retezat and Bucegi-Piatra Craiului Mts.
The influence of ozone concentration
on growth losses (Bucegi NP). R2
for linear relationship was 0.047
indicating no significant effects of
ambient ozone on growth losses
Beginning with 2010, an ozone continuous monitor was installed at Stefanesti-stejar core plot. AOT40 was calculated for 2 periods:
� Period 1 April – 30 September� Data completeness 92.5%
� AOT40measured = 13897.3 ppb*h
� AOT40estimated = 15026.3 ppb*h
� Although the AOT40 threshold for forest protection was exceeded at the middle of August, visible foliar injuries weren’t noticed. The continuous overcame of this threshold in the next years can have negative effects on forest growth and biodiversity.
� Period 1 May – 31 July� Data completeness 100%
� AOT40measured = 6453.8 ppb*h
� The AOT40 value calculated for this period doesn’t exceeds the threshold for tree protection of 9000 ppb*h given by the EC Directive 2008/50/CE .
AOT40 calculated for 1 April – 30
September 2010 – Stefanesti –stejar
core plot
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
AOT40 calculated for 1 May – 30
July 2010 – Stefanesti –stejar core
plot
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� Romanian Carpathian forests and the main ecosystems investigatedat level II were characterized by relative good quality with slightly elevated ambient O3 concentrations, but under phytotoxic limits.
� Ambient O3 concentrations showed pronounced spatial and temporal distribution patterns . About 50% of ozone concentrations variation could be explained by altitude and up to 20% by temperature for each exposure period during the 2006-2009 growing seasons in Bucegi NP.
� Average coefficients of variation for ozone concentrations (17.4%-22.2%) show a relative stability and uniformity of spatial and temporal distribution in the monitored areas.
� An influence of ozone concentrations on crown condition and treegrowth was not demonstrated.
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)
� We acknowledge the financial support from European Commission, USDA – Forest Service, Romanian Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Romanian Authority for Research, for these achievements , which are the result of an ongoing and fruitful collaboration of Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS) with vTI – Institute for World Forestry (FutMon), CNR (EnvEurope), USDA –Forest Service (Carpathians), “Transilvania”University of Brasov, University of Bucharest and Retezat, Bucegi and Piatra-Craiului Parks Administrations.
International Conference “Ozone, climate change and forests”, Prague, 14-16 June 2011
Ovidiu BADEA, Diana SILAGHI, Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS)