Bartolomeu Dias, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, 1488

Vasco da Gama’s trip, 1497

The Portuguese Empire, 1502-1577

Map of Gulf of Guinea by Hamann Ebert, 1743

European Eyes on Africa:A Set of Contrasts

Africa• Savagery• Slavery• Nature• Wild land• Feminine

Europe• Civilization• Free labor• Culture and reason• Cultivated agriculture• Masculine

German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, Parerga and

Paralipomena (1851)“The highest civilization and culture, apart

from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in color than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmins, the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea islands.” Because of the climate.

Namibia

Hans Burgkmair, People of Africa and India (1511)

A newspaper cartoon showing Sarah Baartman, “the Hottentot Venus,”

being exhibited in England and France

Ota Benga at the Bronx Zoo, 1906