3
5.2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis - Consists of 10 enzyme based reactions in which 1 6C glucose molecule in converted into 2 pyruvate. - Occurs in the cytosol. - 2ATP expended, and 4 ATP produced, NET of 2 ATP produced - The REDUCING COFACTOR NAD+ is reduced to NADH and acts as a shuttle for electrons. In the MITOCHONDRIA... - Carboxyl group (COO-) of each pyruvate is broken down, and 2 molecules of CO2 are released. - A reactive bond formed between the resulting carbon chain and enzyme CoA to form ACETYL CoA TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid)/ Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle - The CoA of acetyl CoA is broken off. - The 2 Carbons left on the chain become CO2 molecules. (4 CO2 released for 2 pyruvate molecules in this step) - NAD+ acts as a shuttle for electrons, as is FAD, which is reduced to FADH2 - In total, 6 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of FADH2 are produced. - 2ATP is produced by SUBSTRATE LEVEL phosphorylation. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis - At this stage, only 4 ATPs have been produced. Most of the leftover energy is stored in the molecules NADH and FADH2. - NADH oxidises to release its electrons to Complex I, and FADH2 to Complex II. - The electrons from both complexes then move through the proteins and coenzymes to complex III, then IV. - At complex IV, the electrons reduce the TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, oxygen to water. - At the same time, lots of protons have been released and occupy the INTERMEMBRANE space. - An imbalance of protons creates a PROTON MOTIVE FORCE. - Protons then drive through a protein known as ATP synthase (an enzyme) and this energy is used to drive the catalysis of ATP. - Conformational changes in the ATP synthase allow the process ADP + Pi --> ATP to occur. - This mechanism is called chemiosmosis, proposed by Peter Mitchell (1961)

Babs1201 Notes on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Short but detailed notes on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis for first year introductory biology course (BABS1201 at UNSW)

Citation preview

Page 1: Babs1201 Notes on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

5.2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis- Consists of 10 enzyme based reactions in which 1 6C glucose molecule in converted into 2 pyruvate.- Occurs in the cytosol.- 2ATP expended, and 4 ATP produced, NET of 2 ATP produced- The REDUCING COFACTOR NAD+ is reduced to NADH and acts as a shuttle for electrons.  In the MITOCHONDRIA...- Carboxyl group (COO-) of each pyruvate is broken down, and 2 molecules of CO2 are released.- A reactive bond formed between the resulting carbon chain and enzyme CoA to form ACETYL CoA TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid)/ Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle- The CoA of acetyl CoA is broken off.- The 2 Carbons left on the chain become CO2 molecules. (4 CO2 released for 2 pyruvate molecules in this step)- NAD+ acts as a shuttle for electrons, as is FAD, which is reduced to FADH2- In total, 6 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of FADH2 are produced.- 2ATP is produced by SUBSTRATE LEVEL phosphorylation.

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis- At this stage, only 4 ATPs have been produced. Most of the leftover energy is stored in the molecules NADH and FADH2.- NADH oxidises to release its electrons to Complex I, and FADH2 to Complex II.- The electrons from both complexes then move through the proteins and coenzymes to complex III, then IV.- At complex IV, the electrons reduce the TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, oxygen to water. - At the same time, lots of protons have been released and occupy the INTERMEMBRANE space.- An imbalance of protons creates a PROTON MOTIVE FORCE.- Protons then drive through a protein known as ATP synthase (an enzyme) and this energy is used to drive the catalysis of ATP.- Conformational changes in the ATP synthase allow the process ADP + Pi --> ATP to occur.- This mechanism is called chemiosmosis, proposed by Peter Mitchell (1961)- It was shown that increase pH increased ATP production.- If the mitochondrial inner membrane was made 'leaky' to protons, no ATP would be produced even when the electron transport chain was functioning.- This means protons are necessary for the generation of ATP. - A total of 28 ATP can be produced here, approximating 2.5 ATP for each NADH and 1.5 ATP for each FADH2.The net total including the ATP produced at the substrate level is roughly 32.

Page 2: Babs1201 Notes on Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

6.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS- Plants and some bacteria use photosynthesis to produce organic carbon from inorganic carbon, deriving their energy from light. - Consists of two main parts:   - Hills Cycle (light DEPENDENT)   - Calvin Cycle (light independent) The Chloroplast- Double membraned organelle.- Consists of stroma (liquid), thylakoids (where Hills Cycle occurs) and grana (stacks of thylakoids).- Thylakoids have their own membranes. Hills Cycle (in thylakoids)- Chlorophyll molecules are located on photosystem I and II.- Light excites electrons in chlorophyll in photosystem II to to higher energy levels.- These electrons are replaced by the splitting of water: 2H2O --> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-.- Oxygen and protons are a byproduct.- The protons move through ATP synthase to produce ATP by chemiosmosis. - The electrons ejected from chrorophyll in Photosystem II move through a series of multiprotein complexes till it reaches photosystem I.- The electrons in Photosystem I are the same electrons that came from photosystem I.- Again, these electrons are excited to higher energy levels using light, and go through some more protein complexes before being captured by NADP+, a reducing cofactor, which is reduced to NADPH.- NADPH and ATP are utilised as energy sources for the next set of reactions.  Calvin Cycle (in stroma)- FIXATION: CO2 is fixed by Rubisco (RuBP)- REDOX: Unstable 3-PG is produced- 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate produced (by ATP phosphorylation)- G3P produced (by NADPH oxidising) - Only one G3P out of 6 produced are used to make fructose, then glucose.- REGENERATION: The rest is recycled to regenerate Rubisco.