pirovneba

kultura

sazogadoeba

socialur mecnierebaTa aqtualuri problemebi

(iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis, socialur da politikur mecniere-

baTa fakultetis axlagazrda mecnierTa da doqto-

rantTa 2010 wlis 21 maisis konferenciis masalebi)

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2010

2

samecniero redaqtori: filosofiis doqtori

amiran berZeniSvili

recenzentebi:

valerian ramiSvili, filosofiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori

revaz jorbenaZe, fsiqologiur mecniereba-

Ta doqtori

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-17-118-5

3

sarCevi

1. winaTqma _ amiran berZeniSvili ................................6

2. eka darbaiZe _ saqarTvelos imiji dasavleTis

qveynebSi .....................................................................18

3. flora esebua _ politikis velisa da Jurnalis-

tikis velis Sexvedris adgili: saqarTvelos

energoseqtori omisSemdgom qarTul presaSi .......30

4. lia TeTraZe _ 2010 wlis adgiolobrivi TviTmmar-

Tvelobis arCevnebis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi................................................................48

5. ana kuWuxiZe _ samarTlis statistikis Tavisebu-

rebani da misi roli samarTlebrivi reJimis

uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi ............................................70

6. maia manCxaSvili _ samxreT kavkasiis regionuli

usafrTxoebis sakiTxi 2008 wlis agvistos omis

Semdeg .........................................................................82

7. xaTuna marwyviSvili _ emociuri inteleqtis,

rogorc pirovnuli niSnis sakvlevi kiTxvaris

adaptacia qarTul populaciaze .............................92

8. nani maWaraSvili _ saparlamento demokratiis

problemebi saqarTveloSi........................................119

4

9. naTia mestviriSvili _ moralis ganviTarebis

Teoriebi: piaJedan neokolbergianelebamde..........135

10. nino popiaSvili _ postsabWoTa identoba Savi

zRvis auzis qveynebis diskursSi.............................147

11. Tamar qaraia _ istoriis saxelmZRvanelo da

eTnikuri umciresobebi: problemebi da

perspeqtivebi .............................................................155

12. gizo WeliZe _ politikuri integracia evrokav-

SirSi ...........................................................................168

13. lia wulaZe _ axalgazrduli identobebi

brikolaJis gziT cvalebad sazogadoebaSi:

saqarTvelos SemTxveva .............................................192

14. maia wurwumia _ qalTa arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

procesSi.....................................................................209

5

anotacia

konferenciis moxsenebebis krebuli moicavs Tsu-s

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis

axalgazrda mecnierTa da doqtorantTa naSromebs,sa-

dac mocemulia ganazrebani socialuri mecnierebebis

aqtualur problemebze, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Cve-

ni qveynis socialur-politikuri realiebis kvlevaze:

ruseT-saqarTvelos agvistos omi da politikuri integ-

racia evrokavSirSi, saqarTvelos imijis formirebis

problema da politikisa da Jurnalistikis velis urTi-

erToba agvistos omis Semdgom periodSi, danaSaulis

statistika da qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

roli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi, indivi-

dis emociuri inteleqtisa da moralis ganviTarebis sa-

kiTxebi. avtorebi problemebis xedvis originalur mid-

gomebs da xSirad maTi gadaWris optimalur gzebsa da

saSualebebs gvTavazoben.

vimedovnebT krebuli saintereso aRmoCndeba yvela

Taobis moazrovne mkiTxvelisTvis da sargeblobas mou-

tans qarTul sazogadoebas.

6

winaTqma

saqarTveloSi socialuri mecnierebebis ganviTare-

bisaTvis SedarebiT xelsayreli pirobebi mas Semdeg Se-

iqmna, rac qveyanam saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba

moipova. komunisturi ideologiis 70 wliani batonobis

mTel manZilze sxva mecnierebebTan SedarebiT am ideo-

logiis totalitaruli wnexis qveS yvelaze metad soci-

aluri mecnierebebi aRmoCdnen. socialuri mecnierebe-

bis ganviTarebas uwinares yovlisa is garemoeba uSlida

uSlida xels,rom mecnieri kvlevisas iZulebuli iyo

ideologiuri dogmebi mieRo amosaval principad da

kvlevis meTodologiad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi

xvedri savalalo aRmoCndeboda rogorc mecnieruli ka-

rieris, ise sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis Tvalsazri-

siT. sakmarisia gavixsenoT XX saukunis avbediTi 30-iani

wlebi,rodesac ara mxolod qarTuli xelovnebisa da

literaturis,aramed qarTuli mecnierebis da pirvel

rigSi filosofiisa da socialuri mecnierebebis “moT-

viniereba” xdeboda.

mecnieri iZulebuli iyo ezopes eniT elaparaka an

naxevrad simarTle eTqva,rac naxevrad sicruis Tqmaze

ufro uares socialur Sedegebs iwvevda. mokled,sab-

Wouri socialuri mecnierebisaTvis “paliaturoba”, anu

naxevrad simarTlis Tqma iyo damaxasiaTebeli, ramac Za-

lian CamoarCina qarTuli socialuri mecnierebebi sa-

zogadod socialuri mecnierebebis ganviTarebis magis-

tralur mimarTulebas.

mxolod, XX saukunis 90-iani wleebidan iwyeba qar-

Tuli socialuri mecnierebebis paliaturobisagan gaTa-

visufleba. qarTveli mecnierebi euflebian dasavleTSi

aprobirebul mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebsa da midgo-

mebs, safuZveli eyreba socialuri sinamdvilis kvlevis

axal mimarTulebebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialuri

7

mecnierebebi xelaxla idgams fexs da swori mimarTule-

biT viTardeba. sadac meTodologiur Tu msoflmxedve-

lobriv pluralizmTan erTad mecnieruli obieqturoba

kvlav ibrunebs Tavis statuss. sagulisxmoa,rom socia-

luri mecnierebis ganviTarebis flagmanebad saqarTve-

loSi iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis da ilias saxelobis universitetis mecni-

erebi gvevlinebian. yalibdeba axali dasavluri tipis

socialuri mecniereba,razec yvelaze ukeT axalgazrda

mecnierTa da doqtorantTa moxsenebebi metyveleben.

erT-erT aseT dadasturebas swored winmdebare publi-

kacia warmoadgens.

Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fa-

kultetze swavleba da kvleva Svidi: politikuri mecni-

erebis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, fsiqologiis, sa-

zogadoebrivi geografiis, Jurnalistikis, sociologiis

da socialuri muSaobis mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs.

TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebis axalgarda mecnierTa da

doqtorantTa moxsenebebia aq warmodgenili.isini qar-

Tuli sinamdvilis aqtualur socialur da politikur

problemebs exebian da saintereso daskvnebsa da reko-

mendaciebs gvTavazoben,romelTa gaTvaliswineba xels

Seuwyobs zogierTi rTuli da mtkivneuli problemis

gadaWrasa da daregulirebas.rasakvirvelia, axalgazrda

mkvlevarebis yuradRebis centrSi ruseT-saqarTvelos

2008 wlis agvistos omi da mis Sedegad gamowveuli

cvlilebebi moxvda. omis Semdeg mwaved dadga samxreT

kavkasiisa da kerZod saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis sakiT-

xi. ruseTis agresiam daarRvia mxareebis mier daculi

status-qvo da regionuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT

gaCnda rogorc axali gamowvevebi-ruseTis mier saqar-

Tvelos ori regionis okupacia da maTi “damoukidebel”

saxelmwifoebad aRiareba, ise perspeqtivebic _ “Tur-

qeT-somxeTis “safexburTo” diplomatia da ciurixis

8

protokolebi”.momxsenebeli,samarTlianad Tvlis moZve-

lebulad regionuli usafrTxoebis adrindel modelebs

da axali, ufro moqnil, regionis interesebs morgebuli

modelis SemuSavebisa da misi realizebis gzebis erTob-

liv Ziebas gvTavazobs. sadac konstruqciuli roli ara

mxolod regionis qveynebma,aramed iseTma gavlenianma

aqtorebma unda iTamaSon rogorebic aSS, evrokavSiri

da euToa.

agvistos oms gaSualebulad exeba moxseneba “po-

litikis velisa da Jurnalistikis velis Sexvedris ad-

gili: saqarTvelos energoseqtori omis Semdgom qar-

Tul presaSi”. es Tema imiTac aris aRsaniSni, rom saqar-

Tvelos saerTaSoriso energetikul proeqtebSi monawi-

leoba,saqarTvelos pozicionireba rogorc energode-

refnisa aris Tema,romelzec TiTqmis yvela politikuri

Zala apelirebs.

am Temam gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba agvistos mov-

lenebis Semdgom SeiZina. gaCnda bevri kiTxva saqarTve-

los saerTaSoriso energetikul proeqtebSi monawileo-

bis SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebiT, energetika xom

qveynis damoukideblobis erTerT umniSvnelovanes ga-

rantad aRiqmeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom agvis-

tos movlenebSi mTel msoflios mouwia angariSi gaewia

ruseTis, rogorc msoflios umsxvilesi energetikuli

moTamaSisaTvis,rac maT aiZulebda garkveul daTmobeb-

ze wasvlas swored ruseTze energetikuli damokidebu-

lebis gamo. yovelive aman eWvis qveS daayena saqarTve-

los energetikul proeqtebSi monawileobis sakiTxi.igi

rogorc mniSvnelovani politikuri problema qarTuli

presis mTavar Temad agvistos movlenebis Semdeg iqca.

energoseqtori rogorc qveynis ekonomikis Semadgeneli

segmenti, aris mniSvnelovani politikuri TamaSis nawi-

li. magram, rogorc gamokvlevam aCvena, Zalian Znelia

erTmniSvnelovnad imis dadgena saqarTveloSi energeti-

9

ka,rogorc ekonomikuri instituti,Tavad axdens gavle-

nas politikur TamaSze, Tu piriqiT, is aris iaraRi po-

litikosTa xelSi. gamokvlevam erTi ram naTlad aCve-

na,rom maTze nakleb Zalauflebas arc Jurnalistikis

veli flobs, imiT, rom orives sakuTari SesaZleblobe-

bis demonstrirebis saSualebas aZlevs,garkveuli,sazo-

gadoebisaTvis Rirebuli mimrTulebiT warmarTavs maT

Soris urTierTobas. swored Jurnalistikis velis aq-

torebi sTavazoben auditorias suraTs energopoliti-

kaze da Tan ise, rom xan Tavad Jurnalistebi, xan eq-

spertebi, xanac politikuri aqtorebi gvevlinebian sa-

zogadoebrivi azris liderebis rolSi, romlebic saTa-

ves udeben diskusiebs da ganxilvebs aqtualur sakiT-

xebze, raTa problemebi qveynisaTvis sasargeblod ga-

dawydes. rasakvirvelia, globalizaciisa da informaci-

onalizmis epoqaSi,rodesac sazogadoebas informaciaTa

usasrulo nakadi miewodeba, Tanac ise, rom misi anali-

zis dro ar rCeba, amgvar ganxilvebsa da diskusiebs se-

riozuli sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba eniWeba. moxsene-

baSi kargad gamoCnda Tu rogor SeuZlia obieqtur da

miudgomel medias wamyvani poziciebi daiWiros TviT po-

litikasTan mimarTebaSic ki.

sazogadoeba adamianTa moraluri erTianobaa.Sesa-

bamisad, morals da adamianTa moralur ganviTarebas sa-

zogadoebisTvis principuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. swo-

red es sakiTxi ganixileba moxsenebaSi “moralis ganviTa-

rebis Teoriebi”. morali sazogadoebis gamocdilebidan,

msjelobebidan da SeTanxmebebidan gamomdinare iseTi

socialuri konstruqciaa, romelsac sazogadoeba uWers

mxars. magram moralis ganviTarebaSi aranakleb rols

Tavad pirovnebebi TamaSoben, romelTa qcevebi da moq-

medebebi moralur ganaxlebas edeba safuZvlad. didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom pirovneba moraluria

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is kargad asrulebs sazogadoebis mi-

10

er dadgenil qcevis wesebs an aqvs moralurad gamar-

Tlebuli ganzraxvebi. sxvagvarad, moraluri qceva

mTlianad ganixileboda afeqtur sferoSi, romelsac Se-

mecnebasTan da sxva adamianur unarebTan kavSiri ar

hqonda. marTalia arsebobs gamokvlevebi, romlebic asa-

buTeben,rom damnaSave da udanaSaulo adamianebi erTna-

irad gmoben qurdobas, anu, sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT, mo-

ralur Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT ar SegviZlia viwi-

naswarmetyveloT, vTqvaT, arasrulwlovanTa damnaSave-

oba, da rom altruistuli damokidebulebebi da Rire-

bulebebi TiTqmis ar iyo dakavSirebuli altruistul

qcevasTan; magram moralis Tanamedrove Teoriebze day-

rdnobiT mtkicdeba, rom moraluri qceva TavisTavSi

aerTianebs afeqtur, kognitur da qceviT aspeqts da

maT erT mTlianobad ganixilavs, sadac swored moralu-

ri idealebi warmarTaven moralur qcevas. Tanamedrove

mecnierebma Seqmnes instrumenti, romlis daxmarebiTac

SesaZlebeli xdeba moraluri problemebis mimarT pro-

da kontrargumentebis gansjis unaris Sefaseba.

sagulisxmoa momxseneblis daskvna, romlis mixedvi-

Tac moraluri msjelobis Sesaxeb arsebul TeoriebSi

“kognicia da ZiriTadi epistemologiuri kategorie-

bi(uflebebi,movaleobebi,samarTali,socialuri wyoba,

reciprokuloba (Tanaziaroba) kvlav amosaval wertilad

rCeba.” Tumca isic ar unda dagvavwydes,rom moraluri

ganviTarebis sferoSi arsebuli Tanamedrove kvlevebi

met yuradRebas individualuri gamocdilebis mniSvne-

lobas aqceven. moraluri ganviTarebis Teoriebis Ses-

wavla gvexmareba Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis

moralur-zneobrivi suliskveTebis, RirebulebaTa ie-

rarqiuli skalis gazomvis, qarTuli sazogadoebis mo-

raluri saxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemebis anali-

zisa da daregulirebis saqmeSi.

11

Tanamedrove socialur mecnierebebSi (kerZod,fsi-

qologiaSi) emociuri inteleqtis cneba SedarebiT axali

konstruqtia da masTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebic XXI

saukunis pirveli aTwleulis damsaxurebaa; ZiriTadad

igi dasavluri mecnieruli kvlevis arealSi ikavebs wam-

yvani koncefciis statuss.qarTveli fsiqologebis dam-

saxurebaa ki aris is,rom maT SeZles am konstruqtis

qarTul sinamdvilesTan adaptireba da gadmotana,rom-

lis erTerTi warmatebuli variantic winamdebare gamo-

cemaSia mocemuli. es aris Teoriuli da empiriuli

kvlevis erTerTi saukeTeso sinTezis analogi qarTul

socialur mecnierebebSi; naSromidan Cans,rom kvlevis

Sedegad miRebulia emociuri inteleqtis,rogorc pi-

rovnuli niSnis,sakvlevi kiTxvaris qarTuli versia,ro-

melic sakmaod gamarTul fsiqodiagnostikur instru-

ments warmoadgens da misi gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZle-

belia efeqturi Sedegebis misaRebad. ukve miRebuli Se-

degebi,Tu avtoris sityvebiT vityviT, qarTul popula-

ciaze emociuri inteleqtis,rogorc pirovnuli niSnis

sakvlevi kiTxvaris Semdgomi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT

sakmaod optimisturi prognozis gakeTebis saSualebas

gvaZlevs. sakvlevi kiTxvaris qarTuli versia namdilad

Rirebuli instrumentia ganaTlebis fsiqologiis,adami-

anuri resursebis marTvis da klinikuri fsiqologiis

sferoSi moRvawe mecnierTaTvis. mTavari ki isaa,rom

kiTxvari qarTuli socialuri mecnierebebis warmomad-

genlebs saSualebas aZlevs CaerTon “ emociur inteleq-

tTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso kvleviT sivrceSi da

mecnierebaSi am SedarebiT axali konstruqtis Tavisebu-

reba vikvlioT qarTul populaciazec.” aseTi axali

koncefciebis da Sesabamisi kvlevis meTodologiebis

aTviseba imis sawindaria, rom warmatebiT davZlioT “pa-

liaturoba” da mecnieruli Sromis msoflio danawile-

bis aqtori gavxdeT.

12

dRes, globaluri komunikaciebis arsebobis piro-

bebSi nebismieri qveyana cdilobs sakuTari Tavis dade-

biTi imijis Seqmnaze, sxvagvarad msoflio ekonomikur

bazarze damkvidreba warmoudgenelia. dadebiTi imijis

SemuSaveba xels Seuwyobs Cvens qveyanaSi investiciebis

mozidvas da turizmis ganviTarebas, ekonomikasa da

msoflio bazarze produqtis realizebas,sabanko saqmia-

nobaSi klientebis mozidvas, gatarebuli politikis mi-

marT dadebiTi damokidebulebis SemuSavebas da mraval

sxvas. Cveni avtorebi Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRweve-

bis gadasaxedidan aanalizeben imijis formirebis faq-

torebs, gasakuTrebiT im informaciebs, rac Cvens qve-

yanaze iwereba da vrceldeba saerTaSoriso sivrceSi.

moxsenebaSi naTlad aris naCvenebi Tu ra formisa da Si-

naarsis informaciebi vrceldeba saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

ra periodulobiT xdeba maTi ganaxleba,Canacvleba axa-

li informaciiT da rac mTavaria rogor icvleba qveya-

naze arsebuli warmodgena ukeTesobisaken Tu, piriqiT,

uaresobisaken. aqac Tavs iCens agvistos omi, ramac didi

dartyma miayena saqarTvelos, rogorc stabiluri sat-

ranzito da turistuli qveynis imijs. moxsenebaSi ga-

moyofilia is faqtorebi, romlebic yvelaze uaryofi-

Tad moqmedebs saqarTvelos imijze: ekonomikuri mim-

zidvelobis dabali done (miuxedavad imisa,rom dRes sa-

qarTvelos xelisufleba yvelaze liberalur ekonomi-

kur politikas atarebs, rac samomavlod mainc Seuwyobs

xels ekonomikis sferoSi sasurveli imijis Camiyalibe-

bas), gadauWreli konfliqtebi (axla ukve okupirebuli

teritoriebis arseboba), qveyanaSi arsebuli demokrati-

uli institutebis ganviTarebis dabali done, qveynis

turistuli sareklamo kampaniebisa marketinguli Ro-

nisZiebebis arasakmarisoba da dabali profesionaliz-

mi.am problemebis gadasalaxad saWiroa meti energia da

maRali profesionalizmi,ufro meti dinamika da Semar-

13

Teba. Tu davakvirdebiT qveynis mesveurTa qmedebebs da-

vinaxavT,rom isini swored am mimarTulebiT moZraoben

da avtorTan erTad imeds gamovTqvam,rom maTi momavali

saqmianoba mxolod warmatebuli PR kampaniebiT ar Semo-

ifargleba da aqtiur aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas ufro

gaaZliereben.

Cveni avtorebis yuradRebas ar gamorCenia iseTi

iseTi aqtualuri saerTaSoriso problema, rogoricaa

evrokavSiris ekonomikuri da politikuri integra-

cia.didZali faqtobrivi monacemebis analizis safuZ-

velze sabuTdeba,rom ekonomikuri integracia XX sauku-

nis 90-iani wlebis Semdeg namdvilad gadaizarda poli-

tikur TanamSromlobaSi. neli tempebiT, magram aRmava-

li progresiiT,mimdinareobs politikuri kavSiris gaZ-

liereba. moxsenebaSi argumentirebulad da safuZvlia-

nad aris naCvenebi swored politikuri integraciis

kuTxiT arsebuli Tanamedrove dinamika, romelic saTa-

ves evropuli gaerTianebis Camoyalibebis pirvelive

dReebidan iRebs. momxsenebels ar aqvs imis iluzia, rom

evrokavSiri warmoaCinos, rogorc uxarvezo da mZlavri

politikuri erToba. Tumca imis mtkicebaSi namdvilad

SegviZlia daveTanxmoT, rom politikuri integracia uk-

ve aqtiurad mimdinareobs da wlidan wlamde evropul

saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba sul ufro Zlier saerTaSo-

riso aqtorad yalibdeba.

saqarTvelosTvis dRemde aqtualuri rCeba Ria, sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebisa da demokratiuli institute-

bisa da procedurebis damkvidrebis problema. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom damoukideblobis mopovebidan dRemde

qveyanaSi mravali reforma gatarda, saqarTvelo jerac

ver miuaxlovda demokratiis sasurvel models. demok-

ratiuli mmarTveloba warmoudgenelia ganviTarebuli

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gareSe; aseTi socialuri pi-

robebis ar arsebobis SeTxvevaSi igi Sinaarss kargavs.

14

amitom, roca vlaparakobT demokratiis sasurveli mo-

delis damkvidrebaze qveyanaSi, centralur sakiTxad ma-

inc samoqalaqo da Ria sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

problema rCeba. Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoya-

libebis procesSi gadamwyveti Tu ara erTerTi umniS-

vnelovanesi roli qalTa arasamTavrobo organizacie-

bis saqmianobas eniWeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqala-

qo organizaciebs Tanabrad SeuZliaT Tavisi wevrebis,

kacebis da qalebis saWiroebebis gamoTqma, kvlevebma aC-

venes, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebis nawili da me-

dia, rogorc sainformacio samoqalaqo instituti sa-

qarTveloSi, naklebad interesdeba genderuli proble-

mebiT, amitom am funqciis Sesruleba saqarTveloSi ar-

sebulma qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebma ikisres.

maTi saqmianobis prioritetebia: qalTa mimarT Zalado-

ba, maT Soris ojaxuri Zaladoba, diskriminaciuli sam-

saxureobrivi praqtika, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis pro-

cesze SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba, negatiuri genderu-

li stereotipebi.rogorc momxsenebeli Tvlis, am orga-

nizaciebis saqmianobis mTavari miRweva aris is, rom qar-

Tul sazogadoebaSi TandaTanobiT xdeba genderuli

uTanasworobis problemis gacnobiereba da aRiareba.

swored qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi aRweven

warmatebebs genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevaSi, rome-

lic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erTerTi Semadgeneli

elementia. sayuradReboa momxseneblis daskvna, rom

qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebma miaRwies garkveul

simwifes da sakuTari adgili daimkvidres qarTul ara-

samTavrobo seqtorSi. dRes qalTa arasamTavrobo orga-

nizaciebi ganviTarebis im etapze imyofebian, rodesac

SeuZliaT qveyanaSi mimdinare calkeul procesebze ze-

gavlenis moxdena. Tumca arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom

am warmatebebs fragmentuli xasiaTi aqvs, qalTa orga-

nizaciebi jerjerobiT ver axerxeben saxelmwifo done-

15

ze aqtiuri lobireba gauwion qalTa interesebs, aseve

sustia maTi zegavlena sazogadoebrivi azris formire-

baze. demokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganvi-

Tarebis arasasurvel doneze metyvelebs saparlamento

demokratiis sisuste da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis

damoukideblobis dabali indeqsi. sociologiurma ga-

mokvlevebma aCvena,rom swored sazedamxedvelo funqci-

is ganxorcielebaa saparlamento saqmianobis yvelaze

susti rgoli. Sesabamisad, gamoikveTa saparlamento de-

mokratiis ganviTarebis xelisSemSleli safrTxeebi:

erovnuli umciresobebis da qalTa warmomadgenlobis

araproporciuloba, sazogadod parlamentisadmi, ro-

gorc institutisadmi sazogadoebrivi ndobis dabali

done, saparlamento iniciativebis nakleboba, kanonmdeb-

lobisa da maT Soris konstituciis xSiri cvla. yvelaze

damafiqrebel safrTxes ki kontrolisa da balansis sis-

temis sisuste warmoadgens, romlis pirobebSic saqar-

Tvelos parlamenti ver asrulebs aRmasrulebeli xeli-

suflebis sapirwone institutis funqcias. demokratiis

ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi Tavisi specifika aqvs, mas

Zalian bevri ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli

problemebi eRobeba win, romelTa gadaWrac da daZleva

TandaTanobiT unda moxdes. mTavari ki mainc isaa, rom

axalgazrda mkvlevarebi miukerZoeblad ikvleven qar-

Tuli demokratiis ganviarebis Tanamedrove dones da

xSirad oficiozis Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebul viTa-

rebas afiqsireben. aseTi obieqturi kvlevis Sedegebis

gamoqveyneba Tavad metyvelebs imas, rom saqarTveloSi

demokratiuli Rirebulebebi Znelad,magram mainc mkvid-

rdeba qarTuli sazogadoebis saqmianobis yvela sfero-

Si.

dabolos, minda Sevexo Cveni qveynisaTvis damafiq-

rebel da mtkivneul problemas eTnikur umciresobeb-

16

Tan dakavSirebiT. erT-erTi moxseneba, romelmac didi

daintereseba gamoiwvia, exeba Cves qveyanaSi arsebul eT-

nikur umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa saqarTvelos mo-

qalaqeebad Camoyalibebis process. rogorc cnobilia

qveynis moqalaqeebad aRzrdasa da CamoyalibebaSi lomis

wili mSobliur literaturasTan erTad qveynis istori-

is Seswavlas miuZRvis. rogorc momxsenebeli aRniSnavs,

swored am kuTxiT aris savalalo mdgomareoba kompaq-

turad Casaxlebul erovnul umciresobebSi. imis ga-

mo,rom yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi ZiriTad saurTi-

erTobo enas rusuli warmoadgenda da qarTulis ro-

gorc saxelmwifo enis swavleba eTnikuri umciresobebi-

saTvis prioritetuli ar iyo, Sesabamisad rusuli enis

codna aZlevda eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgen-

lebs sazogadoebasTan integraciisa karieruli win-

svlis saSualebas. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gan-

sakuTrebulad rTul viTarebaSi sasazRvro regionebSi

kompaqturad Casaxlebuli eTnikuri umciresobebi aR-

moCndnen. marTalia, rusuli qarTulma enam Caanacvla,

magram amiT problemebi ki ar Semcirda, piriqiT gaizar-

da. radgan qarTuli ena ar ician, es qveynis istoriis

swavlebazec uaryofiTad aisaxeba. eTnikuri umcireso-

bebisaTvis (ZiriTadad somxebi da azerbaijanelebi) is-

toriis saxelmZRvaneloebi mezobeli saxelmwifoebidan

SemoaqvT, romlebSic saqarTvelos istoria tendenciu-

radaa gaSuqebuli da rogorc momxsenebeli aRniSnavs,

maTi Seswavla SesaZloa saqarTvelos moqalaqis nac-

vlad, potenciuri “mtris” aRzrdis xelSemwyobi faqto-

ri aRmoCndes. amitom, aucilebelia, saxelmZRvaneloe-

bis SinaarsSi aisaxos,rom saqarTveloSi garda qarTve-

lebisa aseve cxovrobdnen sxva eTnosis warmomadgenle-

bi da rom maT garda uaryofiTisa dadebiTi wvlilic

Seitanes qveynis ganviTarebaSi. msgavsi damokidebuleba

xels Seuwyobs eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenel-

17

Ta integracias sazogadoebaSi da saqarTvelos sru-

luflebian moqalaqed aRqmas. amitom, misaRebad mimaCnia

momxseneblis rCeva-rekomendacia: erTiani, saxelmwifo-

ebrivi cnobierebis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebelia sa-

ganmanaTleblo politikis im kuTxiT warmarTva, rom sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul skolebSi izrdebodes

ara qarTveli, ara somexi, an azerbaijaneli, aramed sa-

qarTvelos moqalaqe.

Tsu-s axalgazrda mecnierebi yovelgvari ideolo-

giuri wnexisagan Tavisufali mecnieruli obieqturo-

biT, keTilsindisierebiTa da maRali moqalaqeobrivi

SegnebiT udgebian Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgar rTul so-

cialur da politikur problemebis analizs; es ki imis

sawindaria, rom qarTuli socialuri mecnierebebi swo-

ri mimarTulebiT warimarTon da myarad daadgnen msof-

lio mecnierebis ganviTarebis magistralur gzas.

amiran berZeniSvili

18

saqarTvelos imiji dasavleTis qveynebSi

eka darbaiZe

Tsu-s socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa

fakulteti, politikur mecnierebaTa

mimarTuleba, doqtoranti

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis

yvelaze mniSvnelovania Zlieri ekonomikis mqone demok-

ratiuli qveynis imijis arseboba. dadebiTi qveynis imi-

jis formirebaze muSaoba nebismieri qveynis xelisufle-

bis mxridan seriozul muSaobasa da Zalisxmevas saWiro-

ebs, vinaidan qveynis warmatebuli imijis SemuSaveba da

Camoyalibeba, msoflio ekonomikur bazarze mis damkvid-

rebasa da garkveuli poziciis dakavebas gulisxmobs, es

ki saqarTvelosaTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovania, radganac

warmatebuli imiji qveynisaTvis Zlieri ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis myari garanti gaxlavT. swored amitom

SemTxveviTobas rodi warmoadgens is faqti, rom dRes

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erT prioritets qvey-

nis sainvesticio da turistuli klimatis gaumjobeseba-

ze muSaoba warmoadgens. qveynis dadebiTi imijis SemuSa-

veba da Camoyalibeba xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi investici-

ebis mozidvasa da turizmis ganviTarebas, rac qveynis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari garanti gaxlavT.

saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso imijs globalizaciisa

da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mZlavri ganvi-

Tarebis pirobebSi didi politikuri da ekonomikuri

mniSvneloba eniWeba, radganac warmatebuli imijis arse-

boba qveynis Zlieri ekonomikuri mdgomareobis myari sa-

fuZvelia.

saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso imijis formirebis aq-

tualoba kidev ufro gaizarda, radgan bolo aTwleu-

lebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mimarT damokidebule-

19

ba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mxridan radikalurad

icvleboda da meryeobda qveynis SigniT mimdinare pro-

cesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es kidev ufro sagrZnobi gax-

da bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi. saqarTveloSi mimdinare

procesebi Suqdeboda da Suqdeba dResac bolo aTwleu-

lis manZilze amerikul da evropul media saSualebebSi.

imiji rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri ka-

tegoria gaxlavT. igi ekonomikaSi produqtis realize-

bas uwyobs xels, sabanko saqmianobaSi izidavs klien-

tebs, politikur sferoSi exmareba politikur figuras

sazogadoebis mxridan dadebiTi damokidebulebis Camo-

yalibebaSi, qveynis warmatebuli imiji izidavs met tu-

rists, qmnis investirebisTvis Sesabamis klimats da a.S.

qveynis imijis formirebis sakiTxSi mniSvnelovan gavle-

nas axdens is informaciebi rac Cvens qveyanaze iwereba

da vrceldeba saerTaSoriso sivrceSi. swored amitom

aris saWiro rom arsebobdes da vrceldebodes poziti-

uri informacia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. ucxoeli turis-

tisaTvis mTavari faqtori stabiluroba gaxlavT. qveya-

naSi arsebuli kriminaluri garemo safrTxes ar unda

warmoadgendes, es faqtorebi ki xels Seuwyobs saqar-

TveloSi turistuli nakadebis gazrdas.

turizmi warmoadgens ekonomikis erT-erT umsxvi-

les, maRal Semosavlian da Zalian dinamiur sferos,

romlis wilad modis investiciebis saerTo moculobis

7%-i, yvela sagadasaxado Semosavlebis 5-%-i da savaWro

momsaxurebis mesamedi. turizmi samarTlianad iTvleba

ekonomikis erT-erT msxvil, maRalSemosavlian da dina-

mikurad ganviTarebad dargad, ucxouri valutis Semo-

dinebis aqtiur wyarod da zegavlenas axdens qveynis sa-

gadasaxado balansze. turizmi aseve udides gavlenas ax-

dens meurneobis iseT sakvanZo seqtorebze, rogoricaa

transporti da kavSirgambuloba, vaWroba, mSenebloba,

soflis meurneoba. igi gaxlavT socialur _ ekonomiku-

20

ri kompleqsis erT-erTi sfero, romelic mraval qveya-

naSi gadaiqca swrafad ganviTarebad industriad. saer-

TaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebaSi ori tendecia arse-

bobs: gare ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebis zeg-

valenis amTvisebloba, am sakiTxSi arc Cveni qveyana ar

warmoadgens gamonakliss.

yvelaze sando wyaro ucxo qveyanaSi Camosvlis

msurveli turistisa Tu investorisaTvis, romelic ka-

pitalis dabandebas sruliad misTvis ucxo qveyanaSi

apirebs, am qveynis gasacnobad, kvlav rCeba oficialuri

media da maTive qveynis sagareo saqmeTa saministros

veb-gverdze ganTavsebuli informaciebi.

CvenTvis saintereso iyo mogveZia, Segveswavla da

gagveanalizebia Tu romel qveynebs aqvT aseTi informa-

ciebi, ra saxis informaciebi vrceldeba saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb, ra periodulobiT xdeboda maTi ganaxleba da

Canacvleba uaxlesi informaciiT da bolos, rogor ic-

vleba qveyanaze arsebuli warmodgena, ukeTesobisaken,

Tu piriqiT, uaresobisaken.

aseTi saxis informaciebi aqvT safrangeTis, ingli-

sis, kanadis, aSS-s, belgiis, Sveicariis, avstraliis, av-

striis sagareo uwyebebs.

aRniSnuli masalebis safuZvelze turistebisaTvis

saqarTvelo naklebad mimzidvel da metad arastabilu-

ri qveynis imijis matarebelia, rasac maTive saitebze

gadmocemuli da qveyanaSi detalurad aRwerili mimdi-

nare mZime kriminaluri mdgomareoba adasturebs.

`qveyana, sadac RamiT Tavisuflad gadaadgileba,

samkaulebiT quCaSi seirnoba saSiSia~ _ daaxloebiT ase-

Ti saxis informaciebs avrceleben sagareo uwyebebi sa-

qarTvelos Sesaxeb, rasac TavianT moqalqeebze ganxor-

cielebuli danaSaulis maCvenebliT xsnian.

21

avstraliis sagareo uwyeba ucxoeTis qveynebs

usafrTxoebis donis TvalsazrisiT Semdeg safexurebad

hyofs (ixile: 5):

1. gamoiCinon sifrTxile pirad usafrTxoebasTan

dakavSirebiT

2. gamoiCinon sifrTxile

3. sifrTxilis maRali done

4. kidev erTxel gadaamowmon da gadaavlon Tvali

mogzaurobis saWiroebas am qveyanaSi

4. ar gaemgzavron

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT mezobeli somxeTi da

azerbaijani me-2 grafaSia Sesuli, maSin rodesac saqar-

Tvelos usafrTxoebis me-3 grafaSi aTavseben, rac imas

gulisxmobs, rom sagareo uwyeba faqtiurad urCevs av-

straliis moqalaqeebs, rom saqarTveloSi Camosvlisagan

Tavi Seikavon. es informacia 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT

- saqarTvelos omis Semdeg daido maT saitze. es gax-

lavT is rekomendaciebi, rasac isini sakuTar Tanamoqa-

laqeebs saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas sTavazoben:

• saWiroa, rom uari Tqvan dedaqalaqSi RamiT gada-

adgilebaze;

• Sebindebisas Tavi aaridon dedaqalaqis quCebSi

marto gasvlasa da gaseirnebas. aseve urCeven, rom gada-

adgildnen wiTeli feris oficialuri taqsis saSuale-

biT.

• SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis dros aranari saxis wi-

naaRmdegoba ar gauwion Tavdamsxmels, romelic ZiriTa-

dad maTi gaZarcviT unda iyos motivirebuli.

aRsaniSnia is garemoeba, rom daaxloebiT 2007

wlamde oficialur saitebze ido detaluri informacia

maTi moqalaqeebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli danaSau-

lebrivi qmedebebisa, rogoric iyo: maTi gataceba, fizi-

kuri angariSsworeba da aseve maTi sicocxlis xelyofis

22

amsaxveli faqtebi, Tumca Cvenda sasixarulod es in-

formaciebi ukve ramdenime welia, rac aRar devs.

aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentis gancxadebiT, dana-

Sauli saqarTvelosTvis Zalian seriozul problemad

rCeba. (ixile: 2) arsebobs didi gansxvaveba ucxoeli mo-

qalaqeebisa da qarTvelebis umravlesobis finansur Se-

mosvlebTan dakavSirebiT. qarTvelebi gansakuTrebulad

mdidrad amerikis moqalaqeebs aRiqvamen da swored ami-

tomac maTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis samizne ekonomiku-

ri motiviT xSirad amerikis moqalaqeebi xdebian. ameri-

kel moqalaqeebze ganxorcielebul danaSaulebaTa um-

ravlesoba, rogorc saelCo acxadebs gaxldaT Semdegi

xasiaTis: dayaCaReba sacxovrebel adgilsa Tu avtomo-

bilSi, maTTvis avtomobilis moparva da iaraRis gamoye-

nebiT sxvadasxva saxis qurdobebi.

usafrTxoeba aseve yvelaze mniSvnelovani da um-

Tavresi sakiTxia nebismieri adamianisaTvis, gansakuTre-

biT ki im ucxoelisaTvis, romelic misTvis sruliad

ucxo qveyanaSi apirebs Camosvlas da miTumetes sakuTa-

ri biznesis warmoebas. usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis

mxriv, saqarTvelo metad arastabiluri da naklebad

usafrTxo qveynis imijiT warmogvidgeba. ucxoeTis qvey-

nebis sagareo uwyebebi Zalian kargad arian informire-

bulni saqarTveloSi mimdinare gare da Sida politiku-

ri procesebiT da im mdgomareobiT rac dRes konfliq-

tur regionebSia. swored amitom TavianT moqalaqeebs

saqarTveloSi yofnis dros yovelgvari saxis gadaadgi-

lebas SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirdapir ukrZalaven e. w.

samxreT oseTis, afxazeTis da pankisis xeobis terito-

riebze. ucxoeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministroebis veb _

gverdze ganTavsebuli informaciebi saqarTveloSi ar-

sebuli usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis amsaxveli faqtebiT

TiTqmis identuria da bevrad arafriT gansxvavdeba er-

TmaneTisagan, Tumca 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg

23

zogadi suraTi icvleba da amjerad akrZalul regio-

nebs ukve sxva teritoriebic emateba da acxadeben, rom

rusuli samxedro nawilebi kvlavac rCebian axalgorSi,

perevSi, afxazeTSi kodoris xeobaSi, aseve afxazeTisa

da samxreT oseTis sxva danarCen teritoriebzec.

miuxedavad imisa, rom samxedro operaciebi Sewyda,

daZabuli mdgomareoba kvlavac rCeba da isini ar gamo-

ricxaven rom sabrZolo moqmedebebi nebismier dros Se-

iZleba ganaxldes. TiTqmis yvela uwyeba xazs usvavs im

faqts, rom e.w samxreT oseTi da afxazeTi saqarTvelos

teritoriebi gaxlavT da rom maTi damoukideblobis

aRiareba ar momxadara saerTaSoriso doneze rom saqar-

Tvelos mTavroba ar cnobs samxreT oseTisa da afxaze-

Tis calmxriv damoukideblobas saerTaSoriso samar-

Tlis gaTvaliswinebiT da agrZelebs pretenzias da mo-

iTxovs am or regions. inglisis gaerTianebuli samefos

mTavroba da aseve aSS-s saxelmwifo departamenti, yvela

evrokavSiris qveynebTan erTad amarTlebs mis am ufle-

bas, Tumca erT-erTi gaxldaT avstraliis sagareo saq-

meTa saministro, romelic TiTqmis arsad ar usvams xazs

saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas (ixile 4).

aSS-s saxelmwifo departamenti da aseve inglisis

gaerTianebuli samefo pirdapir afrTxilebs Tavis mo-

qalaqeebs, rom ar SeiZinon e.w. samxreT oseTsa da afxa-

zeTis teritoriaze arsebuli uZravi qoneba, radganac

aseT SemTxvevaSi im pirebs, romlebic saqarTvelos xe-

lisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe ganaxorcieleben amgvari

saxis operaciebs daekisrebaT msxvili fuladi jarima

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonis

Sesabamisad. maTive TqmiT, kerZo sakuTrebis mflobe-

lobis sakiTxi gaurkvevelia orive regionSi. bevri iZu-

lebiT gadaadgilebuli piri gamoTqvams pretenzias sa-

kuTar qonebaze. aRniSnuli sakuTrebis gasxvisebas moh-

yveba seriozuli finansuri da samarTlebrivi garTule-

24

bebi. am uZravi qonebis Semsyidvelebi iZulebulni Seiq-

mnebian pasuxi agon saqarTvelos kanonis winaSe, anda

wardgen evropis sasamarTloSi da maT Soris britaneTis

sasamarTloSi. swored amitomac, potenciurma myidve-

lebma unda gaiTvaliswinon mosalodneli Sedegebi sam-

xreT oseTisa da afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli qo-

nebis SesyidvasTan dakavSirebiT.

ramodenime wlis win safrangeTis sagareo uwyebas

saitis mTavar gverdze CamoTvlili qonda turistebi-

saTvis akrZaluli qveynebis sia, sadac turistebs faq-

tiurad ar urCevdnen gamgzavrebas da swored amitomac

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT es metad sayuradRebo

qveynebi wiTeli Zaxilis niSniT iyvenen aRniSnulni. da-

axlebiT 2004 wlamde am qveynebs Soris saqarTveloc fi-

gurirebda (samxreT oseTi, afxazeTi da pankisis xeoba),

magram 2005 wlidan saqarTvelo tovebs am saxelmwifoTa

rigebs.

ucxo qveyanaSi Casuli turistisaTvis aseve mniS-

vnelovania qveyanaSi arsebuli infrastruqtura da misi

ganviTarebis done, saerTod ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeba

am saxelmwifoSi moqmedi satransporto sistema da sa-

erTod infrastruqtura, swored amdenad mniSvnelova-

nia Tu ra saxis informaciebs avrceleben sagareo uwye-

bebi saqarTveloSi arsebuli satransporto sistemis

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. maTi gancxadebiT, qveyanaSi aqti-

urad xdeba adgilobrivi policiis kontroli mTlian

sagzao qselze. saqarTveloSi Camosul Tanamoqalaqeebs

sagareo uwyebebi avtomobilis marTvis procesSi sif-

rTxilisken mouwodeben, radganac maTi azriT, saqar-

TveloSi Zalian bevri adgilobrivi mZRoli ar marTavs

avtomobils sagzao wesebis Sesabamisad. SuqniSnebi da

sagzao niSnebi xSirad TiTqmis ignorirebulia. mZRole-

bi xSirad marTaven avtomobils gaufrTxileblad da ga-

daWarbebuli siCqariT. xSiria xolme swrafi siCqariT

25

momavali avtomobilebis mier momxxdari avariebi, rom-

lebic cdiloben win gauswron ucbad gamomxtari brma

mosaxvevidan momaval avtomobils. quCebi ZiriTad cud

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da akliaT sagzao niSnebi da

gamyofi xazebi. ufro metic, sagzao SuqniSnebi SeiZleba

ar funqcionirebdnen da mwyobridan iyvnen gamosuli.

samwuxarod aSkaraa, rom safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa

saministros gamoklebiT (ixile 3), romelic kargad aris

informirebuli am sakiTxSi, danarCeni qveynebis oficia-

luri uwyebebi ar arian informirebuli qveyanaSi sat-

ransporto da saavtomobilo gzebze Catarebuli farTo

masStabiani samuSaobis Sesaxeb.

aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentis gancxadebiT, sa-

qarTveloSi religiuri umciresobebi xSirad arian xol-

me samizne, kerZod ki maTi msxverpli Zalian xSirad ie-

Rovas mowmeebi aRmoCndnen, maT Soris iyvnen aseve bap-

tistebi da RvTis kavSiris mimdevrebi. incidentebSi

igulisxmeba maTi literaturis ganadgureba, kerZo sa-

kuTrebis damtvreva da zogjer maTi fizikuri angariS-

sworeba (zogjer sakmaod mZimed), aseTi saxis inciden-

tebs hqonda adgili amerikel moqalaqeebzec. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2005 wels daaka-

va, damnaSaved cno da daapatimra damnaSaveTa organize-

buli jgufi, amerikis mTavroba saqarTveloSi myof Ta-

namoqalaqeebs TavianTi religiuri aRmsareblobis Ses-

rulebisas mainc sifrTxilisaken mouwodebs.

saqarTvelos, romelsac uamravi mimzidveli mdida-

ri resursebi gaaCnia, misi am turistuli potencialis

Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi ar aris naxsenebi ucxoeTis sa-

itebze. erTaderTi informacia, rasac isini avrceleben

gaxlavT informacia alpinizmTan dakavSirebiT. sagareo

uwyeba alpinizmis moyvarulebs ar urCevs saqarTvelos

mTebSi marto mogzaurobas, saWiroa rom isini Seuer-

Tdnen specialur organizebul turistul jgufebs,

26

radganac rTulia saqarTveloSi zusti informaciis mi-

Reba mTebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, vinaidan mTaSi amindi

araprognozirebdia da SesaZloa, rom saWiroebis Sem-

TxvevaSi ver moxerxdes Sesabamisi daxmarebis aRmoCena

(ixile 6).

Cveni kvlevis mizani iyo Segveswavla, Tu ramdenad

mimzidveli turistuli imiji aqvs dRes saqarTvelos

sazRvargareT, romlis safuZvlad gamoviyene msoflios

wamyvani qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa saministroebis ofi-

cialuri veb _ gverdebi. vTvli, rom saqarTvelos Sesa-

xeb gavrcelebuli informaciebi da maTi Sefasebebi Za-

lian axlos dgas realobasTan. miuxedavad saqarTvelos

mTavrobis mier gadagmuli seriozuli pozitiuri nabi-

jebisa da gatarebuli reformebisa, saqarTvelo maT-

Tvis mainc rCeba `zomierad saSiS~ qveynad. dasavleTis

qveynebis mier yvelaze meti aqcenti keTdeba qveyanaSi

arastabilur kriminalur garemosa da konfliqturi re-

gionebis mimarT. maTive gancxadebiT, e. w samxreT ose-

Ti, afxazeTi, pankisis xeoba kvlavac rCeba sxvadasxva

saxis teroristuli aqtebis samizned, sadac adamianTa

gataceba, afeTqeba da sicocxlis xelyofa Cveul mov-

lenas warmoadgens. qveyanaSi arsebuli kriminaluri ga-

remo, gadauWreli konfliqtebi, Sida politikuri daZa-

buloba xels uSlis turizmis ganviTarebsa da investi-

cebis Semosvlas qveyanaSi.

agvistos omis Semdgom didi kiTxvis qveS dadga sa-

qarTvelos, rogorc stabiluri satranzito da turis-

tuli qveynis imiji. mniSvnelovnad gauaresda investor-

Ta dacvis garantiebi, ris gamoc uamravma investorma

uari ganacxada saqarTveloSi investiciebis Cadebaze,

ris gamoc saqarTvelom dakarga stabiluri qveynis imi-

ji. ucxoeTis oficialur saitebze ganTavsebul da Ses-

wavlil masalaTa safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovyoT Semde-

27

gi faqtorebi, romlebic yvelaze negatiurad moqmede-

ben saqarTvelos imijze, es faqtorebi gaxlavT:

• qveyanaSi arsebuli kriminogenuli mdgomareoba;

• qveynis turistuli sareklamo kampaniebisa da

marketinguli RonisZiebebis arasakmarisoba;

•ekonomikuri mimzidvelobis dabali done;

• arasaTanado sainvestico klimati;

• gadauWreli da gayinuli konfliqtebi;

• qveyanaSi arsebuli demokratiuli institutebis

ganviTarebis dabali done;

Tanamedrove garemoSi turizms sul ufro da ufro

meti da sapasuxismgeblo amocanebi ekisreba, romelTa-

ganac gamovyofT turizmis, rogorc teritoriis imijis

formirebis faqtors. teritoriis dadebiT saxe anu imi-

ji, brendi, yalibdeba uamravi faqtoris zemoqmedebis

Sedegad _ es aris ekonomikis ganviTarebis done, in-

frastruqturis, transportis, momsaxurebis sferos

ganviTarebis xarisxi, rekreaciuli resursebis arsebo-

ba, teritoriis ekologiuri Sedgeniloba, aseve misi sa-

erTo investiciuri mimzidveloba. teritoriis dadebi-

Ti imijis formirebaze ufro met zegavlenas axdens

ekonomikis zogadi mdgomareoba da infrastruqturisa

da momsaxurebis sferos ganviTarebis xarisxi. am mxriv

turizmis marketingma saTanado muSaoba unda Caataros.

ekonomikis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT amas SesaZlebe-

lia gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqondes investiciebis mo-

sazidad.

saqarTveloSi turistuli industriis ganviTarebi-

saTvis saWiroa Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba xeli-

suflebis mxridan:

• turistuli resursebis xelaxali Sefaseba;

• saTanado infrastruqturis Seqmna;

28

• qveynis ekologiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba

da mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis donis amaRle-

ba;

• saerTaSoriso bazarze saqarTvelosa da azerbai-

janis turistuli resursebis Sesaxeb farTo sareklamo

saqmianobis organizacia.

swored amitom aris mniSvnelovani, rom gansakuT-

rebuli yuradReba daeTmos saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

mxridan, saqarTvelos, rogorc turizmisa da sainvesti-

cio nakadebisaTvis usafrTxo da mimzidveli qveynis

imijze muSaobas. aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos dadebiTi

imijis formirebisaTvis saWiroa ufro meti da serio-

zuli energiis daxarjva, kidev ufro meti dinamikis ga-

movlena sakuTari qveynis imijis mSeneblobis procesSi.

Abstract Eka Darbaidze – PhD student of the Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences of TSU.

The Image o Georgia in theWestern Countries A positive country image has manifold advantages. There are

several opportunities for the practical application of these findings by marketing professionals dealing with tourism and country image matters. Amongst direct political and economic benefits are the expansion of tourism, a better position in privatization transactions, foreign investors' increased interest, improved image and competitive position of our entrepreneurs abroad, a more positive external attitude to governmental credit and loan applications, stronger support and international reactions to foreign policy efforts, the strengthening of the national ties and the national consciousness of Hungarians living abroad.

29

The paper deals with the image of Georgia, based on the analyses of the infomration provided by the MFA’s of the leading countries of the world. The particular emphasis is put on the modern circumstances of Georgia, pointing to the issues of security in the conflict regions and general criminal situation in the whole country. The main factors hampering the formation of the positive image of Georgia is provided in the paper.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura :

1. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro www.mfa.gov.ge/index.pxp?sec_id=376&lang_id=GEO 2. aSS-s saxelmwifo departamenti

http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_4327.html 3. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministro

http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/conseils-aux-voyageurs_909/index.html

4. britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebu-

li samefos sagareo saqmeTa saministro

http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/europe/

5. avstraliis sagareo saqmeTa da vaWrobis saminis-

tro

http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/ 6. kanadis sagareo saqmeTa saministro http://www.voyage.gc.ca/index-fra.asp 7. www.economy.ge/allfiles/trade%20turnover%202008 8. http://www.regard-est.com/home/breve_contenu.php?id=742 9. http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/spip.php?page=article-

cepes&id_article=5297 10. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

30

politikis velisa da Jurnalistikis velis Sexvedris adgili: saqarTvelos energoseqtori

omisSemdgom qarTul presaSi flora esebua

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa

fakulteti, sociologiis mimarTuleba,

doqtoranti.

epoqa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, bevrma mecnierma

monaTla rogorc informaciuli. am droSi politikac

axal Tvisebebs iZens; mas uwevs moqmedeba axal sibrtye-

Si, sadac Tavad gvevlineba erTdroulad rogorc de-

terminatoris, aseve determinirebulis rolSi. dRes

ukve saubaria avtonomiur politikur velze, romelzec

yvelaze did gavlenas masobrivi komunikaciis saSuale-

bebi axdenen.

velis cneba frangi sociologis pier burdies so-

cioanalizis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kategoriaa. ar arse-

bobs velis calmxrivi da erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba.

socialur urTierTobaTa erToblioba ar aris raRac

amorfuli an erTgvarovani ram, aramed warmoadgens

garkveuli struqturiT ganpirobebul sistemas. “veli _

es aris ZalTa adgilsamyofeli, met-naklebad damouki-

debeli sivrce, struqturirebuli opoziciebiT...; es

aris gansakuTrebuli adgili, sadac adgili aqvs sruli-

ad mravalferovan brZolas~ (4, 37).

“veli aris ZalTa koncentraciis adgili, romlis

farglebSic agentebi floben garkveul poziciebs, rac

statistikurad gansazRvravs maT Sexedulebas am velze

da maT praqtikebze, romlebic orientirebulia im Zal-

Ta urTierTobis struqturis SenarCunebaze an Secvla-

ze, romlebic qmnian am vels” (4,109). veli warmoadgens

31

socialuri sinamdvilis erTgvar moduss. es aris ZalTa

urTierToba da brZolis sivrce, sadac brZola da Zal-

Ta gadanawileba xorcieldeba am ZalTa erTobliobis

transformaciisTvis. velis SigniT adgili aqvs konku-

rencias da brZolas imis legitimirebisaTvis, risTvisac

mimdinareobs brZola am konkretul velSi.

nebismier vels hyavs agenti. agentebi, imyofebian

ra garkveuli velis farglebSi, reagireben ZalTa gada-

nawilebaze, struqturebze, axdenen maT konstruirebas,

da miuxedavad imisa, rom ganicdian garkveul zewolas,

maT mainc aqvT unari zemoqmedeba moaxdinon velze; isi-

ni moqmedeben velSi winaswar dadgenili wesebis Sesaba-

misad, magram, imavdroulad, gaaCniaT Tavisuflebis

garkveuli xarisxi.

pier burdie Tvlis, rom politikuri veli aris er-

Tgvari mikrokosmi da ganmartavs, rom sityva mikrokos-

mi miuTiTebs imaze, rom politikuri universumi yvela

institutTan da partiasTan, funqcionirebis wesTan da

agentTan erTad, warmoadgens avtonomiur samyaros, mik-

rokosmoss, romelic socialur mikrokosmSia moTavse-

bili; “politikuri mikrokosmi aris erTgvari universu-

mi, romelic CarTulia didi universumis funqcionire-

bis kanonebSi da, miuxedavad amisa, flobs SedarebiT av-

tonomias am universumis SigniT da emorCileba sakuTar

nomos-s, anu, sakuTar avtonomiur kanons” (4,112). swo-

red es SedarebiTi avtonomia unda gaviTvaliswinoT am

universumis SigniT aRmocenebuli praqtikebis gasage-

bad.

politikuri veli ar arsebobs sxva velebTan urTi-

erTobis gareSe. is mudmiv interaqciaSia sxva velebTan;

velis amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sakuTari princi-

pebi Tavs moaxvios sxva velebs, amitomac axorcielebs

politikur komunikacias, rac gulisxmobs “politikuri

informaciis gadacemis process, romlis wyalobiTac

32

igi moZraobs politikuri sistemis erTi nawilidan meo-

reSi da brunavs politikur sistemasa da socialur sis-

temas Soris” (1,144). socialur sistemasTan komunikaci-

is erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebas swored beWduri me-

dia warmoadgens. marTalia, beWduri media televiziaze

naklebadaa gavrcelebuli, magram sakmaod efeqturi

formaa. SedarebiT farTo auditoriaze gasvlas poli-

tikis agentebi da “azrTa liderebi” swored beWduri

mediis saSualebiT cdiloben.

nebismieri politikuri jgufis Tu calkeuli fi-

guris mizans sakuTari auditoriis gazrda da saWiro an

saWiroze meti xmis miReba warmoadgens. informacia, ro-

melsac amomrCevels Tu potenciur amomrCevels awvdian

presis saSualebiT, uqmnis auditorias STabeWdilebas

da uyalibebs garkveul pozicias.

Tamamad SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom Tanamedrove samya-

roSi politikur sivrceSi warmatebis misaRwevad mediis

saukeTeso formas televizia warmoadgens, radganac po-

litikis veli cdilobs eleqtoratis maqsimaluri rao-

denoba moicvas; Tumca politikur TamaSSi mxolod te-

levizia rodi monawileobs. beWduri media, miuxedavad

imisa, rom misi auditoria naklebad mravalricxovania,

CarTulia axali drois “media-logikaSi”, rac siaxleze,

sainteresosa da mimzidvelze orientacias gulisxmobs.

axali drois politika, sarCinelis TqmiT, “ar aris

kompetenturi, Tu is ar aris kompetenturi mks-is sfe-

roSi” (8,41). axal epoqaSi ZiriTadi politikuri diskur-

si Riaa imisaTvis, rom igi warmodgenil iqnas mediaSi. es

aris ara mxolod survili, aramed aucilebloba; swo-

red amitom, politikosebi nebismier gancxadebas, nebis-

mier Temaze saubarsa Tu gamoCenas sainformacio velSi,

politikuri sityvis Tqmis JanrSi aqceven da cdiloben

xSirad moxvdnen am velSi, radganac esmiT “politikis

mediatizaciis” mniSvneloba. es movlena zogjer aRiqme-

33

ba politikis kolonizaciad mediis mier, zogjer ki pi-

riqiT, mediis kolonizaciad politikis mier (14,200).

logikurad Cndeba kiTxva velis avtonomiurobis

Sesaxeb. realobaSi arsebuli mravali velidan Jurna-

listikis veli flobs avtonomiurobis sakmaod dabal

xarisxs. am velis gageba SeuZlebelia mxolod gare an

Sida konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT; aq erTnairad mniSvne-

lovania imis codna, Tu vin afinansebs mas, vin aris rek-

lamis damkveTi da a.S. da isic, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben

Tavad is adamianebi erTmaneTze, romlebic am velSi

floben garkveul pozociebs.

rac Seexeba politikis vels, dRes igi aris erT-er-

Ti yvelaze avtonomiuri veli (4,115). rac metadaa avto-

nomiuri veli, miT metadaa SesaZlebeli misi axsna velis

logikiT. Tumca, avtonomiuribis maRali xarisxi imas

rodi niSnavs, rom politikis vels ara aqvs saerTo sxva

velebTan da mas mxolod sakuTari logikiT avxsniT.

TiTqmis yvela vels aerTianebs pretenzia sxvebs Tavs

moaxvion socialuri samyaros legitimuri xedva da Ti-

Toeuli maTgani awarmoebs brZolas “xedvisa” da “dayo-

fis” gabatonebuli principis sxvebisaTvis Tavsmosaxve-

vad. politikuri veli Jurnalistikis velis gansakuT-

rebuli zegavlenis qveS eqceva da misi axsna konteqstis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe warmoudgenelia, ramdenadac

Jurnalistikis veli, miuxedavad naklebi avtonomiuro-

bisa, sul ufro met gavlenas axdens politikis velze.

politikuri subieqtebisaTvis sainformacio veli,

am velze xSiri gamoCena, garkveuli sainformacio domi-

nirebis miRweva da im pirobebis Sesruleba, romelsac

informaciuli epoqa ayenebs, “sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-

bis” matarebelia.

me-20 saukunidan dRemde msoflio radikalur

transformaciebs ganicdis da amas, sxva bevr mizezTan

erTad, komunikaciis formebic (presa, radio, televi-

34

zia, kompiuteri) ganapirobeben. TiToeuli maTgani Tavi-

seburad axdens zegavlenas adamianis cxovrebis wesze.

masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi (mks) aris ganaTle-

bis, informaciis gacvlisa da garTobis saSualeba, ro-

melic iWreba TiToeuli individis cxovrebaSi daukiT-

xavad.

dRes komunikacias sami ZiriTadi interpretacia ga-

aCnia:

1. saSualeba materialuri da sulieri samyaros

obieqtebis dakavSirebisa;

2. informaciis gacvlaze dafuZnebuli urTierTo-

ba;

3. informaciis masobrivi miwodeba da gacvla sazo-

gadoebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT (10, 53).

sazogadoeba Tavadaa komunikaciis forma, romlis

meSveobiTac xdeba gamocdilebis aRwera, modificireba

Tu gacvla. is, rasac Cven sazogadoebas vuwodebT ar

aris mxolod politikuri an ekonomikuri qseli, aramed

aris komunikaciisa da swavlis procesi. komunikacia iw-

yeba brZoliT swavlasa da aRweras Soris; “viwyebT ra am

process gonebaSi da gadavcemT ra mis Sedegebs sxvebs,

Cven damokidebulni varT komunikaciis garkveul mode-

lebze, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia kontaqti sa-

erTod. Cven SegviZlia SevcvaloT es modelebi, roca

isini araadeqvaturia arsebuli situaciisaTvis. mTeli

Cveni cxovreba, saboloo jamSi, aris am modelebis

cvla, razedac Cveni energiis udidesi nawili ixarjeba.

igi cvlis politikur da ekonomikur institutebs. me-

tic, komunikaciuri modelebis umravlesoba socialur

institutad iqceva. swored maT unda uzrunvelyon

sxvadasxva sferos arseboba da funqcionireba” (15, 45).

Tavis droze, komunikaciis formebis gavrceleba

swored ganaTlebis sistemas ukavSirdeboda; me-18 sau-

kunidan, mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma gaacnobieres, rom

35

wera-kiTxvis codna aucilebelia ara mxolod elitaru-

li wris warmomadgenelTaTvis, aramed nebismieri mok-

vdavisaTvis, Seiqmna Sesabamisi pirobebi, romlebic xels

uwyobda adamianebis swavla-ganaTlebas; adamianebma mii-

Res meti informacia am samyarosa da masSi mimdinare

movlenebze. es procesi uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli

skolaTa qselis SeqmnasTan da sabeWdi saSualebebis gav-

rcelebasTan. komunikaciis Tanamedrove formebs, Tav-

dapirvelad, me-18 saukuneSi, gaCnda gazeTi, romelic

informaciis gadacemis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgen-

da; me-19 saukuneSi Cndeba gazeTis yoveldRiuri gamo-

cemebi aSS-Si, romelTa Rirebuleba erT cents ar aRe-

mateboda da xelmisawvdomi iyo yvelasTvis (5, 415).

me-20 saukuneSi Tanmimdevrulad Cndeba radio, te-

levizia da kompiuteri. droTa ganmavlobaSi, komunika-

ciis saSualebebi marTlac iqca masobrivad; dRes ukve

saubaria msoflio sainformacio wesrigze. Tanamedrove

samyaroSi arsebobs “erTiani samyaros” gancda, rasac

mks qmnian. msoflio sainformacio sistemaSi wamyvani

adgili dasavlur industriul qveynebs ukaviaT, magram

“globaluri sofeli” mainc arsebobs da mis funqcioni-

rebaSi yvelas Seaqvs sakuTari wvlili.

informacia aris axali epoqis mTavari mamoZravebe-

li Zala; is aris warmoebis ZiriTadi forma da produq-

ti. sxva materialur produqtebTan SedarebiT informa-

cias, rogorc produqts, mravali upiratesoba aqvs

(2,34). informacia ar cvdeba; misi mravaljeradi gamoye-

neba avtomaturad ar iwvevs mis gaqrobas. informaciis

swrafi tiraJireba martivad aris SesaZlebeli. misi ko-

reqtuli gadacemis SemTxvevaSi is ar kargavs sakuTar

arss; igi ekonomiuria: Tu materialuri produqti mud-

mivad saWiroebs kvlavwarmoebas, informacias es ar

sWirdeba; sakmarisia misi erTxel warmoeba da, sworad

Senaxvis SemTxvevaSi, mas araferi emuqreba.

36

Tanamedrove samyaroSi mks-is mniSvnelovan rolze

aravin davobs. am mniSvnelobis gasazomad mecnierebi sam

“sidides” iReben:

1. mediis roli da adgili yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi;

2. erovnul ekonomikaSi mks-is roli;

3. media, rogorc politikuri gancxadebebis mauw-

yebeli.

pirveli sidide _ yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mediis

adgili, namdvilad mniSvnelovania. statistikuri mona-

cemebiT, britaneTsa da aSS-Si mosaxleobis 97-98%-s

aqvs televizori da yoveldRe TiToeuli adamiani cis-

fer ekranTan 3-4 saaTs atarebs (15, 332).

Sesabamisad, televizia aris umniSvnelovanesi ada-

mianTa socializaciis procesisaTvis. rac Seexeba eko-

nomikur sidides: media TamaSobs umniSvnelovanes rols

erovnuli produqtis warmoebasa da gavrcelebaSi; ag-

reTve, didia biujetSi Setanili gadasaxadis maCvenebe-

lic. mesame sidide _ politikuri _ aris yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani Cven SemTxvevaSi, radganac media aq gvevline-

ba brZolis iaraRad politikur valze. aq ki unda aRi-

niSnos mks-sadmi funqcionaluri midgoma. igi xazs us-

vams mediis erT konkretul-politikur funqcias. in-

gliseli sociologis, merdokis politikur TeoriaSi

mks-is moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanes sferos politika

warmoadgens. robert mertonic mks-s ganixilavs, ro-

gorc TviTorganizebad da TviTkontrolirebad qvesis-

temas, romelic dadgenili politikuri CarCoebis far-

glebSi funqcionirebs (10, 57).

pier burdie saubrobs mks-is did rolze Tanamed-

rove samyaroSi da acxadebs, rom Jurnalistikis veli,

romelic mWidro kavSirSia politikur velTan, miuxeda-

vad avtonomiurobis SedarebiT dabali xarisxisa, sul

ufro met gavlenas axdens sxva velebze. es veli or po-

luss Soris arsebuli opoziciis safuZvelzea struq-

37

turirebuli: saxelmwifos (agreTve, politikuri Tu

ekonomikuri) zegavlenisagan SedarebiT damoukidebeli

polusi da am Zalebze damokidebuli polusi (4, 129).

marTalia, mas-media bevri funqciis matarebelia da

ZiriTadad erTi mizani _ mogebis miReba amoZravebs, mag-

ram kargad icis, rom mas iseve karnaxobs sakuTar wesebs

auditoria, rogorc Tavad media am ukanasknels. mks

aris biznesi, romelic warmatebuli mxolod maSin SeiZ-

leba iyos, roca igi iTvaliswinebs auditoriis moTxov-

nebs; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi dakargavs Zalauflebas

da, saerTodac, Sewyvets arsebobas. komunikacia auci-

leblad gulisxmobs ori mxaris arsebobas _ recipienti-

komunikatori da maT Soris urTierTobas ara calmxri-

vi, aramed ormxrivi xasiaTi aqvs da am faqtis ugule-

belyofa wamgebiania TiToeul polusze ganlagebuli Za-

lisaTvis.

miuxedavad qarTul media-sivrceSi arsebuli bevri

problemisa, saqarTveloSi mainc arsebobs telekompani-

ebi Tu gazeTebi, romelTa mflobelebic kerZo pirebi

arian. imis miuxedavad, rom presas mTel msoflioSi da,

maT Soris saqarTveloSic auditoriis mxolod 10-15%

Tu ecnoba aqtiurad, presa mainc mniSvnelovani media-

saSualebaa. is, sul mcire, aqtiurad monawileobs mim-

dinare politikur procesebSi. “miuxedavad Seqmnili vi-

Tarebisa, mediac da politikuri Zalebic qmnian iluzi-

as, TiTqos isini gavlenas axdenen mTel sazogadoebaze

swored mediis saSualebiT” (3, 27).

presis SemTxvevaSi kargad muSaobs pol lazar-

sfeldis “ormxrivi komunikaciis Teoria”, romlis Ta-

naxmadac politikuri Zalebi sakuTar ideebs acnoben

“azrTa liderebs”, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas ax-

denen konkretul jgufebze; anu, xdeba miRebuli in-

formaciis ganxilva da interpretacia im adamianebis mi-

er, romlebic garkveuli avtoritetiT sargebloben

38

jgufebSi da iqcevian azrTa generatorebad imiT, rom

mxars uWeren (an ar uWeren) konkretul ideas, gadawyve-

tilebas; “azrTa liderebi” SeiZleba ganvixiloT media-

torebis rolSi. mediatoris rolSi gvevlinebian, ro-

gorc konkretuli avtorebi, aseve respondentebi, rom-

lebic konkretul sakiTxebze eqspertul Sefasebebs ake-

Teben.

aqve SeiZleba mivuTiToT h. lasuelis mier Camoya-

libebuli konfiguracia, romelic moicavs informaciis

gadacemis mTel gzas: “vin acnobebs, ras acnobebs, ro-

gori arxebiT, vis da rogori efeqtiT” (1, 149). am sqemis

mixedviT, konkretuli Jurnalistebi konkretuli eq-

spertebis saSualebiT cdiloben gaugzavnon auditori-

as konkretuli gzavnili presis saSualebiT. Tavad pre-

sis mkiTxvelTagan bevri SesaZloa iyos “azrTa lideri”

sakuTar socialur jgufSi da Tavad gaxdes ideis gene-

ratori. yoveli konkretuli statiis Semdeg gaCenili

kiTxvebi da diskusia aris imis garanti, rom konkretul

Temaze moxdeba aqcentis gadatana imaze gacilebiT meti

adamianisa, vidre konkretuli gazeTis an Tundac sta-

tiis mkiTxvelia.

am statiaSi Cemi kvlevis sagans warmoadgens ara

mxolod pier burdies xedva politikis, ekonomikisa da

Jurnalistikis velebze, an media-saSualebebis rolze,

aramed am konteqstSi konkretuli sakiTxis gaanalizeba.

kerZod, kvlevis sakiTxad avirCie saqarTvelos energo-

seqtoris gaSuqeba agvistos omis Semdgom qarTul pre-

saSi.

saqarTvelos energoseqtori qarTuli politikuri

diskursis Semadgeneli nawilia. saqarTvelos saerTaSo-

riso energetikul proeqtebSi monawileoba, saqarTve-

los pozicionireba, rogorc energoderefnisa aris Te-

ma, romelzec TiTqmis yvela politikuri Zala apeli-

rebs.

39

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom nebismieri

politikuri Zala Tu lideri sakuTari imijis pozicio-

nirebisas cdilobs Tundac erTi “grandiozuli” ideis

generireba moaxdinos da sakuTar politikur programa-

Si debs muxls konkretuli didi gegmis ganxorcielebis

Sesaxeb, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos geopo-

litikuri mdgomareoba da misi rogorc energoderefnis

pozicionireba aris saqarTvelos politikuri elitis

samoqmedo gegmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawili.

amdenad, qveynis energoseqtori da seqtorSi mimdi-

nare procesebi, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso energopro-

eqtebSi monawileoba rogorc ucxouri, aseve qarTuli

presisTvis aramimzidveli Tema sulac ar aris. am Temam

gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba agvistos movlenebis Sem-

deg SeiZina. gaCnda bevri kiTxva saqarTvelos saerTaSo-

riso energetikul proeqtebSi monawileobis SesaZleb-

lobebTan dakavSirebiT, es faqti ki qveynis damoukideb-

lobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanes garantad aRiqmeba.

gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom am movle-

nebSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli ara mxolod sami (saqar-

Tvelo-samxreT oseTi-ruseTi) mxare, aramed dasavle-

Tic.

globalizaciis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msof-

lios msxvili politikuri moTamaSeebis CarTva am omSi

gasakviri arc aris. mTels msoflios mouwia TamaSi im

faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTi msoflios umsxvi-

lesi energetikuli moTamaSea. rogorc eqspertebi da

dasavluri media werda, dasavleTs mouwevda garkveul

daTmobebze wasvla swored ruseTze energetikuli da-

mokidebulebis gamo. amasTanave, eWvqveS dgeboda saqar-

Tvelos energtikul proeqtebSi monawileobis sakiTxi.

Sesabamisad, es Tema, rogorc mniSvnelovani poli-

tikuri sakiTxi, qarTuli presis erT-erTi mTavari Tema

unda yofiliyo agvistos movlenebis Semdeg. qarTul

40

presaSi saqarTvelos energetikuli problemebis gaSuqe-

baa Cemi kvlevis saganic. kvlevis meTodad presis moni-

toringi da kontent-analizia gamoyenebuli. sakvlevad

ki oTxi gazeTi SeirCa. kerZod, “rezonansi”, “24 saaTi”,

“alia” da “kviris palitra”. amaTgan, ori gazeTi (rezo-

nansi da 24 saaTi) yoveldRiuri, erTi (alia) gamodis

kviraSi samjer, erTic (kviris palitra) _ yovelkvireu-

lia. Sesabamisad, SerCeuli iqna gamosvlis sixSiris mi-

xedviT yvela tipis gazeTi, romlebic sxvadasxva gamo-

kiTxvebiT, reitingul gazeTTa xuTeulSi sxvadasxva

TanmimdevrobiT, magram xvdebian.

kvlevis amocana iyo dagvedgina, Tu ra sixSiriT ga-

Suqda saqarTvelos energoseqtori, qveynis saerTaSori-

so proeqtebSi monawileoba, ra sakiTxebze moxda aqcen-

tireba, vin iyvnen komentatorebi, romlebic “azrTa li-

derebad” gvevlinebian da ra tendenciebi gamovlinda

sakiTxis gaSuqebis dros.

presis monitoringi ganxorcielda erTi Tvis masa-

laze. kvlevis periodad SeirCa 5 seqtmebridan 5 oqtom-

bramde monakveTi. agvistos movlenebis Semdeg mediis-

Tvis garkveuli SezRudvebi dawesda, romelic swored 5

seqtembers moixsna da Jurnalistikis, politikisa da

ekonomikis velis warmomadgenlebs miecaT saSualeba Se-

efasebinaT movlenebi.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom yvelaze didi

sixSiriT energoseqtori gaSuqda gazeTSi “rezonansi”.

mTeli Tvis manZilze gazeTi yoveldRe uTmobda gverds

Temas; yovelkvireul gazeTSi “kviris palitra” daibeW-

da ori statia; gazeTma “alia” energetikas oTxi statia

miuZRvna, gazeTma “24 saaTi” ki Temas miuZRvna sami sta-

tia da erTi CanarTi, romelic fond saerTaSoriso gam-

Wvirvaleoba saqarTvelos proeqtis farglebSi ganxor-

cielda.

41

Tu SevajamebT Sedegebs celkeuli gazeTebis mixed-

viT, “kviris palitram” orive statia denisa da gazis

tarifs miuZRvna. gazeTma yuradReba gaamaxvila sawar-

moebisTvis gazis tarifis gazrdaze da im faqtze, gaiz-

rdeboda Tu ara eleqtroenergiis tarifi mosaxleobis-

Tvis. orive SemTxvevaSi gazeTma komentarisTvis ener-

getikis ministrs mimarTa.

sainteresoa, rom yovelkvireul, erT-erT yvelaze

gayidvad da maRaltiraJian gazeTs ar miuZRvnia vrceli

statia qveynis energopolitikis, saerTaSoriso proeq-

tebSi CarTvisa da zogadad am seqtoris perspeqtivebi-

saTvis da ar warmoudgenia arc erTi eqspertis analizi

am sakiTxze.

gazeTi “alia” energoseqtors oTx vrcel statias

uZRvnis da TiToeul maTganSi erTi seqtoris sxvadasxva

problematikazea saubari. gazeTSi saubaria zogadad sa-

qarTvelos energetikul rolze, aseve saerTaSoriso

proeqtebSi qveynis monawileobis perspeqtivebze; gaSuq-

da aseve konkretuli kompaniebis _ “yaztransgazisa” da

“enerji-investis” mimarT gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, ga-

zis tarifis cvlileba da afxazebis mier engurhesis Se-

saZlo gakontrolebis sakiTxebi.

vrcel statiebSi warmodgenilia istoriuli eq-

skursi da mkiTxvels SeuZlia gaixsenos rusuli energo-

kompaniebis qarTul bazarze Semosvlis istoria, aseve

gaecnos faqtebs gazisa da navTobis evropisTvis miwo-

debis alternatiul marSrutebsa da moculobebze.

sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom “alia”, miuxedavad

vrceli statiebisa, ar sTavazobs mkiTxvels arc erTi

eqspertis komentars am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. is

statiebSi eyrdnoba faqtebs, energetikis ministris sa-

jaro komentarebs da “sakuTari wyaros” informacias.

42

rogorc mogaxseneT, gazeTi “24 saaTi” energetikul

problemebs sul sam statiasa da erT CanarTs uZRvnis.

gazeTi gverdebs uTmobs zogadad energodamoukideblo-

bis sakiTxs, saerTaSoriso proeqts NABUCCO da mis

perspeqtivebs, da engurhesTan afxazuri Zalebis mobi-

lizebas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom gazeTis statiebi aris sakmaod

vrceli, moyvanilia bevri faqti, rogorc engurhesis

mSeneblobis, eleqtroenegriis warmoebis moculobebis,

aseve gazsaden NABUCCO-s mSeneblobis perspeqtivebisa

da misi gamtarunarianobis Sesaxeb; moyvanilia aseve da-

savluri mediisTvis evrokavSiris warmomadgenelTa ko-

mentarebi, Tumca Tavad gazeTs ar aqvs warmodgenili

arc erTi eqspertis komentari da sakuTari analizi am

seqtoris perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi, visi ko-

mentaric aris warmodgenili gazeTSi, aris energetikis

ministri aleqsandre xeTaguri.

rogorc monitoringis Sedegad gairkva, gazeTma

“rezonansi” saqarTvelos energoseqtori yvelaze aqti-

urad gaaSuqa. man am Temas gverdi TiTqmis yvela nomer-

Si dauTmo da gaaSuqa seqtoris mravali problematika.

sakiTxebi, romlebic “rezonansma” gaaSuqa:

- gazis tarifis gaZvireba sawarmoebisTvis;

- denis tarifis SesaZlo gaZvirebasTan dakavSire-

biT arsebuli kiTxvebi;

- engurhesi da afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis

pozicia hesTan dakavSirebiT;

- gazis regionebSi ganawileba da axali “monstri” -

“sokari” qarTul bazarze;

- ruseTis dapireba oseTSi gazsadenis gayvanasTan

dakavSirebiT;

- yazaxuri proeqtis _ baTumSi navTobgadamamuSave-

beli qarxnis mSeneblobis perspeqtivebi;

- ruseTis energopolitika da evropis reaqciebi;

43

- dasavleTis Seteva rusul ekonomikaze;

- navTobkompaniebis mier agvistos movlenebiT da-

zaralebulTaTvis gaweuli daxmareba;

- energetikuli usafrTxoeba da saqarTvelos ro-

li.

“rezonansi” Seecada erTi Tvis manZilze moecva

mTeli energoseqtori. mkiTxvels mieca SesaZlebloba

gacnoboda am seqtorSi arsebul problemebs, saerTaSo-

riso tendenciebs, qveyanaSi Seqmnil viTarebas; statieb-

Si moyvanilia ara mxolod faqtebi konkretul proeq-

tebTan dakavSirebiT, aramed moyvanilia rogorc erTi

mxaris, aseve meore mxaris damokidebuleba ama Tu im sa-

kiTxze. gazeTSi warmodgenilia ara mxolod energetikis

ministris pozicia, aramed konkretuli kompaniebis

(rompetroli, sokari) xelmZRvanelTa, aseve eqspertTa

(gia xuxaSvili, soso cincaZe, daviT ebraliZe, liana

jervaliZe) poziciebi. gazeTi mkiTxvels aseve SesaZleb-

lobas aZlevs gaecnos meore mxaris poziciebsac, ro-

melsac calkeul SemTxvevebSi de-faqto respublikebis

liderebi _ eduard kokoiTi da sergei baRafSi warmo-

adgenen, aseve kompaniebis _ “gazpromisa” da “yazmunaiga-

zis” pozciebi.

“rezonansSi” mkiTxvels aseve SeuZlia gaigos, Tu

rogor gaSuqda konkretuli Tema (gazsadeni NABUCCO,

ruseTis winaaRmdeg gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi, “gaz-

promis” energopolitika da aziasa da afrikasTan SesaZ-

lo TanamSromloba) dasavlur mediaSi, aseve ra komenta-

rebi gakeTda evrokavSirisa Tu aSS-is administraciis

warmomadgenelTa mier konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSi-

rebiT.

da rac yvelaze sainteresoa, gazeTi “rezonansi”

sTavazobs mkiTxvels ubralo momxmarebelTa mosazre-

44

bebs denis tarifis SesaZlo gaZvirebasTan da konkretu-

lad zamTrisaTvis mzadebasTan dakavSirebiT.

presis monitoringis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT,

rom, miuxedavad, zogadad sakiTxis aqtualurobisa, qar-

Tuli presisTvis energetika wamyvani Tema ar yofila.

yvelaze aqtiurad energoseqtori gaSuqda gazeTSi “re-

zonansi”, romelsac es Tema xSirad pirvel gverdzec

hqonda gamotanili.

monitoringis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom “azrTa li-

derebis” funqcias Tavad Jurnalistebi asruleben, rad-

ganac yvelaze xSirad statiaSi mxolod maTi mosazrebe-

bia warmodgenili. yvelaze xSirad gazeTebSi warmodge-

nilia energetikis ministris aleqsandre xeTagurisa da

eqspert gia xuxaSvilis komentarebi. yvelaze aqtualu-

ri Tema gazisa da denis tarifi da gaz- da navTobsade-

nebis alternatiuli marSrutebis perspeqtivebia. Tu

visaubrebT zogad ganwyobebze, Jurnalistebi sakmaod

skeptikurad arian ganwyobilni rogorc mimdinare zam-

Tris uproblemod SexvedrasTan, aseve saqarTvelos sa-

erTaSoriso proeqtebSi CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT da

yvelaze xSirad amis argumentad ruseTis energoresur-

sebi, misi agresiuli politika da dasavleTis rusul

gazze damokidebuleba moyavT.

presa, rogorc Jurnalistikis velis agenti, aris

ekonomikis, politikisa da Tavad Jurnalistikis vele-

bis Sexvedris adgili. energoseqtori, rogorc qveynis

ekonomikis Semadgeneli nawili, aris mniSvnelovani po-

litikuri TamaSis nawili. Zalian rTulia daadgino

zRvari, saqarTveloSi energetika, rogorc ekonomikuri

sivrce, Tavad axdens gavlenas politikur TamaSze Tu

piriqiT, is aris iaraRi politikosTa xelSi. aq Tavs

mTavari sociologiuri problema _ subieqt-obieqti,

agenti-recipienti _ iCens Tavs. Tumca, am kvlevis mi-

zans ar warmoadgenda imis dadgena, Tu romeli veli

45

flobs met Zalauflebas: ekonomika karnaxobs sakuTar

wesebs politikas Tu piriqiT, Tu yvelaze didi Zalauf-

lebis mqone Jurnalistikis velia, romelic orive vels

sakuTari SesaZleblobebis demonstrirebis saSualebas

aZlevs.

kvlevis mizani iyo dagvedgina, eTmoba Tu ara yu-

radReba energoseqtors, ra problematikaze xdeba aq-

centireba, vin arian “azrTa liderebi” da ra perspeqti-

vebzea saubari.

cxadia, rom arsebobs energoseqtori, romelic

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs qveynis adgils msoflio

geopolitikaSi da am sakiTxebze diskusia mediaSi mniS-

vnelovania rogorc politikuri aqtorebis, aseve audi-

toriisTvis. imis miuxedavad, rom es ar aris yvelaze

popularuli Tema xmis misaRebad arCevnebSi, rac Tana-

medrove politikuri TamaSis ZiriTad mizans warmoad-

gens, es aris sakiTxi, romelzec sakuTari pozicia yve-

la politikur Zalas da e.w. moazrovne eleqtorats ga-

aCnia. xSirad swored es ukanaskneli asrulebs “azrTa

lideris” funqcias sakuTar socialur jgufSi. Sesaba-

misad, Jurnalistikis velis aqtorebi sTavazoben audi-

torias suraTs energopolitikaze da Tan ise, rom az-

rTa liderebis rolSi xan Tavad, xan eqsprtebi, xanac

Tavad politikuri aqtorebi gvevlinebian. Tumca, mxo-

lod am Temis gaSuqebac ki, avtomaturad niSnavs poli-

tikuri velisa da Jurnalistikis velis komunikacias.

presis mcirericxovani auditoriis didi nawili Semdeg

ukve Tavad aris garkveuli ideebis generatori da az-

rTa lideri sakuTar jgufSi; es ki imas niSnavs, rom am

sakiTxebze diskusiaSi gacilebiT farTo socialuri

jgufia Cabmuli.

ra Sedegi moaqvs am diskusiebs, es sxva kvlevis sa-

gania. globalizaciisa da informacionalizaciis epoqa-

Si, rodesac sazogadoebas informaciaTa usazRvro naka-

46

di miewodeba, Tan ise, rom misi analizis dro ar rCeba,

Tavad sakiTxis garSemo diskusiis dawyeba ukve dadebi-

Tad SeiZleba Sefasdes. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa,

rom qaTul presaSi energoseqtori mTavari Tema sulac

ar yofila, Temis gaSuqebis yoveli mcdeloba politi-

kuri diskursisTvis am sakiTxis aqtualurobas mainc

adastrurebs.

Abstract Flora Esebua –PhD Student of the Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences of TSU. The Energy Sector of Georgia in the Georgian Press after

the war – the meeting place of the fields of politics and Journalism

We can imagine a social reality as structured by fields where

each field is partially autonomous. Political field is the most autonomous one but it mainly depends on the field of journalism. Georgian printed media is the meeting place of three fileds – political field, economic field and field of journalism. Despite of the urgency of the issue, the energy policy of Georgia after the August incidents has not become the main issue of Georgian published media. As a result of content-analyse of four representatives of printed media the main stresses are revealed; it’s fixed that the “opinion leaders” are media agents themselves and not political actors or experts.

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_ 2001 _#5;

47

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48

2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

lia TeTraZe

Tsu- s socialur da politikur

mecnierebaTa fakulteti, politikur

mecnierebaTa mimarTuleba, doqtoranti

2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevne-

bis moaxloebasTan erTad politikuri partiebs Soris

vnebaTaRelva dRiTidRe matulobs. saarCevno kampania

aqtiur fazaSi gadadis. 2010 wlis adgilobrivi arCevne-

bisadmi interesi Zalian didia, rasac ufro metad am-

Zafrebs saarCevno kodeqsis daxvewis da adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis reformirebis mizniT

ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi.

im WeSmaritebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arCevnebi ar

iwyeba kenWisyris dRes, cxadze cxadia, nebismieri arCev-

nebis kanonierebis, demokratiulobis da gamWvirvalo-

bis dasadgenad aucilebelia, gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-

ba mieqces winasaarCevno kampanias.

nebismieri donis arCevnebSi erTerT umniSvnelova-

nes faqtors warmoadgens arCevnebSi monawile politi-

kuri subieqtebis uzrunvelyofa Tanabari sastarto pi-

robebiT winaasaarCevno kampaniis warmoebisas, romelic

regulirebulia saarCevno kodeqsiT.

mogexsenebaT saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi saar-

Cevno kanonmdeblobis daxvewis da srulyofis mizniT

mudmivad ganicdis saxecvlilebas. aqedan gamomdinare

sainteresoa im cvlilebebis ganxilva, romelic uSua-

lod exeba saarCevno kampaniis maregulirebel samar-

Tlebriv normebs, ramdenad uzrunvelyofs konkurentu-

narian saarCevno garemos.

2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis winasa-

arCevno periodi ramodenime aspeqtiT, Zalian gavs 2006

49

wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis winasaarCevno pe-

riods, Tumca mimdinare winasaarCevno kampania bevrad

daxvewilia, aqedan gamomdinare aRniSnuli arCevnebis Se-

darebiTi analizi SesaZleblobas mogvcems vimsjeloT

saarCevno kampaniis da zogadad arCevnebis dadebiT da

uaryofiT mxareebze.

mokled Sevexebi politikur mdgomareobas, romelic

win uswrebda arCevnebs, politikur partiebs Soris arse-

bul damokidebulebas rogorc 2006 wlis, aseve 2010

wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebisadmi da

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis reformirebis

mizniT ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs ramac mniSvnelovan-

wilad gansazRvra saarCevno kampaniis xasiaTi.

kanonis Tanaxmad, kandidatTa winasaarCevno kampania

da agitacia iwyeba arCevnebis daniSvnis dRidan, anu 2006

wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebisaTvis sa-

arCevno kampaniisa da agitaciis ganxorcieleba 40 dRiani

vadiT ganisazRvra.1 TavisTavad arasaarCevno periodic

iZleva politikuri partiebisaTvis SesaZleblobas gaac-

non sakuTari saqmianoba da gegmebi amomrCevlebs; Tumca

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 5 oqtombris arCevnebis subieqtebma

mizanmimarTuli kampania, arCevnebis daniSvnis dRidan da-

iwyes. aqve avRniSnav, rom prezidentis gankargulebiT2

arCevnebi zustad 40 dRiT adre dainiSna, ramac erTis

1 saraTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. uxli 73.punqti 1. winasaar-

Cevno kampania/agitacia iwyeba arCevnebis daniSvnis momenti-

dan. saarCevno subieqtobis kandidatebi am dRidan sargeblo-

ben Tansawori uflebebiT am kanoniT dadgenili we-

siT.(21.03.2008) 2 wlis 26 agvistos, saqarTvelos prezidentis №480 gankargu-

lebiT, saqarTvelos kontituciis 73-e muxlis me-2 punqtisa

da saqarTvelos organuli kanonis “saqarTvelos saarCevno

kodeqsis” 1291 muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, adgilob-

rivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organos – sak-

rebulos arCevnebis daniSvnis procedura kanonis CarCoebSi

ganxorcielda.

50

mxriv Seqmna garkveuli problemebi proceduruli Tval-

sazrisiT, xolo meores mxriv garkveulwilad SezRuda,

rogorc centraluri saarCevno komisiis, aseve politi-

kuri subieqtebis qmedebebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniS-

vnebi gamoiTqva sadamkvirveblo misiis mxridanac. maga-

liTad, euTos demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis

uflebaTa ofisma (ODIHR) Tavis Sualedur moxsenebaSi

ganacxada, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom arCevnebisaTvis

teqnikuri mzadeba mimdinareobs, “cesko sirTuleebis wi-

naSe dgas mWidro vadebis gamo” xelisuflebam arCevnebis

dRe 27 agvistos gamoacxada, ramac “saarCevno adminis-

tracia vadebSi mniSvnelovnad SezRuda da cesko-m ver

SeZlo rig SemTxvevebSi, vadebSi Cateva” cesko-m ver SeZ-

lo gaerkvia saarCevno kodeqsis bundovani mxareebi, sa-

arCevno kampaniisaTvis Tanmimdevrulad da droulad sax-

srebis gamoyofis moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT. Sedegad

zogierT maJoritar kandidats registraciaze uari eT-

qva. saboloo jamSi, zogierT maJoritarul olqSi mxo-

lod erTi kandidati daregistrirda.1 2006 wlis arCev-

nebSi monawileoba miiRo 6 politikurma subieqtma.2

2006 wlis arCevnebisagan gansxvavebiT. 2010 wlis

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebisaTvis saar-

Cevno kampaniis warmoebis vada 60 dRemde3 gaizarda, ama-

ve dros unda aRiniSnos, rom ramodenime politikurma

subieqtma saarCevno kampania arCevnebis gamocxadebamde

gacilebiT adre daiwyo, amas garkveulwilad xeli Seuw-

                                                            1  arCevnebze damkvirvebeli organizaciebi Sualedur daskvnebs

aqveyneben. /3oqt.’ 06/16:41 http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=13866 

2 http://www.cec.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=22&info_id=1325 3 Kkanonis Tanaxmad winasaarCevno agitacia iwyeba arCevnebis

daniSvnis dRidan, saarCevno kodeqsis Tanaxmad. prezidenti

merisa da sakrebulos arCevnebs niSnavs meris uflebamosile-

bis gasvlamde araugvianes 60 dRisa, saqarTvelos saarCevno

kodeqsi. muxli 108. punqti-2. Tumca rasakvirvelia SesaZlebe-

lia arCevnebis TariRis daniSnva ufro adrec.

51

yo arCevnebis savaraudo TariRis gansazRvram. kerZod,

pirveli gancxadeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ar-

Cevnebis 2010 wlis 30 maiss Catarebis Sesaxeb jer kidev

2009 wlis 20 ivniss parlamentis winaSe angariSis war-

dgenis dros gaakeTa, xolo mimdinare wlis 12 marts mi-

Rebuli kanoniT, Caiwera rom adgilobrivi TviTmmar-

Tvelobis arCevnebi amave wlis 30 maiss unda Catardes.1

arCevnebis TariRis droulad gamocxadeba qarTu-

li da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

rekomendacia iyo, radgan garda imisa, rom arCevnebis

TariRis gamocxadeba pirdapir kavSirSia oficialuri

saarCevno kampaniis dawyebasTan, arCevnebis zusti Tari-

Ris codna politikuri partiebis Tabanar pirobebSi Ca-

yenebasac uwyobs xels. Tumca miuxedavad amisa opoziciur partiebs Soris

gamarTulma gauTavebelma konsultaciebma da SeuTan-

xmeblobam gaerTianebis Taobaze, romelic sabolood

uSedegod dasrulda, didi ziani miayena erTis mxriv

opoziciuri partiebis imijs, xolo meores mxriv drois

TvalsazrisiT, romelic rogorc resursi araraciona-

lurad iqna gamoyenebuli.

2006 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCev-

nebs win uswrebda cvlilebi saarCevno kodeqsSi, rom-

lis Sedegad saqarTvelos mosaxleobam miiRo saxeSec-

vlili, gansxvavebuli uflebamovaleobebis mqone adgi-

lobivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, meris Tanamdebo-

ba gaxda arCeviTi,2 Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, meris arCeva

xdeboda arapirdapiri gziT, anu sakrebuloSi umravle-

sobiT mosuli partiidan.

amave dros es iyo profesiuli niSniT arCeuli

centraluri saarCevno komisiisaTvis pirveli saerTo

erovnuli arCevnebi.

                                                            1 saqarTvelos organuli kanonis `saqarTvelos saarCevno ko-

deqsi~ 12913 muxlis 1-li punqti.

2 saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. muxli 123. punqti me-2.

52

rac Seexeba 2010 wlis arCevnebs, iseve rogorc

2006 wlis arCevnebs win uZRoda saarCevno kodeqsSi gan-

xorcielebuli mTeli rigi cvlilebebisa, romelic See-

xo sakrebuloebis dakompleqtebis wess, da rac yyvela-

ze mniSvnelovania meris Tanamdeboba gaxda arCeviTi.1

(Tumca ara yvela msxvil qalaqSi.) rac adgilobrvi

TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebisaken win gadadgmul na-

bijad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

iseve rogorc 2006 wlis arCevnebis win, aseve 2010

wlis arCevnebisTvis opoziciaSi marcxi ganicada boiko-

tis Temam. gansxvavebiT wina arCevnebisagan politikuri

partiebis CarTuloba saarCevno kampaniSi gacilebiT ma-

Rali iyo. 2010 wlis arCevnebSi monawilebis misaRebad

ceeskoSi registracia gaiara 26-ma politikurma partiam

maT Soris arCevnebisaTvis Seqmna 3 saarCevno bloki, xo-

lo 14 politikuri partia damoukideblad iRebs monawi-

leobas.2 rac Seexeba Tbilisis meris arCevnebs ceesko-Si

Tbilisis merobis 9 kandidatis ganacxadi Sevida.3

2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevne-

bis saarCevno kampania wina arCevnebTan SedarebiT mSvid

garemoSi mimdinareobs, erTis mxriv arCevnebSi monawile

merobis kandidatebs da partiebs saSualeba aqvT amom-

rCevlebs miawodon Tavisi saarCevno programebi, xolo

meores mxriv, kerZod ki, saarCevno kampaniis gaSuqebis

TvalsazrisiT politikuri subieqtebi araTanabar mdgo-

mareobaSi aRmoCndnen, amas emateba is garemoebac, rom

meris arCevnebSi monawile saxelisuflebo kandidati

amavdroulad inarCunebs Tbilisis meris statuss da

uflebamosilebas, rac araTanabar mdgomareobaSi aye-

nebs arCevnebSi monawile sxva kandidtebs. saarCevno kampaniis warmoebisas aucilebeli piro-

baa konkurentunariani saarCevno garemos Seqmna.

                                                            1 saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi 126

13 punqti 2.

2 http://www.cec.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=62&info_id=6554 3 http://www.cec.gov.ge/files/biuletenebi/biuleteni_27_-_3_maisi.pdf

53

maT Soris mniSvnelovania arCevnebSi monawile po-

litikur subieqtTa sainformacio uzrunvelyofa.

arCevnebSi monawile politikur subieqtTa sain-

formacio uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

regulirdeba saarCevno kodeqsis 73-e da 731-e muxliT.

2006 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevne-

bis win saarCevno kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebe-

bi masmediis saSualebebsac Seexo da winasaarCevno kampa-

niis warmoebis sainformacio uzrunveloyofisaTvis ga-

naxlebuli wesebi ganisazRvra. saarCevno kanonmdebloba

avaldebulebs, rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise kerZo mauw-

yeblebs winasaarCevno kampaniis sawarmoeblad gamoyon

ufaso saeTero dro mxolod kvalificiuri subieqtebi-

saTvis, Seqmnan Tanabari pirobebi fasiani saagitacio

gancxadebebis gansaTavseblad da debatebSi monawileo-

bis misaRebad.1

imis miuxedavad, rom saarCevno kanonmdebloba gan-

sazRvravs saarCevno subieqtis kvalificiurobis statu-

sis garkveul kriteriumebs,2 2006 wlis arCevnebisaTvis

Tavdapirvelad gaurkveveli iyo, Tu romeli saarCevno

subieqti unda mieCniaT mauwyebelT kvalificiur subieq-

tad. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom kanoniT sazogadoebrivi

mauwyebeli valdebulia, kvalificiuri saarCevno subieq-

tebis garda, yvela sxva partiasa da saarCevno blokis wi-

nasaarCevno reklamis ganTavsebis mizniT gamoyos dro,

romelic Tanabrad ganawildeba am subieqtebs Soris.3

2006 wlis arCevnebis sarCevno kampaniis sainforma-

cio uzrunvelyofas sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben, rogorc

saerTaSoriso ise adgilobrivi sadamkvirveblo organi-

zaciebi. mag: euTos sadamkvirveblo misiis SefasebiT “me-

                                                            1 saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi 73 –e da 73

1 muxli

2 saarCevno subieqtis kvalificiurobis sakiTxi kriteriumebi

ganisazRvreba saarCevno kodeqsi 731 muxlis me-4, me-4

1, me-5,

me-6, me-7 punqtebiT. 3 saarCevno kodeqsi 73

1 muxlis me-10 punqti

54

dia amomrCevlebs azrTa mravalferovnebas sTavazobda

da arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovan movlenebs

aSuqebda, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda xelisuf-

lebis saqmianobas. samauwyeblo kompaniebi ufaso satele-

vizio drois ganawilebasTan da debatebis organizebas-

Tan dakavSirebul sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebs icavdnen.

samwuxaroa, rom erTianma nacionalurma moZraobam uari

ganacxada aRniSnul debatebSi monawileobaze”. Tumca

masSi aseve naTqvamia, rom “rusTavi 2-ma politikuri am-

bebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli saeTero drois 36% mTavro-

bas da 30% ki prezidents dauTmo.1 analogiuri Sefarde-

baa sazogadoebriv mauwyebelSic. orive arxis informacia

xelisuflebis Sesaxeb neitraluri an pozitiuri iyo. ga-

zeTebma mkiTxvelebs ufro kritikuli azri SesTavazes.

Tumca mcire tiraJis gamo isini mkiTxvelTa mxolod

SezRudul raodenobas moicaven.”

rac Seexeba 2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-

lobis winasaarCevno kampaniis sainformacio uzrunvel-

yofas, marTalia politikuri subieqtebis kvalificiu-

robis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT problemebi ar Seq-

mnila Tumca dabalansebis da tendenciurobis sakiTxebi

kvlav aqtualuria. magaliTad euTos sadamkvirveblo

misiis monitoringis Sualedur angariSSi2 naTqvamia,

rom ”kandidatebs saSualeba qondaT warmoedginaT saku-

Tari platforma saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeb-

lisa da sxva saxelmwifo da kerZo mauwyeblebis mier

                                                            1 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom prezidenti im dro-

isaTvis imav droulad iyo erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis

Tavmjdomare, aRniSnuli garemoeba erTiani nacionaluri moZ-

raobis mxardaWeris da reklamirebisa damatebiT umniSvnelo-

vanes resursad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. 2 euTos demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis uflebebis

ofisi. arCevnebis sadamkvirveblo misia. saqarTvelo, adgi-

lobrivi arCevnebi 2010 weli. 21 maisi. Sualeduri angariSi

#2 (4-15 maisi)

http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr-el/2010/05/44046_ka.pdf

55

mowyobili sistematiuri diskusiebisa da Toq Souebis

saSualebiT.” aqve naTqvamia, rom “OSCE/ODIHR-is saar-

Cevno sadamkvirveblo misiis 18 aprili-12 maisi media

monitoringis winaswar angariSSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom

satelevizio arxebis umetesoba araTanabar dros uT-

mobda praim-taimis axali ambebis eTerSi sxvadasxva po-

litikuri subieqtebisa da kandidatebis gaSuqebas, zo-

gierTi maTgani upiratesobas aniWebda samTavrobo kan-

didatebs, zogi-ki opoziciisas. aqamde mxolod ssm1

sTavazobs mayurebels saarCevno kampaniis SedarebiT

dabalasebul suraTs praim-taimis axal ambebSi. ssm1-ma

politikuri da saarCevno axali ambebis 19% dauTmo

“erTian nacionalur moZraobas”, da 13% “alianss saqar-

TvelosTvis” qristian demokratiuli moZraobis Taos-

nobiT Seqmnil qristian-demokratiul gaerTianebas da

erovnul sabWos daeTmoT 12-12%. ssm-s meore arxi mud-

mivad uTmobs eTers yvela politikur partias, aSuqebs

maT saarCevno kampanias _ dRemde es saSualeba gamoiyena

qristian-demokratiulma kavSirma, “aliansma saqarTve-

losaTvis” da erovnulma sabWom.

qveynis masStabiT mauwyebeli, dReisaTvis yvelaze

popularuli ori kerZo satelevizio arxi - “rusTavi-2”

da “imedi” gamoxataven mmarTveli partiisa da mis mier

wardgenili Tbilisis merobis kandidatis mxardaWeras.

orive arxi farTod da dadebiTad aSuqebs xelisufle-

bis saqmianobas saarCevno kampaniis konteqstis gareSec,

riTac, arapirdapiri gziT, samsaxurs uwevs samTavrobo

kandidatebs. TvalSi sacemia saxelmwifo moxeleTa saq-

mianobis dadebiTi kuTxiT gaSuqebis tendencia. maTi

miRwevebisa da warmatebebis wina planze wamoweva. Tbi-

lisis merisa da mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa gamoCena

sxvadasxva ceremoniebis, maT Soris avtobusis axali sa-

marSruto xazis, sportuli moednebisa da savaWro cen-

trebis gaxsnis, agreTve Tbilisis liftebis SekeTebis

Tbilisis meriis TanadafinasebiT) gaSuqebisas, rogorc

56

wesi, erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis” kandidatebis

TandaswrebiT, arapirdapir emsaxureba enm-s saarCevno

kampanias.”

Tbilisis adgilobrivi tele sadgurebi “kavkasia

da “maestro” ki piriqiT, dRemde opoziciis, kerZod ki

“aliansi saqarTvelosaTvis” platformis rols asrule-

ben. orive arxi aseve akritikebda “erTian nacionalur

moZraobas da xelisuflebas. qveynis masStabiT mauwye-

bel ZiriTad satelevizio arxebze fasiani satelevizio

reklamis Zalian maRali tarifi1 kandidatebs media sa-

SualebebSi saarCevno kampaniis warmoebis saSualebas

uzRudavs. dRemde mxolod batonma ugulavam moaxerxa

“rusTavi 2-ze da “imedze” fasiani sareklamo rgolebis

ganTavseba. “kvalificiuri subieqtebi aqtiurad iyeneben

ufaso saeTero dros, romelic maTTvis rogorc saxel-

mwifo ise kerZo mauwyeblebma gamoyves sareklamo rgo-

lebis gansaTavseblad. ssm-s pirveli arxi, miuxedavad

imisa kanoniT ar aris valdebuli, ufaso saeTero dros

mainc uTmobs arakvalificiur subietqebs.“

aRniSnuli tendencia fiqsirdeba aseve media moni-

toringis2 angariSebSi

3 da aseve calkeuli adgilobrivi

sadamkvirveblo organizaciebis mier momzadebul wina-

saarCevno kampaniis monitoringis angariSebSi, am drois

                                                            1 http://www.ambebi.ge/politika/19486-opoziciisthvis-miutsvdomeli-nacionaluri-arkhebis-politikuri-reklamis-tarifebi.html 2winasaarCevno kampaniis media monitiringis ganxorcielebis

mizniT centralurma saarCevno komisiam daiqirava ukrainuli

monitoringis Jgufi pro mova (pro mova), da aseve sami qarTu-

li kompania aipiemi (IPM), bisiji BCG da praim-taimi ( PRIME-TIME) 3 ix. media monitoringi 2010. pirveli talRa 26 aprili- 5 mai-

si. satelevizio arxebis monitoringi Sedegebi. meore talRa. 6-

12 maisi.

satelevizio arxebis monitoringis Sedegebi. mesame talRa.

13-19 maisi, 2010

57

manZilze televiziebis misamarTiT gakeTda araerTi Se-

niSvna tendenciurobasa da drois araTanabar ganawile-

baze calkeuli organizaciebisa da pirebis mier. mag: me-

dia monitoringis Sualedur angariSSi naTqvamia, rom

“Pro.mova-s mier media monitoringis monacemTa analizi

ukve dawyebulia. zusti monacemebi Tvis bolosTvis iq-

neba warmodgenili, Tumca am etapze SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom sainformacio siaxleebi dabalansebulia da Seesa-

bameba dadgenil raodenobriv kriteriumebs (xangrZli-

voba, gaSvebis sixSire). amave dros sainformacio siax-

leebis pirveli Tvisobrivi kvlevebi qmnis mediis mier

kandidatTa araTanabrad warmoCenis saSiSroebas, rac

gamoixateba dRis wesrigSi zogierTi kandidatisaTvis

sxvebTan SedarebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi, menejmen-

tis mxriv araTanabari pirobebis Seqmnas, aseve sxvadas-

xva mniSvnelobis da Sesabamisobis qvotebis araTanabrad

gadanawilebaSi. amitom monitoringis ganmaxorcielebe-

li kompaniebis mxridan maqsimaluri Zalisxmevaa saWiro

raTa amomrCevleTaTvis saukeTesod iqnas miwodebuli

yvela siaxle.1”

rac Seexeba satelevizio debatebs aRsaniSnavia,

rom 2006 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevne-

bis dros “xelisuflebam nebayoflobiT daTmo satele-

vizio diskusiis arena da is opozicias gadauloca.

dRes yvela arxze politikur Toq-SouebSi mxolod

opoziciaa warmodgenili, romelic aseT uCveulo gare-

moSi cota uxerxuladac ki grZnobs Tavs da ar icis ro-

gor SeebrZolos uxilav mowinaaRmdeges.”2 Tumca amave

dros aRniSnuli Toq-Souebi opoziciisaTvis Tavisi Ta-

vis reklamirebis damatebiT saSualebad iqca.

                                                            1 winasarCevno periodis media monitoringis pirveli Suale-

duri angariSi. 11 maisi. 2010 weli 2 ix. “ucnauri arCevnebi: distanciaze brZolis’ strategia da

taqtika“, giorgi asaniSvili, 24 saaTi” 20 seqtemberi 2006

,#207 (1359)

58

2006 wlis arCevnebisgan gansxvavebiT 2010 wlis ad-

gilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saarCevno kampaniis dros,

pirvelad saqarTvelos arCevnebis istoriis manZilze

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv mauwyebelze Sedga satele-

vizio debatebi1 Tbilisis merobis kandidatebs Soris,

debatebi moewyo or etapad, pirvel etapze debatebSi

monawileoba miiRo kvalificiurma subieqtebma,2 xolo

meore etapze debatebi Sedga arakvalificiur subieq-

tebs3 Soris.

4 miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli debatebi

ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT Sors aris evropasa da ame-

rikaSi danergili debatebis tradiciebisgan, aRniSnuli

movlena mainc win gadadgmuli nabijia, rogorc amom-

rCevelTa informirebis, aseve saarCevno teqnologiebis

ganviTarebis TvalzrisiT.

saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsiT daSvebulia wina-

saarCevno agitacia, rogorc romelime saarCevno subieq-

tis mxardasaWerad, ise sawinaaRmdegod. 2006 wlis adgi-

lobriv arCevnebSi winasaarCevno kampaniis warmoebisas

politikuri partiebi/blokebi sakuTari programebisa

da winadadebebis ukeTesad warmodgenis nacvlad, opo-

nentebis uaryofiT mxareebze akeTebdnen aqcents.

am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia, rom 2006 wlis arCevnebisagan

gansxvavebiT 2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

arCevnebSi monawile politikuri subieqtebi orientire-

                                                            1 debatebi Catarda aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagen-

tosa (USAID) da saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis Ta-

nadafinansebiT. USAID-ma daaxloebiT 40 000 aSS dolari ga-

moyo debatebis organizebisaTvis, debatebis Semdgomi gamo-

kiTxvisa da fokus Jgufebis CatarebisTvis. kandidatTa winas-

wari momzadebisa da sxva saxis daxmarebisTvis. 2 http://www.1tv.ge/Video-View.aspx?VID=1266&Loc=82&CatID-=1&LangID=1 3 http://www.1tv.ge/Video-View.aspx?VID=1274&Loc=82&CatID=1&LangID=1 4 http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22682&search=ს ა ტ ე ლე ვ ი ზ იო დე ბ ა ტ ე ბ ი

59

buli arian amomrCevlebze da ara sxva kandidatTa nega-

tiuri mxareebis mxilebaze. arCevnebSi monawile poli-

tikuri subieqtebi maqsimalururad cdiloben ZiriTadi

saprogramo debulebebi miitanon amomrCevlebamde. Tum-

ca arCevnebSi monawile politikuri subieqtebi arapir-

dapiri gzebiT mainc cdiloben konkurentebis diskredi-

tacias.

rac Seexeba administraciuli resursebis gamoyene-

bis sakiTxs, 2006 wlis adgilobrivi arCevnebi ar gamo-

irCeoda saxelmwifo da partiuli struqturebis gamij-

vnis kuTxiT. saarCevno kampaniis warmarTvis Tvalsazri-

siT saxelisuflebo partia, rogorc xelisufleba, mom-

gebian poziciaSi imyofeboda da kanonmdeblobis ak-

rZalvebma ver uzrunvelyo mmarTveli partiis mier ad-

ministraciuli resursebis gamoyenebis kontroli; Sede-

gad, mmarTvelma partiam es SesaZlebloba sakmaod efeq-

turad da mizanmimarTulad gamoiyena. amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT SeniSvnebi gamoiTqva euTos sadamkvirveblo misi-

is mxridanac. magaliTad, euTos sadamkvirveblo misiis

Sualedur daskvnaSi naTqvamia, rom: ”mmarTvelma parti-

am farTod gamoiyena xelisuflebaSi yofnis upirateso-

ba da ganaxorciela metad TvalSisacemi socialuri

daxmarebis proeqtebi, romlebic moicavdnen komunalu-

ri gadasaxadebis vauCerebis gamoSvebas, sapensio danama-

tebis gacemas da droebiTi samuSao programebis SemuSa-

vebas. saarCevno kampaniis paralelurad warmarTulma da

mediis mier farTod gaSuqebulma zemoaRniSnulma prog-

ramebma saxelmwifo saqmianobasa da saarCevno kampanias

Soris zRvari metad bundovani gaxada. beWdviT da eleq-

tronul saarCevno masalebSi identuri lozungebis, di-

zainisa da gamosaxulebebis gamoyenebam gaarTula erTi-

ani nacionaluri moZraobis saarCevno kampaniis masaleb-

sa da saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinansebul masalebs

Soris gansxvavebebis moZebna. garda amisa, zogierT Sem-

TxvevaSi erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis filialebi

60

ganTavsebuli iyo adgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xeli-

suflebis SenobebSi da calkeuli saarCevno komisia

mmarTveli partiis saarCevno kampaniaSi iyo CarTuli.”1

imis miuxedavad, rom saarCevno kodeqsiT akrZalu-

lia winasaarCevno agitaciisa da kampaniisTvis im orga-

nizaciebis materialur-teqnikuri resursebis gamoyene-

ba, romlebic finansdeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biu-

jetidan, aseve akrZalulia Tanamdebobrivi da samsaxu-

rebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyeneba saagitaciod, 2006

wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebisTvis

aseTi zRvari realurad ar arsebobda. (magaliTad, wina-

saarCevnod saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinansebuli Ro-

nisZiebebis Sesrulebis gaxSireba da maTi gamoyeneba da

a.S) aseT viTarebaSi gamoricxuli iyo samuSao saaTebis

ganmavlobaSi agitaciis warmoebis akrZalvis wesebis

dacva. xelisuflebis mier Catarebuli yvela pozitiuri

RonisZieba mmarTveli partiis mier Sesrulebulad

cxaddeboda da aRiqmeboda, rac SeuZlebels xdida wina-

saarCevno agitaciisa da administraciuli resursis ga-

mijvnas2

miuxedavad imisa, rom adaminstraciuli resursebis

gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT ganxorcielda mTeli rigi

RonisZiebebisa, kerZod jer kidev 2006 wlis adgilobri-

vi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Semdom rogorc saer-

TaSoriso aseve adgilobrivi sadamkvirveblo organiza-

ciis mier gakeTda araerTi SeniSvna, SemuSavda araerTi

rekomendacia, 2008 wlis arCevnebSi rogorc sapreziden-

                                                            1 ix. “ZiriTad Tavisuflebebs pativs scemen, magram saxelmwi-

fosa da mmarTvel partias Soris gansxvaveba arasakmarisia”

euTos demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis uflebebis

dacvis ofisis pres mdivnis mier gavrcelebuli presrelizi,

Tbilisi, 6 oqtomberi 2006 weli. 2 damatebiT ix. axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia “adgilobrivi

arCevnebi saqarTveloSi: samarTliani TamaSi” winasaarCevno

kampaniis monitoringis angariSi “ Tblisi 2006

61

to ise saparalameto arCevnebis saarCevno kampanis dros

kvlav problemur sakiTxad rCeboda adnisitraciuli

resursebis gamoyeneba saarCevno kampaniis miznebisaTvis

saxelisuflebo kandidatebis mxridan.

2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCev-

nebs win uZRoda saarCevno kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli

cvlilebebi, aseve saarCevno kampaniis sawyis stadiaze,

kerZod, 2010 wlis 8 aprils centralur saarCevno komi-

siasa da 5 arasamTavrobo organizacias (”axali Tao-

ba_axali iniciativa”, ”samarTliani arCevnebisa da de-

mokratiis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos

axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, “saerTaSoriso gam-

Wvirvaloba_saqarTvelo” da saerTo samoqalaqo moZra-

oba _ mravalerovani saqarTvelo) Soris xeli moewera

memorandums “”2010 wlis arCevnebisaTvis administraci-

uli resursebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb”1, mogvianebiT, aR-

niSnul memorandums SeuerTda ToTxmeti politikuri

partia,2 romlis mizani iyo  xelmomweri mxareebis admi-

nistraciuli resursis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul sa-

kiTxebze urTierTSeTanxmeba. Tumca miuxedavad aRniS-

nuli RonisZiebebisa es sakiTxi kvlav problematuria,

rasac garkveulwilad xels uwyobs kanonmdeblobaSi

nebsiT Tu uneblied gaparuli xarvezebi.

arasamTavrobo organizacia saerTaSoriso gamWvir-

valoba _ saqarTvelo“-m administraciuli resursebis

gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT pirveli angariSi jer ki-

dev saarCevno kampaniis oficialur dawyebamde gamoaq-

                                                            1 saiam da oTxma arasamTavrobo organicaziam ceskosTan me-

morandumi gaaforma /samSabaTi, 13 aprili 2010 /http://www.gyla.ge/attachments/702_memorandumi.pdf 2 centraluri saarCevno komisia /adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-

lobis arCevnebi 2010 / sainformacio biuleteni/4 – 10 maisi

“ceskom da Tormetma politikurma partiam administraciuli

resursis gamoyenebaze memorandums moaweres xeli” http://www.cec.gov.ge/files/biuletenebi/biuleteni_4_-_10_maisi.pdf

62

veyna1, angariSi Seexeboda 2010 wlis biujetSi adgilob-

rivi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebis up-

recendento zrdas. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba_saqar-

Tvelos mier gamoqyveynebul monitoringis meore2 anga-

riSSi dafiqsirebulia administraciuli resursebis ga-

moyenebis araerTi SemTxveva. Cemi azriT ”sakanonmdeblo

xarvezi”, romelic aucileblad unda gamoswordes Sem-

domi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebisaTvis,

Seexeba merisa da sakrebulos uflebamosilebis sakiTxs,

kerZod dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad meri da

sakrebulo uflebamosilebas axorcielebs axali sakre-

bulos pirvel Sekrebamde.3 pirvel SemTxvevaSi ”Tbili-

sis meris arCevnebs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti

Tbilisis meris uflebamosilebis vadis gasvlamde ara-

ugvianes 60 dRisa. analogiuri mdgomareobaa sakrebu-

losTan mimarTebaSic.

administraciuli resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakav-

SirebiT sainteresesoa euTos sadamkvirveblo misiis mo-

nitoringis anagriSSi gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi da adminis-

traciuli resursebis gamoyenebis faqtebi, mag: “Tbili-

                                                            1 administraciuli resursebis saarCevno kampaniis miznebisaT-

vis gamoyenebis monitoringis pirveli angariSi.

http://www.transparency.ge/post/report/pirveli-angarishi-administratsiuli-resursis-gamoqenebis-shesakheb-tsinasaarchevno-kampan 2 “saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba-saqarTvelo”s administraciu-

li resursebis saarCevno kampaniis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis

monitoringis meore Sualeduri anagiriSi 2010 wlis 15 mar-

tidan 5 maisamde periods moicavs da administraciuli re-

sursebis oTx ZiriTad saxeobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, ese-

nia: xisti, finansuri materialur teqnikuri da adamianuri

resursebi. dawvrilebiT. ix. http://www.transparency.ge/post/report/meore-shualeduri-angarishi-administratsiuli-resursis-gamoqenebis-shesakheb-tsinasaarchev 3 saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. muxli 129/13

(28.12.2009.#2525) punqti 2. 2006 wels arCeul adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs uflebamosileba SeuwydeT axa-

larCeuli sakrebuloebis pirveli SekrebisTanave.

63

sis meriis mier warmoebuli sazogadoebrivi kampania,

romlis slogani iyo “me miyvars Tbilisi” da romelic

am arCevnebis gamocxadebamde iqna inicirebuli Semdgom-

Si erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis mier TbilisSi war-

moebuli winasaarCevno kampaniis nawili gaxda.“

amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniSvna gamoiTqva adgilob-

rivi sadamkvirveblo organizaciis “saerTaSoriso gam-

Wvirvaloba _ saqarTvelos” mier momzadebul arCevnebis

monitoringis meore anagriSSi “mmarTveli partiis maJo-

ritari deputatobis kandidatebis saagitacio masalebSi

gamoyenebulia Tbilisis meriis mier dafinansebuli e.w.

rebrendingis farglebSi Seqmnili logo “me miyvars

Tbilisi” romelic Tbilisis meriis mier dafinansebuli

proeqtebis prezentaciisas gamoiyeneboda. es proeqte-

bia: qalaqis parkirebis gadasaxadis gadaxdis damadastu-

rebeli niSani, erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis” maJori-

tari deputatobis kandidatebi winasaarCevno kampaniisas

iyeneben flaierebs, romlebzedac igive logoa gamosa-

xuli. Tbilisis meriis gancxadebiT, es logo ar aris

meriis sakuTreba da masze saavtoro ufleba ar arse-

bobs, Sesabamisad misi gamoyeneba ar aris kanonis dar-

Rveva, magram, rogorc dasawyisSi aRiniSna, 1990 wlis

kopenhagenis konferenciis dokumentis Tanaxmad, unda

arsebobdes “naTeli gansxvaveba saxelmwifosa da poli-

tikur partiebs Soris, kerZod, ar unda moxdes politi-

kuri partiebisa da saxelmwifos aRreva” (muxli 5.4) es

logo ki pirdapir Tbilisis meriasTan asocirdeba.” amas

emateba sarCevno kampaniiis oficialuri dawyebamde me-

riis mier ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva socialuri pro-

eqtebi da aseve uSualod saarCevno kampaniis mimdinare-

obis dros meriis mier inicirebuli proeqti “kinoma-

nia”1, rac bunebrivad aCens kiTxvebs da eWvebs admnis-

1 damatebiT ix. axalgazrda iuristta asociacia. 2010 wlis 30

maisis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis sadamkvir-

64

traciuli resursebis saarCevno kampaniis miznebisaTvis

gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. wlebis manZilze saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi

saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis aRmas-

rulebeli organoebis xelmZRvanel pirebs ukrZalavda

winasaarCevno agitaciaSi monawileobas, 2006 wlis adgi-

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis win miRebuli sa-

kanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT ki aRniSnuli cvlilebebi ka-

nonmdeblobaSi gauqmda, ramac sxvadasxva donis xeli-

suflebis aRmasarulebeli organoebis xelmZRvanelebs,

magaliTad, ministrebs, ufleba mianiWa ewarmoebinaT

romelime saarCevno subieqtis mxardamWeri, an sawinaaR-

mdego agitacia. aseTi sakanonmdeblo sivrcis pirobebSi

SeuZlebelia winasaarCevno konkurenciis Tanabrobis

kriteriumiT Sefaseba; gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

xelisuflebis xelmZRvaneli organoebi mmarTveli par-

tiis warmomadgenlebiTa da mxardamWerebiTaa dakom-

pleqtebuli.

aseve yuradsaRebia saarCevno subieqtad da Tanam-

debobis pirad erTdroulad yofnis SesaZlebloba, rac

kanonmdeblobiT ar ikrZaleboda 2006 wlis adgilobri-

vi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebisTvis. niSandoblivia,

rom parlamentis wevrs kanonmdebloba avaldebulebs

uflebamosilebis SeCerebas, Tu igi adgilobriv arCev-

nebSi registrirdeba da kenWs iyris kandidatad; zemox-

senebuli akrZalva aseve vrceldeboda adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis qveda donis xelmZRvanel pirebze:

soflis, Temis, dabis sakrebulos Tvamjdomare/gamgebe-

li an nebismieri wevri, raionis sakrebulos mdivani da

wevrebi (Tu ar arian sakrebulos komisiis an fraqciis

Tavmjdomareebi). Tumca, absoluturad dausabuTeblad,

kanonmdebloba uSvebs sruliad sapirispiros da ufle-

bamosilebis SeuCereblad, samsaxurebrivi movaleobis

                                                                                                                              veblo misia. winasaarCevno garemos monitoringis angariSi. 23

aprili.2010.

65

Sesrulebis paralelurad TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi

kandidatebad registrirebisa da saarCevno kampaniis warmoebis uflebas aZlevs qalaqis mers, raionis gamge-

bels da moadgiles, raionis sakrebulos Tavmjdomares

da moadgiles, raionis sakrebulos komisiebisa an fraq-

ciebis Tavmjdomareebs, cxadia amgvari sakanonmdeblo

safuZveli administraciuli resursis da Tanamdebobri-

vi mdgomareobis gamoyenebis momgebian viTarebas qmnida

mmrTveli partiis kandidatebisTvis; gansakuTrebiT ki

maTTvis, visac zemoxsenebuli Tanamdebobebi ekava (maga-

liTad Tbilisis meri).

2006 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevne-

bis Semdgom saarCevno kodeqsma am mxrivac ganicada

cvlileba, kerZod 2008 wels saarCevno kodeqsSi Sevida

cvlileba, romlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis

pirebs ekrZalebaT awarmoon kampania samsaxurebrivi

funqciebis Sesrulebisas. 1

aseve sagulisxmoa, rom jer kidev 2010 wlis adgi-

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis saarCevno kampa-

niis sawyis stadiaze, kerZod 12 aprils gamarTul par-

lamentis biuros sxdomaze parlamentis Tavmjdomare

arCevnebis procesSi administraciuli resursis gamoye-

nebis sakiTxsac Seexo. Tavmjdomarem gaafrTxila saxel-

mwifo moxeleebi emoqmedaT mxolod TavianTi kompeten-

ciisa da kanonis farglebSi. xolo politikur Zalebs ki

parlamentis TavmJdomarem sakuTari saqmianobis swored

memorandumis Sesabamisad warmarTvisaken mouwoda2.

Tumca miuxedavad araerTgzis gancxadebisa da Ro-

nisZiebebisa mimdinare saarCevno kampaniisas dafiqsirda

sajaro moxeleTa mxridan saarCevno kampaniaSi ukanonod

Carevis faqtebi.

                                                            1 saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. muxli 761

winasaarCevno agi-

taciisas da kampaniisas Tanamdebobrivi an samsaxurebrivi

mdgomareobis gamoyenebis akrZalva. (21.03.2008 #6013).

2 http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=56&info_id=27332

66

magaliTad, bevrma kandidatma maT Soris maRali

Tanamdebobis pirebma aiRes Svebuleba “erTiani naciona-

luri moZraobisTvis“ saarCevno kampaniis sawarmoeblad.

opozicionerma politikosebma ki amis Taobaze protes-

ti gamoTqves, radgan es xels aZlevs mxolod “erTian

nacionalur moZraobas.

saarCevno kodeqsis 761 muxlis darRvevis araerTi

faqti dafiqsirda, rogorc adgilobrivi sadamkvirveb-

lo organizaciebis aseve saerTaSoriso sadamkvirveblo

organizaciebis monitoringis angariSebSi. mag: “kaxeTis

sainformacio centris Jurnalistis gela mTivliSvilis

gancxadebiT, siRnaRis saolqo-saarCevno komisiis Tav-

mjdomare mamuka koraSvili nacionaluri moZraobis ra-

ionuli organizaciis TaTbirebs eswreba da SvebulebaSi

gasul municipalitetis gamgebelTan nodar koWlamaziS-

vilTan erTad samuSao oTaxSi Sexvedrebs marTavs.”1

“22 aprils mcxeTaSi “erTiani nacionaluri moZra-

obis” generaluri mdivani zurab meliqiSvili mosaxleo-

bas Sexvda sveticxovlis mimdebare teritoriaze da

partiis kandidatebi waradgina. Sexvedras, romelic sa-

muSao saaTebSi gaimarTa, gamgeobisa da sakrebulos

TiTqmis yvela TanamSromeli, teritoriuli erTeule-

bis rwmunebulebi, aseve # 1 da #2 saSualo skolebis

direqtorebi da pedagogebic (saskolo saaTebSi) eswre-

bodnen. maT Sekreba dRis 12 saaTidan daiwyes. ramdenime

maTganis mier mowodebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, isini

“sastikad iyvnen gafrTxilebuli” rom SexvedraSi mona-

wileoba unda mieRoT. saqarTvelos organuli kanonis

“saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi” Sesabamisad. (73-e mux-

lis me-5 punqtis “T” qvepunqtis da 761 muxlis 1-li pun-

qtis “g”qvepunqti) da ceskos, arasamTavrobo organiza-

1 saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia. 2010 wlis 30

maisi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis sadamkvir-

veblo misia. winasaarCevno garemos monitoringis angariSi. 23

aprili 2010.

67

ciebis da politikuri partiebis mier xelmowerili me-

morandumis erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, samuSao sa-

aTebSi agitaciis gaweva kanoniT aris akrZaluli1” da

sxva araerTi msgavsi SemTxveva gamovlinda.

statiaSi moyvanili faqtebi srulad ar asaxavs sa-

arCevno kampaniis mimdinareobas, Tumca garkveuli das-

kvnebis gamotanis saSualebas mainc iZleva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saarCevno kodeqsis srulyo-

fis da saarCevno garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT sakanon-

mdeblo cvlilebebi jer kidev 2006 wlis adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebamde Sevida, Semdgom 2008

wlis saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebis win gan-

xorcielda ramodenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba, xolo

2009 wlis 28 dekembers, ramodenimeTviani muSaobis Sem-

deg, miRebul iqna axali saarCevno kodeqsi, 2006 da 2010

wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis saar-

Cevno kampaniis analizisas ikveTeba identuri probleme-

bi. aqve unda aRiniSnos rom saarCevno kampaniis ganviTa-

rebis TvalsazrisiT progresi aSkarad SesamCnevia. Tum-

ca mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo normebis gamo kiTxvis

niSnis qveS dgeba saqarTvelos saarCevnos kodeqsis Se-

sabamisoba saerTaSoriso standartebTan da normebTan.

aqedan gamomdinare saarCevno kanonmdeblobis daxvewis

da konkurentunariani saarCevno garemos Sesaqmnelad

seriozuli cvlilebebia gansaxorcielebeli.

1 saerTaSoris gamWvirvaloba _ saqarTvelo. administraciuli

resursebis gamoyeneba winasaarCevno kampaniis miznebisaTvis.

2010 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi. II anga-

riSi. 2010 wlis 11 maisi.

68

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni “saqarTvelos sa-

arCevno kodeqsi

2. saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia.

2010 wlis 30 maisi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-

bis arCevnebis sadamkvirveblo misia. winasaarCev-

no garemos monitoringis angariSi. 23 aprili

2010.

3. axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia “adgilobrivi

arCevnebi saqarTveloSi: samarTliani TamaSi” wi-

nasaarCevno kampaniis monitoringis angariSi “

Tbilisi 2006

4. euTos demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis

uflebebis ofisi. arCevnebis sadamkvirveblo mi-

sia. saqarTvelo, adgilobrivi arCevnebi 2010 we-

li. 21 maisi. Sualeduri angariSi #2 (4-15 maisi)

5. media monitoringi 2010. pirveli talRa 26 apri-

li- 5 maisi.

6. satelevizio arxebis monitoringi Sedegebi. meo-

re talRa. 6-12 maisi.

7. satelevizio arxebis monitoringis Sedegebi. me-

same talRa. 13-19 maisi, 2010

8. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba-saqarTvelo”s admi-

nistraciuli resursebis saarCevno kampaniis miz-

nebisaTvis gamoyenebis monitoringis meore Sua-

leduri angariSi

9. administraciuli resursebis saarCevno kampaniis

miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis monitoringis pirveli

angariSi.

10. “ucnauri arCevnebi: distanciaze brZolis’ stra-

tegia da taqtika“, giorgi asaniSvili, 24 saaTi”

20 seqtemberi 2006 ,#207 (1359)

11. centraluri saarCevno komisia /adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi 2010 / sainformacio

biuleteni/4-10 maisi

69

internet resursebi

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=13866 http://www.1tv.ge/Video-View.aspx?VID=1266&Loc=82&CatID=1&LangID=1 1 http://www.1tv.ge/Video-View.aspx?VID=1274&Loc=82&CatID=1&LangID=1 1 http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22682&search= სატელევიზიო დებატები http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=56&info_id=27332 .http://www.transparency.ge/post/report/meore-shualeduri-angarishi-administratsiuli-resursis-gamoqenebis-shesakheb-tsinasaarchev http://www.transparency.ge/post/press‐release/saertashoriso‐gamchvirvaloba‐sakartvelo‐tsinasaarchevno‐periodis‐monitoringis‐mes http://www.transparency.ge/post/report/pirveli‐angarishi‐administratsiuli‐resursis‐gamoqenebis‐shesakheb‐tsinasaarchevno‐kampan http://www.cec.gov.ge/files/biuletenebi/biuleteni_4_‐_10_maisi.pdf http://www.gyla.ge/attachments/702_memorandumi.pdf http://www.ambebi.ge/politika/19486-opoziciisthvis-miutsvdomeli-nacionaluri-arkhebis-politikuri-reklamis-tarifebi.html

lia tetradze PhD student of the Faculty of Social and Politicial

Sciences of TSU

Main trends of the 2010 local government election campaign

summary The article deals with the legislative changes in the election code. The article highlights the fact that though the progress in the filed is obvious there is great number of issues to be settled in order to maintain competitive pre-election environment.

70

samarTlis statistikis Taviseburebani da misi roli samarTlebrivi reJimis uzrunvelyofis

saqmeSi

ana kuWuxiZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

socialur-humanitaruli fakultetis doqtoranti

Sesavali. statistikuri saqmianoba ukve saukuneebia

saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. isto-

riuli wyaroebis mixedviT statistikuri cnobebis mo-

poveba saqarTveloSi XIII saukunidan iwyeba. 1254-1258

wlebSi monRolma noinma arRunma aRwera saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba da maTi qoneba. 1689 wlidan, erekle I-is me-

fobis xanaSi, saqarTvelos sadroSoebis sardlebi Svid

weliwadSi erTxel atarebdnen TavianT sadroSoebSi

xalxis aRweras. statistikis sferoSi axali etapi 1918

wlis 15 noembers daiwyo, rodesac miwaTmoqmedebis sami-

nistrosTan Seiqmna statistikis droebiTi biuro. mas

Semdeg statistikur aRricxvasa da analizs sxvadasxva

organoebi axorcielebdnen. 1997-2003 wlebSi statisti-

kur saqmianobas axorcielebda saqarTvelos statisti-

kis saxelmwifo departameti, romelic 2003 wlidan eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis saministros SeuerTda da Sesaba-

misad, aRniSnuli TariRidan 2009 wlis 11 dekembramde

moqmedebda rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saminis-

tros saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba _ statisti-

kis departamenti. dResdReobiT ki saqstati warmoad-

gens saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad statis-

tikis warmoebisa da statistikuri informaciis gavrce-

lebis mizniT Seqmnil sajaro samarTlis iuridiul

pirs, romelic damoukideblad axorcielebs Tavis saq-

mianobas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze.

71

rogorc mowmobs istoria, statistikuri monaceme-

bis gareSe SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos, rogorc socialu-

ri organizmis marTva, misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-

bis calkeuli mimarTulebebis ganviTareba, socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programebis SemuSaveba, soci-

alur-samarTlebriv sferoSi samarTaldarRvevebze kon-

troli da maT Soris optimaluri proporciebis uzrun-

velyofa.

statistikis udides mniSvnelobas saxelmwifo

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoSi adasturebs isic,

rom sakiTxi Sedis evropis samezoblo politikis samoq-

medo gegmaSi. samoqmedo gegmaSi dasaxulia prioritete-

bi da CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is faqti,

rom erT-erT aseT prioritetad miCneulia swored sta-

tistikis sferoSi arsebuli situaciis gaumjobeseba,

sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi efeqtiani statistikis Se-

muSaveba, statistikuri monacemebis xarisxis gaumjobe-

seba, da sxv.

samarTlis statistika. misi arsi da Taviseburebani.

oficialuri statistikuri informacia warmoadgens

ekonomikis, demografiis, ekologiisa da socialuri

sferoebis mdgradi ganviTarebis aucilebel safuZvels.

rogorc vxedavT, statistika Seexeba saxelmwifoTa sa-

zogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebs. Sesabami-

sad, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra sazogadoebriv movlenas Se-

iswavlis statistika, igi iyofa sxvadasxva dargebad.

aseTi dargebidan erTs warmoadgens samarTlis statis-

tika, romelic Tavisi monacemebiT asaxavs, Tu rogor

aris daculi sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo wyobileba,

sakuTreba, calkeuli moqalaqis, sawarmoebis, dawesebu-

lebebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis konstituciiT

garantirebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. samarTlis

statistikis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens kanondar-

Rvevebis, sasamarTlo organoebis mier ganxiluli saqme-

72

ebis, danaSaulisa da damnaSaveTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

RonisZiebebis aRricxva da analizi. samarTlis statis-

tikam unda moicvas informacia ara mxolod qveyanaSi

arsebul danaSaulebriobis Sesaxeb, aramed aseve gamoav-

linos maTi kavSirebi da urTierTdamokidebuleba qveya-

naSi arsebul moralur, politikur, socialur-ekonomi-

kur mdgomareobasTan da maTi ganviTarebis doneebis

cvalebadobasTan. es aris is, rac SesaZlebelia mxo-

lod statistikuri meTodologiis meTodebisa da xer-

xebis mTliani arsenalis keTilsindisieri aTvisebis sa-

fuZvelze.

statistika, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Seiswavlis sa-

zogadoebrivi movlenebis raodenobriv mxares da gvaZ-

levs cifrebsa da procentebSi gamoxatul Sedegebs,

Tumca am Sedegebs udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba

aqvs. statistikuri monacemebis floba iseTi faqtebis

Sesaxeb, rogoricaa: drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi danaSa-

ulis Cadenis faqtebis zrda an Semcireba, sasamarTloSi

saapelacio da sakasacio wesiT gansaxilvel saqmeTa ra-

odenoba da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi saSualebas gvaZ-

levs gavaanalizoT danaSaulis Cadenis xelSemwyobi ga-

remoebebi, danaSaulis aRkveTisa da Semcirebis mizniT

ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis efeqturoba, sagamomZi-

eblo, sasamarTlo da sxva organoTa muSaobis efeqtu-

roba da miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze davsaxoT Sem-

dgomi moqmedebis gzebi. statistika, rig SemTxvevaSi,

asabuTebs konkretuli kanonproeqtis ZalaSi Sesvlis,

kanonis gauqmebis an masSi cvlilebebis Setanis auci-

leblobas. rasakvirvelia, statistika am SemTxvevaSi Ta-

maSobs ara ZiriTad, aramed damxmare, magram mainc mniS-

vnelovan rols. Tavisi maCveneblebiT ilustrirebs

praqtikas, adgens kanonis moqmedebis efeqturobas, ri-

Tac sabuTdeba ama Tu im kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis, misi

gauqmebis, an masSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis

73

aucilebloba. aq SeiZleba moviyvanoT aSS-s magaliTi,

sadac swored statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT

1933 wels alkoholze akrZalva moixsna. saqme isaa, rom

im wlebSi, rodesac aSS-Si moqmedebda e.w. mSrali kano-

ni, mkvlelobis muxliT Cadenil danaSaulTa faqtebis

maCvenebelma 100 aTas sul mosaxleze SeiZleba iTqvas

rekordul maCvenebels 9.7%-s miaRwia1. zustad alkoho-

lis akrZalvis periods emTxveva am qveyanaSi Cvens sau-

kuneSi momxdari yvelaze sastiki danaSaulebis Cadenis

faqtebi. swored aRniSnulma statistikurma monacemebma

aiZula aSS-s mTavroba Seecvala Tavisi midgoma alkoho-

lur sasmelebTan mimarTebaSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva is,

rom mkvlelobis maCvenebelma momdevno wlebSi sag-

rZnoblad iklo. es aris naTeli magaliTi imisa, Tu ra

praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs statistikur monacemebs.

swored amitom, saWirod migvaCnia visaubroT samarTlis

statistikis specifikurobaze da samarTlis statisti-

kis warmoebis Taviseburebebze.

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTlis

statistika Tavis mxriv iyofa ramdenime damoukidebel

dargad. aRniSnul statiaSi SevexebiT samarTlis sta-

tistikis mxolod erT dargs, kerZod sisxlis samar-

Tlis statistikas.

ZiriTadi nawili. sisxlis samarTlis statistika

iyofa Semdeg Semadgenel nawilebad:

a) winaswari gamoZiebis statistika Seiswavlis im sa-

xelmwifo organoebis saqmianobas, romlebic axorcie-

leben danaSaulTa gamoZiebasa da danaSaulis Camden

pirTa gamovlenas.

                                                            1broSura "saintereso faqtebi narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT"

gamocemulia zianis Semcirebis saqarTvelos qselis proeq-

tiT "saadvokato kompaniis" farglebSi. 2007w.

74

mocemuli ganayofi moicavs im danaSaulebriobaTa

aRricxvas, romelTa Cadenis Sesaxeb cnobili gaxda ga-

moZiebis organoebisaTvis, aseve danaSaulis CadenaSi ga-

movlenili pirebis aRricxvas. winaswari gamoZiebis sta-

tistika aRricxavs aseve iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: ga-

moZiebis vada, gaxsnili danaSaulebis raodenoba, danaSa-

ulSi eWvmitanil da dakavebul pirTa raodenoba da sxv.

b) sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo warmoebis statis-

tika asaxavs pirveli instanciis, saapelacio da sakasa-

cio sasamarTloebis muSaobas.

es ganayofi moicavs Semosul da ganxilul sisxlis

samarTlis saqmeTa aRricxvas, aseve gansasjelebis rao-

denobis aRricxvas, sasamarTloebis iseTi procesualu-

ri moqmedebebis aRricxvas, rogoricaa _ sisxlis samar-

Tlis saqmeTa Sewyveta, gamamtyunebeli da gamamarTle-

beli ganaCenis gamotana, da sxv.

g) ganaCenis aRsrulebis statistika asaxavs sasje-

laRsrulebiTi dawesebulebebis muSaobas. mas aseve mie-

kuTvneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebze zedamxedve-

lobis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebis saqmianobis aR-

ricxva. mocemuli ganayofi moicavs patimarTa aRric-

xvas sxvadasxva kategoriebis mixedviT (danaSaulebrio-

bis da procesualuri niSnebis mixedviT _ Tavisuflebis

aRkveTis vadebis da sxv.), aseve sasjelaRsrulebiTi da-

wesebulebebis saqmianobis analizs. aq aseve aisaxeba sa-

samarTloebis muSaoba pirobiT vadamde ganTavisufle-

basa da sasjelis SedarebiT msubuqi sasjeliT Secvlas-

Tan dakavSirebiT.

rogorc vxedavT, sisxlis samarTlis statistikis

maCveneblebi axasiaTeben, erTis mxriv, winaswari gamoZi-

ebis organoebis, sasamarTloebisa da sasjelaRsrulebi-

Ti dawesebulebebis saqmianobas, xolo meores mxriv,

qveyanaSi arsebul kriminogenul mdgomareobas. yvela-

feri es, seriozul rols TamaSobs am organoebis muSa-

75

obis gaumjobesebis, aseve danaSaulebriobaTa Seswavli-

sa da prevenciis saqmeSi.

gaverkvieT ra sisxlis samarTlis statistikis Ses-

wavlis obieqtebSi, aucilebelia SevCerdeT misi masale-

bis Taviseburebaze, rac yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda

viqonioT maTi Seswavlisas.

upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom sisxlis sa-

marTlis statistika ar moicavs sinamdvileSi momxdar

yvela Cadenil danaSauls da iZulebulia SemoisazRvros

mxolod daregistrirebul danaSaulTa aRricxviT1. Se-

sabamisad, cxadia, rom danaSaulobaTa mniSvnelovani na-

wili, e. w. faruli danaSaulebi, rCeba gamouvleneli

(magaliTad, is danaSaulebi, romelTa Sesaxeb dazarale-

buli ar acnobebs Sesabamis organoebs).

aucilebelia aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom danaSaulis

ricxovnobis monacemTa gaanalizebisas, mudmivad gasaT-

valiswinebelia, sisxlis samarTlis procesis romel

stadiaze moxda am monacemebis aRricxva-gaanalizeba.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maTi Sedarebisas, isini SeiZleba

gamoiyurebodnen imdenad winaaRmdegobrivad, rom maTi

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba saeWvoc gaxdes.

Tumca, es gansxvavebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesis

sxvadasxva stadiaze aRricxul monacemebs Soris abso-

luturad logikuria.rac ufro daSorebulia procesu-

aluri RonisZieba danaSaulis Cadenis droisagan, miT

ufro naklebad asaxavs aRricxuli monacemebi Cadenili

danaSaulobebis realur ricxvs. yvelaze ufro zustad

asaxavs am namdvil cifrs winaswari gamoZiebis, organoe-

bis statistikuri maCveneblebi (registrirebul danaSa-

ulTa raodenoba da maT SesrulebaSi gamovlenil pir-

Ta ricxvi).

                                                            1 a. kuWuxiZe, r. kuWuxiZe "samarTlis statistika", Tbilisi

2008;

76

danaSaulobebis ricxvi mocemul stadiaze iqneba,

rasakvirvelia, gacilebiT maRali, vidre sasamarTloSi

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa warmoebisa da sisxlis samar-

Tlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemul pirTa ricxvi, an im pir-

Ta ricxvi, romlebic realurad sasjels ixdian sasje-

laRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSi. es gasagebicaa, vinaidan

garkveuli raodenobis saqme, romlebzec mimdinareobda

gamoZieba SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes sasamarTloSi, vinai-

dan, SesaZloa saqme gauxsneli darCes, mosarCelem uari

Tqvas sarCelze, saqme Sewydes Sesabamisi normis gauqme-

bis gamo da sxv. meores mxriv, sabolood im pirTa rao-

denoba, romlebic sasjels ixdian sasjelaRsrulebiT

dawesebulebaSi, rogorc wesi kidev ufro naklebia, vid-

re damnaSaveTa realuri raodenoba, vinaidan im SemTxve-

vaSic ki, Tu saqme ganixila sasamarTlom, pirs SeiZleba

ver daekisros pasuxismgebloba asakobrivi cenzis gamo,

piri SesaZloa gaTavisufldes amnistiis an Sewyalebis

safuZvelze da sxv.

maSasadame, cxadia, rom danaSaulobaTa mniSvnelo-

vani nawili e.w. faruli danaSaulebriobaa. faqtiuri

danaSaulebrioba yovelTvis maRalia gamovlenil dana-

Saulebriobaze, romelic mniSvnelovnad aRemateba gamo-

tanil ganaCenebs, xolo es ricxvi, Tavis mxriv, yovel-

Tvis didia msjavrdebulTa ricxvze.

Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSauli da masTan

brZola aRiricxeba sisxlis samarTlis procesebis sxva-

dasxva stadiaze, isini mainc ar SeiZleba winaaRmdegob-

rivi iyvnen erTmaneTis mimarT. rac ufro warmatebulia

winaswari gamoZiebis warmoeba, bunebrivia, miT ufro,

maRalia msjavrdadebulTa ricxvi am saqmeebSi da piri-

qiT.

rodesac vlaparakobT sisxlis samarTlis statis-

tikuri masalebis maxasiaTeblebze, aucilebelia aRvniS-

noT kidev erTi Tavisebureba. kerZod is, rom drois

77

garkveul periodSi gamovlenil danaSaulebriobaze ar-

sebuli statistikuri cnobebi sruli sizustiT ar asa-

xavs mis dones mocemul periodTan SefardebiT. amis mi-

zezi SeiZleba mravali iyos. magaliTisaTvis, im statis-

tikuri monacemebis sisworeze, romelic asaxavs sxva-

dasxva statistikur monacems drois garkveul period-

Si, SesaZloa garkveul zegavlenas axdendes sasamar-

Tlo-sagamoZiebo organoTa ricxovnobisa da maTi muSa-

obis xarisxis cvlileba. sruliad gasagebia, rom am or-

ganoebis saqmianobis xarisxis gaumjobeseba aCqarebs ga-

moZiebis da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gadawyvetis va-

debs, rac iwvevs statistikuri monacemebis gadidebas

drois mocemul periodSi, Tumca raRac nawili maT So-

ris miekuTvneba warsul saqmeebs da piriqiT, Semdgom

periodSi sasamarTlo-sagamoZiebo organoebis mier wina

saqmeTa narCenebisagan gantvirTvis gamo statistikuri

monacemebi Semdgom periodSi aCvenebs danaSaulebrioba-

Ta Semcirebas, Tumca sinamdvileSi, SesaZlebelia, aseTi

Semcireba arc iyo. igives eqneba adgili sagamoZiebo da

sasamarTlo organoebis muSaobis xarisxis gaumjobese-

bis an gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi, rac gamoiwvevs danaSau-

lis gaxsnisa da sasamarTloSi faqtebis gadacemis ric-

xvis gadidebas an Semcirebas. es, Tavis mxriv, pirdapir

aisaxeba sisxlis samarTlis statistikis maCveneblebSi,

romelic mogvcems danaSaulebriobaTa TiTqosda zrdis

an klebis suraTs.

sisxlis samarTlis statistikuri monacemebis da-

muSavebisas saWiroa mxedvelobaSi viqonioT isic, rom

erTi da igive pirs SeiZleba wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdeni-

me danaSaulisTvis daedos msjavri, ris gamoc xelovnu-

rad izrdeba msjavrdebulTa ricxvi. meore mxriv, sayu-

radRebo rols asrulebs danaSaulTa aRricxvaSi dana-

SaulTa erToblioba da masSi Tanamonawileoba. danaSau-

lobaTa erTobliobaSi Cveulebrivad gaiTvaliswineba

78

erTi yvelaze ufro seriozuli danaSauli, ris gamoc

xelovnurad mcirdeba drois mocemul periodSi faqti-

urad Sesrulebul danaSaulTa ricxvi. Tanamonawileo-

bis dros msjavrdebulTa ricxvi aRmoCndeba Cadenili

danaSaulebis ricxvze meti. swored amitom, danaSauleb-

riobaTa mdgomareobis statistikuri maCveneblebi auci-

lebelia gaanalizdes ara izolirebulad, aramed yo-

velTvis sxvadasxva maCveneblebTan erTad.

vlaparakobT ra, sisxlis samarTlis statistikis

arsze, aucilebelia ukve aRniSnul Taviseburebebs da-

vumatoT kidev erTi specifikuri niSani. ramdenadac,

TviT esa Tu is qmedeba danaSaulad miiCneva sisxlis sa-

marTlis kanonis safuZvelze, amdenad sisxlis samar-

Tlis kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba pir-

dapir aisaxeba sisxlis samarTlis statistikis maCveneb-

lebze. naTelia, rom kanonSi Setanili cvlileba, rome-

lic auqmebs qmedebis dasjadobas, gamoiwvevs msjavrde-

bulTa raodenobis klebas da piriqiT.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom danaSaulebriobaTa

statistikur maCveneblebze zemoqmedebs mTeli rigi

faqtorebi: socialur-politikuri mdgomareobis cvli-

leba, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, ganaTlebis done, sis-

xlis samarTlis politika, sisxlis samarTlis kanon-

mdebloba da a.S.

daskvna. amgvarad, samarTlis statistikis monace-

mebs axasiaTebs garkveuli Taviseburebebi, romlebic ar

iZlevian SesaZleblobas statistikuri kvlevis Sedegad

sruli sizustiT gamovlindes qveyanaSi arsebuli dana-

Saulebriobis done da sisxlis samarTlis statistiki-

saTvis saintereso sxva monacemebi. amaSia, samarTlis

statistikis mTavari sirTule da specifikuroba sta-

tistikis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT. swored amitom, au-

cilebelia, upirveles yovlisa gaanalizdes yvela is

Tavisebureba, razec zemoT visaubreT da Semdgom maqsi-

79

malurad kompleqsuri kvlevis Sedegad moxdes statis-

tikis monacemebis ganxilva da analizi.

Abstract

Ana Kuchukhidze- PhD Student of the Faculty of Humanites and Social Sciences of GTU.

Peculiarities of the law statistics and their role in insuring the

legal regime

Statistics, depending on this or that social event studied by it, are divided into different sectors. Out of such sectors is the law statistics, which in its turn consists of a few independent sectors. This work will deal only with one sector – statistics of criminal law, in particular. The work analysis the peculiarities, which are typical of statistics of criminal law.

First of all, it should be noted that statistics of criminal law do not cover all criminal offences committed and are only limited with the registered crimes. Thereafter, it is obvious that majority of criminal offences, the so-called concealed crimes, remains undetected. Of special importance is the fact that, while analysing the data on number of criminal offences, one should constantly take into consideration in which stage of the criminal proceedings the registration of these data took place. It is evident, that significant part of crimes represents the so-called concealed crimes. The number of actually committed crimes is always higher then the number of detected crimes, which significantly exceeds the number of sentences passed and this number, in its turn, is always much higher than the number of persons convicted.

Yet another peculiarity should be underlined, particularly, the fact that statistical data on criminal offences detected within a certain period of time do not reproduce precisely the rate of crimes in

80

regard to the given period of time. There are a lot of reasons for it. For instance, precision of statistical data, which cover different statistical information for a certain period of time, may be to a certain extent influenced by change of a number of judicial and investigative bodies and quality of their work. It is obvious that perfection of the quality of activity of these bodies reduces time-limits of investigation and settlement of criminal cases and is followed by expansion of statistical data within the given period of time, though, in fact, such expansion might not even have taken place. It should be taken into consideration that during one year, one and the same person may be convicted of several criminal offences; for this reason, number of convicted persons increases artificially. On the other hand, significant role in the process of registration of criminal offences is played by combination of crimes and complicity in crimes. Combination of criminal offences, usually, provides for one, the most serious crime, on account of which, number of crimes actually committed within the given period of time is artificially decreased. Number of persons convicted of complicity may be higher than the number of crimes committed. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse statistical data on the state of criminal offences not separately, but always with due regard for different factors.

One specific factor should be also noted. Since this or that action is considered by the criminal statute to be a crime, the amendments introduced into the criminal statute will directly exert influence on statistical data of criminal law. It is obvious, that amendments, which are introduced into the criminal statute and which abrogate criminality of such actions, will cause the reduction of number of the persons convicted and vice versa.

The aforesaid peculiarities account for the main complexity of the law statistics. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out examination and analysis of statistical data with due regard for the results of the most comprehensive research studies.

81

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. a. kuWuxiZe, r. kuWuxiZe "samarTlis statistika",

Tbilisi 2008;

2. saqarTvelos parlamentis 2009 wlis 11 dekembris

sainformacio gamoSveba.

3. saqarTvelos 11.12.09 kanoni "oficialuri sta-

tistikis Sesaxeb";

4. М.М. Бабаев. “Статистические методы анализа судимос-ти“. Советскаяюстиция, 1969 г.;

5. Совюк Л.К. “Правовая статистика”, М., юрист. 2006 г.; 6. broSura "saintereso faqtebi narkotikebTan da-

kavSirebiT" gamocemulia zianis Semcirebis saqarTve-

los qselis proeqtiT "saadvokato kompaniis" fargleb-

Si. 2007w.

82

samxreT kavkasiis regionuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxi 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg

maia manCxaSvili

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa

fakultetis politikuri mecnierebis mimarTuleba,

doqtoranti.

politologiis institutis

mecnier-TanamSromeli

2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omma sam-

xreT kavkasiaSi manamde arsebuli ZalTa balansis siste-

ma Zireulad Secvala. ruseTis agresiam daarRvia mxare-

ebis mier daculi “status-qvos” mdgomareoba. regionu-

li usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT gaCnda rogorc axali

gamowvevebi _ ruseTis mier saqarTvelos ori regionis

okupacia da maTi “damoukidebel” saxelmwifoebad aRia-

reba; ise perspeqtivebic _ TurqeT-somxeTis “safexbur-

To” diplomatia da ciurixis protokolebi.

anu regionuli usafrTxoebis adrindeli modelebi

am droisaTvis SedarebiT moZvelebulia da saWiroebs

axali, ufro moqnili, regionis interesebs morgebuli

modelis SemuSavebasa da misi realizebis gzebis Ziebas

erToblivi ZalebiT.

am mimarTulebiT Zalzed aqtiuri muSaobiT gamoir-

Ceva Turquli diplomatia;

2008 wlis agvistos omis dros, erTaderTi qveyana,

romelmac wamoayena regionuli usafrTxoebis proeqti,

iyo TurqeTi; igi “kavkasiuri usafrTxoebis platfor-

mis” saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am iniciativis Sesaxeb

TurqeTis premier-ministrma rejep taip erdoganma pir-

velad ganacxada 2008 wlis 11 agvistos moskovSi prezi-

dent d.medvedevTan Sexvedrisas; mas mohyva specialuri

83

vizitebi baqosa da TbilisSi da konsultaciebi mxareeb-

Tan, gaerTianebuliyvnen aliansis irgvliv.

TurqeTis mier wamoyenebuli gegmis Tanaxmad, usaf-

rTxoebis platformis monawiled moiazreboda xuTi

qveyana - ruseTi, TurqeTi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi da

azerbaijani _ “3+2” anu “xuTeulis formati”. r.erdoga-

nis gancxadebiT, aliansis formatiT gamarTul molapa-

rakebebSi unda CarTuliyo gaeroc [2].

TurqeTis premier-ministris iniciativas Tavis

droze mxari dauWira ruseTma. 2008 wlis 7oqtombers,

sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei lavrovma “Российская Газета”-Tvis micemul interviuSi ganacxada: ,,Turquli-

idea imis Sesaxeb, rom kavkasiaSi stabilurobasa da Ta-

namSromlobaze swored regionis qveynebma moifiqron

saerTo platforma, asaxavs Turquli diplomatiis

mcdelobas” [3], lavrovma aseve dasZina _ ,,Turqebma, Ce-

mi azriT, Zalian droulad gaiges momentis unikaluro-

ba, romelic maT nebas aZlevs warmoaCinon TavianTi -

yofna am regionSi” [4].

TurqeTis usafrTxoebis platformas mxari dauW-

ires azerbaijanma da somxeTma. somxeTis sagareo saqme-

Ta ministrma ed. nalbandianma dadebiTad Seafasa Tur-

qeTis iniciativa da aRniSna, rom ,,somxeTi yovelTvis

iyo dialogis da molaparakebebis momxre, gansakuTre-

biT im sakiTxebSi, romelic regionSi TanamSromlobas

da usafrTxoebas exeba” [5]. Tumca, somxeTis oficialu-

ri mxaris zogierTma warmomadgenelma am platformaSi

iranis CarTvac moiTxova. magaliTad, sagareo urTier-

TobaTa sakiTxebSi mudmivmoqmedi saparlamento komisi-

is Tavjdomarem armen rustamianma 2008 w. 4 seqtembers

pres-konferenciaze gakeTebul gancxadebaSi aRniSna:

,,iranis armiReba kavkasiuri platformis am formatSi,

niSnavs Senelebuli moqmedebis naRmis Cadebas, romel-

84

mac nebismier dros SeiZleba aafeTqos usafrTxoebis es

sistema” [6].

azerbaijanis sagareo saqmeTa ministri ermal mame-

diarovic miesalma iniciativas, magram aRniSna, rom rigi

sakiTxebis detaluri ganxilvaa saWiro [7].

principuli Tanxmoba regionul aliansTan mierTe-

baze ar gaakeTa mxolod Tbilisma. qarTuli mxare miiC-

nevda, rom ar SeiZleboda monawileoba proeqtSi, ro-

melSic CarTuli iyo ruseTi _ qveyana, romelsac okupi-

rebuli aqvs misi teritoriebis 20% [8]. garda amisa, re-

gionis qveynebidan yvelaze metad swored saqarTvelos-

Tvis iyo miuRebeli usafrTxoebis platformidan evro-

kavSirisa da aSS-s gamoricxva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom premier erdoganis saqarTveloSi

vizitisas prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma dadebiTad

Seafasa TurqeTis mcdeloba regionSi Seiqmnas usafr-

Txoebis saerTo meqanizmebi da Txova ankaras gaegrZe-

lebina es mcdelobebi [10].

TurqeTis iniciativas civad Sexvda vaSingtoni. sa-

xelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwis moadgile meTiu braizas

sityvebiT, is gaocebuli iyo Turquli mxaris winadade-

biT: ,,Cven ar viyaviT informirebuli imis Sesaxeb, rac

xdeboda, me mimaCnia, rom unda vimuSaoT ufro mWidrod

Cvens mokavSire TurqeTTan. miTumetes, rom masTan

gvaqvs saerTo interesebi” [13]. am gancxadebis safuZvel-

ze SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom TurqeTma aSS-is interese-

bis garkveulwilad ignorireba scada.

savsebiT SesaZlebelia TurqeTi damoukidebel Ta-

maSs TamaSobdes; mas sakmaod didi gavlena aqvs aramxo-

lod samxreT kavkasiis regionze, aramed mWidro ekonom-

ikuri da politikuri kavSirebi aqvs centraluri aziis

respublikebTan; am konteqstSi TurqeTis ambiciebi ga-

sagebia.

85

TurqeTis prezidentma a.giulma agvistoSive _ 2008

wlis 18 agvistos “Guardian”-Tan interviuSi ganacxada,

rom“ konfliqtma saqarTveloSi cxadyo, aSS veRar gan-

sazRvravs globalur politikas da unda daiwyos Zala-

uflebis gadanawileba sxva qveynebTan” [14].

TurqeTis mxaris iniciativaSi sayuradReboa is

faqti, rom regionuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi Tanam-

Sromlobas apirebs natos wevri TurqeTi, qveyana, rome-

lic gavlenis gavrcobis ZiriTad berketad ekonomikas

iyenebs da ruseTi _ saxelmwifo, romlisTvisac ”gavle-

nis sfero” da ”samxedroyofna” identuri cnebebia.

rogorc aRvniSneT, aliansis wevrad ar moiazrebo-

da irani, magram, bolo etapisaTvis TurqeTisa da iranis

poziciebis daaxloebam ganapiroba is, rom rig sakiTxeb-

Si TurqeTis pozicia gadaixeda; ankara ukve aRar gamo-

ricxavs TeiranTan daaxloebas [16].

2009w. 2 noembers TurqeTsa da irans Soris gafor-

mda kidec SeTanxmeba _ navTobisa da gazis sferoSi Ta-

namSromlobis Sesaxeb urTierTgagebis memorandumi.

TurqeTis energetikis ministr taner ildizis gancxade-

biT, dokumenti iTvaliswinebs Turquli mxaris monawi-

leobas iranis umsxvilesi gazis sabados _ samxreT far-

sis aTvisebaSi. ramdenime weliwadSi mxareebi sabadodan

wliurad 35 miliardi kuburi metris mopovebas gegma-

ven; aqedan naxevars _ 17,5 miliard kuburmetrs _ Tur-

qeTi gegmavs, rom evropis bazarze gaitans. t. ildizis

gancxadebiT, am proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, ira-

ni, SesaZloa “nabukos” gazsadenisTvis gazis erT-erTi

mTavari mimwodebeli gaxdes [17].

2009 wlis noembris dasawyisSi r.t. erdoganma ir-

anSi vizitisas kavkasiis stabilurobis paqtSi iranis

CarTvaze gaakeTa aqcenti: “kavkasiaSi stabilurobiT da-

interesebulia, rogorc TurqeTi, aseve irani. amitom

problemebi unda gadawydes regionis qveynebis Tanam-

86

Sromlobis gziT” [18]. kavkasiuri stabilurobis ideam

SesaZloa axali ganzomilebebi SeiZinos masSi iranis

CarTviT da am paqtma axali sicocxle daiwyos.

iranis Temas anu birTvuli ganiaraRebis proble-

mas aseve didi adgili daeTmo 2010 wlis 8 dekembers

r.t. erdoganis aSS-Si vizitisas. baraq obama am mxriv

TurqeTs mediatorisa da momlaparakeblis rilSi moiaz-

rebs: “me mjera TurqeTs SeuZlia iyos mniSvnelovani

moTamaSe am mimarTulebiT, iranis Secvlis Zalisxmeva-

Si”[19].

“kavkasiuri usafrTxoebis platforma” problemis

aqtualurobis miuxedavad ver iqca realuri ganxilvis

sagnad, radganac ruseTis mier samxreT kavkasiaSi ori

“axali saxelmwifos” aRiarebis politikis gatarebam, eW-

vqveS daayena TurqeTis mier wamoyenebuli platformis

amosavali principi saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlia-

nobis Sesaxeb da SeiZleba iTqvas regionuli usafrTxo-

ebis sakiTxebis irgvliv dialogi sam nawilad “daSala”:

saqarTvelo-ruseTs, somxeT-TurqeTsa da somxeT-azer-

baijans Soris;

saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris dialogi “Jenevis for-

matSi” mimdinareobs, romelic umTavresad usafrTxoe-

bis (aseve humanitarul) sakiTxebs exeba.

masSi monawileobs saqarTvelos, ruseTis, aSS-is,

evrokavSiris, euTos, aseve, samxreT oseTisa da afxaze-

Tis warmomadgenlebi im subieqtebis dakonkretebis ga-

reSe, romelsac isini warmoadgenen. amgvari formati

2008 wlis noemberSi SeTanxmda, mas Semdeg, rac uTan-

xmoeba gamoiwvia diskusiebSi separatistuli regionebis

warmomadgenelTa statusis sakiTxma.

miuxedavad imisa, rom molaparakebebi ukve TiTqmis

ori welia mimdinareobs, mas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi jer

ar mohyolia;

87

“Jenevis formatSi“ molaparakebaTa TerTmeti ra-

undi gaimarTa da erTaderTi konkretuli Sedegi, rac

dRemde miRweulia, iyo 2009 wlis 18 Tebervlis gadaw-

yvetileba,Seqmniliyo samxreT oseTTan da afxazeTTan

mimarTebaSi cal-calke “incidentebis prevenciisa da

maTze reagirebis meqanizmi”, rac niSnavs adgilobriv aq-

torebTan regularuli Sexvedrebis formatSi mSvidobi-

sa da usafrTxoebis dacvis sakiTxebze diskusias. anu,

mxareebi SeTanxmdnen daZabulobis kerebSi erTobliv vi-

zitebze. evropis berZnuli Tavmjdomareobis specia-

lurma warmomadgenelma xarlampos xristepolusma es

SeTanxmeba Seafasa rogorc “mniSvnelovani win gadad-

gmuli nabiji”; gaeros generaluri mdivnis specialurma

warmomadgenelma iohan verbekem ki rogorc “pirveli

mniSvnelovani SeTanxmeba” [23].

`Jenevis formatSi~ molaparakebebi mimdinareobs

aseve humanitarul sakiTxebze, romlis farglebSic ga-

nixileba yovlismomcveli gegma devnilTa Rirseuli

dabrunebisa da adgilze maTTvis cxovrebisaTvis norma-

luri pirobebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

TurqeTi axali “kavkasiuri aliansis” SeqmnasTan er-

Tad, cdilobs urTierTobebis daregulirebas somxeT-

Tan; Sveicariis SuamavlobiT ankaras dawyebuli aqvs di-

alogi erevanTan, TanamSromlobasa da sazRvris gaxsna-

ze. 2009 wlis 24 aprils SeTanxmebuli ,,sagzao ruka”

warmoadgens ori qveynis samoqmedo gegmis monaxazs [20],

10 oqtombers ki xeli moewera protokolebs [21], magram

orive qveynis parlamenti ayovnebs mis ratificirebas.

unda iTqvas, rom am sakiTxis daregulireba mniSvnelo-

vani regionuli movlena iqneba. man SesaZloa gavlena

iqonios samxreT kavkasiis respublikebis sagareo poli-

tikuri orientirebis Secvlaze.

moskovSi ganacxades, rom miesalmebian nebismier na-

bijs, romelic regionSi urTierTobebis normalizaci-

88

iskenaa mimarTuli da xazi gausves, rom es pirvel rigSi

TurqeTisa da somxeTis mTavrobebs Soris SesaTanxmebe-

li sakiTxia. marTalia ruseTi irgebs somxur-Turquli

urTierTobebis damregulireblis rols, magram, Tur-

qeT-somxeTis urTierTobebis sakiTxs aqvs meore mxare:

somxeT-TurqeTis sazRvris gaxsna gamoiwvevs somxeTis

daaxloebas dasavleTTan da nato-sTan; nato-sTan daax-

loebam ki SesaZloa kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos som-

xeTSi ruseTis samxedro bazis arsebobis saWiroeba. es-

ruseTisTvis niSnavs gavlenis dakargvas strategiul

mokavSireze, rac aranairad ar Seesabameba kremlis geg-

mebs.

urTierTobebis normalizacias mxars uWers aSS. ma-

Ti poziciiT es unda moxdes yovelgvari winapirobebis

gareSe da mouwodeben orive qveyanas Sesabamisad imoqme-

don, raTa maTi mTavrobebis muSaobam xeli Seuwyos re-

gionSi mSvidobis, usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis dam-

yarebas.

gavlenianma Jurnalma “Экономист”-ma statiac ki mi-

uZRvna am Tematikas, romelSic aRiniSna, rom TurqeTsa

da somxeTs SeuZliaT ufro konstruqciuli roli iTam-

aSon kavkasiaSi, vidre iTamaSa ruseTma [22].

jer kidev 2009 wlis 8 dekembers, aSS-Si vizitisas,

TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma davidoRlum Tur-

qul-xomxuri urTierTobebi mWidrod daukavSira yara-

baRis problemas da aRniSna: “mTiani-yarabaRis proble-

mis gareSe SeuZlebelia xangrZlivi mSvidobis damyareba

regionSi” [23]; anu, somxeT-TurqeTisa da somxeT-azerba-

ijanis urTierTobebi mWidrod daukavSirda yarabaRis

sakiTxs; ormxrivi molaparakebebi faqtobrivad CixSia

Sesuli. regionuli TanamSromlobis arc Tu warmatebu-

li TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi axali gamowvevebis

safrTxis winaSea;

89

TurqeTis iniciativa saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc

regionis sxva qveynebis teritoriuli mTlianobisa da

suverenitetisadmi pativiscemas emyareboda. magram,

2008 wlis 26 agvistos afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis

damoukideblobis aRiarebiT TurqeTis regionuli

usafrTxoebis platformas yvelaze didi dartyma ru-

seTma miayena; rogorc moskovSi amboben ,,saqme gvaqvs

sruliad sxva kavkasiasTan. regionSi ukve arsebobs xuTi

saxelmwifo, oTx maTganTan Cven gvaqvs diplomatiuri

urTierToba, saqarTvelosTan ki es droebiT SeCerebu-

lia” [9].  amdenad, ruseTSi gansxvavebulad esmiT samxreT

kavkasiis regionis usafrTxoebis sakiTxi; da Turquli

sagareo uwyebis Zalzed aqtiuri muSaobis miuxedavad,

regionuli usafrTxoebis nebismieri modeli ararelu-

ri iqneba, masSi iseTi gavleniani aqtorebi gamoricxvis

gamo, rogorebic arian aSS da SedarebiT gavleniani sa-

erTaSoriso organizaciebi da demokratiuli institu-

tebi, maT Soris evrokavSiri da euTo. amasTan, vfiq-

robT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania regionis didi saxelmwi-

foebis realuri politikuri neba konfliqtebis mogva-

rebis procesSi.

 Abstract 

Maia manchkhashvili­PhD Student of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of TSU.

 The Issue of Regional Security of South-Caucasus after the 2008

August War The system of power balance that existed in the South-

Caucasus before the August 2008 was entirely changed by the war between Russia and Georgia. The Russian aggression has abolished

90

the status-quo followed by the sides. In light of the regional security new challenges such as the occupation of the two regions of Georgia and granting them the status of “independent states” as well as the perspectives like the Turkish-Armenian “football diplomacy” has occurred. The previous models of regional security are comparatively obsolete nowadays and are in need to be replaced by the new, more flexible, and region-oriented model. The finding and enforcing of such a model will need cooperation of sides.

Turkey was the only country, which has proposed the project of regional security after the 2008 August War. The project is known as “The Caucasus Security Platform”.

Despite its relevance, “The Caucasus Security Platform” could not come up as the main discussion topic, as it did not encompass the participation of the USA, the EU and Iran. The declaration of the independence of two regions of Georgia by Russia has challenged the principle of the territorial integrity of the state – which is the cornerstone of the proposal.

gamoyenebulidacitirebuliliteratura:

1. Американцы ущемлены несогласованной активностью Тур-

ции на Кавказе и диалогом между Анкарой и Москвой. www.regnum.ru/news/ 30.09.2008

2.Stuck in a tight spot, Ankara calls for Caucasus pact. www. Today’sZaman. 12.08.2008.

3.Сергей Лавров расказал об Армении,Азербайджане,Турции и США. www.regnum.ru. /news/ 7.10.2008

4. .... iqve 5. Анкара стремится уменьшить свою вину перед Москвой за

вооружение Тбилиси: АРФД. www.regnum.ru. /news/ 5.09.2008

6. Виген Акопян: Война в Южной Осетии и новые перспективы армяно-турецких отношений.

www.regnum.ru./news/6.09.2008

91

7. “Коммерсант”: Медведев может заменить Минскую группу в переговорах Армении и Азербайджана. www.regnum.ru. /news/ 8.09.2008

8 . .... iqve 9. Россия не желает вмешательства третьих стран в процессы на

Кавказе: мнение. www.regnum.ru/news/24.10/2008. 10. Erdogan backs Georgian sovereignty, Caucasus platporm. www.

Today’sZaman. 15.08.2008. 11. Иран вышел из тени: безопасност на Кавказе между Турцией

и Ираном.www.regnum.ru. /news/ 17.09.2008 12. .... iqve 13. Американцы.. 14. TurqeTisprezidenti: saqarTveloskrizisisSemde-

gaSS-mZalauflebaundagadaanawilos. www.civil.ge. 18 agvisto, 2008.

15. Ankara ‘s Caucasus initiative to gain impetus this week. Today’sZaman. 19.08.2008

16. МИД Турции в Москве: уравнение с десятью неизвестнйми.www.regnum.ru. /news/01.07.2009

17. Tamar ivaniZe, zamTris moaxloeba energoTemebis mi-

marT interess amZafrebs; 24 saaTi 11.11.09 18. Стапислав Тарасов: Турция вводит Иран в “кавказское

уравнение”, www.regnum.ru/news/09.11.2009 19. US President Obama reaffirms support for Turkey’s regional

role. www.Today’ Zaman.09.12.2009. 20. Армяно-турецкая "дорожная карта" - трагическая ошибка

властей Армении: эксперт. www.regnum.ru/news/23.04.2009. 21. Посредники по карабахскому урегулированию едут на

подписание армяно-турецких протоколов. www.regnum.ru/news/09.04/2009. 22. Турция и Армения могли бы играть более конструктивную

роль на Кавказе чем когда-либо Россия. Мнение. www.regnum.ru/news/19.10.2008.

23. Jeneva, erTi wlis Semdeg: rogori mSvidoba saqar-

TvelosTvis? www.civil.ge, 15 ოქტomberi, 2009.

92

emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niSnis, sakvlevi kiTxvaris

adaptacia qarTul populaciaze

xaTuna marwyviSvili

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa

fakultetis, fsiqologiis mimarTuleba,

asistent-profesori.

emociuri inteleqti SedarebiT axal konstruqts

warmoadgens mecnierebaSi da am konceptTan dakavSire-

buli kvlevebic bolo aTwleulis damsaxurebaa. arse-

bobs sami ZiriTadi modeli (Emmerling, Shanwal & Mandal 2008), romelic emociuri inteleqtis cnebis qveS gan-

sxvavebul Sinaarss moiazrebs. es modelebia emociuri

inteleqti, rogorc unari (J. D. Mayer & P. Salovey, 1997), rogorc kompetencia (Goleman, D. 1998). da rogorc pi-

rovnuli niSani (Bar-On, 2006, Petrides & Furnham, 2000). emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niSnis avto-

rebi (Petrides & Furnham, 2000) emociur inteleqts gani-

xilaven, rogorc `emociebTan dakavSirebul TviT-per-

cepciebis erTobliobas, romelic pirovnuli ierarqiis

qveda doneze mdebareobs~ (Petrides, Furnham, & Mavroveli, 2007, Petrides, Pita, Kokkinaki, 2007). konstruqtis alterna-

tiul saxelwodebad avtorebi gvTavazoben termins:

`emociuri TviT-efeqturoba, rogorc pirovnuli niSa-

ni~. konstruqtis amgvari konceptualizacia emociuri

inteleqtis cnebas mTlianad acilebs kognituri unare-

bis taqsonomiis farglebs (Petrides, Pérez-González, & Furnham, 2007) da xazs usvams qceviT dispoziciebs da

unarebis TviT-aRqmas, romelic TviT-angariSis tipis

kiTxvariT izomeba, gansxvavebiT emociuri inteleqtis,

93

rogorc unaris modelisgan, romlis Sesafasebeli in-

strumenti Sesrulebaze dafuZnebul tests warmoadgens

(iseve, rogorc es kognituri inteleqtis SemTxvevaSia).

Sesabamisad, emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli

niSnis sakvlevi kiTxvari warmoadgens 153 debulebian

TviT-angariSis kiTxvars (Petrides, 2009b), romelic saSua-

lebas iZleva Sefasdes emociuri inteleqtis 15 calkeu-

li aspeqti, 4 ZiriTadi faqtori da emociuri inteleq-

tis globaluri qula: kiTxvaris skalebi da ZiriTadi faqtorebi

skalebi

emociebis gamoxatva. . . . . emociebis gamoxatva da

,,emociuri” komunikacia

empaTia. . . . . sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaTva-

liswineba, ,,sxvis tyavSi SeZvroma”

motivacia. . . . . mizanmimarTuli Sroma miuxedavad

araxelsayrel garemo pirobebisa

emociebis regulacia . . . . . emociebis kontroli

bedniereba. . . . . amJamindeli cxovrebiT kmayofi-

leba da bedniereba

socialuri cnobiereba. . . . . socialuri urTier-

Tobebis unari

impulsuroba (dabali). . . . . spontanuroba da cdu-

nebebis ayola

emociebis aRqma. . . . . sakuTari da sxva adamianebis

emociebis codna/gageba

TviT-Sefaseba. . . . . warmatebuloba da sakuTar

TavSi darwmunebuloba

asertuloba. . . . . pirdapiroba da sakuTari ufle-

bebis, mosazrebebis dacva

emociebis marTva. . . . . adamianTa grZnobebze gav-

lenis moxdena

94

optimizmi. . . . . momavlis naTel ferebSi xedva

soc.urTierTobebi. . . . . piradi, axlo urTierTo-

bebi megobrebTan ojaxis wverebTan, naTesavebTan

adaptacia. . . . . axal garemo pirobebTan Segueba

da morgeba

stresis marTva. . . . . stresis marTva da stresTan

gamklaveba

faqtorebi

kargad yofna. . . . . kargad yofnis generalizebuli

gancda, cxovrebiT kmayofileba da bednierebis gancda

TviT-kontroli. . . . . cdunebebis da survilebis

kontroli, garemos zewolasa da stresTan gamklaveba

emociuroba. . . . . mravalferovani emociuri unare-

bis floba. sakuTari da sxvisi emociebis aRqma, gamo-

xatva da axlo urTierTobebis damyarebis unari

socialuroba. . . . . socialuri urTierTobebis da

socialuri gavlenebis unari

winamdebare kvlevis mizans warmoadgens emociuri

inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niSnis sakvlevi kiTxva-

ris (TEIQue) adaptacia qarTul populaciaze. testis sa-

erTaSoriso rekomendaciis (guideline) Tanaxmad

(Hambleton, 2001)kiTxvaris adaptaciis procesi moicavda

ramodenime etaps: (1) pirvel etapze kiTxvaris qarTuli

versiis Sesaqmnelad momzadda sami urTierTdamoukide-

beli Targmani. kiTxvaris originaluri versia iTargmna

eqspertebis mier. damoukidebeli Targmanebis Sejerebi-

sa da TiToeuli Targmnili debulebis Sedarebis Sede-

gad Seiqmna kiTxvaris pirveli qarTuli versia; (2) pir-

veli qarTuli versiis Sesabamisoba originalur versi-

asTan gadamowmda avtoris _ k. v. petridesis mier, sapi-

rispiro Targmanis saSualebiT. avtoris SeniSvnebis

95

Semdeg kiTxvaris 17 debuleba Seicvala; (3) piloturi

kvlevis dawyebamde Sinaarsobrivi validobis Sesamowmeb-

lad, kiTxvaris 153 debuleba Sefasda 7 eqspertis (fsi-

qologebis an fsiqologiis mimarTulebis profesor-

maswavlebelTa) mier. eqspertebi debulebebs afasebdnen

3 balian likertis tipis skalaze ramdenad Seesabamebo-

da/relevanturi iyo/ debulebebi skalas. debulebebi,

romlebic eqspertebis Sefasebis didi gafantulobiT

gamoirCeoda, kidev erTxel gadamuSavda; (4) piloturi

kvlevis (111 monawile) Sedegad kiTxvaris 47 debuleba,

romelic mniSvnelovnad amcirebda sandoobis dones, Se-

icvala da gadamuSavda; (5) Semdeg etaptze Catarda gan-

meorebiTi piloturi kvleva, romelSic ukve monawileo-

bas iRebda 115 monawile. 17 debulebis modificirebis

Sedegad SemuSavda kiTxvaris saboloo versia; (6) enob-

rivi gamarTulobis uzrunvelsayofad kiTxvaris sabo-

loo versia Seaswora qarTuli enis filologma.

kvlevis monawileebi kiTxvaris administrirebaSi monawileoba miiRo 922

individma. SerCevis aRwera:

kvlevis monawileTa sqesi _ kvlevaSi monawileob-

da 267 (28.95%) mamrobiTi da 655 (71.05%) mdedrobiTi

sqesis warmomadgeneli;

asaki _ kvlevis monawileTa asaki varirebda 17-

dan 70 wlamde (M=25.22, SD=11.47) ganaTleba _ monawileTa umravlesobas (70.6%)

studentebi warmoadgendnen, Tumca maT Soris iyvnen,

rogorc dawyebiTi ganaTlebis mqone pirebi (2%,), aseve,

saSualo ganaTlebis (9.3%), arasruli saSualo (0.9%) da

umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebi (17.2%).

96

ojaxuri mdgomareoba _ monawileTa umravleso-

ba (75.8%) dasaojaxebelia, 18.4% _ daojaxebuli, 2.5% _

ganqorwinebuli, 1.4% _ qvrivi, 1.9% _ ucnobia.

dasaqmebis sfero _ kvlevis monawileTa 9.4%

dasaqmebulia kerZo organizaciaSi, 2.5% _ saxelmwifo

seqtorSi, 0.2% _ jarSi, 1.0% _ akademiur sferoSi, 1.1%

_ TviTdasaqmebulia, 19.6% _ umuSevaria, xolo 61.1% _

studenti da amavdroulad umuSevaria, 5.1% ucnobia.

sacxovrebeli adgili _ monawileTa 50% aris

didi qalaqis macxovrebeli, 19.3% patara qalaqis, xolo

28.5% aris soflis macxovrebeli, 2.2% _ ucnobia.

procedura

kiTxvaris saboloo versiis miRebis Semdeg kiTxva-

ris SevsebaSi monawileoba miiRo 922-ma monawilem. kiT-

xvaris Sevseba ZiriTadad, xdeboda jgufSi, iSviaTad,

individualuradac. kvlevis monawileebi kiTxvaris pa-

suxebis furcels avsebdnen standartuli zepiri in-

struqciis Semdeg, romelSic miwodebuli iyo mokle in-

formacia kvlevis miznisa da kiTxvaris Sesaxeb da miTi-

Tebebi kiTxvaris SevsebasTan dakavSirebiT. kiTxvaris

Sevsebis instruqcia, aseve, mocemuli iyo kiTxvaris da-

sawyisSic.

monacemTa fsiqometruli analizis meTodebi da

Sedegebis aRwera 1. faqtoruli analizi - ZiriTadi RerZebis faqtoru-

li meTodi

emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niSnis

sakvlevi 153 debulebiani kiTxvaris faqtoruli anali-

zi ar aris ganxorcielebuli debulebebis doneze da mi-

si struqtura aris 15-4-1 da ara 153-15-4-1 (Petrides,

97

2009a), radgan avtori iziarebs bernSteinis da tengis

mosazrebas (Bernstein, I. H., & Teng, 1989), romlis Tanaxma-

dac, faqtoruli analizi debulebebis doneze proble-

muria da ar aris sando, gansakuTrebiT, maSin rodesac

ganawileba ar aris normaluri. 15 skala qmnis emociuri

inteleqtis calkeul sferoebs da SeuZlebelia inter-

pretirebuli iyos, rogorc faqtorebi statistikuri

mniSvnelobiT, magram rogorc konceptualuri nakrebi

qmnis emociuri inteleqtis analizis qveda dones. Sesa-

bamisad, 15 skalis safuZvlad mdebare faqtorebis gamo-

yofis mizniT gamoviyeneT ZiriTadi RerZebis faqtoru-

li analizi (Principle Axis Analysis). ZiriTadi RerZebis faqtoruli analizis Sedegad,

kaizeris kriteriumisa da daxrilobis mrudis safuZ-

velze, promaqsis algoriTmuli brunviT (kappa paramet-

riT 4) gamoikveTa 4 ZiriTadi faqtori (pirveli eqvsi

faqtoris sakuTari mniSvneloba udrida: 5.34, 1.62, 1.24, 1.16, 0.90, 0.60).

4 ZiriTadi faqtori xsnis cvladebis dispersiis

sakmaod mniSvnelovan wils. kerZod, monacemTa variabi-

lobis 49.88 procents. yvela skala warmodgenilia emo-

ciuri inteleqtis faqtorul sivrceze saSualo maCve-

nebliT (communality) 0.51. yvelaze ukeT warmodgenili skalebia bedniereba (h2

= .70), optimizmi (h2 = .69), stresis marTva (h2 = .68), socia-

luri cnobiereba (h2 = .64) da yvelaze cudad warmodge-

nili skalebia empaTia (h2 = .30), adaptaciis skala (h2 = .32) da emociebis aRqma (h2 = .42).

98

cxrili # 1. emociuri inteleqtis 15 skalis

faqtoruli sturuqtura

socialurobaemociuro-

ba

TviT-

kontro-

li

kar-

gad-

yofna

asertuloba .837

emociebis marTva .648

soc. cnobiereba .565

TviT-Sefaseba .444

urTierTobebi (na-

TesavebTan) .623

empaTia .616

emociebis aRqma . .530

motivacia .499 322

impulsuroba .480 .424

emociebis gamo-

xatva . .458

stresis marTva .805

emociebis regula-

cia .715

adaptacia .300

optimizmi .834

bedniereba .829

faqtorebis gamoyofis meTodi: ZiriTadi RerZebis faqtoruli

analizi.

brunvis meTodi: promaqsi, kaizeris kriteriumiT

brunvebis raodenoba _ 8 emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niSnis

sakvlevi kiTxvaris qarTuli versia imeorebs britanuli

99

versiisTvis damaxasiaTebel 4 faqtorian struqturas

(kargad-yofna, TviT-kontroli, emociuroba, sociabilo-

ba), Tumca, mcireodeni cvlilebebiT. (cxrili #1) cal-

keuli skalebis ZiriTad faqtorebze datvirTva faq-

tobrivad igivea, rogorc es britanuli versiis SemTxve-

vaSia (Petrides, 2009a), gamonakliss warmoadgens Semdegi

skalebi: motivaciia (romelic qarTul versiaSi muSaobs

faqtorze _ emociuroba, xolo britanuli versiis Sem-

TxvevaSi _ TviT-kontrolis faqtorze) da impulsuroba

(romelic qarTulo versiisTvis muSaobs faqtorze _

emociuroba, xolo britanuli versiis SemTxvevaSi _

TviT-kontrolis faqtorze), Tumca, am or skalas aqvs

meoradi datvirTva TviT-kontrolis skalazec.1 rogorc

cxrilSi warmodgenili Sedegebidan Cans, skalebis dat-

virTva gamoyofil oTx faqtorze sakmaod maRalia:

� socialuroba (Sociability) _ am faqtorze yvelaze

maRali datvirTva aqvs asertulobis skalas, Semdeg ska-

lebs _ emociebis marTva da socialuri cnobiereba, xo-

lo yvelaze naklebi datvirTva am faqtorze aqvs skalas

_ TviT-Sefasebas, asevea, britanuli originaluri.

� emociuroba (Emotionality) - am faqtorze yvelaze

maRali datvirTva aqvs skalas _ socialuri urTierTo-

bebi (naTesavebTan da axloblebTan), Semdeg skalas _ em-

paTia da emociebis aRqma, asevea, britanuli versiis Sem-

TxvevaSic. rac Seexeba skalebs _ impulsuroba da moti-

vacia qarTuli monacemebiT es ori skala itvirTeba

faqtorze _ emociuroba, maSin roca es orive skala in-

glisur versiaSi TviT-kontrolis faqtorze muSaobs.

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom emociuri inteleqtis sakvlevi kiTxvaris

qulebis daTvlisas ori skalis _ motivaciis da adaptaciis

qulebi ar iTvleba arc erT ZiriTad faqtorze, Tumca, am

ori skalis monacemi emateba emociuri inteleqtis globalu-

ri qulis maCvenebels.

100

yvelaze dabali datvirTva am faqtorze aqvs skalas _

emociebis gamoxatva, iseve, rogorc es inglisur popu-

laciaze standartizaciis monacemebis mixedviTaa. TviT-kontroli (Self-control) _ am faqtorze yve-

laze maRali datvirTva aqvs skalas _ stresis marTva,

Semdeg _ emociebis regulacia, xolo yvelaze naklebi

datvirTva aqvs adaptaciis skalas. aRsaniSnavia, rom mo-

tivaciis da impulsurobis skalas aqvs meoradi datvir-

Tva am faqtorzec, maSin roca inglisur populaciaze

standartizaciis mixedviT es ori skala mxolod TviT-

kontrolis faqtorze itvirTeba. kargad-yofna (Well-being) - am faqtorze qarTul

populaciaze standartizaciis monacemebis mixedviT

mxolod ori skala itvirTeba, esaa: optimizmi da bedni-

ereba, iseve, rogorc es inglisur enovan populaciaze

standartizaciis monacemebis mixedviTaa, Tumca, mesame

skala _ TviT-Sefaseba, romelsac inglisurenovani ver-

siis SemTxvevaSi aqvs meoradi datvirTva faqtorze _

kargad yofna, qarTul populaciaze standartizaciis

monacemebis mixedviT, itvirTeba mxolod faqtorze _

socialuroba.

2. ZiriTad faqtorebsa da skalebs Soris korelaciebi

emociuri inteleqtis ZiriTad faqtorebs Soris

korelaciebis gamoTvlis Sedegad (cxrili N2) (pirsonis

r korelaciis koeficienti)1 (Pallant, J. 2003) aRmoCnda, Zi-

riTadi faqtorebi erTamaneTTan korelaciaSia.

                                                            1 r =.10-dan r =.29-mde an r =-.10-dan r =-.29-mde _ cladebs Soris

susti (dadebiTi/uaryofiTi) korelacia;

r = .30-dan r = .49-mde an r =-.30-dan r =-.49-mde _ cladebs Soris

saSualo zomieri siZlieris korelacia

101

cxrili # 2. emociuri inteleqtis ZiriTad

faqtorebs Soris korelaciebi

kargadyofnaTviT-kon-

troli emociuroba

socialu-

roba

kargad-yofna -

TviT-kon-

troli .375 ** -

emociuroba .527 ** .381 ** -

socialuroba .519 ** .297 ** .499 ** -

** p ≤ .01; * p ≤ .05

3. sandooba

sandoobis Semowmebis yvelaze gavrcelebul sazoms

warmoadgens kronbaxis alfa (Peterson, 1994), romelic

warmoadgens imis maCvenebels, Tu ramdenad efeqturad

zomavs instrumenti erT mTlian konstruqts. cxrilSi

N3 mocemulia sandoobis mniSvnelobebi emociuri inte-

leqtis 15 skalis, 4 ZiriTadi faqtoris da emociuri

inteleqtis globaluri maCveneblisaTvis.

                                                                                                                              r =.50-dan r = 1.0-mde an r = - 50 dan r = -1.0_ mde _ cladebs So-

ris Zlieri korelacia;

102

cxrili # 3. aRweriTi statistika da Sinagani konsisten-

tobis maCveneblebi

M SD Cronbach’s a No. of items

Skewness Kurtosis

adaptacia 4.45 0.93 .68 9 -.294 .240

asertiuloba 4.49 0.94 .62 9 -.091 .012

emociebis gamoxatva 4.55 1.19 .81 10 -.120 -.509

emociebis marTva 4.92 0.92 .67 9 -.067 -.297

emociebis aRqma 4.81 0.95 .74 10 -.227 -.131

emociebis regulire-

ba 4.32 0.90 .72 12 -.008 -.229

implusuroba (daba-

li) 4.54 0.93 .63 9 -.168 -.146

urTierTobebi (naTe-

savebTan) 5.31 0.80 .60 9 -.278 -.147

TviT-Sefaseba 5.04 0.84 .71 11 -.293 .006

motivacia 4.85 0.88 .66 10 -.133 -.241

socialuri cnobiere-

ba 4.90 0.84 .70 11 -.215 .009

stresis marTva 4.40 0.91 .64 10 -.101 -.252

empaTia 5.16 0.86 .64 9 -.284 -.087

bedniereba 5.06 1.03 .77 8 -.505 .122

optimizmi 5.09 1.06 .77 8 -.487 .115

emociuroba 4.95 0.69 .69 4 სკალა -.079 -.125

kargad-yofna 5.06 0.80 .82 3 სკალა -.427 411

socialuroba 4.77 0.72 .78 3 სკალა .037 -.193

TviT-kontroli 4.42 0.72 .71 3 სკალა .114 -.111

emociuri inteleqti

4.7 0.55 .87 15

სკალა .077 .113

** p ≤ .01; * p ≤ .05

103

4. emociuri inteleqtis globaluri maCveneblis,

calkeuli skalebis da ZiriTadi faqtorebis

qulebis ganawileba

emociuri inteleqtis globaluri maCveneblis six-

Sireebi Seesabameba normaluri ganawilebis models

(KS(922) = .20, ps = .20) rac Seexeba oTx ZiriTad faqtors

_ emociurobis (KS(922) = .20, ps = .20), TviT-kontrolis

(KS = .20, ps = .20) kargad yofnis (KS(922)= .20, ps = .05) da

socialurobis (KS(922) = .20, ps = .20) faqtorebis qulaTa

sixSireebis ganawileba Seesabameba normaluri ganawile-

bis models.

suraTi 1 emociuri inteleqtis globaluri maCveneblis

da ZiriTadi faqtorebis qulebis sixSireTa ganawileba

104

105

106

5. sqesTa Sorisi gansxvaveba emociuri inteleqtis qulebis ganawilebis mixedviT

Sedegebi ar aCvenebs sqesTa Soris statistikurad

sando gansxvavebas emociuri inteleqtis globaluri

maCveneblis mixedviT, Tumca, ZiriTadi faqtorebisas-

Tvis (emociurobis faqtoris garda) sqesTa Sorisi gan-

sxvaveba statistikurad sando aRmoCnda (suraTi N2),

kerZod:

kargad yofnis faqtoris maCveneblebi ufro ma-

Ralia qalebTan (M = 5.13, SD = 0.81), vidre mamakacebTan

(M = 4.91, SD = 0.78), t(914) = -3.83, p< .0001 ); TviT-kontrolis maCveneblebi ufro maRalia ma-

makacebTan (M = 4.56, SD = 0.71), vidre qalebTan (M = 4.37, SD = 0.72), t(914) = -3.83, p< .0001 );

socialurobis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia mamaka-

cebTan (M = 4.87, SD = 0.70), vidre qalebTan (M = 4.73, SD = 0.73), t(914) = -3.83, p< .0001);

suraTiN2 sqesTa Sorisi gansxvavebi emociuri

inteleqtis faqtorisaTvis

107

statistikurad sando aRmoCnda calkeuli skalebis

mixedviT sqesTa Sorisi gansxvavebebic. kerZod:

optimizmis skalis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia qa-

lebTan (M = 5.19, SD = 1.05), vidre mamakacebTan (M = 4.85, SD = 1.05), t(914) = -4.45, p< .0001 );

empatiis skalis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia qaleb-

Tan (M = 5.23 SD = 0.86), vidre mamakacebTan (M = 4.96, SD = 0.81 ), t(914) = - 4.38, p< .0001 );

bednierebis skalis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia qa-

lebTan (M = 5.15, SD = 1.04), vidre mamakacebTan (M = 4.84, SD = 0.98), t(914) = -4.09, p< .0001 );

axlo socialuri urTierTobebis (naTesavebTan)

skalis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia qalebTan (M = 5.35, SD = 0.80), vidre mamakacebTan (M = 5.21, SD = 0.80), t(914) = -2.33, p< .05 );

asertulobis skalis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia

mamakacebTan (M = 4.71, SD = 0.86), vidre qalebTan (M =4.40, SD = 0.95), t(914) = 4.45, p< .0001);

stresis marTvis skalis maCvenebeli ufro maRa-

lia mamakacebTan(M = 4.63, SD = 0.86), vidre qalebTan (M = 4.32, SD = 0.91), t(914) = 4.79, p < .0001 );

emociebis regulaciis skalis maCvenebeli ufro

maRalia mamakacebTan (M = 4.52 SD = 0.83), vidre qalebTan (M = 4.25, SD = 0.91, t(914) = 4.23, p < .0001 );

cxrilSi N4 warmodgenilia sqesis mixedviT aRweri-

Ti statistikis da Sinagani konsistentobis maCveneblebi

emociuri inteleqtis 15 calkeuli skalis, 4 ZiriTadi

faqtoris da emociuri inteleqtis globaluri maCve-

neblisaTvis

108

cxrili # 4. aRweriTi statistika da Sinagani konsisten-

tobis maCveneblebi calkeuli aspeqtebisTvis sqesTa So-

risi gansxvavebebis mixedviT

qalebi(n = 655) kacebi(n = 267)

M SD � M SD � t

adaptacia 4.45 0.93 .68 4.48 0.93 .69 0.46

asertiuloba 4.40 0.95 .63 4.71 0.86 .60 4.45

emociebis gamoxatva 4.55 1.23 .82 4.58 1.06 .78 0.41

emociebis marTva 4.92 0.93 .67 4.95 0.91 .67 0.39

emociebis aRqma 4.81 0.97 .74 4.82 0.92 .74 0.13

emociebis regulireba 4.25 0.91 .72 4.52 0.83 .67 4.23

implusuroba (dabali) 4.55 0.92 .63 4.52 0.96 .66 -0.37

soc. urTierTobebi 5.35 0.80 .60 5.21 0.80 .60 -2.33

TviT-Sefaseba 5.05 0.85 .71 5.03 0.84 .72 0.40

motivacia 4.84 0.89 .67 4.89 0.84 .64 0.80

socialuri cnobiereba 4.88 0.85 .71 4.97 0.81 .69 1.38

stresis marTva 4.32 0.91 .64 4.63 0.86 .61 4.79

empaTia 5.23 0.86 .65 4.96 0.81 .61 -4.38

bedniereba 5.15 1.04 .78 4.84 0.98 .72 -4.09

optimizmi 5.19 1.05 .77 4.85 1.05 .75 -4.45**

kargad-yofna 5.13 0.81 .76 4.91 0.78 .75 -3.83

TviT-kontroli 4.37 0.72 .69 4.56 0.70 .71 3.59

emociuroba 4.98 0.71 .70 4.89 0.65 .69 -1.80

socialuroba 4.73 0.73 .72 4.87 0.70 .74 2.61*

emociuri inteleqtis

globaluri maCvenebeli 4.80 0.55 .86 4.80 0.55 .88 0.04

** p ≤ .01; * p ≤ .05

109

6. asakobrivi jgufebis Sedareba

kvlevis monawileebi asakis mixedviT davyaviT 4 asa-

kobriv jgufad: I jgufi 17 wlidan 25 wlamde; II jgufi

_ 26 wlidan 35 wlamde; III jgufi _ 36 wlidan 45 wlam-

de; IV jgufi _ 46 wlidan zeviT. gansxvaveba emociuri

inteleqtis globaluri qulis mixedviT sxvadasxva asa-

kobriv jgufebSi statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda.

Tumca, calkeuli skalebis da ZiriTadi faqtorebis mi-

xedviT asakobriv jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba sandoa (ix.

cxrili N5). kerZod, statistikurad sando aRmoCnda

gansxvaveba asakis mixedviT Semdegi skalebisTvis:

motivaciis skala _ calmxrivma dispersiulma ana-

lizma aCvena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba motiva-

ciis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv jgufebSi F (3, 886)

= 42.70, p< .001, Eta Squared=.1). kerZod, Post hoc Sedare-

ba(Tukey HSDtesti) mowmobs, rom I asakobriv jgufs (M =

4.68, SD =0.86) aqvs yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli meore (M

= 5.31, SD = 0.68), mesame (M = 5.43, SD = 0.67) da meoTxe asa-

kobriv jgufTan SedarebiT (M = 5.46, SD = 0.68)

bednierebisskala – calmxrivma dispersiulma ana-

lizma aCvena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba bedniere-

bis skalis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv jgufebSiF (3,

886) = 15.01, p< .001, Eta Squared = .04). kerZod, Post hoc Seda-

reba (Tukey HSDtesti) mowmobs, rom: (a) bednierebis ska-

lis maCvenebeli I asakobriv jgufSi (M = 5.16, SD = 1.04)

ufro maRalia, vidre II asakobriv (M = 5.07 SD =0.94) da IV

asakobriv jgufSi (M = 4.42, SD =0.91); (ბ) statistikurad

sandoa gansxvaveba II asakobrivi jgufsa (M = 5.07 SD =0.94)

da IV asakobrivi jgufs (M = 4.42, SD =0.91) Soris.

impulsuroba (dabali) _ calmxrivma dispersiulma

analizma aCvena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba im-

110

pulsurobis skalis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv

jgufebSi F (3, 886) = 7.99, p< .001, Eta Squared = .02). kerZod, Post hoc Sedareba (Tukey HSDtesti) mowmobs, rom I asa-

kobriv jgufs (M = 4.46, SD = 0.94) ufro dabali maCvene-

beli aqvs am skalaze, vidre IV asakobriv jgufs (M = 4.84, SD = 0.90) da III asakobrivi jgufs (M = 4.89, SD = 0.76).

stresis marTva _ calmxrivma dispersiulma analiz-

ma aCvena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba stresis mar-

Tvis skalis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv jgufebSi

F(3, 886) = 6.88, p< .001, Eta Squared = .02). kerZod, Post hoc Sedareba (Tukey HSD testi) mowmobs, rom I asakobriv

jgufs(M=4.34, SD=0.91) ufro dabali maCvenebeli aqvs am

skalaze, vidre II asakobriv (M=4.66, SD = 0.83) da IV asa-

kobriv jgufs (M = 4.71, SD = 0.84). optimizmi _ calmxrivma dispersiulma analizma aC-

vena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba optimizmis ska-

lis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv jgufebSi F (3, 886) = 9.71, p< .001, Eta Squared = .03). kerZod, Post hoc Sedareba (Tukey HSD testi) mowmobs, rom I asakobriv jgufs (M = 5.19, SD = 1.05) ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs am skalaze,

vidre III asakobriv (M = 4.74, SD = 0.93) da IV asakobriv

jgufs (M = 4.64, SD = 1.11). urTierTobebi naTesavebTan _ calmxrivma disper-

siulma analizma aCvena statistikurad sando gansxvave-

ba optimizmis skalis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv

jgufebSi F (3, 886) = 4.90, p = .002, Eta Squared = .02). kerZod, Post hoc Sedareba (Tukey HSDტესტი) mowmobs, rom I asa-

kobriv jgufs (M = 5.25, SD = 0.80) ufro dabali maCvene-

beli aqvs am skalaze, vidre II asakobriv jgufs (M = 5.51, SD = 0.80).

111

adaptacia _ calmxrivma dispersiulma analizma aC-

vena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba optimizmis ska-

lis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv jgufebSi F(3, 886) = 3.96, p = .008, Eta Squared = .01). kerZod, Post hoc Sedareba (Tukey HSD testi) mowmobs, rom I asakobriv jgufs (M = 4.50, SD = 0.92) ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs am skalaze,

vidre IV asakobriv jgufs (M = 4.20, SD = 0.95). asertuloba _ calmxrivma dispersiulma analizma

aCvena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba optimizmis ska-

lis maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv jgufebSi F (3, 886) = 8.53, p< .001, Eta Squared = .03). kerZod, Post hoc Sedareba

(Tukey HSD testi) mowmobs, rom I asakobriv jgufs(M = 4.55, SD = 0.95) ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs am skalaze,

vidre III asakobriv (M = 4.17, SD = 0.86) da IV asakobriv

jgufs (M = 4.09, SD = 0.78). aseve, II asakobriv jgufs (M = 4.58, SD = 0.86) ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs am skalaze,

vidre III asakobriv (M = 4.17, SD = 0.86) da IV asakobriv

jgufs (M = 4.09, SD = 0.78). statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda asakobrivi gan-

sxvaveba emociuri inteleqtis sxva skalebisTvis. xolo

ZiriTadi faqtorebisTvis statistikurad sando aRmoC-

nda gansxvaveba Semdeg asakobriv jgufebSi:

kargad yofna _ statistikurad sandoa gansxvaveba

am faqtoris maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv jgufebSi (F(3,886)=8.57, p<.001, Eta Squared=.03). kerZod, Post hoc Seda-

reba (Tukey HSD testi) mowmobs, rom I asakobriv jgufs

(M=5.12, SD=0.82) ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs am faq-

torze, vidre III asakobriv (M=4.84, SD=0.70) da IV asakob-

riv jgufs (M=4.68, SD=0.69); statistikurad sandoa ag-

reTve gansxvaveba meore asakobrivi (M=5.10, SD=0.76) da IV

asakobrivi jgufis maCveneblebs Soris (M=4.68, SD=0.69);

112

TviT-kontroli _ calmxrivma dispersiulma ana-

lizma aCvena statistikurad sando gansxvaveba TviT-

kontrolis faqtoris maCveneblis mixedviT asakobriv

jgufebSi (F (3, 886) = 6.04, p < .001, Eta Squared = .02). ker-

Zod, Post hoc Sedareba mowmobs, rom I asakobriv jgufs

(M = 4.37, SD = 0.73) ufro dabali maCvenebeli aqvs am faq-

torze, vidre III asakobriv (M = 4.62, SD = 0.68) da IV asa-

kobriv jgufs (M = 4.65, SD = 0.66). socialuroba _ statistikurad sandoa gansxvaveba

TviT-kontrolis faqtoris maCveneblis mixedviT asa-

kobriv jgufebSi (F (3, 886) = 7.53, p < .001, Eta Squared = .02). kerZod, Post hoc Sedareba (Tukey HSD testi) mowmobs,

rom I asakobriv jgufs (M = 4.82, SD = 0.73) ufro maRali

maCvenebeli aqvs am faqtorze, vidre III asakobriv (M = 4.56, SD = 0.63) da IV asakobriv jgufs (M = 4.47, SD = 0.60). asakobrivi gansxvaveba meoTxe ZiriTadi faqtorisTvis

(emociuroba) statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda.

cxrili # 1. aRweriTi statistika emociuri inteleqtis

calkeuli aspeqtebisTvis sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufis

mixedviT

I (n=668)

II (n=73)

III (n=78)

IV (n=71)

M SD M SD M SD S M SD F

TviT-Sefaseba 5.02 0.87 5.27 0.82 5.11 0.74 4.99 0.70 2.15

emociebis gamoxatva 4.52 1.25 4.74 1.04 4.69 0.94 4.58 0.86 1.17

motivacia 4.68 0.86 5.31 0.68 5.43 0.67 5.46 0.68 42.70 **

emociebis reguli-

reba 4.31 0.91 4.36 0.78 4.40 0.96 4.42 0.87 0.52

113

bedniereba 5.16 1.04 5.07 0.94 4.68 0.90 4.42 0.91 15.01 **

empaTia 5.15 0.88 5.13 0.83 5.20 0.77 5.17 0.75 0.09

socialuri cnobie-

reba 4.86 0.86 5.05 0.82 5.05 0.71 5.02 0.78 2.65

impulsuroba (daba-

li) 4.46 0.94 4.59 0.91 4.89 0.76 4.84 0.90 7.99 **

emociebis aRqma 4.80 0.97 4.84 0.92 4.91 0.90 4.79 0.88 0.36

stresis marTva 4.34 0.91 4.66 0.83 4.57 0.87 4.71 0.84 6.88 **

emociebis marTva 5.07 0.90 4.70 0.94 4.46 0.80 4.31 0.75 25.72

optimizmi 5.19 1.05 4.98 1.00 4.74 0.93 4.64 1.11 9.71 **

urTierTobebi (na-

TesavebTan) 5.26 0.80 5.51 0.80 5.48 0.73 5.49 0.85 4.90 **

adaptacia 4.51 0.92 4.54 0.81 4.24 1.03 4.21 0.95 3.96 *

asertuloba 4.55 0.96 4.59 0.86 4.17 0.86 4.09 0.78 8.53 **

kargad-yofna 5.12 0.82 5.10 0.76 4.84 0.70 4.68 0.69 8.57 **

TviT-kontroli 4.37 0.73 4.54 0.61 4.62 0.68 4.65 0.66 6.40 **

emociuroba 4.93 0.71 5.05 0.68 5.07 0.63 5.01 0.59 1.61

socialuroba 4.82 0.73 4.78 0.74 4.56 0.63 4.47 0.60 7.53 **

globaluri maCvene-

beli 4.79 0.56 4.89 0.55 4.80 0.51 4.74 0.46 0.92

** p ≤ .01; * p ≤ .05

114

daskvna

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba mokled CamovayaliboT

emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niSnis sak-

vlevi instrumentis qarTuli versiis fsiqometruli ma-

xasiaTeblebi: (1) emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirov-

nuli niSnis sakvlevi kiTxvaris qarTuli versia imeo-

rebs britanuli versiisTvis damaxasiaTebel 4 faqtori-

an struqturas. es faqtorebia: kargad-yofna (well-bieng), TviT-kontroli, emociuroba, socialuroba. (2) Sedege-

bi ar aCvenebs asakobriv jgufebs Soris gansxvavebas

emociuri inteleqtis globaluri qulis mixedviT, mag-

ram zogierTi calkeuli skalis da ZiriTadi faqtoris

mixedviT asakobriv jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba sandoa;

(3) Sedegebi ar aCvenebs sqesTa Soris gansxvavebas emoci-

uri inteleqtis globaluri qulis mixedviT, magram zo-

gierTi calkeuli skalis (optimizmi, empaTia, bedniere-

ba, axlo socialuri urTierTobebi, asertuloba, stre-

sis marTva, emociebis regulacia) da ZiriTadi faqto-

risTvis (emociuroba, socialuroba, TviT-kontroli)

sqesTa Soris gansxvaveba sandoa.

kiTxvaris fsiqometruli maxasiaTeblebis (faqto-

ruli struqtura, Sinagani konsistentobis maCveneble-

bi) Sejamebis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Cveni

kvlevis Sedegad miRebulia kiTxvaris qarTuli versia,

romelic am etapze sakmaod gamarTul fsiqodiagnosti-

kur instruments warmoadgens da misi gamoyeneba namdvi-

lad SesaZlebelia Semdgomi kvlevebisaTvis. ZiriTadi

faqtoruli struqturisa da skalebis Taviseburebebis

replikacia, emociuri inteleqtis 4 faqtoriani struq-

turis kulturuli universaluroba, gamovlenili lo-

gikuri kavSirebi sxva konstruqtebTan - qarTul popu-

laciaze emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niS-

nis sakvlevi kiTxvaris Semdgomi gamoyenebis Tvalsazri-

115

siT sakmaod optimisturi prognozis gakeTebis saSuale-

bas gvaZlevs.

emociuri inteleqtis, rogorc pirovnuli niSnis

sakvlevi kiTxvaris qarTul versia Rirebulia sxvadas-

xva sferoSi momuSave profesionalebisaTvis (ganaTle-

bis fsiqologiis, adamianuri resursebis marTvis da

klinikuri fsiqologiis sferos warmomadgenelTaTvis);

kiTxvari saSualebas mogvcems CaverToT emociuri inte-

leqtTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso kvleviT sivrceSi

da mecnierebaSi am SedarebiT axali konstruqtis Tavi-

sebureba vikvlioT qarTul populaciazec.

Abstract

Khatuna Martskvishvili - Assistant Professor of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of TSU.

THE ADAPTATION OF TRAIT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

QUESTIONNAIRE ON GEORGIAN POPULATION

The goal of the presented work is the adaptation of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) (Petrides, 2009) on Georgian population. The theoretical framework for the given work is Trait Emotional Intelligence Model (Petrides & Furman, 2000) according to this model Trait EI is "a constellation of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality”. Authors suggest that an alternative label for the same construct is trait emotional self-efficacy.

Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire is a self-report inventory that covers the sampling domain of trait EI comprehensively. It comprises 153 items, measuring 15 distinct facets, 4 factors, and global trait EI. TEIQue was adapted into Georgian following the guidelines of the International Test

116

Commission (Hambleton,2001) The adaptation process included several steps: (1) translation of the inventory into Georgian; (2) back-translation; (3) Experts’ assessments; (4) pilot study (111 participants); (5) re-pilot (115 participants); (6) inventory revision; (7) standardization of the questionnaire (922 participants, 267 male and 652 female, from 17 to 70 years).

(1) Principle axis factoring revealed four main factors. Georgian version of Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire replicates the British factor structure of TEIQue: Emotionality, Sociability, Self-control, and Well-being. These factors explain 49.88% of the total variance.

(2) The reliabilities of the TEIQue factors are the following: Well-being (2 facets; a = .82); Self-control (2 facets; a = .71); Emotionality (5 facets; a = .69); Sociability (4 facets; a = .78). Reliabilities of each 15 facets were also acceptable.

(3) TEIQue scores were globally normally distributed (4) There was no gender difference in Global TEI scores, but

findings revealed significant gender differences: in TEI factors and facets.

(5) TEIQue scores were relatively independent of age but there was significantly difference in some TEI facets and factors

Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire has theoretical as well as practical implication: the adapted inventory is valuable for professionals working in different fields of Psychology (educational, human reassures and clinical psychology). Georgian version of questionnaire gives possibility to be involved in international Emotional intelligence research space and to study characteristics of relatively new construct - emotional intelligence - on Georgian population too.

117

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. Bernstein, I. H., & Teng, G. (1989). Factoring items and factoring scales are different: Spurious evidence for multidimensionality due to item categorization. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 467- 477.

2. Goleman, D. (1998). Workingwith emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books

3. Emmerling, R. J., Shanwal, V. K., & Mandal, M. K. (Eds.) (2008). Emotional intelligence: Theoretical and cultural perspectives. Nova Science Publishers.

4. Hambleton, R. K. (2001). The next generation of the ITC Test translation and adaptation guidelines. European Journal of Psychological Assessment,17, 164–172.

5. Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds). Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.

6. Pallant, J. (2003) SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis. Philadelhpia: Open University Press.

7. Peterson, R.A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Crobach’s alpha. Journal of consumer Research, 21, 381-391

8. Petrides, K.V. (2009a). TEIQue technical manual. University College of London

9. Petrides, K.V. (2009b) Psychometric Properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) in C. Stough et al. (eds.), Assessing Emotional Intelligenc: theory research and application, The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality.

10. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313–320

11. Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A. & Mavroveli, S. (2007). Trait emotional intelligence: Moving forward in the field of EI. In G.

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Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. Roberts, R. (Eds.). Emotional intelligence: Knowns and unknowns (Series in Affective Science). Oxford: Oxford University Press

12. Petrides, K. V., Pita, R., Kokkinaki, F. (2007). The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space. British Journal of Psychology, 98, 273-289.

13. Petrides, K. V., Pérez-González, J. C., & Furnham, A. (2007). On the criterion and incremental validity of trait emotional intelligence. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 26-55.

119

saparlamento demokratiis problemebi saqarTveloSi

nana maWaraSvili

politikis mecnierebis doqtori, socialur

da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli

profesori.

Sesavali

demokratiis sakmaod mciredi gamocdilebis mqone

iseTi qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, saparlamento

demokratiis problemebis arseboba sakmaod bunebrivad

gamoiyureba. cxadia, problemebis CamonaTvali sakmaod

didia da moiTxovs klasificirebs, rac, xels Seuwyobda

imis garkvevas, saparlamento saqmianobis romeli rgo-

li, warmomadgenlobiTi, sakanonmdeblo Tu sazedamxed-

veloa yvelaze susti da saWiroebs yvelaze met yurad-

Rebas. saparlamento demokratiis problemebze saubri-

sas, cxadia, gverds ver avuvliT Tavad saqarTvelos in-

stituciuri wyobis sistemaze saubars, romelic xSir

SemTxvevaSi, gvevlineba samive zemoTxsenebuli mimarTu-

lebiT saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organos naklebe-

feqturi saqmianobis mizezi da romelzedac analitiko-

sebisa da mkvlevrebis mxridan xdeba aqcentireba.

aRniSnul statiaSi saqarTvelos parlamentis saqmi-

anobisa da saparlamento demokratiis xarisxis Sesafa-

seblad, gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis wev-

rTa naxevrad-struqturirebuli interviurebisa da sa-

qarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organos aparatis TanamSro-

melTa fokus-jgufis Sedegebi, romelic ganxorcielda

saparlamento ganviTarebis vestministeris demokratiis

fondis farglebSi Catarebuli situaciuri analizis

dros. mkvlevrebis winaSe dasmul amocanas warmoadgen-

120

da imis garkveva, saparlamento saqmianobis ra dadebiTi

da uaryofiTi mxareebi ikveTeba dRevandeli mdgomare-

obiT da parlamentis warmomadgenlobiTi, sakanonmdeb-

lo da sazedamxedvelo funqciebidan romlis Sesrule-

bas eSleba yvelaze metad xeli da ra mizeziT. statiaSi

warmodgenilia saqarTvelos dRevandeli sakanonmdeblo

organos mimarT sazogadoebis damokidebuleba, iseve

rogorc avtoritetebisgan aRniSnuli institutis damo-

ukideblobis aRqmis xarisxi, aseve mocemulia samive mi-

marTulebiT saparlamento saqmianobis Sefaseba skalaze

dadebiTi-uaryofiTi. garda amisa, saqarTvelos parla-

mentis statistikur informaciaze dayrdnobiT xorci-

eldeba saqarTvelos parlamentis mier wamoyenebuli sa-

kanonmdeblo iniciativebis Sefardeba aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis mier wamoyenebul iniciativebTan mimar-

TebaSi imis dasadgenad, ramdenad didia aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis zegavlena sakanonmdeblo organoze da

aqedan gamomdinare, saparlamento sistemebidan romels

SeiZleba miekuTvnos saqarTvelos parlamenti. statiaSi

aseve xorcieldeba saparlamento demokratiis sxva ara-

erT specifikur problemaze saubari, romelic uSua-

lod interviurirebisa da fokus-jgufis Sedegebidan

dadginda.

saqarTvelos parlamentis saqmianobis mtkicebule-

bebze dafuZnebuli Sefaseba, romelic statistikurad

gadamowmebad informacias daeyrdnoboda, dRemde saqar-

TveloSi ar ganxorcielebula. miuxedavad imisa, aRniS-

nul statiaSi ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia yvela is masala,

romelic meoradi informaciis saxiTaa mopovebuli da

eyrdnoba sazogadoebrivi kvlevis Sedegebs, Tavad par-

lamentisa da misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. kvlevis meTodo-

logia, romelsac efuZneba statiis mTavari ganacxadi,

ki ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi analizis Sedegebzea dafuZne-

buli.

121

hipoTeza, romelsac kvlevis procesSi viyenebT,

efuZneba Semdeg ganacxads: saqarTvelos dRevandeli

parlamenti miuxedavad instituciuri winaaRmdegobisa,

vesminsteris modelis Sesabamisia, risi axsnac saqarTve-

loSi arsebuli partiuli sistemiTa da partiasa da

mTavrobas Soris arsebul iseTive unisonSi unda veZe-

boT, rogoric vesmtminsteris saparlamento modelSi

fiqsirdeba. am mxriv maJoritaruli da saqarTvelos

uaxlesi istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli priviligirebu-

li erTpartiuli sistema garkveul msgavsebebs avlens

erTmaneTTan. Tumca, qarTul realobaSi es modeli ara

parlamentze, aramed aRmasrulebeli, konkretulad ki

prezidentis institutze damokidebulebis maRali xa-

risxiT gamoirCeva, rac gamoixateba saparlamento saqmi-

anobis samive mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki sazedam-

xedvelo saqmianobis gawevis TvalsazrisiT, parlamentis

rogorc aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sapirwone insti-

tutisa da funqciis Semsruleblis rolis SesustebaSi.

saqarTvelos parlamentis mimarT

sazogadoebrivi damokidebuleba

vidre, aRniSnuli hopoTezis mtkicebulebebs war-

movadgenT, pirvel rigSi gvinda imis Cveneba, Tu ramde-

nad mniSvnelovani roli da adgili uWiravs saqarTve-

los sakanonmdelo organos da ramdenad damoukidebl

instituciad ganixileba is sazogadoebrivi azris kvle-

vis Sedegebis mixedviT. qveviT wamodgenil sqemaze kav-

kasiis kvleviTi resursebis centris monacemebze day-

rdnobiT naCvenebia, rom 2007-2009 wlebis ganmavlobaSi

saqarTvelos parlamentis rogorc institutis mimarT

ndoba mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdila (6-dan mxolod 10-11

procentis farglebamde aiwia). amis miuxedavad, ucvle-

li rCeba is disproporcia, romelic arsebobs saqarTve-

122

los parlamentsa da prezidentis instituts Soris.

ndobis TvalsazrisiT sxvaoba maT Soris, xSirad 15-20

procentsac ki Seadgens. am mxriv, didi gansxvaveba par-

lamentsa da mTavrobas Soris ar SeiniSneba da ndobis

TvalsazrisiT am or instituts Soris TiTqmis Tanabari

mdgomareobaa, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts,

rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis ro-

gorc saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organo, ise mTavro-

bis aparati naklebad damoukidebeli da prezidentis in-

stitutze damokidebul instituciebadaa aRqmuli.

sqema #1 politikuri institutebis mimarT ndoba1

parlamentis rogorc damoukidebeli institutis

aRqmis xarisxis Sefaseba mocemulia sazogadobrivi po-

litikis institutis mier momzadebul angariSSi, sadac

respodentebs unda daefiqsirebinaT, ara ama Tu im insti-

tutis mimarT ndoba, aramed unda SeefasebinaT sxva in-

stituciebze ama Tu im institutis damokidebulebis xa-

risxi, Sesabamisad, dadgeniliyo is, Tu ramdenad ganixi-

lavdnen isini ama Tu im instituts rogorc damoukide-

bel institucias. qveviT warmodgenil sqemaze naCvnebia,

123

rom yvelaze naklebi damoukideblobis matarebel insti-

tuciad eklesias, ombudsmenis instituts, sasamarTlosa

da parlaments Soris, gamokiTxulTa Soris swored sa-

parlamento organo aRiqmeba. misi damoukideblobis xa-

risxi 2007 wels 14,9 porcentiT, xolo 2008 wels 10,5

procentiTaa Sefasebuli. aRniSnuli monacemebi emTxveva

kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centris monacemebs, rome-

lic am instituciis ndobas TiTqmis imave maCveneblebiT

afasebs. sainteresoa isic, rom tradiciulad, sakmaod

rTul instituciad Sefasebuli sasamarTlo saparlamen-

to organoze maRali monacemebiTaa Sefasebuli.

sqema #2 sxvadasxva institutebis xelisuflebisagan

damoukideblobis aRqma2

saparlamento demokratiis Sefaseba

saparlamento funqciebis mixedviT

ganvixiloT saqarTvelos saparlamento saqmianobis

dadebiTi da jerac dauxvewavi mxareebi saparlamento

organos sami _ wamomadgenlobiTi, kanonSemoqmedebiTi da

sazedamxedvelo funqciebis mixedviT. warmomadgenlobi-

Ti funqcia: warmomadgenlobiTi funqciis TvalsazrisiT

dadebiT momentebad SeiZleba Sefasdes saarCevno barie-

ris 5 procentamde daweva, rac 7 procentian barierTan

80,10%72,40%

57,10%

43,80%

15,70%10,80% 14,90%10,50%

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

80,00%

90,00%

eklesia ombudsmeni sasamarTlo parlamenti

2007

2008

124

SedarebiT warmomadgenlobis xelSemwyobia; TiToeul sa-

arCevno olqs hyavs Tavisi warmomadgeneli parlamentSi;

eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs hyavT TavianTi

warmomadgenlebi parlamentSi; TiToeul saparlamento

komitetSi proporciuladaa warmodgenili fraqciebi da

ufraqcio deputatebi; informacia saparlamento proce-

sis Sesaxeb xelmisawvdomia moqalaqeTaTvis. Tumca, saar-

Cevno olqebi zomisa da amomrCevelTa raodenobis Tval-

sazrisiT araerTgvarovania. problemas warmoadgens

isic, rom TiToeuli maTganidan airCeva TiTo deputati.

qalebi parlamentSi faqtobrivad ar arian warmodgenili:

136 deput tidan mxolod 7 qali deputatia. eTnikuri

umciresobebic mxolod mcirediT arian warmodgenili

parlamentSi: 136 deputatidan mxolod 7 warmoadgens

eTnikur umciresobas. warmomadgenlobis daculobis ise-

Ti garantiebi rogoric araerT sxva qveyanaSi arsebobs

eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis, saqarTveloSi jer araa

Seqmnili.3 2008 wlis maisis arCevnebis Semdeg opoziciis

nawilma uari Tqva saparlamento mandatebze. Sesabamisi-

ad, maT amomrCevlebs dReisaTvis ar hyavT sakuTari war-

momadgeneli parlamentSi. problemas qmnis aseve sadavo

kanoni partiebis dafinansebaze, romelic SezRudvebs

uwesebs im partiebs, romelTac miuxedavad 5%-iani barie-

ris gadalaxvisa 2008 wlis 21 maisis saparlamento arCev-

nebze, uari Tqves parlamentSi Sesvlaze. aseT partiaTa

kategoriaSi aRmoCndnen axali memarjveneebi, moZraoba

erTiani saqarTvelosTvis, saqarTvelos gza, xalxis par-

tia, partia Tavisufleba da erovnuli forumi. gaerTia-

nebuli opoziciis es partiebi wliurad, daaxloebiT, 600

aTas lars veRar iReben.

partiuli speqtris warmomadgenlobis sakiTxi aseve

problematuria. Tuki gadavxedavT saqarTvelos uaxle-

si istoriis gamocdilebas, partiuli speqtris ara mar-

to saparlamento organoSi moxvedris sixSirem iklo,

125

aramed saparlamento arCevnebSi monawile partiuli or-

ganizaciebis raodenobamac. am procesze mniSvnelovani

zegavlena iqonia 1999 wels saarCevno barieris 7 pro-

centamde awevam da swored amitom partiuli warmomad-

genlobis uzrunvelsayofad 2007 wels saarCevo barie-

ris 5 procentamde dawevis gadawyvetileba pozitiur

nabijadaa Sefasebuli. saparlamento organoSi mosax-

vedrad gamarTul arCevnebSi partiebis monawileobis

sixSiris kleba aseve ukavSirdeba partiuli institute-

bis naklebad ganviTarebasa da partiuli instituciona-

lizaciis problemas, romlis pirobebSi partiaTa rao-

denoba, romelic yvela niSniT (centraluri da adgi-

lobrivi organoebis arseboba da gamarTuli muSaoba,

Sida demokratiisa da partiuli rotaciis SesaZleblo-

bebi, partiul faseulobebze partiis politikis ageba

da partiul liderebze naklebdamokidebuleba, politi-

kis warmoebis unari) daakmayofilebda institucionali-

zaciis paramentrebs, sakmaod mcirea.

cxrili #1. saarCevno procesSi monawileobis statis-

tika (1990-2008 wlebi)4

არჩევნებისჩატარებისთარიღი

1990 1992 1995 1999 2003 2004 2008

საარჩევნობარიერი 4% 2% 5% 7% 7% 7% 5%

პროპორციულისისტემითგასულიპარტიებისრაოდენობა

2 24 5 3 6 2 4

მაჟორიტარულისისტემითგასულიპარტიებისრაოდენობა

5 5 9 3

არჩევნებშიმონაწილეპოლიტიკურიპარტიებისადასაარჩევნობლოკებისრაოდენობა

14 36 53 45 18 17 12

126

sakanonmdeblo funqcia: sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul pozitiur Sefasebas imsa-

xurebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia ev-

rokavSiris sakanonmdeblo sivrcesa da regulaciebTan,

rac warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes prioritets da xor-

cieldeba swrafi tempebiT; xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom

sakanonmdeblo procesi eqvemdebareba mkacrad gaweril

procedurebs, romelic mocemulia parlamentis regla-

mentSi; aseve, ama Tu im kanondeblobaze muSaobis pro-

cesSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sxva qveynebis gamocdileba,

xolo komitetebi iyeneben mrCevelTa sabWoebs sakanon-

mdeblo iniciativebis dasaxvewad. am dadebiT momenteb-

Tan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi naklovanebe-

bic: kanondeblobaze muSaobis procesi imdenad swraf

tempebSi mimdinareobs, rom xSirad deputatebs uWirT

TiToeuli sakiTxis detaluri analizi da kanonproeq-

tebis skurpuliozuri Seswavla; opoziciis zegavlenis

naklebobis pirobebSi sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi aseve

naklebad xdeba seriozuli ganxilvis sagani;

sakanonmdeblo inicireba nebismieri sakanonmdeblo

organos muSaobis Semadgeneli elementia, Tumca gaer-

Tianebul samefoSi kanonproeqtebis umravlesoba swo-

red mTavrobis inicirebulia. asevea poloneTic, rom-

lis sakanonmdeblo organoSic 2001-2005 wlebSi wardge-

nili 1264 kanonproeqtidan 808 inicirebuli iyo mTav-

robidan da mxolod 356 Tavad parlamentidan. analogi-

uri tendencia vrceldeba poloneTSi samTavrobo pro-

eqtebis umravlesobazec. imave wlebSi wardgenili 744

samTavrobo proeqtebidan mxolod 184 iyo deputatebis

mier inicirebuli. kanonproeqtebis wardgenaze samTav-

robo upiratesobis ramdenime ganmapirobebeli faqtori

arsebobs: pirvel rigSi, mTavrobas ufro metad miuw-

vdeba xeli kanonSemoqmedebiT codnaze. amasTan, mTav-

robas, romelic Cveulebriv, flobs parlamentSi umrav-

127

lesobas da Sesabamisad, gamoirCeva warmatebis maRali

koeficientiT, deputatebs mxolod mis mier momzadebu-

li kanonmdeblobis ganxilvisa da damtkicebis uflebas

utovebs.

amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saqarTve-

los parlamenti, gansxvavebiT didi britaneTis parla-

mentisgan5, reglamentis Tanaxmad, Tavad gansazRvravs

saparlamento dRis wesrigs. rac Seexeba iseT institu-

cias, rogoricaa partiuli mdivnebi, romlebic didi

britaneTis parlamentSi farTo uflebamosilebebiT

sargebloben da warmoadgenen parlamentis TiToeuli

wevris qmedebaze kontrolis oficialur berkets, sa-

qarTvelos parlamentSi ar gvxvdeba. Tumca, es sulac

ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom analogiuri me-

qanizmi araformalur doneze saqarTveloSic aqtiurad

muSaobdes.

zedamxedvelobiTi funqcia: am mxriv, miuxedavad,

imisa, rom saqarTvelos parlamentis xelT arsebuli re-

sursebi, iseve rogorc damatebiTi instituciebi kon-

trolis palatisa da ombudsmenis saxiT mravlad gaaC-

nia, sakmaod mwirad gamoiyureba da umeteswilad parla-

mentis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebis

kontrolamde izRudeba.6 sazedamxedvelo funqciis

TvalsazrisiT, dadebiT momentebad SesaZlebelia aRi-

niSnos is, rom yovelwliurad prezidentsa da premier-

ministrs evalebaT parlamentis winaSe angariSiT war-

dgena; aseve, parlamentma SesaZlebelia moiTxovos mTav-

robis meTaurisa da sxva sajaro moxeleebis Tanamdebo-

bidan daTxovna; parlamenti zedamxedvelobas uwevs aR-

masrulebeli xelisuflebis miRebuli normatiuli aq-

tebis ganxorcielebis process; ministrTa kabinetsa da

prezidents hyavT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi parlamen-

tSi (saparlamento mdivnebis saxiT). Tumca, isic gasaT-

valiswinebelia, rom parlamenti SedarebiT pasiuria aR-

128

masrulebeli xelisuflebis qmedebaTa gakontrolebis

TvalsazrisiT; deputatebsa da parlamentis aparatis

muSakebs aqvT zedamxedvelobisa da kontrolis ganxor-

cielebis naklebi gamocdileba da saWiro unar-Cvevebi;

arsebobs TvalSisacemi disbalansi sakanonmdeblo da

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelT arsebuli informa-

ciis TvalsazrisiT, rac parlamentis mier sazedamxed-

velo da sakontrolo funqciis ganxorcielebis SesaZ-

leblobebs amcirebs.

sazedamxedvelo funqciaze msjelobisas aucilebe-

li gasaTvaliswinebelia sakontrolo funqcia, rac par-

lamentisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier miRe-

buli normatiuli aqtebis Sesrulebaze kontrols gu-

lisxmobs. aRniSniSnuli saqmianoba saqarTvelos parla-

mentSi ZiriTadad Sesabamisi komitetebis meSveobiT wa-

rimarTeba. saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis mi-

xedviT, komiteti Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi akon-

trolebs mis sferoSi moqmedi parlamentis mier miRebu-

li normatiuli aqtebis aRsrulebis mdgomareobas. par-

lamenti plenarul sxdomaze regularulad ismens Sesa-

bamisi komitetisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Ta-

namdebobis pirebisgan informacias mis mier miRebuli

normatiuli aqtebis aRsrulebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

parlamentis biuro uflebamosilia sesiis samuSao geg-

mis safuZvelze, parlamentis sasesio kviris plenaruli

sxdomebis dRis wesrigSi Seitanos im normatiuli aqte-

bis nusxa, romelTa aRsrulebis mdgomareobazec par-

lamentma unda moisminos informacia. aRniSnul infor-

macias parlaments warudgens is komiteti, romelic pa-

suxismgebeli iyo Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtis momzade-

baze. komitetisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sesa-

bamisi dawesebulebis moxseneba unda Seicavdes informa-

cias Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtis aRsrulebis mdgoma-

reobis, efeqtianobis, misi moqmedebis periodSi gamov-

129

lenili xarvezebisa da maT aRmosafxvrelad saWiro sa-

kanonmdeblo Sesworebebis Sesaxeb, aseve normatiuli aq-

tis srulfasovnad amoqmedebis xelis SemSleli obieq-

turi da subieqturi faqtorebis analizs. komitetis in-

formaciis mosmenis Semdeg SeiZleba moxsenebiT gamo-

vidnen fraqciebis, umravlesobisa da umciresobis war-

momadgenlebi. normatiuli aqtis aRsrulebis mdgomare-

obis Sesaxeb saparlamento mosmenis Semdeg parlamenti

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs dadgenilebas, romelSic

SeiZleba aisaxos parlamentis Sefaseba normatiuli aq-

tis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, normatiul aqtSi Ses-

worebebis Setanis davaleba Sesabamisi komitetisaTvis

an daisvas aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sesabamisi da-

wesebulebis Tanamdebobis piris pasuxismgeblobis sa-

kiTxi. komiteti Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi kon-

trols uwevs Tavis sferoSi moqmedi saministros, minis-

trisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva saxelmwi-

fo uwyebis xelmZRvanelis normatiuli aqtebis saqar-

Tvelos kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobas, maTi Sesru-

lebis mdgomareobas, Seiswavlis da aanalizebs am aqte-

bis gamoyenebis periodSi gamovlenil xarvezebs da Sei-

muSavebs rekomendaciebs, romlebsac ugzavnis Sesabamis

uwyebas. rekomendaciebis ganxilvis an miRebuli zomebis

Sesaxeb unda ecnobos komitets ara ugvianes 1 Tvisa an

mis mier dadgenil vadaSi. komiteti kontrols uwevs ka-

nonebisa da parlamentis dadgenilebebis gardamavali

debulebebiT komitetis sferoSi Semavali aRmasrulebe-

li xelisuflebis dawesebulebebisaTvis gansazRvruli

davalebebis Sesrulebas dadgenil vadaSi.7

saqarTvelos parlamentis saproceduro sakiTxTa

da wesebis komitetis 2004-2007 wlebis saqmianobis sta-

tistikas, Tuki aviRebT parlamentis sakontrolo fun-

qciis Sesafaseblad, aRmovaCenT, rom komitetisa da misi

wevrebis mier inicirebul kanonproeqtebis raodenobasa

130

(27) da im kanonproeqtebis raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi,

romelzedac komiteti iyo wamyvani an/da savaldebulo

daskvnis avtori (53), parlamentis mier miRebul gadaw-

yvetilebaze Sesrulebis kontroli, sakmaod STambeWda-

vad gamoiyureba (251).8 msgavsi tendencia SeimCneva sxva

komitetebTan mimarTebaSic. Sesabamisad, ikveTeba saze-

damxedvelo saqmianobis ugulebelyofa `kontrolisa da

balansis~ sistemis mxolod kontrolis funqciamde day-

vana da fokus-jgufis Sedegebis mixedviT, sazedamxed-

velo funqciis ganxorcieleba miCneulia rogorc sapar-

lamento saqmianobis yvelaze susti rgoli. aRniSnulis

axsna sxvadaxva aqtoris mier sxvadasxvanairad xdeba: Ta-

vad parlamentis aparatis warmomadgenlebis azriT, sa-

zedamxedvelo funqcia gamoieyeneba araregularulad

da damokidebulia Tavad sakiTxis simwvaveze.im SemTxve-

vaSi, Tuki is farTo sazogadoebriv interess imsaxu-

rebs, saparlamento kontrolis ganxorcieleba farTo

sazogadoebrivi ganxilvis sagani xdeba. Tumca, rigi sa-

kiTxebi, romelic sazedamxedvelo saqmianobis fargleb-

Si xorcieldeba, respodentebis azriT, naklebi simwva-

vis gamo, mediis, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis yuradRebis

arealSi naklebad xvdeba.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi sa-

zedamxedvelo funqciis naklebad gamoyenebas ukavSire-

ben Tavad parlamentis rogorc institutis sisustes.

aseve aRiareben iseTi faqtorebis zegavlenas, rogori-

caa zedamxedvelobisa da kontrolis gansaxorcieleb-

lad saWiro resursebis, gamocdilebisa da saWiro unar-

Cvevebis nakleboba. mmarTveli partiis saparlamento

upiratesobis pirobebSi, maTi azriT, parlamenti aRmas-

rulebeli xelisuflebis mier SemoTavazebuli sakanon-

mdeblo inicitivebis formaluri damamtkiceblis rol-

Si gamodis da masze realuri zedamxedvelobis gawevis

saSualebebs ar flobs.

131

Tavad parlamentarebi naklebad saubroben msgavs

problemaze da acxadeben, rom dRes saqarTvelos par-

lamentis mier sazedamxedvelo funqcia gacilebiT aq-

tiurad gamoiyeneba, vidre es erTi SexediT SeiZleba

Candes. maTi SefasebiT, sazedamxedvelo funqciis gamo-

yenebis SemTxvevaSi, imis gamo, rom sazogadoebas ar Se-

eqmnas mcdari warmodgena mmarTveli partiis gundSi ar-

sebul konfliqtsa da ganxeTqilebaze, mizanmimarTulad

Tavs arideben, rom moxdes, aseTi SemTxvevebis sazoga-

doebisTvis miwodeba da gaxmaureba. maTi, SefasebiT,

swored amis gamo iqmneba sazedamxedvelo funqciis nak-

lebad gamoyenebaze “mcdari warmodgena”.

daskvna

safrTxeebi, romelic SesaZlebelia dafiqsirdes

saparlamento saqmianobis samive mimarTulebiT da rome-

lic mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobas qmnis momavalSi sapar-

lamento demokratiis Camosayalibeblad Sejamebuli sa-

xiT Semdegnairad SeiZleba dafiqsirdes: warmomadgelo-

biTi funqciis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania is, rom

amomarCevelTa konkretuli jgufebi, da es, pirvel rig-

Si partiul politikur speqtrs, eTnikur umciresobasa

da qalTa warmomadgenlobas exeba, ar aris proporciu-

lad warmodgenili parlamentSi. aseve, igrZnoba sazoga-

doebrivi ndobis nakleboba, iseve rogorc ikveTeba sa-

parlamento opoziciis limitirebuli SesaZleblobebi

partiuli instituciebis sisustis gamo. sakanonmdeblo

funqciis TvalsazrisiT safrTxeebad SeiZleba aRviqvaT,

parlamentis mxridan iniciativebis nakleboba, kanon-

mdeblobis, maT Soris konstituciis xSiri cvla. rac

Seexeba sazedamxedvelo funqcias, am mxriv gansakuTre-

bul safrTxed unda ganixilebodes kontrolisa da ba-

lansis sistemis sisuste, romlis pirobebSic saqarTve-

132

los saparlamento organo ver asrulebs aRmasrulebe-

li xelisuflebis sapirwone instituciis funqcias. aqve

SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos saparlamento aparatis erTpar-

tiul garemoSi politikuri neitralitetis Sesustebis

safrTxe da parlamentSi politikuri cvlilebebis gan-

xorcielebis mzadyofnis nakleboba.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri. _ 2007-

2009 wlebis Sejamebuli angariSi

2. nana sumbaZe, saqarTvelo agvistos omamde da

omis Semdeg. sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis

Sedegebi: barometri 2007 da 2008. Tbilisi 2009,

sazogadoebrivi politikis instituti. gv.26.

3. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis war-

momadgenlebisaTvis dawesebulia kvotebi, Seqmni-

lia gansakuTrebuli garantiebi an wesdeba SeRa-

vaTebi maTi warmomadgenlebis saparlamento or-

ganoSi mosaxvedrad. rumineTsa da slovakeTSi

dawesebulia SeRavaTebi umciresobaTa warmomad-

genlebisTvis. maSin, roca serbeTsa da poloneT-

Si warmomadgenlobiTobis uzrunvelsayofad da-

wesebuli meqanizmi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom orive

qveyanaSi arsebuli xuTprocentiani saarCevno ba-

rieri ar vrceldeba umciresobaTa warmomadgen-

lebze. xorvatiasa da montenegroSi umciresobe-

bisaTvis SeTavazebulia pozitiuri diskriminaci-

is forma da orive saparlamento organoSi gamo-

yofilia saparlamento mandatebis garkveuli ra-

odenobas pecialurad eTnikuri umciresobebi-

saTvis.

4. cxrili Sedgenilia saqarTvelos centraluri sa-

arCevno komisiis monacemebzedayrdnobiT. masSi

araa mocemuli zogierTi wlis monacemi imis ga-

133

mo, rom oficialuri statistika saqarTvelos

centraluri saarCevno komisias ar hqonia war-

modgenili.

5. gaerTianebul samefoSi xelisufleba, xSirad

(magram, arayovelTvis) adgens da akontrolebs

parlamentis dRis wesrigs, magram amJamad aqtiu-

rad mimdinareobs debatebi cvlilebis ganxorci-

elebis Taobaze, rac ganixileba rogorc parla-

mentis gaZlierebis saSualeba.

6. parlamentis sakontrolo meqanizmebidan, saqar-

Tvelos parlamentis reglamentis mixedviT, gamo-

iyeneba: impiCmentis wesi; informaciis gamoTxovi-

sufleba _ parlamentis plenaruli sxdomismier

daniSnul momxsenebels ufleba aqvs administra-

ciuli organosagan gamoiTxovos da miiRos nebis-

mieri informacia (maT Soris, konfidencialuri)

da nebismier sakiTxze axsna-ganmarteba; peticia _

peticia aris pirTa jgufis werilobiTi mimarTva,

romelic Seexeba saxelmwifoebriv da saerTo

problemebidan gamomdinare sakiTxebs; specialu-

ri jgufi _ parlamentis Tavmjdomarem sakuTari

iniciativiT an Sesabamisi komitetis wardginebiT

SeiZleba Seqmnas sakiTxis Semswavleli specialu-

ri jgufi; moqalaqeTa miReba; parlamentis wevris

kiTxva, parlamentis wevrTa aTkaciani jgufisa da

fraqciis SekiTxva; samTavrobo saaTi – yoveliT-

vis plenaruli sxdomis bolo xuTSabaTi; saqar-

Tvelos kontrolis palata; saqarTvelos saxal-

xo damcveli; 7. saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti. 

http://www.parliament.ge/_special/kan/files/339.pdf 8. saproceduro sakiTxTa dawesebis komitetis 2004-2007

wlebis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis statistika. http://www.parliament.ge/files/1276_20114_521503_shesacvleli-daijesti1.pdf 

134

Abstract

Problems of Parliamentary Democracy in Georgia Nana Macharashvili - PhD in Political Science, Associate

Professor of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of TSU. For the newly developed democracies like Georgia problems

regarding the parliamentary democracy are quite relevant. From the critical point of view the most essential problem is the limited possibilities and implementation of the oversight function of the Parliament. The problem itself is determined by the institutional subordination of the Parliament to the Executive branch and the real absence of the check and balance system in Georgia. The article also analysis the problems concerning the other functions of the Parliament on the basis of the semi-structural interviews of the MPs and representatives of non governmental sector, as well as the results of the focus group of the parliamentary staff members. The statistics of the Parliamentary activities indicates that the oversight function is fully simplified to the controlling of the parliamentary decisions. The semi-structural interviews as well as focus group discussions present several determinants of the limited possibilities for oversight in the Parliament of Georgia.

135

moralis ganviTarebis Teoriebi: piaJedan neokolbergianelebamde

naTia mestviriSvili socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa

fakulteti, fsiqologiis mimarTuleba, doqtoranti.

moraluri ganviTarebis sakiTxi ar gamoirCeva mra-

valricxovani Teoriuli midgomebiT, rac fenomenis

sirTulesa da misi Seswavlis meTodebis naklebobaze mi-

uTiTebs. amasTan erTad, moraluri ganviTareba dRemde

rCeba rTul da urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebiT

gamoirCeul sakiTxad fsiqologiaSi.

moralis ganviTarebis mecnieruli Seswavla dakav-

Sirebulia Sveicarieli mecnieris Jan piaJes saxelTan,

romelmac gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

moralis ganviTarebis sakuTari Teoria warmoadgina. Jan

piaJe im fsiqologTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTa naS-

romebic dRemde rCeba moraluri ganviTarebis Tanamed-

rove TeoriebisTvis mniSvnelovan orientirad.piaJem

morali gansazRvra, rogorc socialuri normebis pati-

viscema da individSi arsebuli samarTlianobis grZnoba,

romelic gulisxmobs zrunvas adamianTa Soris Tanaswo-

robaze. piaJes mixedviT, individebi samyaros Sesaxeb

codnas iZenen da gardaqmnian garemosTan urTierTobis

Sedegad. Jan piaJe cdilobda moraluri gansjis ganvi-

Tarebis dakavSirebas bavSvis zogad kognitur ganviTa-

rebasTan.piaJes azriT, imis mixedviT, Tu kognituri

zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba bavSvi, is sxvadasxva

wonas aniWebs moqmedebis Sedegs da moqmedi piris gan-

zraxvas.

piaJe gamoyofs moraluri ganviTarebis or stadias.

moraluri msjeloba iwyeba heteronomiuli safexuriT,

136

rac xasiaTdeba wesebisa da movaleobebis zusti Sesru-

lebiT da avtoritetisadmi morCilebiT.

heteronomiulobas gansazRvravs ori faqtori: 1.

bavSvis kognituri struqtura _ piaJes mixedviT, bavSvis

azrovneba egocentrulobiT, anu bavSvis mier sxva ada-

mianis Sexedulebis gaziarebis uunarobiT xasiaTdeba.

egocentruloba ganapirobebs bavSvis mier sakuTari az-

rebisa da survilebis sxva adamianebze proeqcias. bav-

SvebisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania moqmedebis Sedegi, vid-

re ganzraxva da maT aqvT molodini, rom cud saqciels

dauyovnebliv mohyveba dasja. 2. bavSvebis socialuri

urTierTobebi mozrdilebTan _ mozrdilsa da bavSvs

Soris bunebriv urTierTobaSi meti Zalaufleba moz-

rdilebs aqvT. patara bavSvebSi Zalauflebis arqona,

ususuroba bavSvur egocentrizmTan erTad qmnis hete-

ronomiul moralur orientacias.

Tumca, sxva bavSvebTan urTierTobis fonze, rode-

sac jgufi cdilobs Seqmnas iseTi TamaSis wesebi, rome-

lic yvelasTvis misaRebi iqneba, wesebisadmi aseTi mor-

Cileba problematuri xdeba.

bavSvebi TandaTan moraluri msjelobis avtonomi-

ur safexurze gadadian, romelic xasiaTdeba wesebisad-

mi kritikuli damokidebulebiT. isini acnobiereben,

rom wesebi iqmneba adamianTa Soris urTierTSeTanxmebis

safuZvelze da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi maTi Secvla

SesaZlebelia. bavSvebi iZenen unars, es wesebi SerCevi-

Tad gamoiyenon urTierTpativiscemisa da urTierTTa-

namSromlobis gaTvaliswinebiT. am unaris amoqmedeba iw-

yeba reciprokulobisa da ormxrivi pativiscemis safuZ-

velze bavSvis zrdasTan erTad, moqmedi piris ganzrax-

vebi ufro mets iwonis moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul

gansjaSi. kognituri unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad

bavSvebs uviTardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqci-

137

on ara mxolod Sedegebs, aramed ganixilon orive _ Se-

degebica da ganzraxvebic.

80-ian wlebSi lorens kolbergma ganavrco piaJes

mier SemuSavebuli moralis ganviTarebis stadiebi.

kvlevis safuZvelze, man moraluri msjelobis 6 safexu-

ri gamoyo, romlebic 3 stadiad gaaerTiana. yoveli sa-

fexuri moralis sakiTxebisadmi xarisxobrivad gansxva-

vebul msjelobebs asaxavs.

prekonvencionaluri stadia ZiriTadad bavSvebis-

Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am stadiaze myofi adamiani qce-

vis zneobriobis Sesaxeb uSualod qcevis Sedegebidan

gamomdinare msjelobs.

konvencionaluri stadia zogadad mozardebisa da

mozrdilebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. am stadiaze

myofi individebi qcevis zneobrivobaze imis mixedviT

msjeloben, Tu ramdenad Seefereba es qceva sazogado-

ebriv Sexedulebebsa da molodinebs.

postkonvencionalur stadiaze individis perspeq-

tiva ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sazogadoeba. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom individebis moraluri msjeloba wesebisa

da normebis principebs eyrdnoba, isini uaryofen am we-

sebisa da normebis erTgvarovan gamoyenebas.

pirveli safexuri _ orientacia dasjis aridebasa

da morCilebaze _ fokusirebulia wesis darRvevis da

dasjis Tavidan aridebaze. adamiani cdilobs aicilos

dasja da miaCnia, rom vinc Zlieria, marTalic is aris.

es safexuri piaJes mier gamoyofili pirveli safexuris

msgavsad egocentrizmiT xasiaTdeba.

meore safexurze, romelsac hedonisturs an in-

strumentul-relativisturs uwodeben, Cndeba moralu-

ri reciprokuloba. es safexuri orientirebulia qcevis

pragmatul Rirebulebaze. moralur qcevas piradi inte-

resebi gansazRvravs. am safexurze myofi adamiani cdi-

138

lobs jer sakuTari survilebi daikmayofilos da mere

sxvebis interesebzec ifiqros. ,,sxvebis’’ mimarT intere-

si izrdeba, Tumca amas safuZvlad udevs pragmatuloba

da ara samarTlianoba an loialoba.

mesame safexuria interpersonaluri SeTanxmeba,

rodesac qcevis moralurobas gansazRvravs sxva adamia-

nis molodinebi da stereotipuli rolebi. am safexurze

myofi adamiani cdilobs gaamarTlos sxvaTa molodine-

bi, raTa kargi gamoCndes maT da sakuTar TvalSi, da

qcevis Sesaxeb moqmedi piris ganzraxvis gaTvaliswine-

biT msjelobs.

meoTxe safexuri xasiaTdeba sazogadoebaze da so-

cialuri wesrigis SenarCunebaze orientaciiT. qcevis

sisworis Sesaxeb msjeloba xdeba im im wesebisa da nor-

mebis terminebSi, romlebic dadgenilia farTo socia-

luri sistemis mier. individi msjelobs sazogadoebis

wevris poziciidan gamomdinare da swor qcevad arsebu-

li socialuri sistemis dacvas miiCnevs.

mexuTe safexurze myofi adamiani acnobierebs, rom

wesebi mxolod socialuri SeTanxmebaa da maTi darRveva

SesaZlebelia situaciis mixedviT _ iseT SemTxvevebSi,

Tu isini samarTlianobas da sayovelTao keTildReobas

ar emsaxurebian. Tumca, arsebobs iseTi ZiriTadi da

gardauvali wesebi, rogoricaa sicocxlis dacva da Ta-

visuflebis mxardaWera, romlebic nebismier situaciaSi

daculi unda iqnas.

adamians uyalibdeba sakuTari Sexeduleba imis Se-

saxeb, Tu ra aris swori da ra _ araswori, da upirveles

yovlisa, am Sexedulebis da ara _ arsebuli kanonebisa

da wesebis Sesabamisad moqmedebs.

meeqvse safexuri gamoirCeva universalur eTikur

principebze orientaciiT, romlebic ufro farTo da

abstraqtulia, vidre moraluri principebi. adamiani

Tavis Tavs igive moTxovnebs uyenebs, rasac sxvebs, da

139

aRiarebs adamianTa Tanasworobas. adamianebi iSviaT Sem-

TxvevebSi Tu aRweven am safexurs. realurad, mxolod

pirvel xuT safexurTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs Sesabami-

si empiriuli monacemebi. Tavad kolbergis bolodroin-

del kvlevebSic mexuTe-meeqvse safexurebi gaerTianebu-

lia da, Sesabamisad, saubaria xuTsafexurian modelze.

kolbergis Teoriis Tanaxmad, morali viTardeba

ucvleli TanmimdevrobiT, Tumca yvelam SeiZleba verc

miaRwios moralis ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs inte-

leqtualuri stimulaciis naklebobis gamo (Crain, 1985). realurad, rogorc aRiniSna, mxolod pirvelma xuTma

safexurma moipova arsebobis damadasturebeli empiriu-

li monacemebi. Tumca, kroskulturulma kvlevebma daa-

dastura kolbergis stadiebis Tanamimdevrobis univer-

saluroba.

kolbergis Teoria dafuZnebuli iyo mamakac cdis-

pirTa monacemebze da Sesabamisad, mxolod maT Sexedu-

lebebs asaxavda. kolbergis Teoriis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tuli erT-erTi mZafri kritika swored am sakiTxs exe-

boda. Tumca, amasTanave gamoikveTa sqesis, rogorc

erT-erTi kritikuli faqtoris mniSvneloba individTa

moraluri principebis gansazRvrisas kolbergis Teori-

is safuZvelze Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis Tanax-

mad, qalebTan moraluri ganviTarebis ufro dabali do-

ne vlindeba, vidre mamakacebTan.

kerol giliganma (1982) am faqtis asaxsnelad wamoa-

yena sakuTari Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, mamakacebi

qcevis moralurobaze wesebsa da abstraqtul princi-

pebze dayrdnobiT msjeloben. qalebs ki ufro metad

zrunvaze orientirebuli morali axasiaTebT, romelic

emyareba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebs da ara wesebs.

Sedegad, qalebi da mamakacebi gansxvavebul qulebs iRe-

ben moralur dilemebze msjelobisas _ qalebi, rogorc

140

wesi, mesame safexurze arian, xolo mamakacebi _ meoTxe

da mexuTe safexurebze.

giligani moralur msjelobaSi arsebul sqesTaSo-

ris gansxvavebebs aRzrdas ukavSirebs. rogorc wesi, bi-

Webs adreuli bavSvobidan aswavlian damoukideblobas,

gogonebs ki sxvebis mimarT yuradRebasa da mzrunvelo-

bas aCveven. Tumca, giligani ar uaryofda, rom qalebic

da mamakacebic SeiZleba amJRavnebdnen sapirispiro sqe-

sisaTvis damaxasiaTebel moralur msjelobebs (Crain, 1985).

90-ian wlebSi, eliot turielma gaakritika kolber-

gi da wamoayena sferos Teoria (domain theory), romlis

mixedviTac, morali da konvencia ori erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebuli sferoa da ara erTi mTliani sistema, ro-

gorc es kolbergs miaCnda. turieli erTmaneTisagan ga-

nasxvavebs da cal-calke ganixilavs moralur koncef-

ciebs da socialur konvenciebs anu socialur SeTanxme-

bas. misi azriT, es dakavSirebulia ori socialuri mov-

lenis or sxvadasxva klasTan. moraluri koncefcia fo-

kusirebulia im efeqtebze, romlebic konkretul qcevas

aqvs an SeiZleba hqondes meore adamianis keTildReoba-

ze. magaliTad, iseT qcevas, rogoricaa vinmesTvis uneb-

lie zianis miyeneba, arsebiTi gavlena aqvs adamianis ke-

TildReobaze da es gavlena arsebobs socialuri wese-

bis da wyobis miuxedavad. socialuri konvencia ki iseT

qmedebebs exeba, romlebsac aranairi interpersonaluri

Sedegebi ar moyveba. magaliTad, mimarTav adamians saxe-

liT Tu ,,qalbatono”-s an ,,batono’-s uwodeb, amas ara-

nairi mniSvnelovani gavlena ar eqneba adamianebis ke-

TildReobaze. is, Tu mimarTvis romeli formaa ukeTe-

si, ganisazRvreba da regulirdeba garkveul wesebze so-

cialuri SeTanxmebiT (Crain, 1985).

141

kolbergTan dakavSirebuli kritikis sapasuxod je-

ims restma da misma kolegebma aiRes kolbergis Teoriis

ZiriTadi ideebi, romlebsac sakuTari ideebi daumates

da Seqmnes moraluri ganviTarebis sakuTari midgoma,

romelsac neokolbergianuli midgoma uwodes.

neokolbergianuli midgomis warmomadgenlebi ey-

rdnobian moraluri qcevis oTxkomponentian models.

restis oTxkomponentiani modelis Tanaxmad, moralis

ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa moraluri qcevis oTxi fsiqo-

logiuri procesi: moraluri yuradReba, moraluri

msjeloba, moraluri motivacia da moraluri Rirseba.

moraluri yuradReba gulisxmobs unars Seicno mora-

luri situacia. moraluri msjeloba gulisxmobs gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebas moralurad swori da araswori qce-

vis Sesaxeb. moraluri motivacia aris Sinagani survili

moiqce moraluri standartebis Sesabamisad. moraluri

Rirseba gulisxmobs moralurad swori qcevis ganxorci-

elebis pirovnul gansazRvras maSinac ki, Tu sruliad

Sesaferisi iqneba moralis TvalsazrisiT araswori qce-

vis ganxorcieleba (Sabin, 2006). kolbergis midgomis msgavsad, neokolbergianuli

midgomisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi: 1. amosaval

wertilad miCneulia kognicia; 2. xazs usvams ZiriTadi

epistemologiuri kategoriebis (mag.: uflebebi, movale-

oba. samarTali, socialuri wyoba, reciprokuloba) pi-

rovnul konstruqcias. es ar gamoricxavs kulturuli

ideologiis wvlils, Tumca, neokolbergianuli midgoma

ufro fokusirebulia individualur socialur gamoc-

dilebaze. 3. cvlilebas ganixilavs, rogorc ganviTare-

bas anu SesaZlebelia visaubroT ara mxolod gansxvave-

bebze moralur orientaciaSi, aramed kognitur upira-

tesobazec, sadac ,,maRali ufro ukeTesia” filosofiu-

ri da normatiul-eTikuri gagebiT. 4. mozardebisa da

142

mozrdilebis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc pirobi-

Tidan principul moralur azrovnebaze gadasvlas.

neokolbergianuli midgomis warmomadgenlebis

Tvalsazrisi moraluri msjelobebis kognituri struq-

turebis Sesaxeb kolbergiseulisgan Semdegi xuTi niS-

niT gansxvavdeba:

1. neokolbergianuli midgomis Tanaxmad, ganviTare-

ba aris gamoyenebis sixSiris cvlileba, romelic nakle-

bad kompleqsuridan ufro kompleqsuri xdeba. kolber-

gisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ganviTarebas safexurebze

asvlis terminebSi ganixilavda, neokolbergianelebi ga-

viTarebas ganixilaven, rogorc cvlilebas martividan

rTulisaken.

2. neokolbergianuli midgomis Semqmnelebi moralu-

ri safexurebis nacvlad iyeneben termins moraluri

sqemebi. moraluri sqemebi SegviZlia ganvixiloT, ro-

gorc codnis ZiriTadi struqturebi, romlebic gamoi-

yeneba socialur kooperaciaSi. moraluri sqemebi ya-

libdeba socialuri urTierTobebidan miRebuli gamoc-

dilebis safuZvelze da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli insti-

tutebis da roluri-sistemebis koncefciebia.

3. kolbergis sapirispirod, romelic cdilobda

,,msjelobis operaciebis”, moraluri azrovnebis opera-

ciebis Seswavlas, neokolbergianuli midgoma orienti-

rebulia operaciebis Sinaarsobrivi Sedegebis Seswavla-

ze da ara kognituri operaciebis gazomvaze. kognitur-

ma kvlevebma aCvena, rom Cven viciT Cveni fsiqikis mxo-

lod Sinaarsi da ara is, rac qmnis am Sinaarss (Rest, Nar-vaez, Bebeau, & Thoma, 1999., Swisher, Rizzo, & Marley, 2000).

4. kolbergma Tavisi safexurebis erT-erT maxasia-

Teblad universaluroba gamoacxada. Tumca, neokolber-

gianelebi emxrobian moralis Tanamedrove filosofose-

bis Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac, morali aris soci-

aluri konstruqcia, romelic gamomdinareobs sazogado-

143

ebis gamocdilebidan, kerZo institucionaluri wyobi-

dan, msjelobebidan da SeTanxmebebidan, romelsac sazo-

gadoeba uWers mxars. zogadi morali SeiZleba gansxvav-

debodes (an msgavsi iyos) sxvadasxva sazogadoebisTvis.

5. moraluri msjelobebis intervius nacvlad, ro-

melic cdis pirebisagan moiTxovda dilemebis gadaWrasa

da maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis axsnas, neo-

kolbergianuli midgomis warmomadgenlebi moraluri

msjelobebis Sefasebisas upiratesobas aniWeben mravlo-

biTi arCevanis tests da amas im mosazrebiT xsnian, rom

adamianebs SeuZliaT gadmoscen TavianTi kogniciis pro-

duqti, magram ar SeuZliaT gadmoscen is fsiqikuri ope-

raciebi, romlebic gamoiyenes am produqtis misaRwevad.

2002 wels moraluri msjelobis unaris kolbergi-

seul ganmartebaze dayrdnobiT jorj lindma wamoayena

organzomilebiani Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, moralu-

ri qceva ganisazRvreba, rogorc ori ganuyofeli, Tum-

ca gansxvavebuli aspeqtis mqone qmedeba. es aspeqtebia:

1. pirovnebis afeqturi damokidebuleba konkretuli

moraluri idealebisa da principebisadmi da 2. ideale-

bisa da principebis Sesatyvisad msjelobis/ qmedebis

unari.

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi miiCneoda, rom pirovne-

ba moraluria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is kargad asrulebs sa-

zogadoebis mier dadgenil qcevis wesebs an aqvs mora-

lurad gamarTlebuli ganzraxvebi. moraluri qceva

mTlianad ganixileboda afeqtur sferoSi, romelsac Se-

mecnebasTan da unarebTan aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda.

1912 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma maqs veli-sulma

aRmoaCina, rom moraluri damokidebulebebi da Rirebu-

lebebi ver winaswarmetyveleben arasrulwlovanTa dam-

naSaveobas. rodesac man gamokiTxa damnaSave da udanaSa-

ulo axalgazrdebi moparvis Sesaxeb, aRmoCnda, rom

144

orive jgufi msgavsad gmobda moparvas. mogvianebiT, em-

piriulad dadasturda, rom altruistuli damokidebu-

lebebi da ganzraxvebi TiTqmis ar iyo dakavSirebuli

altruistul qcevasTan (Darley &Latane , 1968; Krebs, 1982). organzomilebiani Teoria aerTianebs samive _ afeq-

tur, kognitur da qceviT aspeqts da ar ganixilavs maT

gancalkevebul komponentebad, romelTa dakvirveba da

gazomvac izolirebulad SeiZleba. moraluri idealebi

warmarTavs moralur qcevas, Tumca imisTvis, rom qceva

iyos moralurad myari, mas sWirdeba ganviTarebuli

msjelobis unarebi. amasTan, am modelis Tanaxmad, mora-

luri principebi da unarebi araa gancalkevebuli erTma-

neTisgan, ubralod isini qcevis 2 sxvadasxva aspeqtia.

radgan ar arsebobda instrumenti, romelic er-

Tdroulad, Tumca gancalkevebulad, gazomavda indivi-

dis moraluri msjelobis unars da mis moralur damo-

kidebulebebs, lindma Seqmna moraluri msjelobis tes-

ti. es testi SesaZlebels xdis individis moralur

principebze dayrdnobiT moraluri problemis mimarT

pro- da kontrargumentebis gansjis unaris Sefasebas,

miuxedavad misi poziciisa ama Tu im konkretul mora-

lur problemasTan dakavSirebiT. amasTan, sxva instru-

mentebis msgavsad, igi zomavs individis damokidebule-

bebs kolbergis eqvsi safexuris mixedviT.

moraluri msjelobis Sesaxeb arsebul uaxles Teo-

riebSi kognicia da ZiriTadi epistemologiuri katego-

riebi (uflebebi, movaleobebi, samarTali, socialuri

wyoba, reciprokuloba) kvlav amosaval wertilad rCeba.

moraluri ganviTarebis sferoSi arsebuli Tanamedrove

kvlevebi ufro metad aqcents individualuri gamocdi-

lebis mniSvnelobaze akeTeben, vidre kulturologiuri

ideologiis gavlenaze, amave dros aRiareben, rom mora-

145

luri msjelobis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia ara mxolod

cvlilebis, aramed ganviTarebis koteqstSi.

Abstract

Natia Mestvirishvili–PhD student of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of TSU.

The following paper represents a review of moral development

models discussed in a chronological order based on empirical and theoretical literature. It includes moral development theory of Jean Piaget, Laurence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, Carol Gilligan’s gender theory James Rest’s 4 stages component model of moral George Lind’s Dual-aspect theory of moral behavior and development, Elliot Turiel’s Domain theory. The review shows that in the modern theories about moral development starting point emphasizes cognition and main epistemological categories (duties, rights, justice, social order, reciprocity) and the studies in the sphere of moral development are focused rather on the importance of individual experience, than on the influence of cultural ideology.

gamoyenebulida citirebuli literatura:

1. aruTinovi, b., baliaSvili, m., kekelia, m. - moralu-

ri msjelobis ZiriTadi orientirebi qarTvelebTan

2. Crain, W.C., (1985) Theories of development. Prentice-Hall. 118-136.

3. G. Lind (2008). The meaning and measurement of moral judgment competence. Published in Fasko, Daniel, Jr. & Willis, Wayne, ads. Contemporary Philosophical and Psychological perspectives on moral development and education, pp. 185-220. Creskill, Hampton press.

146

4. GilliganCarol. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.

5. Narvaez, D., & Bock, T. (2002). Moral schemas and tacit judjment or how the defining issues test is supported by cognitive science. Journal of moral education, Vol.3, No.3, 297-312.

6. Rest, J., Narvaez, D., Thoma, S., Bebeau M., Murial, J. (2000). A neo-kolbergian approach to morality research. Journal of moral education, Vol.29, No.4, 381-395.

7. Rest, J., Narvaez, D., Thoma, S., Bebeau M. (1999). A Neo-Kohlbergian approach: The DIT and the Schema theory. Educational psychology review, Vol.11, N0. 4. pp. 291-324

8. www.wikipedia.org. 9. www.tiger.edu

147

postsabWoTa identoba Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis diskursSi

nino popiaSvili

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti,

filologiis doqtori

sabWouri mentaloba da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba

ar icnobda Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis erTiani idento-

bis sakiTxs. iseve rogorc Savi zRvis auzis sxva qveyneb-

Si, sabWoTa saqarTveloSic Zalze cota iyo cnobili Sa-

vi zRvis auzis qveynebisa da im maxlobeli qveynebis Se-

saxeb, romlebTan dakavSirebac Savi zRvis saSualebiT

iyo SesaZlebeli. aseve saqarTvelos, rogorc am auzis

kulturuli nawilis Tavisi adgilis Sesaxeb. saqarTve-

los identobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania Savi

zRvis qveynebis kulturul-istoriuli urTierTobebis

istoria.

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg, yofili sabWoTa kav-

Siris teritoriaze mcxovrebi erebi Tu eTnikuri jgu-

febi identobis krizisma moicva. am periodidan iwyeba

warsulisken, sakuTari eTnikuri da kulturuli fesve-

bisken mibrunebis Seuqcevadi procesi. urTulesi prob-

lemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen mraval eTnikuri saxelmwifo-

ebi, sadac konfliqturi mexsierebebis formirebam da

istoriis gansxvavebulma interpretaciam eTnopoliti-

kuri dapirispirebebis aRmocenebas Seuwyo xeli. am

mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva saqarTvelo, sadac pos-

tsabWoTa periodis dasawyisSi warmoqmnili problemebi

dResac gadauWrelia. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan,

identobis, mexsierebisa da istoriis kompleqsuri kvle-

va prioritetul mniSvnelobas iZens.

148

Savi zRva, rogorc urTierTobebis istoria da ro-

gorc kulturaTa, religiaTa da erebis Tanamedrove

urTierToba mravalmxriv mniSvnelovania postsabWoTa

identobisaTvis.garda sakuTriv istoriuli urTierTo-

bebisa, aqtualuri gaxda Savi zRvis qveynebis Tanamed-

rove, anu axali da uaxlesi urTierTobebi, rac mniSvne-

lovnad gansxvavdeba warsuli kavSirisagan da qmnis sru-

liad axali tipis urTierTobebis perspeqtivas.

mcire erebis TviTidentifikaciisa da kulturuli

identobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs am erebis kultu-

rul sivrcesa da kulturul-geografiul garemos. sab-

WoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg yofilma socialisturma

respublikebma arseboba ganagrZes, rogorc damoukide-

belma qveynebma. isini cdilobdnen sakuTari TavisaTvis

da aseve msofliosaTvis daemtkicebinaT is gansakuTre-

buli da gamorCeuli, romliTac es qveynebi erTmaneTi-

sagan uTuod gansxvavdebodnen, magram sabWoTa kavSiris

arsebobis pirobebSi am gansxvavebis demonstrireba Se-

uZlebeli iyo.

garda TviTmyofadobisa da sakuTari gansxvavebu-

lobis Cvenebisa, saWiro gaxda dasavleTTan im istoriu-

li saerTos moZieba da gaxseneba, rac sabWoTa kavSiris

arsebobis wlebSi srulilad miviwyebuli iyo. bunebri-

via, am kuTxiT Savi zRva istoriul-kulturuli iden-

tobis mTavari orientiri gaxda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Savi zRvis regioni, rogorc er-

Tiani politikuri da ekonomikuri sivrce istoriulad

ar arsebobda, TumcaRa civi omis dasrulebam rasac Se-

degad natosa da evrokavSiris aRmosavleTis mimarTu-

lebis gafarToeba moyva, bunebrivad Seqmna regionuli

TanamSromlobisa da saerTo regionuli identurobis

ganviTarebis aucilebloba.

usafrTxoebis axalma garemom regioni axali rea-

lobis winaSe daayena. terorizmis winaaRmdeg globalu-

149

ri omis dawyebam, kaspiis da centraluri aziis energe-

tikuli resursebis dasavleTisaken gzis gaxsnam, evro-

kavSirisa da natos gafarToebam regions satrazito de-

refnis funqcia SesZina da Savi zRva evropul zRvad ga-

daaqcia. am regionis saSualebiT saqarTvelo axdens

sakuTari evropuli identurobis demonstrirebas daev-

ro-atlantikuri miswrafebebis ganxorcielebas. saqar-

Tvelo aqtiurad monawileobs regionuli TanamSromlo-

bis or ekonomikur formatSi: Savi zRvis ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis organizacia BSEC (Black Sea economic Coorperation), demokratiisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

organizacia _ suami, (saqarTvelo, ukraina, azerbaijani

da moldova).

1992 wlis 25 ivniss Savi zRvis auzis 11 qveynis: al-

baneTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani, bulgareTi, saqarTvelo,

saberZneTi, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTis federacia,

TurqeTi da ukraina, (serbeTi SeuerTda 2004 wlidan)

saxelmwifo da mTavrobaTa meTaurebma bosforis gan-

cxadebis miRebiTa da stambolis protokolis deklara-

ciis xelmoweriT Seqmnes Savi zRvis ekonomikuri Tanam-

Sromlobis organizacia (BSEC), romelsac safuZvlad

daedo saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva sayovelTaod aRia-

rebuli principebi, romlebic dafiqsirebulni arian ga-

eros qartiaSi, helsinkis daskvniT aqtSi, evropis usaf-

rTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis Tu sxva Se-

sabamis dokumentebSi.

Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis winaSe erTi da imave sa-

xis problemebi dgas: usafrTxoeba, demokratiis konso-

lidacia, liberaluri Rirebulebebis danergva, evro-

atlantikur struqturebSi integracia, rac saWiros

xdis erTobliv Zalisxmevas. magram garda am saerTo in-

teresebisa, arsebobs aseve saerTo kulturuli memkvid-

150

reoba, romlis reaqtivacia cxels Seuwyobs erTiani re-

gionuli sivrcis Camoyalibebas.

postsabWoTa identobisaTvis saqarTvelos, ro-

gorc damoukidebloba mopovebul qveyanas Savi zRvis

regionalur identobas kidev erTi damatebiTi maxasia-

Tebeli da Rirebuleba hqonda. swored Savi zRva gaxda

is kulturul-geografiuli orientiri, romlis mixed-

viTac saqarTvelo. rogorc aRmosavleT evropis qveya-

na, Tavisi kulturuli ganviTarebiT evropuli da zoga-

dad, dasavluri azrovnebis konteqstSi moiazreba.

mniSvnelovani faqtori evropis kavSirSi gasawevri-

aneblad geopolitikuri mdgomareobacaa. saqarTvelo,

rogorc samxreT kavkasiis qveyana, regionalur konteq-

stSi moiazreba, rogorc or mezobel da dapirispire-

bul qveynebs Soris (azerbaijani, somxeTi), umTavresi da

mniSvnelovani partniori. samxreT kavkasiis erTian re-

gionad Camoyalibeba iseTi saxiT, rogorc es moxda bal-

kaneTsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi, TiTqmis warmoudgene-

lia. evropis politikis kvlevis centris mier wamoyene-

buli idea "samxreT kavkasiis sazogadoebis" Camoyalibe-

bis Taobaze praqtikulad ganuxorcielebelia, radgan

saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da somxeTs sakmaod gansxva-

vebuli politikuri kultura, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

saxis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da demokratiulobis ara-

erTgvarovani done gaaCniaT. samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs

aseve mkveTrad gansxvavebuli sagareo politikuri ori-

entacia aqvT aRebuli, rac, Tu ar gamoricxavs, praqti-

kulad SeuZlebels xdis politikuri gaerTianebis Seq-

mnas. Tundac is faqti, rom saqarTvelosgan gansxvave-

biT somxeTi dsT-s Tavdacvis paqtSi Sedis, naTlad aC-

venebs msgavsi gegmis utopiurobas, Tumca, baltiispire-

Tis sam qveyanasa da samxreT kavkasiis sam qveyanas Soris

2005 wels dadebuli megobrobisa da TanamSromlobis

151

xelSekruleba 3+3 axal perspeqtivebs usaxavs saqarTve-

los evrintegraciisaken regionalur WrilSi.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi sruli damoukidebloba

aRar arsebobs. arsebobs damoukideblobisaken swrafva.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla, masSi Semavali subieqtebis Ta-

visuflebisadmi wyurvilis gamo moxda, magram ara damo-

ukideblobis gansakuTrebuli aucileblobiT. misi daS-

lis procesi swored imis gamo daiwyo, rom sadRac sxva-

gan arsebobdnen sistemebi, romlebmac Tavisuflebis ma-

Rali xarisxis uzrunvelyofa SeZles. maTi gavlena da

maTi mizidulobis Zala bevrad ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda,

vidre is administraciuli sistema, romelic rkinis xe-

liT marTavda aRmosavleT evropisa da aziis kontinen-

tur sivrces.

evropuli integracia TavisTavad akninebs eri-sa-

xelmwifoebis damoukideblobas, maT suverenitets, mag-

ram is amave erebis Tavisuflebis garantiebs qmnis da

icavs.

evropuli integraciis logika uswrebs movlenebs,

drosa da sivrces. misi aucilebeli Sedegi da ualter-

nativo gamosavali evrokavSiris SeuzRudavi gafarToe-

biT evropaSi arsebuli yvela qveynis erT did gaerTia-

nebaSi CarTvaa. es gaerTianeba obieqturi aucileblobaa

axali droisa. kulturuli, saganmanaTleblo, informa-

ciuli sivrcis gaerTianeba win uswrebs qveynebis ekono-

mikuri da politikuri reJimebis harmonizacias, magram

aucileblad aiZulebs maT Seqmnan urTierTmsgavsi sis-

temebi, romlebic avtomaturad gamoiwveven arsebuli

sazRvrebis moSlas da isntitutebs Soris sruli koor-

dinaciis damyarebas, an maT Serwymas.

aseve, aucilebelia imis aRiareba, rom miuxedavad

civi omis dasrulebisa, evraziis kontinentze arseboben

iseTi gansxvavebul ideologiur safuZvlebze agebuli

152

sazogadoebebi, romelTa integracia evropasTan drois

am istoriul monakveTze warmoudgenelia.

evrointegracia mWidro kavSirSia evro-atlanti-

kur integraciasTan, radganac es ukanaskneli swored im

Zireuli faseulobebis dasacavad aris Seqmnili, rome-

lic evropul integracias udevs safuZvlad. am Tval-

sazrisiT, saqarTvelos swrafva, gawevriandes Crdilo-

atlantikur aliansSi, srul TanxvedraSia evrokavSirSi

gawevrianebis albaT ufro Soreul, magram kidev ufro

mniSvnelovan mizanTan.

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris urTierTobis daxa-

siaTeba dReisaTvis SeiZleba mxolod am konteqstSi:

uaxlovdeba qveyana Tu ara evropis kavSirs.

verc saqarTvelo, verc sxva patara an Tundac didi

qveyana ver moaxerxebs iseTi ekonomikuri an politiku-

ri modeliT ganviTarebas, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi mo-

va damkvidrebul evropul faseulobebTan. miT umetes,

is ver moaxerxebs aseT SemTxvevaSi mdgradi, stabiluri

ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas, radganac, evropuli in-

tegraciis procesSi monawileobas Tavisi wesebi gaaCnia.

daaxloeba evropis kavSirTan moiTxovs qveynis iseT

transformacias, romelic evropasTan erTgvarovan re-

JimSi funqcionirebas uzrunvelyofs.

damoukideblobamopovebuli yofili sabWoTa soci-

alisturi da demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis Savi zRvis

auzis regioni iqca Tanabaruflebiani, srulmniSvnelo-

vani qveynebis urTierTobebis arealad.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

153

1. saqarTvelos Savi zRvis politika _ Savi zRvis iden-

turobis Camoyalibeba; Policy Paper Series, Number 4,

2008. Public Policy Knowledge Network; 2. http://irdb.ge/?p=672 3. evrokavSiri da saqarTvelo, SeTanxmeba partnioro-

bisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1996

4. s. kapanaZe, saqarTvelos da evrokavSiris daaxloebis

perspeqtivebi, Tb., 2004

5. evrointegracia da saqarTvelo, Tb., 2003

6. k. gogolaSvili, evrokavSiris gafarToeba globali-

zaciis pirobebSi, Tb., 2003

7. evropis konstitucia, Tb., 2004

8. evropis samezoblo politika, Tb., 2004

9. evrokavSiris moRvaweoba, Tb., 2003

Nino Popiashvili

Post-Soviet Identity

in the Discourse of the Black Sea Pool Countries

Abstract

The Soviet mentality and public life was not known by

concepts of uniform identity of the Black Sea Pool countries. At the same time, in Georgia as well as in other countries of the Pool, very little was known about the nearest states, located at the coast of the Black Sea; so little was known about a place of the Georgia as to a cultural part of this space. However, for definition of identity of Georgia the history of mutual cultural relations between the countries, located in the Black Sea Pool has great value.

154

The Black Sea as a history of mutual relations and modern cultural, religious and national communications is a subject of interest from the point of view of Post-Soviet identity. Except historical interrelations, urgency has brought modern - new and the newest - communications essentially differing from the former communications and creating prospect of development of mutual relations of absolutely new type.

For self-identification and cultural identity of the small nation the cultural-geographical space and an environment, in which these people live has a special value. After disintegration of the Soviet Union the former socialist republics have continued the history as the independent states. They tried to prove to the world that they were special and original, differed from each other and were unable to reveal their individuality in the conditions of existence of the USSR.

Except revealing the originality, it was also necessary to underline that historical similarities existed, which connected these countries with the West but in the conditions of a life in the Soviet Union they were absolutely forgotten. It`s natural, that from this point of view the Black Sea became the main reference point of cultural-historical identity.

In a Post-Soviet reality independent Georgia had one more additional characteristic line and value for regional identity of the Black Sea Pool countries. The Black Sea became the cultural-geographical reference point, following which Georgia as the East European state, is perceived by the cultural development in a context as European and in general, as the part of Western thinking.

For the former Soviet Socialist countries, as well as for other democratic countries, the Black Sea Region is considered as the area of interrelation of the countries of equal rights and importance.

155

istoriis saxelmZRvanelo da eTnikuri umciresobebi: problemebi da perspeqtivebi

Tamar qaraia

Tsu-s socialur da politikur

mecnierebaTa fakulteti, politikur mecnierebaTa

mimarTuleba, doqtoranti.

saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa. romlis daax-

loebiT 13%-Tvis qarTuli mSobliur enas ar warmoad-

gens. rac warmoSobs uamrav problemas, romelTa didi

nawili sazogadoebaSi integraciasTan da ganaTlebis

problemasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amis safuZvlebi Se-

iZleba uaxloes warsulSi veZioT, rodesac saqarTvelo-

Si iseve rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi ZiriTad saur-

TierTobo enas rusuli warmoadgenda da saxelmwifo

enis codna prioritetuli aRar iyo, rac rusulenovan

skolebSi eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenelTa Tav-

moyras ganapirobebda. Sesabamisad rusuli enis codna

eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs aZlevda sa-

zogadoebasTan integraciis da karieruli winsvlis sa-

Sualebas.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg am mxriv gansakuT-

rebul rTul viTarebaSi im eTnikuri umciresobebis

warmomadgenlebi aRmoCndnen, romlebic sasazRvro rai-

onebSi kompaqturad iyvnen Casaxlebulni. umTavresad

eseni arian samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovrebi somxebi da qvemo

qarTlSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebi. rusulma enam Tan-

daTan dakarga sakomunikacio enis funqcia, Sesabamisad

rusuli enis swavlis motivacia garkveulwilad Canac-

vlebul iqna qarTuli eniT, magram problemebi am mimar-

TulebiT jer kidev didia.

“saqarTvelos kanonis zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb”

Tanaxmad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romelTaTvisac qar-

Tuli ena ar aris mSobliuri ufleba aqvT miiRon sruli

156

zogadi ganaTleba maT mSobliur enaze, erovnuli saswav-

lo gegmis Sesabamisad kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.

amasTanave 2011 wlidan ZalaSi Sedis Sesworeba, romlis

Tanaxmad araqarTulenovan skolebSi sxvadasxva sazoga-

doebrivi mecnierebebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos istori-

isa da geografiis gakveTilebis qarTul enaze warmarTva

savaldebulo xdeba.1

magram qarTuli enis codnis im donis gaTvaliswi-

nebT rasac moswavleebi avlenen, aSkaraa, rom am debu-

lebis ganxorcieleba siZneleebis winaSe dadgeba.2 ara-

qarTulenovan sajaro skolebis moswavleTa raodenoba

ar aris umniSvnelo da 2008 wlis monacemebiT moswavle-

                                                            1 eTnikuri da lingvisturi mravalferovnebis pirobebSi sa-

qarTvelos mTavroba pasuxismgeblobas iRebs iseTi erTiani

politikis gatarebaze, romelic xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos

yvela moqalaqis integracias qveynis ekonomikur, politikur

da kulturul cxovrebaSi... erovnul umciresobaTa integra-

ciisTvis saWiroa saxelmwifo enis codna da maTi lingvistu-

ri da kulturuli identobis dacva.

qarTuli enis programa, Tbilisi

2009.http://www.diversity.ge/files/files/georg-lang-geo-2009.pdf Cveni mizania, SevunarCunoT istoriuli samSoblos ena eTni-

kur umciresobebs, ar vapirebT maTi mSobliuri enis qarTu-

liT Canacvlebas, gvinda maT qarTuli saxelmwifo ena sakomu-

nikacio saSualebad SevaswavloT. amis Semdeg es mosaxleo-

ba SeZlebs TviTrealizacias. saqarTvelos parlamentis ga-

naTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturis da sportis komitetis

sxdomis oqmi #93 2007.06.28 2 erovnul umciresobaTa mier qarTuli enis codnis done

erovnuli

umciresoba Tbilisi samcxe-ja-

vaxeTi qvemo qarTli

somexi 96.4% 24.6% ------

azerbaijaneli 95.6% ------ 16.9%

“National Integration and Tolerance in Georgia Assessment Survey Report” (October 2008),გვ. 36 http://www.una.ge/eng/artdetail.php?id=74&group=documents

157

Ta saerTo raodenobis 8.79 %-s Seadgens.

qarTuli enis arcodnasTan pirdapir kavSirSia is-

toriis swavlebis problema, radganac saxelmwifo stan-

dartebiT dadgenili wignebiT, romlebic rogorc wesi

qarTul enazea, swavlebas gamoricxavs.

aseve ganvixilavT meoresakiTxs, romelic Tavad sa-

xelmZRvaneloebis Sinaarss exeba, kerZod Tu rogor

arian umciresobebi warmoCenilni am saxelmZRvaneloeb-

Si, da rogoria Tavad maTi damokidebuleba qarTuli

saskolo wignebisadmi.

cnobilia, rom 2007 wlamde samcxe-javaxeTsa da

qvemo qarTlSi gamoyeneboda Sesabamisad somxeTidan da

azerbaijanidan Semotanili saxelmZRvaneloebi, xolo

ukve 2007 wlidan umciresobaTa enaze naTargmni saxel-

mZRvaneloebis gamoyeneba gaxda savaldebulo. magram

amiT problema ar gadaWrila, radganac saxelmZRvane-

loebi adrec iTargmneboda, magram isini mezobeli sa-

xelmwifoebidan Semotanili wignebis Canacvlebas ver

axdenda.

dResdReobiT zemoTaRniSnul problemas sazoga-

doebaSi arsebuli saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo poli-

tikisadmi negatiuri ganwyobilebac emateba, rac Ziri-

Tadad wignebis Semotanis akrZalviT da saswavlo kuri-

kulumis prioritetebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

magaliTad: javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleoba miiCnevs,

rom erevnidan saxelmZRvaneloebis Semotanis SezRud-

viT, Tbilisi cdilobs regionSi somxeTis istoriis

swavlebas xeli SeuSalos. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sami-

nistros saswavlo gegmis Tanaxmad somxeTis istoria fa-

kultaturia da arasavaldebulo. amas somxeTis istori-

is maswavlebelTa mcire raodenoba emateba, magram maTi

TqmiT mTavari problemaa saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sami-

nistros gadawyvetileba romlis mixedviTac, mezobeli

qveynidan somxeTis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze Semotana SeizRuda, ris gamoc am

158

sagnis swavleba kidev ufro garTulda.1 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi javaxeTis skolebs sxvadasxva

sagnebis saxelmZRvaneloebs somxuri mxare saCuqrad ug-

zavnida. rogorc saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi

acxadeben, 2004 wels mxareebi sityvierad SeTanxmdnen,

rom somxur mxares javaxeTSi somxeTis istoriis da ge-

ografiis saxelmZRvaneloebi ar unda Semoetana, magram

oficialuri erevani am SeTanxmebas sistematiurad ar-

Rvevda. dawesebuli SezRudvis miuxedavad, somxeT-sa-qarTvelos sazRvars wignebiT datvirTuli manqanebi up-

roblemod kveTdnen, manam sanam saqarTvelos mTavrobam

saxelmZRvaneloebiT datvirTuli manqana 2007 wels

ukan ar miabruna, im motiviT, rom somxeTis istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semo-

tana sanqcirebuli ar aris. igive ganmeorda 2008 wels. aRniSnulTan dakavSire-

biT saqarTvelos pozicia Semdegnairia, rom “somxeTis

istoriis” saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semotana akrZa-

lulia Tavad am wignis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, is sam-

cxe javaxeTis mosaxleobaSi separatistul ganwyobile-

bis zrdas uwyobs xels, rac Tavis mxriv xels uSlis sa-

qarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebis sazogadoebasTan integ-

racias.

ZiriTad problemas is warmoadgens, rom saqarTve-

los teritoriaze Semotanili “somxeTis istoriis” sa-

xelmZRvaneloebi Seqmnilia somexi istorikosebis, mier

da asaxavs qarTuli istoriografiisgan gansxvavebul,

xSir SemTxvevaSi masTan dapirispirebul da Sesabamisad

miuRebel narativs.

gansxvavebuli versiebis saxiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT

erTi magaliTi, somxeTis istoriis me-8 klasis saxel-

                                                            1erTi samSoblos ori istoria. 29.05. 2009.

http://liberali.ge/node/61

159

mZRvaneloSi samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovrebi moswavleebi

kiTxuloben, rom maTi mSobliuri mxare 1918 wels som-

xeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da rom saqarTvelom ga-

dawyvita es regioni Tavis sazRvrebSi moeqcia, ris ga-

moc daiwyo omi erevanTan.1 xolo saqarTvelos istoriis me-9 klasis saxel-

mZRvaneloSi waikiTxaven, rom 1918 wels saqarTvelos-

Tan omi somxeTma imitom daiwyo, rom saqarTvelos te-

ritoriis nawili _ javaxeTimieTvisebina. zemoTTqmuls emateba somexi istorikosebis bral-

deba saqarTvelos mTavrobis misamarTiT, rom es ukanas-

kneli axorcielebs, javaxeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis

asimilaciis politikas daamaxinjebs istorias.

80-iani wlebis bolos, roca javaxeTSi nacionaluri

moZraobis talRa agorda, somxeTis istoriis swavleba

erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna iyo. maSin bevrma adgilob-

                                                            1Tumca mkvlevarTa nawili (ZiriTadad somexi erovnebis) miu-

TiTebs somxeTis istoriaSi saqarTvelos rolis neitralur

an dadebiT xasiaTze. magaliTad xazgasmulia, rom me-V sauku-

neSi kavkasia da albaneTi iyvnen somxeTis mokavSireebi sasani-

duri iranis winaaRmdeg. interesTa Tanxvedris idea qarTve-

lebsa da somxebs Soris Semdegac viTardeba arabi bizantieli

da selCuki dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg. viTareba icvleba XX

saukunis movlenebis aRwerisas. Tumca “somxeT saqarTvelos

omis” nacvlad neitraluri termini “somxur-qarTuli dapi-

rispireba gamoiyeneba”. (История Армении в контексте мировои истории 10-ыи класс) xolo meore saxelmZRvaneloSi saubaria

mxareTa dapirispirebaze loresa da javaxeTis teritoriis

gamo: “1918 wlis dekemberSi brZola loresaTvis gadaizarda

somxur-qarTul omSi, romelic dasrulda somexi samxedroe-

bis mier teritoriis dakavebiT, xolo axalqalaqis olqi (ja-

vaxeTi/javaxki) SeierTa saqarTvelom (История Армиян для 8-ого класса) Золян.М Закарян. Т. Образы себя и образы других в учебниках истории АрменииkrebulSiСовременние уебники истории на Южном Кавказе под ред. Л. Веселого 2009 Assosiation for International Affairs.

160

rivma skolam es sagani sakuTari iniciativiT Seitana

saswavlo programaSi. javaxeTSi somxeTis istoriis swav-

lebas Tavad erevanSi politikur Temad ganixilaven, am sakiTxis garSemo warmoqmnil problemebs ki, oficialu-

ri Tbilisis mxridan adgilobrivi somxebis Seviwroebad. "Tbilisi javaxeTSi Zalian ucnaur politikas ata-

rebs, romlis mizani somexi mosaxleobis asimilaciaa... saqarTvelos xelisufleba somxur skolebs sTavazobs

wignebs, sadac istoria sruliad damaxinjebulia. some-

xi axalgazrdebi am saxelmZRvaneloSi kiTxuloben, rom

Turme yarabaRi, siuniki, lori _ somxuri teritoriebi-

araris..." _ (sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis kavSiris" erkiris" xelmZRvaneli robert TaTosiani).1

mosaxleobis ganwyoba istoriis swavlebisadmi SeiZ-

leba iTqvas erTgvarovania da miuTiTebs, rom maTi is-

toriuli samSoblos istoria iseve mniSvnelovania da

Tanasworia maTTvis, rogorc saqarTvelos istoria da

msoflios istoria.2

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi acxadeben,

rom somxur skolebSi ufleba aqvT iswavlon “somxeTis

istoria”, rogorc fakultaturi sagani. magram saxel-

mZRvaneloebis deficitis problemasa da ori qveeynis

istoriis wignebSi gansxvavebuli narativis arsebobis

problemaze realurad aravin muSaobs. rogorc erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis

centris yofilma xelmZRvanelma simon janaSiam ganacxa-

da, ganaTlebis saministrom orjer scada istoriis sa-

xelmZRvaneloebSi Sinaarsobrivi winaaRmdegobebis pro-

                                                            1erTi samSoblos ori istoria. 29.05. 2009.

http://liberali.ge/node/61 2GundareI. 2007, The Teaching of History in Georgia. With special focus on the Armenian and Azeri Minorities and their representation in Georgian history textbooks, History Teaching in Georgia: representation of Minorities in Georgian history textbooks. Geneva. Cimera , pp. 50

161

blemis gadaWra, Tumca, orive cda uSedegod dasrulda. ramdenime wlis win ganaTlebis saministrom saqar-

Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademias specialuri komisiis

Seqmna SesTavaza. komisiis farglebSi qarTvel da somex

istorikosebs erTad unda emuSavaT da sadavo istori-

ul movlenebze saerTo pozicia CamoeyalibebinaT. xuTi

qarTveli istorikosisgan dakompleqtebuli komisia

Sedga. Tumca, es iniciativa maleve da uSedegod das-

rulda ise, rom qarTveli istorikosebi somex kolegebs

ar cSexvedrian. miuxedavad amisa saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saminis-

tro kidev erTi iniciativiT gamovida: somxeTis ganaT-

lebis uwyebas Tan erTad unda Seqmniliyo somxeTis is-

toriis erToblivi saxelmZRvanelo, sadac ama Tu im sa-

davo istoriuli movlenis yvela versia moxvdeboda, magram aRniSnulma sakiTxma somxuri mxaris dainterese-

ba ar gamoiwvia.

erevanSi ki piriqiT, saubaria qarTuli mxaris mier

interesis arqonaze gadaWriliyo aRniSnuli sakiTxi1.

daaxloebiT msgavsi situaciaa qvemo qarTlSi

azerbaijanis istoriis swavlebasTan mimarTebaSi. azer-

baijanuli narativi, msgavsad somxurisa miuRebelia

qarTveli istorikosebisaTvis.2

                                                            1"uars namdvilad ar vityodiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, davsxdebo-

diT da am sakiTxze vimsjelebdiT mainc", _ somxeTis ganaTle-

bis saministros diasporasTan urTierTobis saqmeTa departa-

mentis xelmZRvaneli nunevardaniani. erTi samSoblos ori istoria. 29.05. 2009.

http://liberali.ge/node/61 2j. samuSias komentari: “azerbaijani, rogorc saxelmwifo da

qveyana, imdros arc arsebobda. es ar aris azerbaijanis isto-

ria. wignSi mocemulia iranis, mahmadianuri saamiroebis, alba-

neTis, Sirvanis, nawilobriv saqarTvelos istoria da yoveli-

ve es Sekrulia azerbaijanis istoriis qargis qveS”.

162

magaliTad merve klasis azerbaijanis istoriis sa-

xelmZRvanelo imiT iwyeba, Tu rogor cdilobdnen qar-

Tvelebi azerbaijanis dapyrobas. amonaridi azerbaija-

nidan Semotanili istoriis saxelmZRvanelodan: • "qarTvelma da somexma feodalebma bizantiis -

SuamavlobiT Turq-selCukebTan sabrZolvelad jvaros-

nebTan daamyares kavSiri. amiT cdilobdnen, kavkasiidan-

gaeZevebinaT muslimanuri faqtori da daenawilebinaT

azerbaijanuli miwebi; • 1120 wels daviT meoTxe Tavs daesxa Sirvans, gaa-

camtvera qalaqi gabala da, misi Semogareni, waiRo azerba-

ijanis simdidre da wavida; • 1122 wels Tbilisi qarTvelebis xelSi gadavida.

1166 wels qarTvelTa jarebi Tavs daesxnen qalaq da-

bils, romelic im dros eldenizebis saxelmwifos ekuT-

vnoda. mokles 10 aTasi kaci, bavSvebi da qalebi gaaSiS-

vles da tyved waiyvanes. mxolod qarTveli qalebis

protestis Semdeg daubrunes maT samosi; • tiflisi aranis (dRevandeli azerbaijanis nawi-

lia) qalaqi iyo. marTalia, bardasa da derbentze patara

iyo, magram qalaqi yvaoda da umdidresi iyo";1 zemoTaRniSnuli faqtebi mowmobs, rom istoriis

somxuri da azerbaijanuli saxelmRvaneloebi nacvlad

saqarTvelos moqalaqisa, SesaZloa potenciuri “mtris”

aRzrdis xelSemwyobi faqtori aRmoCndes.

                                                                                                                              http://www.ambebi.ge/sazogadoeba/7550-qsheni-qveynis-dedaqalaqs-istoriis-sakhelmdzghvaneloshi-azerbaijanul-qalaqad-gickhadeben-da-es-ar-gatsukhebsq.html#ixzz0lop8Tqyp 1 Seni qveynis dedaqalaqs istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi azerba-

ijanul qalaqad gicxadeben da es ar gawuxebs? 20-07-2009http://www.ambebi.ge/sazogadoeba/7550-qsheni-qveynis-dedaqalaqs-istoriis-sakhelmdzghvaneloshi-azerbaijanul-qalaqad-gickhadeben-da-es-ar-gatsukhebsq.html

163

Tavad qarTuli saxelmZRvaneloebis somxurad da

azerbaijanulad Targmnas 2007 wlamde sorosis fondi

afinansebda, xolo Semdeg es saqmianoba bankma” respub-

likam” da holdingma “saqarTvelos industriuli jgu-

fi” gagrZela. saboloo jamSi dagegmili iyo 21 saxel-

mZRvanelos Targmna.

magram aRmoCnda, rom miRebuli Targmani veRar ak-

mayofilebda moTxovnil dones, rasac beWdvis Sedegad

daSvebuli xarvezebi da Tan saxelmZRvaneloebis Zvi-

radRirebuleba emateboda1, Sedegad maRalfasian qar-

Tul istoriis wignebs baqodan da erevnidan Semotanili

ufaso saxelmZRvaneloebiT anacvleben. magaliTad aseve

moxda samcxe javaxeTSi, rodesac gamomcemloba “inte-

leqtis” mier somxur enaze naTargmn da daibeWdil kote

anTaZis me-6 klasis “Zveli msoflio istoriis saxel-

mZRvanelo” realizacia saerTod ver moxerxda, misi

somxuri alternativis ufasod dargebis gamo.2

rac Seexeba uSualod qarTul saxelmZRvaneloebSi

eTnikuri umciresobebis warmoCenas. istoriis swavlebis

axali midgomis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos istoriis axal sa-

xelmZRvaneloebSi saqarTvelos istoria ganxilulia m-

soflio istoriis konteqstSi, ramac “simeras” monaceme-

biT Tavad saqarTvelos istorias miayena zarali, radga-

nac “me -7 klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi, romlis moculoba

daaxloebiT 350 gverdia saqarTvelos istorias uZvelesi

droidan me-18 saukunemde, mxolod 20 gverdi eTmoba”3.

                                                            1azerbaijanul skolebSi pedagogebi azerbaijanidan Semotani-

li saxelmZRvaneloebiT aswavlian

http://www.cida.ge/media/geo/reginfo.php?id=3019 2 paiWaZe. d. saSualo skolebis saxelmZRvaneloebis gamoce-

masa da realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, radio ”Ta-

visuflebis” rubrika ”meaTe studia”

http://www.tavisupleba.org/content/article/1522665.html 3 Gigineishvili L. 2007. Post Reform History text-books in Georgia: Changing patterns and the issue of minorities in Georgian history, History

164

amasTanave qarTul saxelmZRvaneloebze saubrisas

erTxmad miuTiTeben mis eTnocentristul xasiaTze da

rom es saxelmZRvaneloebi mxolod eTnikurad qarTve-

lebisTvis iwereba da im pirTa xsenebisas, romelTac

garkveuli roli Seasrules saqarTvelos istoriaSi, ma-

galiTad zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi, romlebic qur-

Tuli (sxva versiiT somxuri) warmoSobisani iyvnen, ar a-

ris aRniSnuli maTi araqarTuli warmomavloba.

Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom aris konkretul sa-

xelmZRvaneloebi sadac gansxvavebuli suraTia. magali-

Tad: me-10 klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi (p. ramiSvili) xaz-

gasmulia, saqarTvelos erT-erT udidesi mefis daviT IV

aRmaSeneblis colebis araqarTuli warmomavloba.1

Sesabamisad, rogorc organizacia “simeras” mier gan-

xorcielebuli proeqtis daskvniT nawilSia saubari, sa-

qarTvelos istoriis axali saxelmZRvaneloebiT eTniku-

ri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi iswavlian kosmopoli-

tur msoflio istorias, Sesabamisad nakleb saqarTvelos

istorias, romelSiac maTi wvlili TiTqmis, ar aris asa-

xuli an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi gakvriT exeba da romelTanac

sakuTari Tavis identificirebas Znelad Tu moaxdenen.

Tavis mxriv somxeTi da azerbaijani, miuxedavad

imisa, rom saxelmZRvaneloebis Semotana saqarTvelos

teritoriaze akrZalulia aqtiurad ewevian istoriis

sakuTari versiis propagandas.

magaliTad: samcxe-javaxeTSi, yoveli wlis 28 maiss

somxeTis damoukideblobis dResTan dakavSirebiT ewyo-

ba somxeTis istoriis olimpiada, romelSic gamarjvebu-

                                                                                                                              Teaching in Georgia: representation of Minorities in Georgian history textbooks. Geneva. Cimera , pp. 12 1GundareI. 2007, The Teaching of History in Georgia. With special focus on the Armenian and Azeri Minorities and their representation in Georgian history textbooks, History Teaching in Georgia: representation of Minorities in Georgian history textbooks. Geneva. Cimera , pp. 47

165

li erevnis saxelmwifo universitetSi istoriis fakul-

tetze ufasod iswavlis, xolo azerbaijanis sazRvris-

pira soflebSi magaliTad vaxtangisSi yoveldRe gadmo-

dian azerbaijaneli maswavleblebi da bavSvebs azerbai-

janis istoriasa da geografias ufasod aswavlian1.

mocemuli problemis gadasaWrelad garda saxel-

mZRvaneloebis Sinaarsis gadaxedvisa, SesaZloa aranak-

leb efeqturi aRmoCndes istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis

qarTuli versiis Tu ufasod ara SeRavaTian fasebSi ma-

inc darigeba, (sawyis etapze mainc) raTa istoriis qar-

Tulma wignebma konkurencia gauwios azerbaijanul da

somxur alternativebs, romelic miuxedavad akrZalvisa

dResac Semodis saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

garda amisa sasurvelia saxelmZRvaneloebis Sinaar-

sSi aisaxos, rom saqarTveloSi garda qarTvelebisa ase-

ve cxovrobdnen sxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi da rom

maT garda uaryofiTisa dadebiTi wvlilic Seitanes

qveynis ganviTarebaSi. msgavsi damokidebuleba xels Se-

uwyobs eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebis sazo-

gadoebaSi integracias da saqarTvelos sruluflebian

moqalaqed aRqmas.

saqarTvelos mier arCeul demokratiis mSeneblo-

bisTvis erT-erT xelSemwyob faqtorad samoqalaqo

identobis ganviTareba gvesaxeba, romelic erTiani, sa-

xelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Camoyalibebas gulisxmobs.

aRniSnulis CamoyalibebisTvis ki aucilebelia saganma-

naTleblo politikis im kuTxiT mimarTva, rom saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze arsebul skolebSi izrdebodes

ara qarTveli, somexi an azerbaijaneli armed saqarTve-

los moqalaqe.

                                                            1Seni qveynis dedaqalaqs istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi azerbai-

janul qalaqad gicxadeben da es ar gawuxebs? 20-07-2009http://www.ambebi.ge/sazogadoeba/7550-qsheni-qveynis-dedaqalaqs-istoriis-sakhelmdzghvaneloshi-azerbaijanul-qalaqad-gickhadeben-da-es-ar-gatsukhebsq.html

166

Abstract

Tamar Karaia – PhD Student of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of TSU.

The problem of teaching history to national minorities Georgia is a multiethnic country and for about 13% of the

population Georgian is not a native language. This fact couses multiple problems, the great majority of which are connected with the integration in society and the problem of education. The causes of the issue could be found in the recent past. In Georgia, as well as in the whole USSR the main language of communication was Russian and the learning of the national language was not a priority. Consequently the knowledge of the Russian language was an opportunity to the national minorities for the social integration.

The problem of teaching history is directly connected with the fact of not knowing the Georgian language as the textbooks approved by the state are in Georgian and cannot be used for national minorities as usual. ( but from the 2010 the amendment will enter into force which will make mandatory to learn various sciences, among them Georgian history and Geography, in Georgian.)

It is known that before 2007 in Samtskhe-javakheti and Shida Qartli the textbooks from Armenia and Azerbaijan respectively were used. From 2007 it became mandatory to use translated versions of the books for the national minorities.

In the research, besides the content of the textbooks we also present the attitudes of the representatives of the national minorities towards the Georgian textbooks.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. azerbaijanul skolebSi pedagogebi azerbaijanidan

Semotanili saxelmZRvaneloebiT aswavlian

167

http://www.cida.ge/media/geo/reginfo.php?id=3019 2. bTkk _ politikis kvlevis jgufi. 2008, eTnikuri

umciresobebis samoqalaqo integraciis politikis

analizi

3. uitli j. 2009, saqarTveloSi samcxe-javaxeTisa da

qvemo qarTlis regionebSi mcxovrebi erovnuli

umciresobebis integracia; mixeil saakaSvilis pre-

zidentobis xuTi weliwadiECMI-s samuSao moxsene-

ba #44

4. mexuzla s. roSe e. 2009, ganaTlebis reforma da

eTnikuri umciresobebi. ECMI-s samuSao moxseneba

#46

5. saqarTvelos parlamentis ganaTlebis, mecnierebis,

kulturis da sportis komitetis sxdomis oqmi #93

2007.06.28

6. Seni qveynis dedaqalaqs istoriis saxelmZRvanelo-

Si azerbaijanul qalaqad gicxadeben da es ar gawu-

xebs? 20-07-2009

http://www.ambebi.ge/sazogadoeba/7550-qsheni-qveynis-dedaqalaqs-istoriis-sakhelmdzghvaneloshi-azerbaijanul-qalaqad-gickhadeben-da-es-ar-gatsukhebsq.html

7. paiWaZe. d. 09.08. 2002.saSualo skolebis saxel-

mZRvaneloebis gamocemasa da realizaciasTan da-

kavSirebuli sakiTxebi, radio ”Tavisuflebis”

rubrika ”meaTe studia” http://www.tavisupleba.org/content/article/1522665.html

8. Gigineishvili L. 2007. Post Reform History text-books in Georgia: Changing patterns and the issue of minorities in Georgian history, History Teaching in Georgia: representation of Minorities in Georgian history textbooks. Geneva. Cimera

9. Gundare I. 2007. The Teaching of History in Georgia. With special focus on the Armenian and Azeri Minorities and their representation in Georgian history textbooks, History Teaching in Georgia: representation of Minorities in Georgian history textbooks. Geneva. Cimera

168

politikuri integracia evrokavSirSi

gizo WeliZe

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa

fakultetis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobis

mimarTuleba, doqtoranti

`bolo naxevari saukunis manZilze evropuli integ-

racia iyo problematuri, Tumca warmatebuli.”

andres malamudi (10. gv.4)

Sesavali

bolo 60 wlis manZilze msoflio Tvals adevnebs

evropis kontinentze regionuli integraciis unikalur

SemTxvevas _ evrokavSiris Camoyalibebas. saxelmwifoTa

koleqtiuri TanamSromlobis mravali magaliTi arse-

bobs. ufro metic, dReisaTvis moqmed gavlenian saerTa-

Soriso organizaciaTa didi nawili daaxloebiT erT pe-

riodSi Seiqmna da ganviTarda, Tumca evrokavSiri Tavi-

si bunebiT yvelasgan gansxvavdeba. vfiqrobT, evrokavSi-

ris unikalurobas integraciis miseuli modeli da yve-

lasgan gamorCeuli zeerovnuli (supranacionaluri)

mmarTvelobis forma ganapirobebs.

1951 wels eqvsma qveyanam TanamSromloba qvanaxSi-

ris mopovebisa da foladis warmoebis sferoSi daiwyo,

dRes ki 27 wevramde gazrdili kavSiri ekonomikis TiT-

qmis yvela mimarTulebas aerTianebs: saerTo soflis me-

urneoba, TevzWera, sabaJo kontroli, sagareo da saSi-

nao vaWroba, erTiani bazari, erTiani valuta da sxva.

amdenad samarTlianad SeiZleba vuwodoT evrokavSirs

”ekonomikuri goliaTi”. magram, ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

lobis gaRrmavebis paralelurad, ramdenad mimdinare-

obs politikuri integracia evrokavSirSi da Tu mimdi-

169

nareobs ganviTarebis ra dones aRwevs is dReisaTvis?

swored am kiTxvaze gvsurs gavceT pasuxi winamdebare

naSromSi.

migvaCnia, rom politikuri integracia evrokavSir-

Si misi Seqmnis dRidan daiwyo da mravali winaaRmdego-

bisa da dabrkolebis miuxedavad dRemde grZeldeba. Se-

iZleba iTqvas, rom 1992 wels, maastrixtis xelSekrule-

bis miRebis Semdeg, wevrma saxelmwifoebma politikis

sferoSi TavianTi suverenuli uflebebis evropuli in-

stitutebisadmi delegireba oficialurad daiwyes. ma-

astrixts mohyva amsterdamisa da nicis xelSekrulebebi,

aseve arSemdgari evropis konstituciis proeqti da bo-

los, lisabonis xelSekruleba. lisabonis xelSekrule-

bas sareformo xelSekrulebasac uwodeben, radgan igi

mniSvnelovnad cvlis evrokavSirSi aqamde arsebul in-

stituciur wyobas da kavSiri integraciis axal safe-

xurze gadahyavs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokavSiri integraciis

warmatebul modelad vaRiareT, es ar niSnavs, rom ev-

ropuli erTobis Camoyalibeba dasrulebulad migvaCnia.

piriqiT, TemaSi naTlad warmovaCenT evrokavSirs, ro-

gorc Camoyalibebis procesSi myof saxelmwifoTa gaer-

Tianebas. Tumca mecnierTa nawils, romlebic dausru-

lebel kavSirze akeTeben aqcents, imaSi ver daveTanxme-

biT, rom evropaSi politikuri erTobis Camoyalibeba

mxolod warumatebeli mcdelobaa.

gvsurs, Tavidan aviciloT evrokavSiris mimarT

zedmetad idealisturi Tu subieqturi midgoma. Sesaba-

misad vecdebiT, umetesad vaCvenoT ara is, Tu rogori

SeiZleba an unda yofiliyo evrokavSiri, an rogori iq-

neba momavalSi, aramed yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT imaze,

ganviTrebis ra etapzea is dReisaTvis. Tumca procesis

dinamiurobis naTlad warmosaCenad warsul gamocdile-

basac SevexebiT. amdenad, Cveni upirvelesi samiznea in-

170

tegraciis dRevandeli dinamika da misi Tanxvedra Temis

mTavar TezasTan.

Temis mTavari Tezisi

Cven vamtkicebT, rom ekonomikuri integraciis gar-

Rmavebis Sedegad, evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs So-

ris ukve daiwyo TanamSromloba politikuri mimarTu-

lebiT. anu, rogorc neofunqcionaluri Teoriis fuZem-

deblebi varaudobdnen, ekonomikuri integracia poli-

tikur integraciaSi gadaizarda (”gadaiRvara”).

migvaCnia, rom bolo wlebSi evropis erT politi-

kur erTobad Camoyalibebis idea sul ufro aqtiuri

xdeba da realobas uaxlovdeba kavSiris damfuZnebelTa

ocneba `erTiani evropis~ (`ever closer union") Seqmnis Sesa-

xeb. gamovTqvamT mosazrebas, rom evrokavSirSi 1992

wlidan (maastrixtis xelSekruleba) ukve daiwyo poli-

tikuri kavSiris Seneba, romelic, 2005 wels konstitu-

ciis Cavardnis miuxedavad, dResac aqtiurad mimdinare-

obs. es procesi kidev ufro gamyarda 2009 welis dekem-

bridan, rodesac ZalaSi Sevida lisabonis xelSekruleba

da politikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis kuTxiT

bevr instituciur siaxles daudo saTave.

Teoriuli CarCo

konkretuli faqtebis ganxilvis garda, Cveni mosaz-

rebis damtkicebas neofunqcionaluri Teoriis gamoye-

nebiT SevecdebiT. migvaCnia, rom es Teoria sakmaod kar-

gad esadageba evrokavSiris integraciis models.

neofunqcionalistTa mtkicebiT, imisaTvis, rom in-

tegracia warmatebuli aRmoCndes, saWiroa TanamSrom-

loba daiwyos ekonomikis erT sferoSi e.w. ”dabal po-

171

litikaSi” (”low politics”). qveynebs Soris ekonomikis kon-

kretul seqtorTa integracia qmnis “funqciur wnexs”

(functional pressure) momijnave dargebis SesaerTeblad. in-

tegracia mimdinareobs e.w. ”gadaRvris” (spill-over) prin-

cipiT, rodesac erT sferoSi dawyebuli integracia

etapobrivad gadaiRvreba sxva sferoebSic. am procesSi

nel-nela xdeba loialobis gadatana erovnuli donidan

(adgilobrivi mTavroba) evropul doneze (evropuli in-

stitutebi). (12. gv. 51-52)

Tuki gadavxedavT evrokavSiris istorias ekonomi-

kuri integracia swored am scenariT ganviTarda: ”qva-

naxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebas” 6 welSi ”ekonomi-

kuri gaerTianebis” Seqmna moyhva. 60-ian wlebSi ZalaSi

Sesuli sabaJo kavSiri, 1992 wels erTiani bazris Camoya-

libebiT dagvirgvinda, 70 wlebis bolodan savaluto

sistemis danergva, 90-iani wlebis bolos erTian valu-

taze - evroze gadasvliT dasrulda.

rac Seexeba politikur integracias, neofunqcio-

naluri Teoriis mixedviT, is ekonomikuri integraciis

aucilebeli Tanmdevi procesi da misi saboloo Sedegia.

kerZod, sawyis etapze iqmneba TanamSromlobis makoor-

dinirebeli da maregulirebeli organo (aseTad SeiZle-

ba CaiTvalos qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebis

umaRlesi mmarTveli organo _ ”High Authority”), Semdgom-

Si gaRrmavebuli ekonomikuri integracia ki avtomatu-

rad qmnis axali institutebis Camoyalibebis saWiroebas,

radgan integraciis procesis gafarToeba damatebiT ma-

regulirebel organoebis Seqmnas moiTxovs. realurad

asec moxda: jer komisia, parlamenti da ministrTa sab-

Wo, mogvianebiT ki evropuli sabWo Seiqmna. amdenad,

politikuri integracia ekonomikuri integraciis met-

naklebad gardauvali gverdiTi Sedegia.

172

”gadaRvris” principiT mimdinare integraciis gvir-

gvinad neofunqcionalistebi ekonomikuri erTobis po-

litikur kavSirad gadaqcevas miiCneven: erovnuli eli-

tebi sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben supranaciona-

lur dones; isini pozitiurad ewyobian integraciis

procesis mimarT da gamoimuSaveben saerTo interesebs;

supranacionaluri institutebi da arasamTavrobo aq-

torebi integraciis procesSi etapobrivad met gavlenas

iZenen, maSin roca erovnuli mTavrobebi da samTavrobo

aqtorebi TandaTan kargaven am gavlenas da, saboloo

jamSi, integraciis mzardi mniSvneloba qmnis wnexs, po-

litikuri kontroli da angariSvaldebuleba supranaci-

onalur doneze iqnas gadatanili. (11 gv. 479-480)

neofunqcionalizmi istoriul konteqstSi _ ekonomikuri

integracia

Teoriuli CarCos zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg, sain-

teresoa, Tvali gavadevnod, rogor xdeboda neofunqci-

onalizmis sayrdeni principebis praqtikaSi gatareba ev-

rokavSiris Seqmnidan dRemde. imas Tu, rogor grZelde-

ba es procesi dRes, momdevno TavebSi SevexebiT. manamde

ki Tanmimdevrulad mivyveT da gavaanalizoT neofun-

qcionalistTa TvalTaxedvidan danaxuli integraciuli

cikli.

a)integraciis dasawyisi

evrokavSirSi neofunqcionaluri integraciis aT-

vlis wertilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1951 weli, rodesac

”qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebis” xelSekrulebas

moewera xeli. neofunqcionalistebisaTvis 50-iani wlebi

didi gamarjveba iyo. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia maT

Tvalwin mimdinare procesi, roca evropis qvanaxSirisa

da foladis gaerTianebis CamoyalibebiT TvalnaTliv da

istoriaSi pirvelad moxda “loialurobis gadatana”

173

erovnuli donidan supranacionalur doneze (“High Authority”). aseve didi gamarjveba iyo is, rom qvanaxSiri-

sa da foladis gaerTianeba sul raRac 6 weliwadSi ukve

ufro farTo ekonomikur gaerTianebad gardaiqmna (1957

wlis romis xelSekruleba) es “gadaRvris principis”

karg magaliTs warmoadgens.

neofunqcionaluri Teoriis erT-erTi TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli ernst haasi am eqvswlian periods “sup-

ranacionalur wnexs” uwodebs, roca calkeulma jgu-

febma da evropul saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebma TavianTi

miznebis gadafaseba da xelaxali formulireba moaxdi-

nes da gezi erTiani evropisken aiRes. rogorc istoriam

gvaCvena, am ekonomikurma gaerTianebam, romis xelSekru-

lebidan moyolebuli dRemde, saTave daudo im did er-

Tobas, romelsac dRes evrokavSiri moicavs.

evropis savaluto kavSiri (EMU)

xangrZliv process ukavSirdeba integracia safi-

nanso da savaluto sferoSi. am dargis gaerTianebis

pirveli iniciativa 1969 wels haagis samitze gacxadda.

Tumca es iniciativa 70-ian wlebSi msoflio savaluto

bazarze arsebuli areulobis gamo mniSvnelovani dab-

rkolebebis winaSe aRmoCnda. 1979 wels, safrangeT-ger-

maniis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT pirvelad Camoyalibda

evropis savaluto sistema (European Monetary System) ev-ropis savaluto sistemis mTavar mizani evrogaerTiane-

bis wevr saxelmwifoTa valutebs Soris meryeobis Sem-

cireba da inflaciis donis daregulireba warmoadgen-

da. SemoRebul iqna axali evropuli savaluto erTeuli

_ ekiu. savaluto sistemam, valutis kursebis stabili-

zaciis kuTxiT, mravali krizisis miuxedavad, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom warmatebas miaRwia.

174

savaluto TanamSromlobis axal fazaze gadasvlis

xelisSemSleli faqtorebis aRmosafxvrelad, kapitalis

moZraobis liberalizaciisa da safinanso urTierToba-

Ta daxvewisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi iyo 1989 wels evro-

komisiis prezidentis Jak deloris iniciativa ekonomi-

kuri da savaluto kavSiris SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. Se-

moTavazeba iTvaliswinebda erTian savaluto sistemaze

gadasavlis sam safexurian models, ekonomikuri poli-

tikis met koordinacias, erovnuli sabiujeto defici-

tebis dasaZlevad Tanxebis gamoyofis axali wesebis dam-

kvidrebasa da kavSiris savaluto politikaze pasuxsim-

gebeli organos _ centraluri evropuli bankis Seqmnas.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am strategiis mesame faza

_ 1999 wlisTvis evropis erTian valutaze _ evroze ga-

asvla. savaluto kavSirma garda imisa, rom gaaadvila

evrokavSiris SigniT safinanso operaciebi, wevr saxel-

mwifoTa Soris TanamSromloba mniSvnelovnad gaaRrmava.

lisabonis xelSekrulebiT, 2009 wlidan evropis cen-

tralurma bankma evrokavSiris institutis statusi Sei-

Zina.

ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSiris Seqmna ”gadaR-

vris” principze damyarebuli integraciis kargi magali-

Tia. am sistemis Camoyalibeba sxvadasxva intensiobiT 20

wlis manZilze mimdinareobda. es ocwliani periodi naT-

lad asaxavs farTomasStabiani integraciis misaRwevad

etapobrivi ganviTarebis mniSvnelobas.

rogorc davinaxeT, savaluto sferoSi integracia

sawyis etapze SedarebiT naklebambiciuri miznebiT ga-

moirCeoda _ evropaSi savaluto stabilurobis zonis

Seqmna. Tumca mas momdevno wlebSi sakmaod ambiciuri

erTiani savaluto politikis Camoyalibeba mohyva. sava-

luto sistemis garda, savaluto kavSiris Seqmnas Zlie-

ri biZgi misca evropis teritoriaze erTian bazris Ca-

moyalibebam. amdenad, es kavSiri, rogorc gamoCnda, er-

175

Tis mxriv manamde arsebul savaluto sistemaze aRmo-

cenda, meores mxriv ki savaluto politikis warmatebaSi

didi mniSvneloba erTiani bazris Seqmnam iqonia. am Sem-

TxvevaSi saqme SeiZleba gvqondes ori saxis integracias-

Tan:

• erTi es aris “gaRrmaveba” (“deepening”) _ savalu-

to sisitemis magaliTze da gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT

savaluto kavSiris Seqmna.

• meore es aris “gafarToeba” (“widening”) _ erTi

politikidan (erTiani bazari) integarciis gadaRvra mo-

mijnave da masTan mWidrod dakavSirebul ekonomikur

dargSi (savaluto politika).

gavixsenoT, rom ekonomikuri integracias, neofun-

qcionalistTa mtkicebiT maregulirebeli institutebis

Camoyalibeba sdevs Tan. aseT maregulirebel organod

ki evropis centraluri banki gvevlineba, romelmac bo-

lo xelSekrulebiT ukve miiRo institutis statusi.

erTiani bazari

evrokavSiris integraciis erT-erT yvelaze did ga-

marjvebad evropis erTiani bazari iTvelba. is neofun-

qcionaluri TeoriisTvis saukeTeso praqtikul gamov-

linebas warmoadgens. erTiani bazris istoria kargad

gamoxatavs Tu rogor SuZlia integraciis gaRrmaveba

sakiTxis aqtualobas, wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan mi-

zanmimarTul qmedebebsa da kavSiris SigniT Tanxmobasa

da erTsulovnebas.

mokled CamovTvliT erTiani bazris miRwevebs: ada-

mianis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufa-

li gadaadgileba; muSaobisa da biznesis warmoebis Tavi-

sufleba; biurokratiuli, proceduruli da komerciu-

li barierebis gauqmeba an maTi minimumamde Semcireba _

176

kvotebisa da tarifebis moxsna, amasTanave e.w. ”arasata-

rifo barierebis” aRmofxvra; socialuri daculobis

zrda; ekologiurad sufTa da usafrTxo sakvebi; swra-

fi, iafi da moxerxebuli mgzavroba; Tavisufali konku-

rencia da monopolisturi da proteqcionisturi saqmia-

nobis SezRudva; meti moqniloba da efeqturoba da baz-

ris regulirebis erTiani harmoniuli sistema. (15 gv.)

SegviZlia Tamamad vamtkicoT, rom erTiani bazaric

”gadaRvris principiT” Camoyalibda. 50-ian wlebSi daw-

yebuli savaWro TanamSromloba, 60-ian wlebSi sabaJo

kavSiris SeqmniT gagrZelda - wverma saxelmwifoebma Ta-

visi nebiT gaauqmes tarifebi da kvotebi. 70-iani wlebSi

warmoSobilma ekonomikurma problemebma, erTmaneTTan

gamartivebuli vaWrobiT miRebulma sargebelma, saerTa-

Soriso asparezze arsebulma gamowvevebma da mzardma

konkurenciam, sabaJo sferoSi TanamSromloba erTiani

bazriT daagvirgvina.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom integracia xSirad aR-

moCenila krizisul viTarebaSi, roca wina planze iwevda

e.w. ”evroskepticizmi” (de golis mmarTvelobis dekada,

1970 wlebSi msoflioSi mimdinare ekonomikuri daRmas-

vla da sanavTobo krizisi, 80-ian wlebSi margaret tet-

Ceris agresiuli politika). am dros integracionistebs

xSirad uWirdaT imis axsna, Tu ratom ar grZeldeboda

integracia ise, rogoc amas winaswar elodnen neofun-

qcionalistebi. problemebi am mxriv dResac arsebobs,

magram evrokavSiris istoriisTvis zogadi Tvalis ga-

davlebiTac naTelia, rom integracia, dargobrivi ga-

daRvra, sxvadasxva sferoSi TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba

Tu gafarToeba erT dinamikur process warmoadgens,

mxolod arasworxazovani da araTanabarmimdevruli in-

tensivobiT.

naSromis mizani araa Seiswavlos erTini bazris, er-

Tiani valutisa da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis sxva mi-

177

marTulebebis susti da Zlieri mxareebi, gaakeTos das-

kvnebi evrokavSiris ekonomikis mdgradobasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. es sxva ganxilvis Temaa. ekonomikuri integraci-

is magaliTebi procesis dinamiurobis saCveneblad mo-

vixmeT.

neofunqcionaluri midgoma dReisTvis _ politikuri

integraciisken

aq SegviZlia Cvens mier zemoT dasmul kiTxvas da-

vubrundeT: Tuki evrokavSirma farTomaStabian ekonomi-

kur integracias ukve miaRwia, Seqmna da ganaviTara am

procesis maregulirebeli mmarTveli institutebi, neo-

funqcionalistebis logikiT, xom ar SegviZlia ganvac-

xadoT, rom mimdinareobs integraciis gadadineba mis

daskvniT fazaSi _ politikis sferoSi da evropis kon-

tinentze, evrokavSiris saxiT, erTiani politikuri aq-

tori yalibdeba?

bevri evrokavSirs arSemdgar politikur erTobad

moiazrebs, mas ”ekonomikur goliaTs da politikur ju-

jasac” uwodebdnen. amis mizezad saxeldeba yofili iu-

goslaviis teritoriaze mimdinare saomar moqmedebebSi

evrokavSiris araefeqturi Careva, aseve _ wevri qveyne-

bis araerTsulovneba erayis orive omis dros (1991,

2003 ww.) da sxva magaliTebi.

am sisusteebis miuxedavad migvaCnia, rom integra-

ciis procesi ar SeCerebula da wlidan wlamde sul uf-

ro met progress aRwevs. iyo stagnaciis periodebi,

Tumca ukusvlas arasdros hqonia adgili. danamdvile-

biT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom saxelmwifoTa mier evro-

pul doneze gadatanili sakiTxebi ukan _ erovnul do-

neze aRar dabrunebula. anu sferoebSi, sadac integra-

cia ukve daiwyo, procesi ukan ar Sebrunebula.

178

ufro metic, isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evrokavSi-

ris TiToeuli susti mxare an konkretuli krizisuli

viTareba damatebiTi motivaciaa wevri qveynebisTvis,

rom met SekavSirebulobas miaRwion. balkaneTisa da

erayis omebma katalizatoris funqcia ikisres da pozi-

tiuri rolic Seasrules evropis gamosafxizleblad.

garda amisa, gazrdili konkurencia saerTaSoriso are-

naze, terorizmi, eTnokonfliqtebi da sxva globaluri

problemebi axali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs evrokav-

Sirs. Tuki istorias gadavxedavT, yvela mniSvnelovan

integraciul nabijs win aucileblad uZRvoda konkre-

tuli krizisi.

TiToeuli xelSekrulebis Semdeg evropa metad in-

tegrirebuli xdeba, sul ufro farTovdeba evropuli

institutebis kompetenciis sfero. izrdeba maTi fun-

qciebi da Zalaufleba. aseve TvalSisacemia zeerovnuli

(supranacionaluri) mmarTveli organoebis (komisia da

parlamenti) poziciaTa gamyareba. supranacionalizmis

zrda pirdapir kavSirSia evrokavSiris federaluri xa-

siaTis gaZlierebasTan.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, swored supranacionalu-

ri mmarTvelobiT gansxvavdeba evrokavSiri sxva saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebisagan, romelTa umravlesoba

mTavrobaTSorisi forumis xasiaTs atarebs. supranacio-

naluri (zeerovnuli) mmarTveloba moicavs im sferoebs,

romlebSic wevrma saxelmwifoebma sakuTari nebiT daT-

mes TavianTi suverenuli uflebebi da gadawyvetilebis

miRebis funqcia evrokavSiris institutebs gadasces. am

sferoebSi evrokavSiris institutebis mier miRebuli

gadawyvetileba savaldebuloa kavSirSi Semavali yvela

qveynisaTvis. anu erovnuli donidan sakiTxebi evropul

dones gadaeca da gadamwyveti roli mas mieniWa.

Tumca, supranacionaluris garda, evrokavSirSi

aseve gamoiyofa mTavrobaTSorisi mmarTveloba, riTac

179

evrokavSiri emsgavseba sxva saerTaSoriso organizaci-

ebs. aq Sedis is sferoebi, romlebSic wevr saxelmwifo-

ebs ar dauTmiaT marTvis suverenuli uflebebi, mxo-

lod erTobliv TanamSromlobaze SeTanxmdnen.

sagareo, Tavdacvis, usafrTxoebis, saSinao da ius-

ticiis sakiTxebSi erTiani politikis SemuSaveba 1992

wlis maastrixtis xelSekrulebis Semdgom daiwyo. swo-

red maastrixtSi Caeyara safuZveli evropaSi politiku-

ri kavSiris Seqmnas. marTalia, manamdec arsebobda po-

litikuri erTobis Camoyalibebis ramdenime mcdeloba,

magram yvela maTgani uSedego aRmoCnda. ufro metic,

jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi gaCnda idea, ekonomikuri gaer-

Tianebis paralelurad, politikuri da Tavdacvis gaer-

Tianebebic CamoeyalibebinaT. Tumca 1992 wlamde igi ar

ganxorcielebula. es kidev erTxel amtkicebs neofun-

qcionaluri Teoriis amosaval princips, rom politikis

sferoSi integraciis dawyebas jer etapobrivi ekonomi-

kuri integracia unda uswrebdes win. swored am princi-

piT gansxavdebian neofunqcionalistebi federaliste-

bisgan, romlebic integraciis dasawyisSive politikuri

kavSiris (”evropis SeerTebuli Statebis”) Seqmnas uSede-

god isaxavdnen miznad.

erovnuli suverenitetis kuTxiT iseTi mtkivneuli

sakiTxebi, rogoricaa qveynis sagareo politikuri kur-

si, Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba, mTavrobaTSoris doneze

gadasawyvet sakiTxebad rCeba da maTze zeerovnul or-

ganoebs faqtiurad ar miuwvdebaT xeli. Tumca is faq-

ti, rom am sferoSi erToblivi CarCoebis Camosayalibeb-

lad TanamSromloba dawyebulia progresul movlenad

unda CaiTvalos. istoriulad cnobilia, rom mraval

sferoSi mTavrobaTSoris doneze TanamSromlobis daw-

yebas Tan mohyva SemdgomSi am sakiTxebis zeerovnul

doneze gadatana. amis kargi magaliTia amsterdamis xel-

Sekruleba, romlis Sedegadac sakiTxTa garkveuli nawi-

180

li mesame svetidan (mTavrobaTSorisi sveti) pirvel

svetSi (gaerTianebis sveti) gadavida.

lisabonis xelSekrulebam TanamSromlobis sferoe-

bis ”komunitarizaciis” ufro kargi garemo Seqmna. man

saerTod gaauqma sakiTxTa svetebad dayofa da evrokav-

Siri saerTaSoriso asparezze moqmed erT iuridiul aq-

torad Camoayaliba. es nabiji mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs

saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis gazrdas da gaer-

Tianebis doneze damatebiT axali sferoebis gadatanas.

gaerTianebis donis gafarToeba ki politikuri integra-

ciis erT-erTi umTavresi pirobaa.

svetebis gauqmeba evrokavSiris kidev erTi grZel-

vadiani miznis ganxorcielebas warmoadgens. 2001 wels

qalaq lakenSi (belgia) gamarTul evropul samitze ev-

ropelma liderebma miznad daisaxes, rom saerTaSoriso

arenaze evrokavSiris erT Zlier moqmed aqtorad Camo-

sayalibeblad zomebi mieRoT. meti SekavSirebulobisaT-

vis gadawyda, rom dadga dro, evrokavSiri ”erT xmaze”

laparakobdes.

ver vityviT, rom dRes es sakiTxi sabolood gadaw-

yda da evrokavSiris 27-ve wevri saxelmwifo sagareo po-

litikis warmoebis dros ”erT xmaze” saubrobs, Tumca

am miznis misaRwevad lisabonis xelSekrulebam sakmaod

bevri Zireuli instituciuri cvlileba Semoitana.

lisabonis xelSekruleba

lisabonis xelSekruleba marTlac reformistul

xasiaTs atarebs. 1992 wels maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT

evrogaerTianeba evrokavSirad gadakeTda da ekonomiku-

ri TanamSromlobis paralelurad, wevr saxelmwifoTa

Soris politikuri TanamSromloba daiwyo. 2009 wels ki

lisabonis xelSekrulebiT es kavSiri kidev ufro daix-

vewa da gamyarda.

181

am ori xelSekrulebis ubralo Sedarebac ki cxad-

yofs, rom politikuri integracia Tu daCqarebuli tem-

pebiT ara aRmavali intensiobiT namdvilad viTardebo-

da. isev istoria rom gavixsenoT _ erTiani ekonomikuri

sivrcis Seqmnis idea jer kidev 1957 wels romis xelSek-

rulebaSi gaJRerda, realurad ki erTian bazarze gadas-

vla evropam 1993 wlidan SeZlo. Tan cnobilia, rom eko-

nomikis dargSi integracia, ekonomikuri sargeblianobi-

dan gamomdinare, politikur integraciasTan SedarebiT

advilad mimdinareobs. is amavdros SedarebiT naklebad

mtkivneulia wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis. politikis sfe-

roSi suverenuli uflebebis daTmoba ki met sirTule-

ebs awydeba.

politikuri integraciis amgvari xasiaTis miuxeda-

vad, lisabonis xelSekruleba sagrZnob winsvlad migvaC-

nia. meti SekavSirebulobis misaRwevad, integraciis ga-

saRrmaveblad, axal gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad, sa-

erTaSoriso asaparezze erTiani poziciiT gamosvlis-

Tvis anu evrokavSiris ”erT xmaze asalaparakeblad” ga-

tarda Semdegi cvlilebebi:

a) evropuli sabWo:

• SeiZina damoukidebeli da formaluri institu-

tis statusi. oficialurad daevala evrokavSiris zoga-

di politikuri mimarTulebisa da prioritetebis gan-

sazRvra. evropul sabWos inetgraciis gaRrmavebis kuT-

xiT Seqmnis dRidan erT-erTi gamorCeuli adgili uWi-

ravs. 70-ian wlebSi misi dafuZneba im dros arsebuli

Znelad dasaZlevi Sida Tu gare problemebis (msoflio

ekonomikaSi arsebuli krizisi, gaerTianebaSi TanamSrom-

lobis gaRmavebis saWiroeba) mosagvareblad gadawyda.

dRemde yvela ZiriTadi axali politikuri mimarTule-

bis iniciatori evropuli sabWo iyo. amdenad misi insti-

tucionalizacia politikuri integraciis kuTxiT

progresul movlenad migvaCnia. Tan, Cvenis azriT, evro-

182

puli sabWo, warsulTan SedarebiT, metad ”komunita-

rul” xasiaTs atarebs. es, albaT calke msjelobis Te-

maa. Tumca meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis dRevandel mdgoma-

reobas Sevadarebdi de golisa da margaret tetCeris

periodebs.

• 6 Tviani rotaciuli wesiT daniSnuli evropuli

sabWos prezidentis nacvlad SemoRebul iqna 2 weliwad

naxevris vadiT arCeuli prezidentis axali posti. es

cvlileba saqmis gangrZobadobisa da evropuli sabWos

ufro efeqturad muSaobis kuTxiT Zalzed mniSvnelova-

nia. prezidentma SeiTavsa evrokavSiris sagareo warmom-

dgenlis funqcia, ise rom, ar unda moxdes sagareo da

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmo-

modgenlis funqciaTa gadakveTa. reformirebuli sab-

Wos pirvel prezidentad wevri saxlemwifoebis lide-

rebma neitraluri kandidati, belgiis yofili premier

ministri, herman van rompei (Herman Van Rompuy) airCi-

es. es nabijic miuTiTebs, rom evropas dRes saqmeze

orientirebuli pirovneba da ara odiozuri, mokaSkaSe

figura sWirdeba. SerCevis procesSi yvelaze realur

kandidatad toni bleri saxeldeboda, Tumca evrokav-

Sirma arCevani naklebad ambiciur kandidatze gaakeTa.

b) umaRlesi warmomadgenlis posti

• Seiqmna saerTaSoriso arenaze sagareo da usaf-

rTxoebis sakiTxebSi kavSiris erTiani warmomadgenlis

Tanamdeboba. sakonstitucio iniciativaSi mas sagareo

saqmeTa ministric ewodeboda. es posti Tavdapirvelad

amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT Camoyalibda, Tumca lisa-

bonis xelSekrulebiT sakmaod gafarTovda da gamyarda.

neofunqcionaluri TeoriiT Tu mivudgebiT, ”gadaRvra”

moxda konkretuli Tanamdebobis funqciuri gaZliere-

bis kuTxiT.

183

• pirvel umaRles warmomadgenlad SerCeul iqna

ketrin eStonis kandidatura. igi evrokavSiris umaRle-

si warmomadgenlis funqciis garda iTavsebs sagareo

saqmeTa komisrisa da komisiis pirveli vice-prezidentis

postebs, anu xdeba komisiis wevri. aseve avtomaturad

iniSneba sagareo sakiTxTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris Tanam-

debobaze. am cvlilebiT umaRlesi warmomadgeneli er-

Tdroulad or organoSi (komisia da sabWo) xelmZRvane-

lobs sagareo politikas. TanamdebobaTa amgvari gaer-

Tianeba evrokavSiris institutebs, miTumetes zeerov-

nul da mTavrobaTSoris organeobs Soris koordinacias

mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs.

• sagareo warmomadgenlobis meti efeqturobisaT-

vis, Seiqmna damoukidebeli organo _ evropis sagareo

saqmeTa samsaxuri. es samsaxuri koordinacias gauwevs

evrokavSiris sagareo, Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis po-

litikas.

faqtiurad evrokavSirSi Camoyalibda sagareo saq-

meTa ministris posti da sagareo saqmeTa saministro.

es, politikuri integraciis kuTxiT, umniSvnelovanesi

win gadadgmuli nabijia. am gadawyvetilebiT, evrokavSi-

ris sagareo politikas msoflioSi erTi adamiani warad-

gens, romelsac sagareo saqmeebis koordinaciisTvis

gazrdili uflebebi da realuri, iuridiuli dokumen-

tiT dadasturebuli wona eqneba. aseve eqneba sakuTari

uwyeba. es pirdapir exmaureba lakenis SeTanxmebis erT-

erT ZiriTad mizans, romelic evrokavSiris saerTaSori-

so arenaze "erTiani xmiT" wardgenasa da qveynebs Soris

sagareo da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi gazrdil Tanam-

Sromlobas iTvaliswinebs.

kritikosebi lisabonis xelSekrulebas sam maRal

Cinovniks (evropuli sabWosa da komisiis prezidentebi

da umaRlesi warmomadgeneli) Soris uflebamosilebaTa

arasaTanado gamijvnaSi adanaSauleben. amis niadagze ki

184

maT Soris xSir konfrontacias varaudoben. lisabonis

xelSekruleba prezidentebsa da institutebs Soris

kompetenciis ganawilebis zogad CarCoebs ayalibebs.

vfiqrobT, roca uprecedento da sakmaod masStaburi

postebis Seqmnasa da danergvas exeba saqme, konkretika

safuZvels moklebulic SeiZleba iyos. funqciaTa rea-

luri gamijvna ZiriTadad praqtikuli saqmianobis dros

xdeba da amis sakmao gamocdileba ukve aqvs evrokavSirs.

amgvari midgoma, ufro efeqturi da realobas morgebu-

lia.

skeptikosTa Soris arsebobs eWvi imis Sesaxeb, ram-

denad realuri gavlena eqneba umaRles warmomadgenels,

radgan varaudoben, rom Zlieri evropuli qveynis mmar-

Tveli pirebi mas sagareo saqmeebSi liderobas ar dauT-

moben. Tumca SeqmnisTanave evrokavSirSi arc erTi in-

stituti an posti ar yofila Zlieri da misi funqciebi-

sa da wonis gazrda wlebis manzilze safexurebrivad

xdeboda. amis kargi magaliTia evroparlamenti:

evroparlamenti

1951 wlis parizis xelSekrulebiT Seqmnili ”saer-

To asamblea” sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da mxolod sakon-

sultacio funqciebs atarebda. romis xelSekrulebis

Semdeg, man Seicvala saxeli da gaxda ”evropis saparla-

mento asablea”, romelic pirvelad 1958 wels Seikriba.

swored am dRidan iwyeba dRevandeli parlamentis isto-

ria. 1967 wels evropuli gaerTianebebis Serwymis Semdeg

mas ”evroparlamenti” ewoda da masSi samive gaerTianebis

asamblea Sevida.

evroparlamentis fuqnciebi wlebis manZilze iz-

rdeboda. etapobrivad parlaments, sabWosTan erTad

kanonSemoqmedebiTobisa da biujetis damtkicebis ufle-

bac gadaeca. istoriul TariRad iTvleba 1979 weli,

185

roca evroparlamentis pirveli pirdapiri arCevnebi Ca-

tarda da evroparlamentarebi uSualod evropis mosax-

leobam airCia. manamde evroparlamentarebs wevri sa-

xelmwifoebi Tavisi SerCeviT gzavnidnen da, faqtobri-

vad, deputatis posti iyo daniSvniTi da ara _ arCeviTi,

rac Crdils ayenebda evroparlamentis demokratiulo-

bas.

evroparlamentis funqciebi da roli gansakuTre-

biT gamyarda lisabonis xelSekrulebiT. igi uflebri-

vad gauTanabrda sabWos, rogorc kanonebis miRebaSi,

aseve biujetis damtkicebaSi. dReisaTvis is gacilebiT

angariSgasawevi Zalaa evrokavSiris sxva institutebTan

urTierTobis dros.

lisabonis xelSekrulebiT ”ZiriTad sakanonmdeblo

procedurad” Tanagadwyveta iqca. Tanagadawyvetis dros

parlamenti kanonproeqtis ganxilvasa da kanonis miReba-

Si srulad monawileobs da sabWos sruluflebiani par-

tnioria. kanonTa ZiriTadi nawili ukve TanagadawyvetiT

miiReba (es procedura 40 axal sferoze gavrcelda).

parlamentma 70-ian wlebSi moipova biujetis gan-

xilvasa da damtkicebaSi monawileobis ufleba. Tumca

2009 wlamde misi gavlena ar vrceldeboda mTlian biu-

jetze: parlaments ar hqonda saboloo gadawyvetilebis

miRebis ufleba e.w. ”savaldebulo danaxarjebze” (sof-

lis meurneobasa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebze gaTva-

liswinebuli danaxarjebi, mTliani biujetis daaxloe-

biT 45%), aq gadawyvetilebebs damoukideblad iRebda

sabWo. lisabonis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, parlamenti

ukve monawileobs biujetis mTlianad damtkicebaSi.

dReisTvis ukve sakmaod gazrdilia parlamentis

kontroli sxva institutebze:

• parlamenti amtkicebs evropuli sabWos mier Ser-

Ceul komisiis prezidents. lisabonis xelSekrulebiT,

evrupulma sabWom komisiis prezidentobis kandidati

186

unda SearCios evroparlamentis bolo arCevnebis Sede-

gebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es komisiis prezidents parla-

mentis winaSe damatebiT angariSvaldebulebas uCens.

• parlamenti aseve amtkicebs komisarTa kolegias.

aqvs komisiis daTxovnis ufleba. umtkicebs komisias yo-

velwliur programas da ganvlili wlis finansur geg-

mas.

• parlamenti amtkicebs evropis centraluri ban-

kis prezidentsa da aRmasrulebel sabWos. bankis prezi-

denti valdebulia warudginos parlaments yovelwliu-

ri moxseneba.

• parlamenti irCevs evropis ombucmens, romlis

funqciacaa evrokavSiris institutebis winaaRmdeg mo-

saxleobis sarCelebis ganxilva.

• parlamenti niSnavs evrokavSiris auditorTa sa-

samarTlos wevrebs.

• parlamentTan angariSvaldebulia umaRlesi war-

momadgenelic. mas mudmivad unda hqondes axlo kavSiri

parlamentTan da movalea, regularulad gaiaros kon-

sultaciebi. (http://euobserver.com/9/28878) amgvari konsulta-

ciebi da umaRlesi warmomadgenlis moxsenebebi parla-

mentSi ukve daiwyo. mimdinareobs debatebi evropis saga-

reo saqmeTa samsaxuris struqturasa da finansirebis

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

axali iniciativebi

rogorc davinaxeT, parlamenti ”gadaRvris” princi-

piT uflebrivi gaZlierebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. igi

zeerovnuli mmarTvelobis flangze komisiis Zlier mo-

kavSired Camoyalibda. konkretuli precedentebis Sede-

gad, parlamentis roli ufro izrdeba. SegviZlia Tama-

mad vamtkicoT, rom politikuri integraciis yvelaze

aqtiuri faza 2009 wlis bolos, lisabonis xelSekrule-

187

bis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg daiwyo. radgan am etapze mim-

dinareobs xelSekrulebaSi gawerili funqciebisa da

ufleba-movaleobebis praqtikaSi danergva. es procesi

ki aucileblad gulisxmobs axal-axal iniciativebsa da

politikuri TanamSromlobis metad gaRmavebas.

sainteresoa parlamentis bolodroindeli iniciativebi:

1. evrokomisiis wevrebi, parlamentarTa msgavsad,

saerTo evropuli arCevnebis Sedegad iqnen arCeulni.

evroparlamentis mimdinare prezidentis jerzi buzekis

Rrma rwmeniT, es nabiji komisrebs evrokavSiris moqala-

qeebis winaSe metad ”xiluls” gaxdis da maT ”demokrati-

ul mandats” mianiWebs. ”amas ar eqneba mxolod simbolu-

ri mniSvneloba, komisia SeiZens ufro Zlier demokrati-

ul legitimurobas da gaZlierdeba, rogorc institu-

ti.” - ganacxada buzekma 2010 wlis martSi humboldtis

universitetSi gamosvlis dros. (http://euobserver.com/9/29742) marTlac, parlamentis iniciativa komisias, metad de-

mokratiulsa da erovnuli gavlenisgan damoukidebels

gaxdis. es ar aris pirveli SemTxveva, roca parlamenti

komisiis uflebriv gaZlierebas iTxovs, an piriqiT.

orive zeerovnuli organo erTmaneTis gasaZliereblad

sabWos winaaRmdeg mudmivad aqtiur metoqeobaSia Car-

Tuli.

2. evropuli sabWos prezidentma gaakeTos yovel-

wliuri saangariSo moxseneba parlamentSi, ise rogorc

qveynis pirveli pirebi gamodian moxsenebiT TavianT

erovnul parlamentebSi. es iniciativa evropuli sabWos

prezidents parlamentis winaSe angariSvaldebuls gax-

dis, rac xels Seuwyobs parlamentis gavlenis zrdas.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zeerovnuli mmarTvelobis

funqciuri zrda pirdapir kavSirSia evrokavSiris fede-

raciuli xasiaTis zrdasTan. aqamde arsebuli wesiT, ev-

188

ropuli sabWos prezidenti mxolod samitis dasrulebis

Semdeg abarebs angariSs parlaments. parlamentis prezi-

denti ki samitze mxolod gaxsniT nawilSi monawileobs,

rodesac sityviT mimarTavs sxdomis damswreebs, acnobs

gansaxilvel sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi evroparlamentis

pozicias da Semdeg tovebs darbazs.

es iniciativebi kargad warmoaCens evrokavSirSi

damkvidrebul praqtikas, roca konkretuli xelSekru-

lebis miRebis Semdegac iCens Tavs axali winadadebebi,

romlebic integraciis sxva sferoebze gavrcelebis an

TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebiskenaa mimarTuli.

daskvna

amdenad, zemoT moyvanili faqtebi gvaZlevs imis

mtkicebis safuZvels, rom ekonomikuri integracia 90-

iani wlebis Semdeg namdvilad gadaizarda politikur

TanamSromlobaSi. nel-nela, Tumca aRmavali progresi-

iT, mimdinareobs politikuri kavSiris gaZliereba. Te-

maSi SevecadeT warmogveCina politikuri integraciis

kuTxiT arsebuli Tanamedrove dinamika, romelic saTa-

ves evropuli gareTianebis Camoyalibebis pirvelive

dRidan iRebs. avsaxeT, rogor miesadageboda da miesada-

geba integraciis procesi neofunqcionalistebis mier

wamoyenebul principebs.

gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba lisabonis

xelSekrulebiT inicirebul instituciur gardaqmnebze,

romlebic kavSiris federalur xasiaTis gamyarebisken

aris mimarTuli. axali SeTanxmebiT mniSvnelovnad gai-

zarda komisiis, paralmentis, ministrTa da evropuli

sabWoebis funqciebi, daixvewa maTi organizaciuli

struqtura da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedura. ga-

daidga nabijebi evrokavSiris demokratiulobis zrdis-

189

ken. am etapze mimdinareobs xelSekrulebiT SeTanxmebu-

li punqtebis praqtikaSi danergva da adaptacia.

ar gvaqvs imis iluzia, rom evrokavSiri warmovaCi-

noT, rogorc uxarvezo da mZlavri politikuri erToba.

Tumca imis mtkiceba namdvilad SeiZleba, rom politi-

kuri integracia ukve aqtiurad mimdinareobs da wlidan

wlamde evropul saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba sul ufro

Zlier saerTaSoriso aqtorad yalibdeba.

moyvanili argumentebi, naSromis specifikidan ga-

momdinare, SedarebiT zogad xasiaTs atarebs. vfiqrobT,

am formatSi meti detalizacia arc iyo saWiro, radgan

Cvens ZiriTad mizans Temis aqtualobaze xazgasama da

zogadi suraTis daxatva warmoadgenda. Tumca migvaCnia,

rom naSromis ZiriTadi Tezisis garSemo ufro siRrmi-

seuli da masStaburi kvlevaa Casatarebeli. es ukeT

warmoaCens evrointegraciis process politikur Wril-

Si. am mimarTulebiT muSaoba ukve dawyebuli gvaqvs da

saboloo Sedegebs ufro farTomasStabian naSromSi war-

movadgenT.

gamoyenebulidacitirebuli literatura:

1. gogolaSvili kaxa da kapanaZe sergi, evrokavSiris

institutebi da politika, Tbilisi, 2006,

2. leonardi dik, evrokavSiris saxelmZRvanelo, Tbi-

lisi, 2002,

3. javaxiSvili biZina (Semdgeneli), sityvari - evropis

kavSiri: politika da mmarTveli organoebi, evro-

komisiis warmomadgenloba saqarTvelosa da som-

xeTSi, Tbilisi, 2003,

4. Bache Ian and George Stephen, Politics in the European Union, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006,

190

5. Draft Treaty Establishing A Constitution For Europe, Adopted by consensus by the European Convention, 2003,

6. Joint Study – CEPS, EPC, EGMONT, The Treaty of Lisbon Implementing the Institutional Innovations, 2007,

7. Haas Ernst B.: International Integration: The European and the Universal Process, International Organization, Vol. 15, Issue 3 (Summer 1961),

8. Haas Ernst B. 1975. The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory. Berkeley: University of California,

9. Lindberg Leon N., Political Integration: Definitions and Hypotheses, The political Dynamics of European Economic Integration, 1963, reprinted in: The European Union, Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration eduted by Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander Stubb. Third Edition, 2003,

10. Malamud Andres, Spillover in European and South American Integration, Prepared for delivery at the 2001 meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington D.C., 2001,

11. Nugent Neil: The Government and Politics of the European Union, Duke University Press, Fifth Edition, 2003, Chapter 7,

12. Rosamond Ben: Theories of European Integration, London, Mocmilan, 2000

13. Treaty of Lisbon, 2007, 14. Wallace Helen and Wallace William, Policy-Making in the

European Union, Sixth Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.

15. European Commission: It’s a better life, How the EU’s single market benefits you, DG Press and Communication, 2002

Web resources: http://europa.eu.int/ http://www.euobserver.com/ http://www.euractiv.com http://www.wikipedia.org

191

Abstract Gizo Chelidze – PhD Student of the Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences of TSU. The presented research aims to discuss the EU integration

process in the context of politics. We argue that, since the economic integration has been deepened, an active phase of political integration in the EU has started. Despite the fact, that we still can not consider the EU as a single and full-scale political actor on international stage, we strongly consider that the political integration of the EU has started since its establishment and the process still continues, despite many resistance and obstacles. In addition we assume, that since 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the member states officially started delegating their sovereign rights in the political sphere to the European institutions. Maastricht was followed by Amsterdam and Nice treaties, as well as the failed Constitutional Treaty and finally the Lisbon Treaty. The Lisbon Treaty is also called Reform Treaty, because it considerably changes the institutional order of the EU which existed before and pulls the Union into the new and higher level of integration. To prove the main thesis of the research we use the Neofunctional theory. We are convinced that Neofunctionalism mostly fits to the EU integration model.

192

axalgazrduli identobebi brikolaJis gziT Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

lia wulaZe

asocirebuli profesori,socialur da politikur

mecnierebaTa fakulteti

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

kvlevis mizani. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, romelic

swrafi sociokulturuli cvlilebebiT gamoirCeva, gan-

sakuTrebiT mravalferovania sxvadasxva axalgazrduli

jgufebi Tu subkulturebi. socialur mkvlevarTa az-

riT, ,,isini aSkara damoukideblobas avlenen im modele-

bisagan, romlebic farTo sazogadoebas marTavs... kul-

turis codna sazogadoebis doneze aRaraa sakmarisi am

jgufebis reprezentaciebis ganWvretisa da axsnisaTvis

(Camilleri & Malewska-Peyre, 1997, gv. 45). amasTan, sxvadas-

xva subkulturebis Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis

gacnoba saSualebas aZlevs individebs, ,,maTi sazogado-

ebis mier miwodebuli mravalferovani masalis pirovnu-

li manipulireba moaxdinon... aseT pirobebSi, gamocdi-

lebiT miRebuli kultura mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

sazogadoebisagan miwodebuli kulturisagan” (iqve, gv.

46).

warmodgenili kvlevis mizania Tanamedrove saqar-

TveloSi axalgazrdebis ,,gamocdilebiT miRebuli kul-

turis” Seswavla, Cveneba imisa, Tu rogor axdenen isini

rogorc adgilobrivi, ise globaluri kulturis mier

miwodebuli ,,mravalferovani masalis manipulirebas”

da garkveva imisa, iwvevs Tu ara es ,,manipulireba” axali

tradiciis Seqmnas (Hobsbawm & Ranger, 1983). samizne

jgufs Seadgenen 16-21 wlis axalgazrdebi da kvleva

193

fokusirebulia im aqtivobebis Seswavlaze, romelTac

Tavisufali drois gasatareblad iyeneben, radgan swo-

red amgvari aqtivobebi asaxavs maT cxovrebis stilsa

da SemoqmedebiTobas.

kvlevis meTodologia. Sevecade ra, maqsimalurad

dameaxlovebina samecniero da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

sferoebi, risTvisac aucilebeli iyo ,,obieqturi dis-

tanciis daZleva mkvlevris samyarosa da sakvlevi obieq-

tebis kulturul samyaroebs Soris” (Narayan, გვ. 672), vxelmZRvanelobdi v. grisuoldis mier SemoTavazebuli

argumentebiT kulturis sociologiis sakvlevi oTxi

umTavresi aspeqtis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa mniSvneloba, Za-

laufleba, qmedeba da hegemonia (Griswold, 1992, gv. 324-326). Cemi SexedulebiT, rac ufro metad iqneboda SesaZ-

lebeli ,,obieqturi distanciis daZleva” mkvlevarsa da

sakvlev obieqtebs Soris oTxive parametris safuZvel-

ze, miT ufro metad waiSleboda sazRvrebi samecniero

da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sferoebs Soris. swored es

iyo mTavari motivi kvlevaSi Cemi studentebis, rogorc

Tanamkvlevrebis, CarTvisa da axalgazrduli kulturis

analizis mcdelobisa maTi Tvalsawieridan, radgan aSka-

ra iyo, rom, oTxive parametris gaTvaliswinebiT, nakle-

bi ,,obieqturi distancia” arsebobda Cems samizne jguf-

sa da Cems Tanamkvlevrebs Soris, vidre Cems samizne

jgufsa da Cems Soris.

am mizniT, 25 siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis da

Tbilisis yvelaze popularul musikalur klubebSi dak-

virvebebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg, agreTve popularu-

li axalgazrduli internet-forumebis (www.forum.ge, www.boke.ge, www.anime.ge) analizis Sedegad, SevarCie 12

studenti (mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis, gansxvave-

buli socioekonomikuri safuZvlebis mqone da swavle-

194

bis sxvadasxva safexurze myofi) da vTxove TiToeuls,

ori siRrmiseuli interviu Caetarebina misive socialu-

ri wris warmomadgenel 16-21 wlis axalgazrdasTan (Cems

Tanamkvlevrebs Tavadve unda ganesazRvraT maTi socia-

luri wris warmomadgenlebi). garda amisa, maT dakvirve-

bebi unda ganexorcielebinaT Tbilisis popularul mu-

sikalur klubebSi da refleqsia unda moexdinaT disku-

siebze, romlebic popularul axalgazrdul internet-

forumebze imarTeboda. sul bolos, Cemi Tanamkvlevre-

bi or jgufad davyavi da ori fokus jgufi Cavatare,

raTa gamerkvia, Tu rogor moaxdendnen erTmaneTis in-

terpretaciebis spontanurad Sefasebas. Cemi Tanam-

kvlevrebis mier mopovebulma da interpretirebulma

monacemebma saSualeba momca, interpretirebuli rea-

lobis meoradi interpretacia momexdina, rogorc gir-

ciseuli analizis (“thick description”) ganxorcielebis sa-

Sualeba.

kvlevis Sedegebi. amgvarad, rogor damexmarnen Cemi

studentebi, rogorc Tanamkvlevrebi, ,,obieqturi dis-

tanciis daZlevaSi mkvlevris samyarosa da sakvlevi obi-

eqtebis kulturul samyaroebs Soris” da ra aRmovaCine

maTi interpretaciebis safuZvelze, rac sxva mxriv Cem-

Tvis araxelmisawvdomi iqneboda?

pirveli sakiTxi, romelmac am mimarTulebiT Cemi

yuradReba miipyro, musikalur klubebSi vizitTan da-

kavSirebiT axalgazrdebis Sexedulebebi iyo. saidumlos

ar warmoadgens, rom TbilisSi musikalur klubebSi sia-

ruli sakmaod Zviri siamovnebaa, SedarebiT maRali Se-

mosavlis mqone adamianebisTvisac ki. ra mizezebs asaxe-

leben Tavad axalgazrdebi imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom

ar dadian musikalur klubebSi da ra gansxvavebaa maTi

TanatolebisTvis (Cemi TanamkvlevrebisTvis) da mkvlev-

risTvis (CemTvis) gankuTvnil versiebs Soris?

195

TanatolebTan interviuSi axalgazrdebi aRniSnav-

dnen, rom musikalur klubebSi TveSi erTxel an ufro

iSviaTadac ki dadiodnen materialuri saSualebis uqon-

lobis gamo da gamoTqvamdnen survils, ufro xSirad ea-

raT klubebSi, radgan ,,qlabingi” (“clubbing”) Tanamedro-

ve modur tendenciad miaCndaT. CemTan interviuSi ki

isini xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom klubebSi siaruli saqar-

TveloSi ,,cud tonad” iTvleboda da ,,seriozulad ver

aRiqmeboda, radgan axalgazrdebi iq, umetesad, erTmane-

Tis gasacnobad da mcirexniani urTierTobebis dasamya-

reblad” dadiodnen, rac qarTul tradiciebs ewinaaR-

mdegeba (natalia, 18 wlis).

amdenad, axalgazrdebi ori saxis narativs gvTava-

zoben: erT SemTxvevaSi isini cdiloben, modurad gamoi-

yurebodnen, meore SemTxvevaSi ki - tradiciulad. am

konteqstSi gvaxsendeba riCardsonis mier SemoTavazebu-

li klasifikacia, romelic kvlevis obieqtTa or gan-

sxvavebul narativs aRwers: ,,kulturul istoriebs,”

romelTac respondentebi normatuli wesrigisa da mmar-

Tveli interesebis poziciidan gviamboben, da ,,koleqti-

ur istoriebs,” romelTac isini kulturul istoriaSi

marginalizebuli adamianebis poziciidan gviamboben

(Richardson in Miller & Glassner, 2004, gv, 130). respondentTa

narativebis kulturul da koleqtiur (me vityodi

,,subkulturul”) istoriebad dayofa kodebsa da qmede-

bebs Soris urTierTmimarTebas asaxavs da gviCvenebs, Tu

ra gavlenas axdens ,,kodis moTxroba” socialuri rea-

lobis gansxvavebuli versiebis warmoqmnaze (Jimerson & Oware, 2006, gv. 24-50). Cvens SemTxvevaSi, es ori gansxva-

vebuli narativi asaxavs qarTveli axalgazrdebis urTi-

erTsapirispiro miswrafebebs tradiciulobisa (moT-

xrobili mkvlevrisTvis/CemTvis ,,kulturuli istoriis”

poziciidan) da Tanamedroveobisadmi (moTxrobili Tana-

196

tolebisTvis/Cemi TanamkvlevrebisTvis ,,koleqtiuri

istoriis” poziciidan), da swored am ori tipis monaT-

xrobis kulturis WrilSi konteqstualizaciam unda

dagvanaxos realuri suraTi.

amgvari konteqstualizacia ki cxadyofs, rom dRes

tradiciuloba namdvilad ar warmoadgens modur ten-

dencias. maS, ra miaCniaT modurad Tanamedrove qarTvel

axalgazrdebs? kvlevis safuZvelze gamovlinda sami mo-

duri tendencia qarTvel axalgazrdebSi: ,,gamorCeulo-

ba” (,,individualoba”), ,,inteleqtualoba” (ufro swo-

red, inteleqtualuri imijis qona) da ,,erovnuloba.”

aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tumca tradiciuloba, moZvelebuli

Sexedulebebis tarebisa da siaxleebisadmi miuReblobis

TvalsazrisiT, arapopularuladaa miCneuli, ,,erovnu-

loba,” rogorc im kulturuli Taviseburebebis Senar-

Cuneba, rac qarTul kulturas sxvebisagan gamoarCevs,

iqneba es qarTuli polifonia, qarTuli xalxuri simRe-

rebi da cekvebi, qarTuli sufris tradiciebi da ,,qar-

Tuli urTierTobebic” ki, raSic axalgazrdebi, umTav-

resad, emociur mijaWvulobasa da Sida jgufis wevrebis

mxridan mxardaWeras gulisxmoben, dResac sakmaod po-

pularuladaa miCneuli.

axalgazrdebisaTvis gamorCeulobis/individualo-

bis mniSvneloba araerTxelaa xazgasmuli axalgazrduli

kulturebisa da subkulturebis rogorc klasikur, ise

Tanamedrove kvlevebSi. rogor aRiqmeba ,,gamorCeuloba”

qarTveli axalgazrdebis mier da ramdenad axlosaa res-

pondentebis, maTi Tanatolebis (Cemi Tanamkvlevrebis)

da mkvlevris (Cemi) Sexedulebebi?

respondentebis sityvebiT, gamorCeuli axalgazrda

ar hgavs ,,tipiur axalgazrdas, romelzec gavlenis mox-

dena Zalian martivia, radgan misTvis mosaxerxebelia,

iyos konformisti... tipiur axalgazrdebs axasiaTebT

sxvebis msgavsi gemovneba, acviaT sxvebis msgavsi tansac-

197

meli da usmenen msgavs musikas. isini ar cdiloben, ma-

sisgan gamoirCeodnen, iyon ufro inteleqtualebi, pi-

riqiT, maT panikurad eSiniaT gamorCeulobis” (TinaTini,

19 wlis). amis sapirispirod, gamorCeuli axalgazrda

,,namdvilad ar aris Cveulebrivi da standartuli, ro-

gorc ,masobrivi tipi.’ mas mravalmxrivi interesebi da

mravalferovani gemovneba aqvs... is gacilebiT mets fiq-

robs da gacilebiT SemoqmedebiTia, vidre sxvebi” (davi-

Ti, 19 wlis).

da aRsaniSnavia, rom respondentebi araTu identu-

rad afaseben gamorCeul da aragamorCeul axalgaz-

rdebs, aramed identuri terminebiTac ki amkoben: ,,indi-

vidualebi” da ,,masobrivi tipebi.” rogorc raodenob-

rivma kontent-analizma gamoavlina, ,,individualebis”

daxasiaTebisas respondentebi Semdeg cnebebs iyeneben:

mravalferovani, arastandartuli, mravalmxrivi, inte-

leqtualuri, SemoqmedebiTi da sxv., xolo ,,masobrivi

tipebis” Sefasebisas, umetesad, Semdegi terminebi gamo-

iyeneba: standartuli, Cveulebrivi, erTferovani, mim-

baZveli, konformisti da sxv.

,,individualebsa” da ,,masobriv tipebs” Soris am-

gvari dayofa saocrad waagavs sara Torntonis respon-

dentebis mier britaneli axalgazrdebis ,,hipad” da ,,me-

insTrimad” dayofas, romelTa maxasiaTeblebi Cveni res-

pondentebis mier gamoyofili maxasiaTeblebis identu-

ria (Thornton, 1996, gv. 115): hipi meinsTrimi

mravalferovani homogenuri

alternatiuli sworxazobrivi

radikali konformisti

gamorCeuli Cveulebrivi

xedaven ra, rom maTi Tanatolebi Zalian cdiloben,

gamorCeulebi iyon, Tumca maTi mcdelobebi sakamod ho-

mogenuria, da acnobiereben ra, rom maT, SesaZloa,

198

msgavsi miswrafebebi mieweroT, Cemma Tanamkvlevrebma

sakmaod saintereso strategia SeimuSaves sakuTari Ta-

vis individualisturi ambiciebis mqone Tanatolebze

maRla dasayeneblad. es strategia TvalsaCino iyo maT-

Tan fokusuri jgufebis Catarebisas: ,,sinamdvileSi, es

axalgazrdebi sulac ar arian sxvebisgan gamorCeulebi

da gamorCeuloba maTTvis sasurvel da ara realur

mdgomareobas warmoadgens” (mariami, 21 wlis); ,,yvela

cdilobs, gansxvavebuli iyos, arada, es azrs moklebu-

lia... axla vxvdebi, ra gamogvarCevs me da Cems megob-

rebs Cveni Tanatolebisgan - Cven arasdros vcdilobT,

viyoT gamorCeulebi” (Tako, 20 wlis).

winamdebare citatebi naTelyofs, Tu rogor ya-

libdeba avto- da heterostereotipebi da rogor axde-

nen axalgazrdebi erTmaneTis stigmatizebas Sida/gare

jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis safuZvelze. respondentebis

Tanaxmad, maTi megobrebis viwro wre (Sida jgufi) gamo-

irCeva mravalferovani gemovnebiT, mravalmxrivi inte-

resebiT da inteleqtualuri miswrafebebiT, gansxvave-

biT maTi Tanatolebisgan, romlebsac erTferovani ge-

movneba, konformistuli orientacia da inteleqtualu-

ri miswrafebebis nakleboba axasiaTebT. Cemi Tanamkvlev-

rebic xazs usvamen maT gamorCeulobas, Tumca gansxvave-

buli gziT - maTi Sida jgufi (,,Cven”) Tanatolebisgan

imiT gansxvavdeba, rom isini arc ki cdiloben, gamorCe-

ulad gamoiyurebodnen.

rogorc zemoTqmuli adasturebs, axalgazrdebi,

Cveulebriv, gamorCeulobas inteleqtualobasTan akav-

Sireben da maT Sida jgufs am orive maxasiaTebels mia-

weren (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, sinamdvileSi ra kulturu-

li kapitalis matarebelni arian). am konteqstSi auci-

lebelia Cemi Tanamkvlevrebis mier mowodebuli sainte-

reso informacia warmovadgino. aRmoCnda, rom qveyanaSi

mimdinare sociokulturuli cvlilebebisa da saganma-

199

naTleblo reformebis fonze, gansakuTrebiT ,,moduri

gaxda, iyo inteleqtuali,” Tumca, xSirad, es ufro

imijs, vidre realur miswrafebas warmoadgens. aRmoC-

nda, rom bevri axalgazrda, inteleqtualurad rom ga-

moiyurebodes, literaturul kafeebSi dadis, sadac, Se-

saZloa, mTeli dRe uqmad gaataros da erTi gverdic ki

ar waikiTxos, samagierod, sxvebs aCvenos, rom dinebas

ar CamorCeba da uaxles literaturul miRwevebs ecno-

ba. erT-erTi Cemi Tanamkvlevari imaSic ki gamomityda,

rom universitetis biblioTekaSi Sinidan mitanil komiq-

sebs kiTxulobda, sxvebs ki egonaT, rom samecniero li-

teraturas ecnoboda. da aRmoCnda, rom es sakmaod gav-

rcelebuli praqtika iyo axalgazrdebs Soris, ris Sesa-

xebac yvelam icoda, Tumca masze saubars Tavs arideb-

dnen. amgvari qmedeba, rac qarTveli axalgazrdebisTvis

,,kulturuli intimurobis” (Herzfeld, 2005) safuZvels

warmoadgens, pirdapir exmianeba devid magltonis das-

kvnas, rom, gansxvavebiT modernuli axalgazrduli kul-

turebisgan, romlebic Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs us-

vamdnen xazs, postmodernuli axalgazrduli kulture-

bi garegnuli imijiTa da stiliT arian moxiblulni

(Muggleton, 2002). inteleqtualobis erT-erT gamoxatulebas qarTve-

li axalgazrdebisTvis maTi slengic warmoadgens. aR-

moCnda, rom qarTuli axalgazrduli slengi yvela im

diskursuli maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeva, rac marsel da-

nesim amerikuli da italiuri Tineijeruli slengebis

Sedarebisas aRwera, iqneba es enis emociuri, konotaci-

uri Tu kliSe-koduri programireba (Danesi, 1994, p.99). amJamad Cems mizans ar warmoadgens qarTuli axalgaz-

rduli slengis am universaluri maxasiaTeblebis gan-

xilva, aramed msurs, yuradReba mis kulturul-speci-

200

fikur Taviseburebebze gavamaxvilo, raSic isev Cems Ta-

namkvlevrebs unda vumadlode.

qarTuli axalgazrduli slengis uamravi magaliTis

moyvaniT da maTi Tanatolebis mier farTod gamoyene-

buli frazeologiis interpretaciis safuZvelze, Cemma

Tanamkvlevrebma Semdegi daskvnisadmi mibiZges: Turme,

roca maT Tanatolebs vinmes Seuracxyofa an misi pro-

vincializmis dacinva surT, isini, umetesad, ,,rusul-

qarTul” slengs iyeneben, rac, sinamdvileSi, rusuli

sityvebis gadmoqarTulebas warmoadgens da am ori enis

Tavisebur hibrids qmnis. Cveni interviuebidan uamravi

amgvari ,,hibridi” gamovlinda, Tumca amJamad mxolod im

ramdenime magaliTs davjerdebi, rac raodenobrivi kon-

ten-analizis safuZvelze iqna SerCeuli: ,,nu blataob,”

,,ra roJaa,” ,,riJa bazaria,” ,,magari prativnia” da sxv.

xolo, roca axalgazrdebs surT, ,,magrebi” gamoCndnen

an inteleqtualurad JRerdnen, isini msgavsi tipis ,,in-

glisur-qarTul” slengs iyeneben, romlis gavrcelebu-

li nimuSebic isev raodenobrivma kontent-analizma ga-

moavlina: ,,magari qulia,” ,,es musika laiTia,” ,,damimesi-

je,” ,,fromouSeni gaukeTes” da sxv.

unda vivaraudoT, rom axalgazrduli slengi qvey-

nis dominantur politikur diskurss asaxavs da masSi

Tavs iCens saqarTvelos ganwyoba misi mCagvreli mezob-

lis mimarT, amitom is ar unda JRerdes uCveulod im

pirobebSi, roca ruseTi saqarTvelos ZiriTad mtradaa

miCneuli, SeerTebuli Statebi ki - mis mTavar megobrad

da mokavSired, araferi rom vTqvaT im faqtis Sesaxeb,

rom Tavad inglisuri ena globalizaciis enaa da qar-

Tvel axalgazrdebSi rusul enas karga xania CamoarTva

,,meore enis” statusi.

da bolos, kidev erTi moduri tendencia, romelic

kvlevam gamoavlina, ,,erovnulobaa,” Tumca, gamorCeu-

lobis da inteleqtualobis msgavsad, isic, xSirad, uf-

201

ro imijis Tu fasadis saxiTaa SenarCunebuli. axalgaz-

rdebis azriT, ,,iyo erovnuli” niSnavs, usmende qarTul

tradiciul musikas, mRerode qarTul xalxur simRe-

rebs (Tu rTul polifonias ara, sufrul simRerebs ma-

inc) da aucileblad SeinarCuno ,,qarTuli urTierTobe-

bi.” ra unda gamxdariyo dRes ,,erovnulad yofnis” ase-

Ti popularobis mizezi da ramdenad gulwrfelia amgva-

ri miswrafeba ,,erovnulobisken”?

respondentebis Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare Seg-

viZlia vivaraudoT, rom ,,erovnulobis” xazgasma Tana-

medrove globalizebul samyaroSi ,,kulturuli inti-

murobis” SenarCunebis ZiriTadi strategiaa. is ara mar-

to ,,erovnuli sulis” dacvis saSualebaa maSin, roca

arsebobs Zlevamosili mezoblis mier okupaciis realu-

ri safrTxe, aramed im dasavluri tendenciebisTvis wi-

naaRmdegobis gawevis meqanizmicaa, romelTac Cveni sa-

zogadoeba ,,damaxinjebulad iTvisebs” (qeTi, 18 wlis).

axalgazrdebis mTavar satkivars ,,Tavisuflebis” dasav-

luri gageba warmoadgens, romelic, maTi TqmiT, maTi

Tanatolebis mier ,,garyvnilebadaa” gagebuli: ,,miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom undaT Tavisuflebi iyon, maT ar esmiT am

Tavisuflebis arsi... es albaT Cveni mentalitetis bra-

lia. zRvari daikarga, zRvari aRar arsebobs Tavisuf-

lebasa da garyvnilebas Soris” (salome, 20 wlis).

Cemma Tanamkvlevrebma am sakiTxze araCveulebrivi

refleqsia moaxdines. maT daufaravad aRiares, rom miu-

xedavad sxvebisTvis miwerisa, Tavad isinic da maTi Sida

jgufic dasavluri praqtikebis kopirebas axdenen; Tum-

ca, maTi azriT, mTavar problemas ara am praqtikebis

,,damaxinjeba,” aramed maTi gauazrebeli kopireba warmo-

adgenda: ,,ver damTavrda saqarTveloSi prorusuli da

proamerikuli kulturis gadmoRebis epoqa da ara da ar

daiwyo proqarTuli epoqa... bolos da bolos, amerika

ver gvaswavlis, rogor SevqmnaT istoria; amerikas SeuZ-

202

lia gvaswavlos, rogor SevqmnaT demokratia da ara

kultura.qarTvelebma demokratiis mxolod is princi-

pebi unda aviRoT magaliTad, romlebic qarTul princi-

pebsa da realobas Seesabameba” (anano, 19 wlis).

marTalia, Cemi Tanamkvlevrebi aRiarebdnen, rom

mimdinare globalizaciis pirobebSi gariyulad yofna

ara marto SeuZlebeli, aramed iracionaluricaa, isini

xazs usvamdnen im faqts, rom iseTi patara qveynebis-

Tvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, da romelTac wilad xvdaT

didi saxelmwifoebis mxridan okupacia, sasicocxlod

mniSvnelovani iyo ,,erovnuli sulis” SenarCuneba, Tum-

ca modernizebuli formiT. amitomacaa, rom maT mier

gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebis didi nawili kvlav qarTul

sufrul tradiciebs misdevs, Tumca sadRegrZeloebis

tradiciuli sistemis adaptacias axdens, kvlav qarTul

xalxur musikas da polifonias usmens, Tumca, umetesad,

maT modernizebul versiebs (interviuebidan gamomdina-

re, ,,Sini” da ,,assa-farTi” axalgazrdebis mier yvelaze

popularul qarTvel Semsruleblebad arian miCneulni)

da uars ambobs qarTuli popis mosmenaze, romelic, ma-

Ti sityvebiT, ,,dasavluri popis ugemovno mibaZvas war-

moadgens” (sandro, 16 wlis).

am konteqstSi martin robertsis mier SemoTavaze-

buli Tanamedrove subkulturuli praqtikis formebi

gvaxsendeba, romlebic aRwers rogorc subkulturulis

rols globalizaciis pirobebSi, ise globalizaciis

rols subkulturebisTvis. qarTvel axalgazrdebs So-

ris gavrcelebuli ,,erovnulobis” moduri tendencia

unda warmoadgendes subkulturul praqtikas, romelic

miiswrafvis kulturuli gansxvavebulobisaken, rac gu-

lisxmobs ,,kulturul sxvad” (“cultural other”) yofnas da

rasac robertsi ,,primitivistul warmosaxvas” (“primiti-vist imaginary”) uwodebs (Roberts, 2005, gv. 579), Tumca, ne-

203

gatiuri SefasebiTi konotaciis gamo, Tavad termini sa-

davod mimaCnia.

dasasruls, rogor afaseben Tavad axalgazrdebi

lokalurisa da globaluris da aRmosavlurisa da da-

savluris urTierTmimarTebas qarTul axalgazrdul

kulturaSi? respondentebis Tanaxmad, radgan saqarTve-

lo, istoriulad, evropasa da azias Soris ,,xidad” iT-

vleboda, rogorc misi dominanturi, ise axalgazrduli

kulturebi yovelTvis axdendnen dasavluri da aRmosav-

luri kulturebis elementebis kombinirebas. respon-

dentebis mier SemoTavazebuli dasavluri kulturuli

maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali sakmaod farToa da iseT

elementebs moicavs, rogoricaa individualizmi, axal-

gazrdebis materialuri damoukidebloba mSoblebisgan,

arCevanis Tavisufleba, sqesobrivi urTierTobebis Ta-

visufleba, genderuli Tanasworoba da sxv. aRmosavlu-

ri kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali ki, ZiriTa-

dad, Semdeg sam elements moicavs: axalgazrdebis mate-

rialuri damokidebuleba mSoblebze, mamakacebsa da qa-

lebs Soris tradiciuli urTierTobebi, romelSic ad-

gili ara aqvs genderul Tanasworobas da sqesobrivi

urTierTobebis mkacri regulacia.

refleqsirebas axdenen ra maTi Tanatolebis mier

warmodgenil dasavluri da aRmosavluri kulturuli

maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvalze da acnobiereben ra, rom

maT safuZvelze, qarTuli axalgazrduli kultura aR-

mosavlur da ara dasavlur kulturaTa ricxvs miekuT-

vneba, Cemi Tanamkvlevrebi cdiloben aRmosavlur da da-

savlur kulturul maxasiaTeblebs Soris balansis dam-

yarebas da aRniSnaven, rom, Tumca qarTuli kultura

aRmosavluri kulturebisTvis Cveuli garkveuli Tavi-

sebrebebis matarebelia, Tanamedrove pirobebSi dasav-

luri gavlenebi gacilebiT Zlieria, rac aisaxeba kidec

,,stilsa da CacmulobaSi, musikalur gemovnebaSi, sqe-

204

sobrivi urTierTobebisadmi cvalebad damokidebuleba-

Si da sxv.” (maia, 17 wlis). ,,udavoa, rom globalizaciis

pirobebSi dasavluri gavlenebi gacilebiT Zlieria,

Tumca Cveni axalgazrduli kultura arc sufTa dasav-

luria da arc aRmosavluri, is sufTa qarTulia... qar-

Tulad xdeba es yvelaferi. raRac inovaciebi aris, mag-

ram mainc tradiciul farglebSia isev. TiTqos aris Ta-

visufleba, magram sxvebze damokidebuli Tavisufleba...

es aris qarTuli sinamdvile” (mari, 20 wlis).

da marTalia, es axalgazrdebi ar icnoben fridma-

nis Sexedulebebs, rom globaluri kulturuli obieq-

tebi yovelTvis lokalizebas ganicdis, anu axlebura-

daa danaxuli da SeTvisebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

mier, da arc ,,brikolaJis” cnebis Sesaxeb smeniaT, rome-

lic farTod gamoiyeneba klarkis, hebdijis, uilisis,

kaizeris da sxvebis naSromebSi, maTi mosazrebebi naT-

lad miuTiTebs lokalizaciis mniSvnelobasa da briko-

laJis rols qarTul axalgazrdul kulturaSi: ,,veravin

ver aiTvisebda da veravin ver gadmoaqarTulebda,

vTqvaT, evropul kulturas ise, rogorc saqarTveloSi

moxda. saboloo jamSi, specifikuri nazavi gamovida.

principSi, Cveni fsiqikaa ukve danawevrebuli imitom,

rom aRarc is varT, aRarc es varT, raRac amorfulebi

varT” (TinaTini, 19 wlis).

amgvarad, axalgazrdebi xazs usvamen qarTuli

axalgazrduli kulturis gamorCeulobas, radgan msof-

lio inovaciebis qarTul tradiciebTan kombinireba

unikalur sinTezs iZleva, romelic sxvagan verafriT

gameordeba. sxva yvelaferTan erTad, Tavisuflebis

cnebac ki kulturul-specifikurad aRiqmeba qarTveli

axalgazrdebis mier. da rac ar unda iyos qarTuli

axalgazrduli kulturis Semadgeneli elementebi - da-

savluri, aRmosavluri, Tu maTi ,,specifikuri nazavi” -

205

is mainc qarTulad rCeba, radgan es elementebi yovel-

Tvis ,,gadmoqarTulebulia.”

naSromis dasasruls, warmogidgenT brikolaJis

TvalsaCino magaliTs, romelsac Tanamedrove alterna-

tiuli musikis Semqmneli erT-erTi DJ gvTavazobs: ,,me,

SesaZloa, gamoviyeno dasavluri elementebi Cemi qarTu-

li eskizis Sesamkobad, magram is mainc yovelTvis qar-

Tulad rCeba da es gansakuTrebul siamayes maniWebs!”

(irakli, 21 wlis).

Lia Tsuladze

Youth Identities through Bricolage in Modern Georgia

The paper discusses how youth identities are constructed through bricolage in modern Georgia. Based on the assumption that in the contemporary changeable world, the fact of being exposed to the values and lifestyles of different subgroups or subcultures gives individuals “the power of a personal manipulation of the diversified materials provided by their society ... [and] under these conditions, the culture that is experienced differs notably from the culture that is given” (Camilleri, Malewska-Peyre, 1997), my aim is to explore this “experienced culture” of youth in modern Georgia, to demonstrate how the youth manipulate “diversified materials” provided by both their local society and the global culture, and to find out whether it results in the invention of a new tradition. The research has focused on youth’s leisure activities as the ways of representing their lifestyle and expressing their creativity, and my target group has been the youth aged 16-21.

Attempting to bring closer “the world of engaged scholarship and the world of everyday life” (Narayan, 1993), I have involved my students as co-researchers in the study aiming to analyze youth culture seen from the perspective of youth themselves, as these co-

206

researchers represent the same age group involved in similar cultural practices as the target group. Thus, the ultimate findings come from the comparison between the interpretations by my students and me, and the secondary interpretation by me as a means of gaining a “thick description” (Geertz, 2000). Such an approach has proved to be especially revealing in identifying research subjects’ different kinds of narratives, namely, “cultural stories” - “told from the point of view of the ruling interests and the normative order” and “collective stories” - told from the perspective of those “who are silenced or marginalized in the cultural story” (Richardson in Miller & Glassner, 2004). In our case, these two distinct narratives have illustrated the research subjects’ contradictory aspirations toward tradition (told to me from the perspective of “cultural story”) and modernity (told to their peers/my co-researchers from the perspective of “collective story”), and helped me get closer to the real implications of three most fashionable trends among contemporary Georgian youth revealed by the research - “being distinctive,” “being intellectual,” and “being national.”

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

surmaniZe, l. qarTuli kulturis zogierTi orienta-

cia. qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis saerTaSo-

riso centri, Tbilisi, 2000.

wulaZe, l. socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTu-

li kulturis konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da san-

qciebi). sakandidato disertacia. Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2003.

Appadurai, A., ‘Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural

Economy’ in Modernity at Large. A. Appadurai(ed), University of Minnesota Press, 1996, pp. 27-47.

207

Camilleri, C. and Malewska-Peyre, H., ‘Socialization and Identity

Strategies’ in Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (2nd ed), Vol. 2. J.W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga and J. Pandey (eds), Allyn and Bacon , Boston, 1997, pp. 43-67.

Danesi, M., Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence.

University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1994. Geertz, C., The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books, New York,

2000. Griswold, W., ‘The Sociology of Culture: Four Good Arguments

(and One Bad One)’. Acta Sociologica, vol. 35, 1992, pp. 323-328.

Hebdige, D., Subculture: The Meaning of Style. Routledge, London

and New York, 1979. Herzfeld, M., Cultural Intimacy (2nd ed). Routledge, New York,

2005. Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T., The Invention of Tradition.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983. Jimerson, J. B. and Oware, M. K., ‘Telling the Code of the Street: An

Ethnomethodological Ethnography’. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, vol. 35 (1), 2006, pp. 24-50.

Miller, J. and Glassner, B., ‘The ‘Inside’ and the ‘Outside’- Finding

Realities in Interviews’ in Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice (2nd ed). D. Silverman (ed), Sage Publications, London, 2004, pp. 125-139.

208

Muggleton, D., Inside Subculture:The Postmodern Meaning of Style

(Dress, Body, Culture). Berg, Oxford and New York, 2002. Narayan, K., ‘How Native is a “Native” Anthropologist?’. American

Anthropologist, vol. 95 (3), 1993, pp. 671-686. Roberts, M., ‘Notes on the Global Underground: Subcultures and

Globalization’ in The Subcultures Reader (2nd ed.). K. Gelder (ed), Routledge, London and New York, 2005, pp. 575-586.

Straw, W., ‘Communities and Scenes in Popular Music’ in The

Subcultures Reader (2nd ed.). K. Gelder (ed), Routledge, London and New York, 2005, pp. 469-478.

209

qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

procesSi

maia wurwumia

social-politikur mecnierebaTa

fakultetis politikur mecnierebaTa

mimarTuleba, doqtoranti

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea, romelic manamdec

farTod ganixileboda socialur da politikur azrov-

nebis istoriaSi, “demokratizaciis mesame talRis” gaaq-

tiurebasTan erTad uaRresad aqtualuri gaxda. ssrk-s

daSlis Semdgomi cvlilebebi warimarTa demokratiisa

da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis damkvidrebis lozungiT.

komunizmidan ganTavisuflebis Semdgom saqarTveloSi

yalibdeba qcevis axali wesebi, demokratiuli procedu-

rebi da institutebi, Tumca isic cxadia, rom saqarTve-

lo jerac ver miuaxlovda demokratiis sasurvel mo-

dels. amdenad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problema, ro-

melic aniWebs demokratias mis namdvil Sinaars, centra-

lur sakiTxad rCeba politikosebisa da politologebis

wreSi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebi da fun-

qciebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi gansxvavebulia, rasac ganapi-

robebs qveynis istoria da arsebuli socialuri garemo.

saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis birTvs warmo-

adgens arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic mowo-

debulni arian asaxon moqalaqeTa interesebisa da saWi-

roebebis farTo speqtri. aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo

organizaciebs unda SeeZloT Tanabrad gamoxaton Tavi-

anTi wevrebis, kacebis da qalebis saWiroebebi, magram

rogorc Cvens mier Seswavlili qalTa organizaciebis

liderebma ganacxades, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

210

nawili da media, rogorc sainformacio samoqalaqo in-

stituti saqarTveloSi, naklebad interesdeba genderu-

li problemebiT, amitom qalTa organizaciebma sakuTar

Tavze aiRes es funqcia.

unda aRiniSnos rom qalTa organizaciis qveS Cven

vgulisxmobT gaerTianebas, romelic axorcielebs moq-

medebaTa farTo speqtrs qalTa interesebis dacvisaT-

vis.

qalTa organizaciebis prioritetuli mimarTule-

bebia: qalTa mimarT Zaladoba, maT Soris ojaxuri Zala-

doba, diskriminaciuli samsaxurebrivi praqtika, gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebis procesze SezRuduli xelmisawvdo-

moba, negatiuri genderuli stereotipebi. aRniSnuli

organizaciebi muSaoben Semdeg sakiTxebze: qalTa ufle-

bebis dacva, maTTvis iuridiuli daxmareba. zogierTi

jgufi specializirdeba konkretul sakiTxebze samar-

Tlebrivi daxmarebis aRmoCenaze. Semdeg modis saganma-

naTleblo saubrebis, treiningebisa da seminarebis Cata-

reba, konferenciebis mowyoba, genderuli programebis

Seqmna universitetebSi, wignebis, kvlevebis gamocema.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi moRvawe qalebi miiCneven,

rom maTi erT-erTi mTavari miRweva aris is, rom Tanda-

TanobiT xdeba genderuli uTanasworobis problemis

aRiareba. qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis saerTaSo-

riso centris warmomadgeneli qalbatoni maia kuprava

acxadebs, rom treining-seminarebis mimdinareobis da-

sawyisSi qalTa didi nawili ar aRiarebs, rom is aris

raRac niSniT Cagruli, magram seminarebis bolos maTi

xedvebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba.2 qalTa arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis muSaobis Sedegad miRweuli progresi

SesamCnevia samarTaldamcavi organoebis TanamSromlebi-

sa da sxva oficialuri pirebis codnis amaRlebis kuT-

xiT adamianTa vaWrobisa da ojaxSi ZaladobasTan dakav-

Sirebul sakiTxebze. Semdeg popularul Temad SegviZ-

211

lia davasaxeloT qalTa Sesabamisi informaciuli uz-

runvelyofa. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia samxreT kavkasiis

genderuli qselis internetportali www.ginsc.net. am

saitze momxmarebels saSualeba aqvs moipovos informa-

cia genderuli Tanasworobis, trefikingisa da ojaxSi

Zaladobis sferoSi arsebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb. aseve

SeuZlia gaecnos msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi qalTa

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi arsebul kanonmdeblobas,

normatiul aqtebs, Catarebul kvlevebs. mis farglebSi

moewyo 2007-2008 wlebSi ramdenime onlain konferencia,

ojaxuri Zaladobis, trefikingis, aseve 2008 wlis sapar-

lamento arCevnebis Temebze. saqarTveloSi sainforma-

cio teqnologiebSi lider organizaciad unda davasaxe-

loT qalTa sainformacio centri. mas gaaCnia baza ara-

samTavrobo organizaciebisa da sainiciativo jgufebis

sakontaqto informaciebis Sesaxeb. organizaciaSi ewevi-

an satelefono da pirdapir konsultaciebs calkeul

pirovnebebTan. rogorc qalTa sainformacio centris

xelmZRvanelma elene ruseckaiam pirad interviuSi ga-

nacxada, 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris

saomari moqmedebebis mimdinareobis pirobebSi, isini in-

formacias rusul da inglisur enebze avrcelebdnen

genderuli sainformacio portalis meSveobiT, rome-

lic ar iyo im dros sxva wyaroebis msgavsad dablokili.

amdenad maT gahqondaT saqarTvelos poziciis amsaxveli

informacia saerTaSoriso doneze. aRniSnulma saitma

Seasrula erTgvari media saagentos funqcia qveynis in-

teresebidan gamomdinare. qalTa arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciebi uSveben gazeTebs, Jurnalebs, sxvadasxva biule-

tenebs, wignebsa da broSurebs. arseboben organizacie-

bi, romlebic orientirebulni arian mravalSvilian de-

daTa problemebze, invalidTa dacvaze, ewevian qvelmoq-

medebas.

212

qalTa sainformacio centris klasifikaciiT, yve-

laze prioriteteuli Tema, romelzec qalTa arasamTav-

robo organizaciebi muSaoben aris ojaxuri Zaladobis

winaaRmdeg brZola da qalTa monawileobis gazrda po-

litikur cxovrebaSi. swored maT Zalisxmevas unda da-

vukavSiroT “ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zala-

dobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebs Sesaxeb” kanonis

arseboba. Zaladobis msxverpls icavs saxelwifo meqa-

nizmebi. es aris dakavebisa da dacvis orderebi. kanonis

erT-erTi iniciatoris, 2004-2008 wlebSi genderuli Ta-

nasworobis saparlamento sabWos xelmZRvanelis qeTi

maxaraSvilis TqmiT, kanonma gaamarTla Tavisi molodi-

ni. misi “ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, ukve 6 Tvis mere poli-

ciasa da sasamarTloSi Setanili iyo saqmeebi, aRZruli

ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT.3 kanonis

miRebis Semdeg 2007 wlis pirvel naxevarSi gacemul iqna

300 ordeni.4 qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi aseve

uweven qalebs fsiqologiur da iuridiul daxmarebas. am

organizaciebis bazaze arsebobs e.w. Selterebi _ TavSe-

safari ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverpli qalebisTvis. Tumca

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi uCivian

arastabilur dafinansebas da miiCneven, rom kargi iqne-

ba, Tu maT daafinansebs saxelwifo. aRsaniSnavia aseve,

rom kanonis monitoringis TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs sa-

xelwifo struqtura. saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelo-

bisa da socialuri dacvis saministroSi funqcionirebs

trefikingis sabWo, romelmac SeiTavsa ojaxSi Zalado-

bis winaaRmdeg kanonis monitoringic.

sakmaod aqtiuria arasamTavrobo seqtori qalTa

gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da saerTod qalTa politiku-

ri monawileobis gazrdis kuTxiT. isini gansakuTrebiT

aqtiurad muSaoben partiis wevr qalebTan. qalTa ganaT-

lebisa da informaciis saerTaSoriso centris iniciati-

viT Segrovda 32 aTasi xelmowera saarCevno kanonmdeb-

213

lobaSi genderulad dabalansebis kuTxiT cvlilebebis

Setanis moTxovniT. saubari iyo politikuri qvotebis,

rogorc droebiTi movlenis, SemoRebis aucilebloba-

zec. saboloo jamSi genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb

kanonSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna garkveuli finansuri ja-

rimebi genderulad daubalansebeli politikuri parti-

ebisTvis. qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmo-

madgenlebi miiCneven, rom dRes moRvawe qalebi ar ari-

an sruluflebiani politikuri subieqtebi, mxolod

maT saxes da saxels iyeneben mamakacebi partiis warmate-

bisTvis.5

qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi monawileoben

samSvidobo misiebSi. UNIFEM-is regionaluri proeqtis

“qalebi konfliqtis prevenciisa da mSvidobis mSeneblo-

bisaTvis samxreT kavkasiaSi”, mxardaWeriT 2002 wels da-

arsda qalTa qseli _ qalTa erToba mSvidobisaTvis. maT

sakuTar miznad daisaxes qalTa monawileobiT mSvidobi-

sa da genderuli Tanasworobis miRweva. qalTa arasam-

Tavrobo organizaciebi awyoben Sexvedrebs konfliqtur

regionebSi. “genderuli ganviTarebis asociaciis” xel-

mZRvanelis nana WaniSvilis TqmiT, “saqarTveloSi

mcxovreb os qalTa saerTaSoriso asociacia” da misi

xelmZRvaneli izo tigieva did daxmarebas uwevda maT

os qalebTan urTierTobis damyarebaSi.

qalTa organizaciebi muSaoben qvelmoqmedebis kuT-

xiT. magaliTad, ruseT saqarTvelos Soris 2008 wlis

agvistos omis dros xorcieldeboda Sexvedrebi devni-

lebTan, maTi saWiroebebis Seswavla da daxmarebis aRmo-

Cena. qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi aseve muSao-

ben qalTa dasaqmebis, janmrTelobis dacvis da sxva mi-

marTulebebiT.

yovelive zemoTaRniSnulis safuZvelze SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebma miaR-

wies garkeul simwifes da daimkvidres sakuTari adgili

214

qarTul arasamTavrobo seqtorSi. qalTa arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi ganviTarebis im etapze imyofebian, rode-

sac SeuZliaT qveyanaSi mimdinare calkeul procesebze

zegavlenis moxdena. parlamentSi arsebobs genderuli

Tanasworobis sakonsultacio sabWo, romelic arasam-

Tavrobo seqtorTan aqtiurad TanamSromlobs. am Tval-

sazirisiT bolo dros yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena

iyo genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba,

romelic SemuSavda gaeros ganviTarebis programis pro-

eqtis farglebSi “genderi da politika samxreT kavkasi-

aSi.”

Tumca qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi amJRav-

neben mTel rig iseT sisusteebs, rac zogadad damaxasi-

aTebelia qarTuli samoqalaqo seqtorisaTvis. aqedan

aRsaniSnavia solidarobis nakleboba da kordinirebul

moqmedebaTa sisuste. am mxriv mniSvnelovani movlena

iyo 2000 wels qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ko-

aliciis Seqmna. arasamTavrobo seqtorSi moRvawe adami-

anebi miiCneven, rom am koaliciis mTavari dadebiTi mxa-

re iyo is, rom man informaciis gacvlisa da urTier-

Tgacnobis funqcia ikisra. amJamad koalicia, rogorc

misi yofili wevrebi acxadeben, qmediTi aRar aris.6

amave dros ikveTeba qalTa arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciebis moqmedebaTa viwro, karCaketili xasiaTi. zogi-

erTi maTgani mxolod formalurad arsebobs. magali-

Tad, qalbatoni maia kuprava, romelic iTvleba “marto-

xela mSobelTa asociaciis” direqtorad, acxadebs rom

es organizacia didi xania ar funqcionirebs, Tumca igi

kvlav ganagrZobs qaRaldze arsebobas qalTa sainforma-

cio centris bazaSi, aseve rogorc qalTa arasamTavro-

bo organizaciebis koaliciis wevri.7 im organizaciebis

ricxvi, romlebic realurad muSaoben qalTa problema-

tikaze mcirea, saboloo jamSi saxeze gvaqvs qalTa ara-

samTavrobo organizaciebis fragmentuli aqtivoba. maTi

215

moRvaweobis arastabilurobas ganapirobebs aseve finan-

suri resursebis simwire, bevr maTgans ar aqvs ofisi,

saiti, proeqtebze muSaoba xdeba didi Sesvenebebis gake-

TebiT. saqarTveloSi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaci-

ebis umetesoba damokidebulia dasavlur daxmarebaze.

donoruli organizaciebis daxmareba mimarTulia saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli tipis saxelwifod Camoyalibebi-

saken, Tumca aman negatiuri Sinaarsic SeiZina. rogorc

naSromSi “genderi da demokratizacia” saqarTvelo

1991-2006” aris aRniSnuli, donorebs Soris “gamarTul-

ma arajansaRma konkurenciam aseTive arajansaRi konku-

renciis garemo Seqmna arasamTavrobo organizaciebs So-

ris saqmianobis, sferoebisa da resusrsebis mosapoveb-

lad.”8 sazogadoebis nawilic gamoTqvams eWvs, rom qal-

Ta organizaciebi ganicdian donorebis did gavlenas,

amitom isini sakuTari qmedebebis ganxorcielebisas uf-

ro metad orinentirebulni arain donorebze, vidre sa-

zogadeobaze. xdeba zogierT SemTxvevaSi genderuli

uTanasworobis problemis radikalizacia, rac sazoga-

doebis nawilis, maT Soris qalebis mxridanac, iwvevs

protests, xolo maT mier ganxorcielebuli aqtivoba ki

emsgavseba iZulebiTi emansipaciis kampanias.

arasamTavrobo seqtorisaTvis kvlav problemas

warmoadgens kvalificiuri kadrebis arseboba, mudmivad

xdeba maTi gadineba saxelwifo da saerTaSoriso struq-

turebSi, sadac isini pouloben met SesaZleblobebs sa-

kuTari moTxovnebis realizaciisTvis. qalTa arasamTav-

robo organizaciebi, rogorc zogadad samoqalaqo seq-

tori kvlav ganicdis sazogadoebriv imijTan dakavSire-

bul, iseve rogorc sazogadoebis mxridan cnobadobas

problemebs. genderuli Tanasworobis damcveli lela

xomeriki miiCnevs, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

warmomadgenlebi ar arian varskvlavebi, rom maT yvela

icnobdes. eqspertTa sxva nawili, iseve rogorc qalba-

216

toni lela, amas ukavSirebs mediis genderulad aram-

grZnobelobas. isini miiCneven, rom media orientirebu-

lia ageresiul informaciaze, amitom ar xdeba im pozi-

tiuri movlenebis gaSuqeba, romelic NGO-ebis saqmiano-

bas ukavSirdeba. medias didi roli ekisreba sazogadoe-

bis socializaciis saqmeSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Jurna-

listikaSi umetesad qalebi arian dasaqmebuli, is ufro

metad uwyobs xels stereotipuli azrovnebis damkvid-

rebas. Tumca arasamTavrobo seqtors TviTonac aqvs sa-

zogadoebasTan urTierTobis garkveuli unarCvevebi, aw-

yobs preskonferenciebs, Sexvedrebs, arsebobs genderis

sakiTxze momuSave JurnalistTa qseli.

amdenad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qalTa arasam-

Tavrobo organizaciebma miaRwies ganviTarebis garkve-

ul safexurs, daugrovdaT erToblivi muSaobis gamoc-

dileba da qarTuli samoqalaqo seqtoris angariSgasawev

aqtorebad iqcnen. magram amasTan, rogorc zemoT aRi-

niSna, maT warmatebebs aqvT fragmentuli xasiaTi, qalTa

organizaciebi jerjerobiT ver axerxeben saxelmwifo

doneze aqtiuri lobireba gauwion qalTa interesebs,

aseve sustia maTi gavlena sazogadoebrivi azris formi-

rebaze.

Abstract Maia Tsurtsumia–PhD student of the Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences of TSU.

Non-governmental organisations of women in the process of civil society development

One can consider the 90-ies of the 20th century as a point

of the beginning of the creation of modern non-governmental organizations working on a gender issue. In this period Georgia

217

was in the process of formation as a democratic state and a civil society has begun developing simultaneously. For the present, the formations of women's movement definitively is not finished, though the female organizations have reached a certain step of development as they can influence the separate processes occurring in the country. At the same time their success has the incidental and limited character. Nowadays they are not in a position to give an active support and lobby the interests of women at the state level as their influence on public opinion formation is insignificant.

gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. nodia gia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTareba sa-

qarTveloSi: miRwevebi da gamowvevebi. strategiis

ganacxadi. mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTare-

bis kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi, 2005

2. sabedaSvili Tamar, genderi da demokratizacia, sa-

qarTvelo 1991-2006, Tbilisi, 2007

3. sanikiZe lia, patariZe Tamar, aladaSvili irma, mesxi

mari, noibaueri

violeta, realoba: qalTa Tanaswori uflebebi da SesaZ-

leblobebi

saqarTveloSi, poligraf +, Tbilisi, 2006.

4. saqarTvelos kanoni genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb

5. qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos ekonomiku-

ri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departa-

menti, Tbilisi 2008

6. cixisTavi nino, imedaZe rusudan, genderuli politi-

kis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi, kavkasiis qalTa

qseli, 2002

218

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informaciis saerTaSoriso centri, Cawerilia 2009

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gamomcemloba `universali~

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