BELLWORK1.1. Describe the problems Mexico faced Describe the problems Mexico faced

post-Revolution. How does this lead to post-Revolution. How does this lead to the rise of Santa Anna?the rise of Santa Anna?

2.2. How does the U.S. policy of Manifest How does the U.S. policy of Manifest Destiny threaten Mexico’s territory?Destiny threaten Mexico’s territory?

3.3. Who was Stephen Austin?Who was Stephen Austin?

4.4. Explain the progression of Texan Explain the progression of Texan independence. independence.

5.5. THINKER: In your opinion, did the U.S. THINKER: In your opinion, did the U.S. have the right to intervene in Texas? have the right to intervene in Texas? Was there an alternative option?Was there an alternative option?

The Mexican-American War1846-1848

Invasión Estadounidense a México

The Road to WarDiscuss: post-rev problems in Mexico & rise of Santa Anna

The State of Texas

Discuss: Background & role of Stephen Austin

The State of Texas

Discuss: The progression of Texan independence leading to war

The State of Texas

• General Sam Houston (leader of Texan revolution; elected Texan President)

• Texans had early defeats (Alamo - 1835)

• Eventually, Texans win independence after Battle of San Jacinto

Remember the Alamo!• During a 13-day siege, Santa Anna

led an assault on the Alamo• Former Roman Catholic mission and

fortress compound (held supplies/weapons)

• 1,500 Mexicans vs. 250 Texans• All Texans were killed, but Santa

Anna’s cruelty caused more Texans and other U.S. citizens to join the fight

• Motivated by revenge, Texas defeats Mexican army at Battle of San Jacinto & wins their independence!

The Fall of the Alamo (1903) by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk, depicts Davy Crockett wielding his rifle as a

club against Mexican troops who have breached the walls of the

mission

U.S.-Mexican relations leading to WAR!Stephen Austin is given a grant by Spain to ____________________________

Mexico gains independence in 1821

Texas attempts peaceful negotiations for secession…..DENIED!

Increased migration to TX; Mexico tries to stop this by __________________

Santa Anna responds by _________________________________

U.S. gets involved by ____________________________________

1836 Treaty of Velasco declares _________________________

In 1845, the U.S. _________________________________

WAR!!!! Texans led by ___________ & Mexicans led by _______________

What happened to Santa Anna?

Discussion & Review• TX attempted peaceful negotiations for succession • Santa Anna refuses, and sends troops into Texas • Texas fights back with aide from U.S. • 1836 Treaty of Velasco gave Texas independence • 1836: Santa Anna is exiled • 1845: U.S. votes to allow annexation of Texas • WAR!!!• Do you think the United States had the right to annex

Texas? Why or why not?

James Polk

President Polk appointed Zachary Taylor as American General; he would

later become the 12th president

Changes in Mexican Leadership

Following Santa Anna’s

exile: Jose de Herrera ruled (May-Nov. 1845) followed by

General Mariano Paredes

"Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil.”

- President Polk’s address to Congress; 5/11/1846

Polk & US Involvement

Opponents of War• Anti-slavery groups• “In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil, or in

robbing them of their country, I can take no part either now or here-after. The guilt of these crimes must rest on others. I will not participate in them” (U.S. Diplomat – Joshua Gittings)

• “This war is nondescript .... We charge the President with usurping the war-making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries, and was then in the possession of the Mexicans .... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion. We had territory enough, Heaven knew” (Congressman Abraham Lincoln)

Discussion• Do you think there was an alternative to

war? Was negotiation possible?

Manifest Destiny

Migrating West of the Appalachians

What caused people to move West???

1610 3,800

1620 4,100

1630 4,600

1650 50,400

1670 111,900

1690 210,400

1700 250,900

1720 466,200

1740 905,600

1750 1,170,800

1770 2,148,100

1780 2,780,400

1790 3,929,214

1800 5,308,483

1810 7,239,881

1820 9,638,453

1830 12,866,020

1840 17,069,453

1850 23,191,876

1860 31,443,321

1870 38,558,371

1880 50,189,209

1890 62,979,766

1900 76,212,168

1910 92,228,496

1920 106,021,537

1930 123,202,624

1940 132,164,569

1950 151,325,798

1960 179,323,175

1970 203,211,926

1980 226,545,805

1990 248,709,873

2000 281,421,906

2010 308,745,53

Population growth in

America by decade

Manifest Destiny• “From sea to shining

sea”• Belief that the United

States was destined to expand across the North American continent.

• Used to justify war with Mexico and taking over Native American land.

Discussion• In your opinion, did America accomplish

Manifest Destiny? Why or why not?

Santa Anna’s Return• Once the U.S. declared war on Mexico, Santa

Anna (in exile) wrote to Mexico City saying he no longer had aspirations to the presidency, but would eagerly use his military experience to fight off the foreign invasion of Mexico as he had before.

• President Valentín Gómez Farías was desperate enough to accept the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return.

• Meanwhile, Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with representatives of the U.S., pledging that if he were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades, he would work to sell all contested territory to the United States at a reasonable price.

• Once back in Mexico, at the head of the army, Santa Anna went back on both agreements.

• He declared himself president again and unsuccessfully tried to fight off the U.S. invasion.

Discussion• Why did the Mexican government allow

Santa Anna to return? Do you think this was a good or bad decision on their part?

The Progress of War

Discuss: Advantages/Disadvantages of both sides

America’s Two-Pronged Invasion

Battle of VeracruzBy: Carl Nebel

American Occupation of Mexico CityBy: Carl Nebel

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Discussion• The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo guaranteed

American citizenship to Mexicans living in the new territory, but was not enforced. Do you think something else should have been added to the treaty to protect Mexican (newly “American”) citizens? Or did the government not consider this an issue?

Results of Mexican-American War• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo• Mexican Cession in

exchange for payment of $15 million

• U.S. forgave Mexico’s $3.5 million debt

• Mexico accepted Texas as part of U.S.

• National border became the Rio Grade

• U.S. guaranteed Mexicans American citizenship This cartoon depicts U.S. General Zachary

Taylor sitting atop the skulls of Mexican-American war casualties

Discussion• Regarding the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant said: “The

Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican War. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got our punishment in the most violent and expensive war of modern times”

• Do you agree with Grant? How could the Mexican-American War lead to the Civil War?

Review animated map• http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/

timeline_flash.html

Mexican-American War ReviewCauses Effects