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Best PRACtICeFOR GeNeRAtING LeGACYthe GOLd COAst LeGACY AdvIsORY COmmIttee RePORt
CItY OF GOLd COAst 2013
AssessING LeGACYA Best PRACtICe RevIewthe GOLd COAst LeGACY AdvIsORY COmmIttee RePORt CItY OF GOLd COAst 2013
ATTACHMENT 2.2
Authored by Nick Pye Teamz International Pty LtdContributing research by Alana Thomson/Halley Kirkpatrick Originally written and produced in 2013Graphic design by Liveworm Creative Studio, Gold CoastAll rights reservedThis report was commissioned by the Gold Coast Legacy Advisory Committee and is intended as abroad policy document. It acknowledges the contribution of Regional Development Australia (RDA) Gold Coast, Griffith University, Bond University and the City of Gold Coast. The Committee will apply the principles outlined herein to recommend projects and initiatives that will maximise the GC2018 legacy potential for the Gold Coast.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
1
CONteNts1.0 PROJECT BRIEF AND METHODOLOGY 3 1.1 PrinciPle consultant ................................................................ 5
2.0 ExECuTIvE suMMARY/OvERvIEW 7 2.1 Programme imPlications for gc2018 ................................... 10
3.0 KEY LEGACY PROGRAMMEs - suMMARY 13 3.1 legacy initiative taBle.............................................................. 14
3.2 legacy initiative timelines ....................................................... 26
4.0 KEY LEGACY PROGRAMMEs - DETAILs 36
4.1 manchester legacy Programmes.......................................... 38
4.2 melBourne legacy Programmes ........................................... 41
4.3 glasgow legacy Programmes ............................................. 42
4.4 selected olymPic legacy Programmes .................................. 45
ATTACHMENT 2.2
“The achievement of the ODAs sustainable development….is fully embedded into the ODAs approach to project management”. London Olympic development Authority 2012
2
ATTACHMENT 2.2
1.0PROjeCt BRIeF ANd methOdOLOGY1.0 Project brief and methodology
1.1 Principle consultant
3
ATTACHMENT 2.2
THE SCOPE OF WORK
In May of 2013, the Gold Coast City Council (GCCC) formed its Legacy Advisory Committee. Amongst the goals of the committee are to clearly identify specific legacy opportunities for the Gold Coast, and to embed them in all Games strategic planning.
The formation of the Legacy Advisory Committee was an acknowledgement that that the most successful legacies from past Commonwealth Games’ have been produced by cities that were steadfast and clear in their legacy aims. The cities of Melbourne, Manchester (and Glasgow with their early legacy planning) stand out. The common ground in the successful Manchester and Melbourne models was their willingness to absorb and maximize all that had gone before them, formal and informal, in legacy benchmarking.
To produce a lasting legacy for the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games™ (GC2018), it is important to be able to examine best practices in legacy provision. A strong understanding of the best and worst in the event legacy field will allow the Gold Coast to build their own legacy strategies.
The execution of the brief required the consultant to prepare a ‘shopping list’ of relevant best practice legacy projects that have been successfully implemented in past host cities. Therefore, this report is further to the ‘Generating Legacy Report’, and the ‘Statement of Principles’ report, and it seeks to provide a practical analysis of selected legacy programmes.
The essential scope of this report is to provide the City of Gold Coast with a raw analysis of material. The City of Gold Coast will independently produce a ‘scorecard’ to assess GC2018 progress against each of these legacy programmes. In this way, this work is intended to join existing initiatives currently underway by the City of Gold Coast.
Similar to the first two reports commissioned by the Gold Coast Legacy Advisory Committee, this research was organized around the concepts of ‘search, retrieval and analysis’, aided by the application of Nvivo qualitative data analysis software. Data was sourced from online material, document searches, and selected interviews conducted in Manchester and Melbourne.
1.0 PROjeCt BRIeF ANd methOdOLOGY
“Once the Games are over, the Stadium will be used and enjoyed by the whole community for many years to come”. david moffet, Chief executive, sport england; manchester Post-Games Report volume 1. 2002.
4
ATTACHMENT 2.2
THE SCOPE OF WORK
Nick Pye
A native of the UK, Nick Pye is a graduate from the University of London. He also holds an MBA from Bond University, and he is currently completing a PhD at Griffith University, Gold Coast, which explores the social contexts of ‘sport cities’.
A varied career path has included management posts in the Sports, Leisure and Hospitality industries, in the Caribbean, Fiji, Malaysia, New Zealand, Australia, and Europe. Public policy exposure includes seven years as the Chair of the Gold Coast City Council Sports Business Taskforce, and membership of the Gold Coast Regional Economic Development Advisory Board. Nick also lectures internationally, and is an experienced conference speaker.
Most recently Nick held the position of Managing Director of the Runaway Bay Sports Super Centre, arguably the ‘World’s foremost private sporting facility’. The $30 million Centre opened in September 2000 as host to 20 international Olympic teams.
Nick is currently Principal of Teamz International Sports Consultancy.
Alana Thomson
A contributing researcher on this project, Alana Thomson works and researches in the leisure, sport, and events industries. Current roles include work with the Queensland Outdoor Recreation Federation (QORF) and research with the Australian Research Council (ARC) through Griffith University. Alana is currently completing a PhD with the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), which explores organisational interactions and their impacts on event legacies. An experienced conference speaker, with an interest in policy development, Alana has a number of academic publications in the field of sport legacy research.
Halley Kirkpatrick
A second contributing researcher on this project, Halley Kirkpatrick is currently completing a PhD with Griffith University. Her work explores the role of legacy in event delivery, and focuses specifically on past Commonwealth Games. Halley’s research interests are consistent with her career history in the event industry.
1.1 PRINCIPLe CONsULtANt
“The legacy issues emerging from the ‘Games Legacy Programme’ are all interlinked with those directly created as the Commonwealth Games itself”. An evaluation of the Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme, eCOteC.
5
ATTACHMENT 2.2
6
“I today announce that the main cross-London physical legacy of the 2012 Olympic Games will be a proper network of cycle routes throughout the city”.Boris johnson, mayor of London, march 2013
6
ATTACHMENT 2.2
THE SCOPE OF WORK
2.0exeCUtIve sUmmARY /OveRvIew
7
ATTACHMENT 2.2
ExEcutivE summary OvErviEW
8
2.0 exeCUtIve sUmmARY /OveRvIew
The report looks exclusively at legacy best-practice, using the examples from three Commonwealth Games events (Manchester, Melbourne, and Glasgow), and three Olympic Games events (Barcelona, Sydney, and London). The findings of this report are consistent with earlier findings, and they are particularly relevant to ‘Legacy Principle 12’, which states ‘apply lessons learned from past events to build a strong awareness of legacy successes and pitfalls’.
To present the findings, the report is essentially divided into three parts:
Part 1: The first part (2.0), incoporates the executive summary/Overview’, and explains the key parts of the report, its construction and the thought processess involved. Part 2: The second part (3.0) is entitled ‘Key legacy programmes-summary’ and it presents the findings of this report as two information- spreadsheets. The first spreadsheet outlines all the past programmes that have been source, and includes a brief explanation of each. The second spreadsheet shows their specific planning timelines. Part 3: The final part (4.0) is entitled ‘Key legacy progrmmes-details’ (4.0), and it provides in-depth explanations of the initiatives that are most relevant to GC2018.
The academic and practitioner references have been grouped by section, rather than at the end of the report, allowing extracts of the report to be used independently if required. In all (using the available literature, Games reports, and online resources) the report uncovered a total of 110 legacy programmes/ initiatives from past Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Once the data has been gathered, three steps were taken to analyse it:
• The first step was to categorise all 110 initiatives programmes/ initiatives using the three legacy categories adopted by the Gold Coast Legacy Advisory Committee; ‘Economic, Social, and Sporting/ Health’. Further sub-headings were then applied (see section 3.1).
• The second step (using the literature) was to extract the ‘best-practice’ examples.
• The third step (using key selection criteria outlined in section 2.1) was to extract the initiatives that had a direct relevance to the Gold Coast, in each of the categories and sub-categories identified.
While the majority of legacy programmes and initiatives were valuable, twenty-one were considered to have priority importance to GC2018.
The twenty-one initiatives that were identified also embraced a wide selection of legacy areas which lie under the headline programmes of ‘Economic, Social and Sporting/Health’. These include a number of legacy areas such as tourism, culture, education, trade, sustainability, youth engagement, community engagement, volunteering, health and physical activity. These formed the sub-categories in section 3.1.
In addition, the twenty-one initiatives are inter-related to a stream of other legacy areas, and these are linked to the ‘master list of event legacy opportunity areas’ from the ‘Generating Legacy’ report. These include such areas as urban planning, urban regeneration, popular memory, improved public welfare,
“It is the success of the event plus the value of the legacy that justify the costs”. Local development Benefits from staging Global events, OeCd 2010.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
9
international reputation, political legitimacy, business growth, corporate relocation, inward investment, city marketing/ branding, community cohesion, social capital enhancements, network legacies, inter-regional cooperation, cultural identity, emotional legacies, sport participation, as well as knowledge and skill development.
A number of the programmes uncovered may not be a perfect fit for GC2018, but their planning was sound, outcomes were good, and often the programmes outlasted their respective Games. From these programmes, much can be learnt.
In summary, the research carried out in this report has identified a very broad selection of legacy initiatives, and it has attempted to categorise them, and rank them for consideration by the Gold Coast Legacy Advisory Committee.
This analysis will now enable the City of Gold Coast to produce their own ‘scorecard’ to assess progress against each of these individual legacy programmes.
“An important part of ensuring that the Games Legacy Programme succeeded was the relationship it had with M2002”.An evaluation of the Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme, eCOteC. 9
ATTACHMENT 2.2
10
The following three criteria were used to select the twenty-one recommended programmes:
A summary of each of the programmes is included in section 3.1, and a more detailed explanation is included in section 4.0 which groups each programme under their specific city. The duration of each program, and time needed to prepare them, is shown in section 3.2. The
twenty-one recommended programmes are shown below.Key Legacy Programmes/ Initiatives:
CONsIsteNt:
• is the initiative consistent with one or more of the relevent ‘legacy Principles’? (outlined in section 3.1).
• does the initiative contribute to achieving one or more of the legacy outcomes/objectives?
ALIGNed:
• is the initiative aligned with the identified strategic priorities of the city? [consider the draft ‘gold coast vision Plan 2020’, including the gold coast city transport strategy 2031, the draft economic development strategy 2013-2023, the solid waste management strategy (currently underway), the gold coast ocean Beaches strategy 2013-2023, and the cultural strategy 2013-2023; in addition to the strategic priorities outlined in the Queensland Plan].
vIABLe:
• is the initiative feasible?
• what are the expected resource requirements?
Economic Legacies
1. The ‘Prosperity Programme’ Manchester Umbrella Programmes
2. ‘Business Club of Australia’ (BCA) Sydney
3. The ‘Sustainability Plan 2012’ London Sustainability-themed initiatives
4. The ‘Competefor’ procurement programme London Trade-based initiatives
5. The measurement-based PMFF ‘Legacy Performance Management and Measurement Framework’ Glasgow
6. The ‘Games Xchange’ Manchester Tourism initiatives
7. The ‘Glasgow tourism skills initiative’ Glasgow
8. The ‘Visting Journalists Programme’ Sydney
9. The ‘International Media Relations Programme’ Glasgow
Social Legacies
10. ‘Festival Melbourne 2006’ Melbourne Festival/cultural-based initiatives
11. The National ‘Spirit of Friendship Festival’ (SOFF) Manchester
12. The ‘2014 Cultural Programme’ Glasgow
13. ‘Game On Scotland’ Glasgow Educational initiatives
14. The ‘Get Set’ programme London
15. The youth-targeted ‘Passport Programme Manchester
Youth Engagement initiatives
16. The ‘Adopt a Second Team’ Programme Melbourne
17. The ‘Support a Second Team’ initiative Glasgow
18. The community-based ‘PVP’ (Pre-Volunteer Programme) Manchester
Volunteering initiatives
19. The ‘Mev Model’, (Manchester Event Volunteers) Manchester
• is it practical within a gc2018 context?
“London’s continued economic competitiveness is directly linked to delivering the socio-economic legacy”. Local development Benefits from staging Global events, OeCd 2010.
PROGRAmme ImPLICAtIONs FOR GC2018
2.1 PROGRAmme ImPLICAtIONs FOR GC2018
ATTACHMENT 2.2
Key legacy programmes - summary
1111
The implications for GC2018 are clear. GC2018 legacy programmes need to fit legacy principles. Once the principles are embedded, the resulting legacy programmes are more likely to fit with the strategic direction of the Gold Coast. Once you include a deep knowledge of best-practice programmes, you add a greater chance of a lasting legacy outcome. These twenty-one programmes provide a starting point in the generation of that knowledge.
Sporting/Health Legacies
20. ‘Let’s Make Scotland More Active’ (LMSMA) Glasgow
Activity-based initiatives
21. ‘The Health-based ‘Healthier Communities Programme’ Manchester
Health-based initiatives
‘The successful delivery of the 2002 Commonwealth Games has left a legacy of infrastructure at Eastlands and has acted as a catalyst for a comprehensive regeneration programme’. manchester’s Core strategy Publication, February 2011.
PROGRAmme ImPLICAtIONs FOR GC2018
ATTACHMENT 2.2
‘Cities interested in hosting the Games are now placing increasing emphasis on the legacies that such an event can create …and, in many cases, they are using the Games as a catalyst for urban renewal’.IOC Factsheet ‘Legacies of the Games july 2012
12
ATTACHMENT 2.2
3.0keY LeGACY PROGRAmmes - sUmmARY3.1 Legacy Initiative Table
3.2 Legacy Initiative Timelines
13
ATTACHMENT 2.2
key legacy programmes - summary
14
3.1 LeGACY INItIAtIve tABLe
The past events researched are limited to the Olympics in Barcelona 1992, Sydney 2000, and London 2012; and the Commonwealth Games in Manchester 2002, Melbourne 2006 and Glasgow 2014.
When exploring the legacy initiatives that may be useful to GC2018, a series of patterns emerged. These allowed the main legacy initiatives to be grouped under a series of sub-headings:
Economic legacy: Umbrella programmes Sustainability-themed initiatives Trade-based initiatives Tourism initiativesSocial legacy: Festival/ cultural-based initiatives Educational initiatives Youth engagement initiatives Community engagement initiatives Volunteering initiativesSporting/ Health legacies: Activity-based initiatives Health-based initiatives
These sub-headings are used in the table as organisational categories. In addition the final column refers to the ‘GC2018 ‘Statement of Principles for generating legacy’. Those principles are number as follows:
1. Implement a strong legacy theme that is compatible with city brand values, and encourages stakeholder involvement.
2. Make sustainability a prime consideration in all GC2018 legacy planning and allocate post 2018 funding to areas where sustainability can be achieved.
3. Provide widespread community representation and consultation through all phases of legacy planning and implementation, and seek the delivery of benefits for those most in need.
4. Ensure a legacy mindset is embedded in all GC2018 strategic planning and that strategies are integrated with existing public policy.
5. Connect with all city resources and stakeholders, and build a shared commitment to legacy through targeted partnerships.
6. Implement an ‘event themed’ legacy program that encourages the inclusion of non-sporting and cultural initiatives.
7. Ensure consistency in legacy planning through continuity of resources (funding and key personnel).
8. Balance sustainable social legacies with economic and infrastructure legacies and seek to distribute benefits evenly.
9. Plan for a sporting legacy which ties post-GC2018 funding to the delivery of sustainable sporting improvements at the community and elite levels.
10. Implement programs that deliver ‘industry readiness’, ensuring that Gold Coast businesses are able to take full advantage of potential economic legacy opportunities.
11. Ensure that effective legacy evaluation measures are in place, pre and post GC2018.
12. Apply lessons learned from past events to build a strong awareness of legacy successes and pitfalls.
Note: From this table, twenty-one programmes/ initatives were selected as priority areas for GC2018 to consider. The criteria used to select them was outlined in section 2.1.
“81 per cent of Melbournians felt the Games had left a positive legacy”. Insight economics 2006
ATTACHMENT 2.2
15
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 1: e
cono
mic
Lega
cies
(Um
brel
la pr
ogra
mm
es):
1. T
he ‘
Pro
sper
ity
Pro
gra
mm
e’M
anch
este
r 20
02: a
tota
l of e
leve
n su
b-pr
ojec
ts w
ere
man
aged
und
er th
is s
chem
e, in
con
junc
tion
with
bot
h th
e c
omm
onw
ealth
eco
nom
ic in
itiat
ive,
and
a ra
nge
of in
tere
sted
com
mer
cial
org
anis
atio
ns, a
ll ai
med
at d
eliv
erin
g lo
cal e
cono
mic
ben
efits.
(inc
lude
d ‘P
rosp
erity
NW
’, ‘C
reat
ive
Fron
tiers
’ etc
) [1-
4].
2, 5
, 10
‘Pro
sper
ity’ e
volv
ed in
to th
e ‘m
anch
este
r Bus
ines
s c
lub’
, an
d su
ppor
ted
the
wor
k of
mid
as
(man
ches
ter’s
in
vestm
ent a
nd d
evel
opm
ent a
genc
y).
2. T
he ‘Sy
dney
20
00
Busi
nes
s Clu
b o
f A
ust
ralia
’ (B
CA
). A
con
cept
rep
eate
d in
M
anch
este
r 20
02, M
elbo
urne
20
06, a
nd la
unch
ed in
G
lasg
ow In
200
9 as
‘B
usi
nes
sClu
b S
cotland’.
Sydn
ey 2
000:
the
Bc
a m
odel
has
bro
aden
ed s
ince
syd
ney
2000
to in
clud
e th
e re
gistr
atio
n of
org
aniz
atio
ns,
ongo
ing
prog
ram
min
g, b
usin
ess
enga
gem
ent i
n va
rious
exp
ort-r
eady
pro
gram
mes
, bus
ines
s ne
twor
king
and
bu
sine
ss m
atch
ing
initi
ativ
es [5
-6].
Mel
bour
ne 2
006:
the
mel
bour
ne v
ersi
on a
lso u
sed
even
ts an
d ne
twor
king
, and
mem
bers
hip
reac
hed
4,8
04
dom
estic
com
pani
es, a
nd 2
,901
inte
rnat
iona
l [7]
. mel
bour
ne in
clud
ed a
‘gam
es l
inka
ge’ p
rogr
amm
e to
ens
ure
a Bc
a a
fterli
fe. a
lso in
clud
ed th
e ‘M
elbo
urne
200
6 O
bser
vers
Pro
gram
me’
, aim
ed a
t lin
king
spo
rt
and
busi
ness
.
Barc
elon
a 19
92: B
egan
the
proc
ess
of e
mpl
oym
ent a
nd b
usin
ess
mat
chin
g th
roug
h th
eir i
nnov
ativ
e ‘P
orta
22’
prog
ram
me,
whi
ch e
mer
ged
from
a b
road
er p
latfo
rm c
alle
d ‘B
arce
lona
Act
iva’
whi
ch b
egan
in 1
986
[8].
2, 5
, 10
the
sydn
ey B
ca
dem
onstr
ated
pos
itive
bus
ines
s re
turn
s.
how
ever
, res
earc
h sh
owed
the
impo
rtanc
e of
bus
ines
ses
bein
g eq
uipp
ed to
reco
gniz
e op
portu
nitie
s. w
hile
re
cogn
izin
g th
e ea
rly B
arce
lona
mod
el, e
ach
subs
eque
nt
gam
es h
as b
uilt
on th
e sy
dney
mod
el.
2, 5
, 10,
9, 1
2
2, 5
, 10,
12
ATTACHMENT 2.2
16
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 1: e
cono
mic
Lega
cies
(sus
tain
abili
ty-th
emed
initi
ative
s):
3. T
he ‘C
arb
on N
eutr
al’
prog
ram
me.
Mel
bour
ne 2
006:
the
aim
s of
the
gam
es e
nviro
nmen
tal p
rogr
amm
es w
ere
to d
eliv
er s
hort-
term
eco
logi
cal
obje
ctiv
es a
nd la
sting
beh
avio
ural
cha
nge.
the
mai
n su
b-pr
ogra
mm
es w
ere
‘Wat
erW
ise’
, ‘C
arbo
n N
eutra
l’ an
d ‘L
ow W
aste
’ [9]
.
2, 4
app
roxi
mat
ely
one
mill
ion
trees
wer
e pl
ante
d ac
ross
vi
ctor
ia to
offs
et th
e im
pact
of t
he g
ames
. also
incl
uded
th
e us
e of
fuel
effi
cien
t veh
icle
s, b
road
enin
g of
pub
lic
trans
port,
and
incr
ease
d bi
cycl
e fa
cilit
ies.
rep
orte
d th
at a
ll go
als
wer
e m
et [9
].
4. T
he ‘2
01
4
Mul
tifun
ctio
nal
Gre
en S
pace
Pro
ject
’, th
e ‘S
usta
inable
Gla
sgow
In
itiativ
e’, t
he ‘C
lean
Gla
sgow
Cam
paig
n’, a
nd
the
intro
duct
ion
of
‘Com
mon
wea
lth P
ark
s’.
Gla
sgow
201
4: g
lasg
ow h
as d
emon
strat
ed s
usta
inab
le d
esig
n an
d en
viro
nmen
tal r
espo
nsib
ility
thro
ugh
activ
ely
seek
ing
to re
duce
thei
r gam
es e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct, (
e.g.
low
em
issi
on z
ones
, div
ertin
g 80
% o
f was
te fr
om
pote
ntia
l lan
dfill,
the
gree
ning
of d
erel
ict l
and,
con
tract
or s
usta
inab
ility
agr
eem
ents,
inte
grat
ed ti
cket
ing
to
favo
ur p
ublic
tran
spor
t, an
d su
stain
able
urb
an d
rain
age)
. all
initi
ativ
es a
re b
eing
driv
en th
roug
h th
e Bs
8901
an
d th
e Bs
2012
1, B
ritis
h sta
ndar
ds fo
r sus
tain
able
eve
nt m
anag
emen
t, us
ed in
the
lond
on 2
012
oly
mpi
cs [1
, 10
].
2, 4
all
unde
r dev
elop
men
t, lo
ng-te
rm a
naly
sis
requ
ired.
5. T
he ‘L
ondon
20
12
Su
stain
abili
ty P
lan’
.Lo
ndon
201
2: d
riven
by
the
oly
mpi
c d
evel
opm
ent a
utho
rity,
and
sup
porte
d as
the
‘LO
GO
G S
usta
inab
ility
Po
licy’
. the
lo
go
c p
olic
y its
elf h
ad fi
ve p
riorit
y th
emes
; clim
ate
chan
ge, w
aste
, bio
dive
rsity
, inc
lusi
on a
nd
heal
thy
livin
g. t
hese
5 h
eadi
ngs
cove
red
ever
ythi
ng fr
om p
rocu
rem
ent a
nd tr
ade
prac
tice
to o
utre
ach
[11-
12].
2, 4
early
ass
essm
ents
show
ed g
ood
resu
lts. h
owev
er, t
here
w
as a
crit
icis
m th
at fo
r tra
nsfo
rmat
iona
l leg
acie
s to
occ
ur,
thes
e ag
enda
s m
ust b
e w
ell a
rticu
late
d an
d em
bedd
ed
early
into
key
pol
icy
area
s [1
1-12
].
ATTACHMENT 2.2
17
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 1: e
cono
mic
Lega
cies
(trad
e-ba
sed i
nitia
tives
):
6. T
he ‘C
omm
onw
ealth
G
am
es B
usin
ess
Ben
efits
Pr
ogra
mm
e’.
Mel
bour
ne 2
006:
lau
nche
d in
200
5 us
ing
the
Bca
mod
el to
link
bus
ines
ses
with
gam
es s
uppl
y. it
incl
uded
w
orks
hops
, int
erna
tiona
l bus
ines
s ev
ents,
a s
erie
s of
net
wor
k an
d bu
sine
ss m
atch
ing
even
ts, ‘b
usin
ess
read
y’
prog
ram
mes
, aw
hile
sho
wca
sing
key
mel
bour
ne in
dustr
ies.
incl
uded
the
‘Aus
tralia
Indi
a Bu
sine
ss E
xcha
nge’
an
d th
e ’B
usin
ess
Read
y Pr
ogra
mm
e’ [1
3].
2, 5
, 10,
12
som
e bu
sines
ses
did
wel
l dur
ing
the
gam
es a
nd o
ther
s no
t so
wel
l if t
hey
wer
e ou
tside
com
mon
wea
lth g
ames
act
ivity
ar
eas.
the
‘Ind
ia B
usin
ess
Exch
ange
’ led
to a
lette
r of
inte
nt w
ith d
elhi
and
an
mo
u w
ith th
e c
onfe
dera
tion
of
indi
an in
dustr
y [7
].
7. T
he ‘C
omm
onw
ealth
and
Inte
rnatio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t Ci
ties
Prog
ram
me’
.
Gla
sgow
201
4: a
s pa
rt of
the
coun
cil’s
inte
rnat
iona
l stra
tegy
, thi
s pr
ogra
mm
e ai
ms
to c
reat
e an
exp
ansi
on
of in
tern
atio
nal d
evel
opm
ent a
ctiv
ity, a
nd n
ew w
orki
ng li
nks
with
co
untri
es c
omm
itted
to in
tern
atio
nal d
evel
opm
ent [
10].
out
com
es a
re to
o ea
rly to
ass
ess.
8. T
he ‘C
omm
onw
ealth
Ec
onom
ic B
enefi
ts
Prog
ram
me’
.
Man
ches
ter
2002
: util
ised
the
gam
es a
s a
prom
otio
nal a
sset
for t
rade
and
inve
stmen
t, pa
rticu
larly
with
a
ustra
lia, c
anad
a, in
dia,
mal
aysi
a, s
inga
pore
and
sou
th a
frica
. d
id th
is m
ostly
thro
ugh
trade
dev
elop
men
t an
d su
pply
cha
in in
itiat
ives
[14]
.
2, 5
, 10
an
early
esti
mat
e cl
aim
ed e
cono
mic
incr
ease
s of
£22
m
spre
ad b
etw
een
appr
oxim
atel
y 25
0 co
mpa
nies
[14-
15].
9. T
he L
ondo
n 20
12 p
orta
l ‘C
ompet
eFor
’, an
d th
e G
lasg
ow 2
014
‘Com
mun
ity
Ben
efit
in P
rocu
rem
ent’
(C
BIP
).
London 2
01
2. l
aunc
hed
the
‘Com
pete
for’
proc
urem
ent p
rogr
amm
e, w
hich
was
aim
ed a
t stre
amlin
ing
the
gam
es te
nder
ing
proc
ess
whi
le a
t the
sam
e tim
e m
axim
isin
g op
portu
nitie
s fo
r loc
al in
clus
ion
[2, 4
].
Gla
sgow
20
14
. a
pol
icy
desi
gned
to e
nsur
e th
at g
lasg
ow’s
peop
le re
mai
n a
key
bene
ficia
ry o
f gla
sgow
20
14. a
cat
egor
y en
title
d ‘c
omm
unity
Ben
efit’
acco
unts
for a
ppro
xim
atel
y 10
% o
f the
ove
rall
scor
e in
the
eval
uatio
n of
tend
ers
[5, 1
0].
Mel
bourn
e 2
00
6. P
rocu
rem
ent p
rogr
amm
es in
mel
bour
ne w
ere
also
act
ive
in th
e en
cour
agem
ent a
nd fu
ll us
e of
loca
l bus
ines
s op
portu
nitie
s.
8, 1
0re
sear
ch s
how
ed th
at 3
3% w
ho u
sed
‘Com
pete
For’
said
th
at th
ey w
ould
use
the
expe
rienc
e to
bid
for w
ider
go
vern
men
t or p
ublic
sec
tor c
ontra
cts.
in m
elbo
urne
87%
of
gam
es c
onstr
uctio
n ex
pend
iture
wen
t to
loca
l firm
s [9
].
10. T
he ‘
Legacy
Pe
rfor
manc
e M
ana
gem
ent
and
M
easu
rem
ent
Fram
ewor
k’
(PM
MF)
.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. an
initi
ativ
e at
tem
ptin
g to
pro
vide
acc
urat
e m
easu
res
of le
gacy
at a
ll sta
ges,
pro
vidi
ng
base
line
indi
cato
rs, g
aps
and
rem
edia
l act
ion
[5, 1
0].
8, 1
0to
o ea
rly to
ass
ess,
but
stru
ctur
es lo
ok s
ound
.
11. T
he ‘G
lasg
ow B
usin
ess
Port
al’.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. Beg
un in
200
9 as
the
‘Com
mon
wea
lth G
ames
Bus
ines
s Po
rtal’;
rela
unch
ed in
201
1 as
the
‘Gla
sgow
Bus
ines
s Po
rtal’.
the
aim
is to
adv
ertis
e g
ames
con
tract
s. t
he p
orta
l is
a pa
rtner
ship
bet
wee
n g
lasg
ow c
ity c
ounc
il an
d th
e 20
14 o
rgan
isin
g c
omm
ittee
[10]
.
2, 5
, 10
By 3
0 Ju
ne 2
012
ther
e w
ere
19,4
99 s
cotti
sh B
usin
ess
regi
strat
ions
on
the
Por ta
l, an
d 75
% o
f con
tract
s ha
ve
gone
to s
cotti
sh c
ompa
nies
.
12. T
he ‘I
nward
In
vest
men
t Pr
ogra
mm
e’G
lasg
ow
20
14
. wor
king
in p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith th
e g
lasg
ow c
ham
ber o
f com
mer
ce, a
nd B
usin
essC
lub
Scot
land
, to
esta
blis
h str
ateg
ic tr
ade
and
inve
stmen
t rel
atio
nshi
ps. c
urre
ntly
cre
atin
g m
ou
’ s w
ith
com
mon
wea
lth c
ount
ries
[5].
2, 5
, 10
long
-ter m
ana
lysi
s re
quire
d.
13. T
he ‘E
thni
c M
inor
ities
En
terp
rise
Sup
por
t’ pr
ogra
mm
e.
Manch
este
r 2
00
2. e
mB
(eth
nic
min
oriti
es B
usin
ess)
act
ivity
is k
now
n to
be
sign
ifica
nt in
Birm
ingh
am,
liver
pool
, lon
don
and
man
ches
ter,
and
the
gam
es b
uilt
on th
is e
xisti
ng n
atio
nal p
rogr
amm
e, w
hich
firs
t sta
rted
in 1
985.
a g
ood
exam
ple
of th
e m
ergi
ng o
f gam
es p
olic
ies
with
exi
sting
pub
lic p
olic
y [2
, 16]
.
2, 5
, 10
a g
ood
exam
ple
of th
e us
e of
the
gam
es to
eng
age
min
oriti
es.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
18
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 1: e
cono
mic
Lega
cies
(tour
ism in
itiat
ives)
:
14. T
he to
uris
m fo
cuss
ed
‘Gam
es X
chang
e’M
anch
este
r 2
00
2. a
n in
itiat
ive
that
pro
vide
d a
sing
le a
cces
s po
int f
or in
form
atio
n en
quiri
es a
bout
the
Xvii
com
mon
wea
lth g
ames
, mak
ing
netw
orki
ng e
asie
r. th
e ai
m w
as to
pro
mot
e m
anch
este
r as
a to
uris
t and
ec
onom
ic d
estin
atio
n, a
nd in
itiat
ives
incl
uded
a v
isito
r cen
tre, a
web
site
, a ‘m
usic
-map
’, ar
chiv
es, a
nd a
Gam
es
Lega
cy E
xhib
ition
[1-2
]. M
elbourn
e 2
00
6. u
sed
a w
ebsi
te (t
hatsm
elbo
urne
.com
.au)
to p
rovi
de u
p to
dat
e cu
ltura
l and
city
in
form
atio
n. d
urin
g th
e g
ames
, the
mel
bour
ne v
isito
r cen
tre re
ceiv
ed 6
8,99
8 vi
sito
rs a
gain
st 3
2,07
2 th
e pr
evio
us y
ear [
13].
Gla
sgow
20
14
. lau
nchi
ng a
n in
itiat
ive
entit
led
‘Tal
es o
f the
Gam
es’,
whi
ch a
ims
to re
cord
the
com
mun
ity
storie
s be
hind
the
gam
es. a
join
t ini
tiativ
e be
twee
n th
e sc
ottis
h a
rts c
ounc
il (s
ac
), th
e sc
ottis
h lib
rary
, the
in
form
atio
n c
ounc
il an
d vo
lunt
eer d
evel
opm
ent s
cotla
nd (v
ds)
[17]
.
1, 2
, 5, 8
2002
suc
cess
fully
har
ness
ed u
nive
rsity
reso
urce
s,
libra
ries,
city
dis
tribu
tion
chan
nels
such
as
supe
rmar
kets,
an
d m
useu
m re
sour
ces.
the
‘gam
es X
chan
ge’ m
odel
re
mai
ned
in p
lace
for f
utur
e ev
ents.
mel
bour
ne a
nd
gla
sgow
hav
e pr
ovid
ed s
imila
r pro
gram
mes
par
tly
mod
elle
d on
man
ches
ter 2
002.
15. T
he ‘
Sust
ain
able
To
uris
t Sc
hem
e’.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. a s
chem
e ai
med
at t
he g
reen
acc
redi
tatio
n of
75%
of g
ames
hot
els.
thi
s sc
hem
e al
so
incl
udes
bus
ines
s ev
ents,
pro
mot
iona
l mat
eria
l, pa
rtner
ship
wor
k w
ith to
uris
m b
odie
s, a
nd o
rgan
ised
ent
ries
into
u
K w
ide
gre
en t
ouris
m a
war
ds, a
nd a
‘Eur
opea
n G
reen
Cap
ital’
subm
issi
on [5
, 18]
.
2, 4
laun
ched
in s
ept 2
012.
lon
g-te
rm a
naly
sis
requ
ired.
16. T
he ‘G
lasg
ow T
ouri
sm
Skill
s In
itiativ
e’.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. esta
blis
hed
thro
ugh
partn
ersh
ips
betw
een
scot
tish
ente
rpris
e (s
e), v
isits
cotla
nd, t
he g
lasg
ow
city
mar
ketin
g Bu
reau
, the
gla
sgow
201
4 o
rgan
isin
g c
omm
ittee
, and
gla
sgow
cou
ncil.
the
pro
ject
is
desi
gned
to a
ddre
ss th
e sk
ills
gaps
and
sho
rtage
s in
the
tour
ism
indu
stry
[10]
.
5, 8
, 10
out
com
es a
re to
o ea
rly to
ass
ess.
17. T
he ‘V
isiti
ng
Jour
nalis
ts P
rogra
mm
e’.
Sydney
20
00
. thi
s ac
tivel
y re
crui
ted
jour
nalis
ts to
vis
it a
ustra
lia, s
uppo
rted
by th
e at
c w
ho w
ere
activ
e in
fin
ding
loca
tions
and
sto
ries
to p
rofil
e ci
ty b
usin
esse
s [1
3, 1
5].
5, 1
1, 1
2fr
om 1
999
to 2
001,
an
estim
ated
two
jour
nalis
ts a
day
arriv
ed u
nder
this
sch
eme.
it is
esti
mat
ed th
at a
ustra
lia
gain
ed a
$2.3
bill
ion
from
the
initi
ativ
e [1
9].
18
. Th
e ‘I
nter
natio
nal
Med
ia R
elatio
ns
Prog
ram
me’
.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. Bui
lt ar
ound
a c
onsi
stent
uni
que
selli
ng p
oint
(usP
), ‘G
lasg
ow: S
cotla
nd w
ith s
tyle
’. in
clud
ed
a jo
urna
list v
isita
tion
prog
ram
me,
a m
edia
tool
kit,
and
coor
dina
tion
with
a ra
nge
of v
isit
scot
land
initi
ativ
es [5
].5,
11
Begu
n in
aug
201
2, o
utco
mes
too
early
to a
sses
s.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
19
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 2: C
omm
unity
Lega
cies
(Fes
tival
/cul
tura
l-bas
ed in
itiat
ives)
:
19. T
he N
atio
nal
‘Spir
it of
Fri
endsh
ip
Fest
ival’ (
SoFF
).
Man
ches
ter
2002
. 150
-day
s of
nat
ionw
ide
cele
brat
ions
runn
ing
for 5
-mon
ths,
and
end
ing
1-w
eek
afte
r the
20
02 g
ames
. it i
nclu
ded
four
mai
n th
emes
: spo
rt, e
duca
tion,
cul
ture
& th
e ar
ts an
d co
mm
unity
, and
jubi
lee
cele
brat
ions
[20-
21].
1, 3
, 5, 6
ach
ieve
d 25
0,00
0 at
tend
ance
on
key
days
, with
the
de
liver
y of
ove
r 2,0
00 e
vent
s ar
ound
the
coun
try [2
0].
( offi
cial
ly re
giste
red
even
ts in
clud
ed 2
33 c
ultu
ral,
171
Jubi
lee
rela
ted,
and
1,0
41 s
port
rela
ted
even
ts [2
1]).
the
final
repo
rt ta
lked
of a
new
‘ frie
ndsh
ip f
estiv
al’ m
odel
that
ca
n be
repl
icat
ed b
y fu
ture
hos
t citi
es [2
0].
20. ‘
Fest
ival M
elbou
rne
20
06
’.M
elbourn
e 2
00
6. t
he g
oal w
as to
‘exp
ose
a cu
ltura
l com
mon
wea
lth a
live
with
ar ts
cul
ture
and
ene
rgy’
. in
clud
ed th
e ‘r
iver
sho
w c
eleb
ratio
n’ (a
$3 m
illio
n) th
e ‘m
oom
ba P
arad
e’, fi
ve ‘l
ive
site
s’, t
he ‘P
ost-e
vent
Pa
rade
’, an
d th
e ‘in
dian
fes
tival
’ [13
].
1, 3
, 5, 6
attr
actio
n of
ove
r 2 m
illio
n at
tend
ed s
por ti
ng e
vent
s, a
nd
an a
dditi
onal
2 m
illio
n at
tend
ed c
ultu
ral e
vent
s, w
ith
81,0
00 a
ttend
ing
near
by fe
stiva
ls in
Bal
lara
t, Be
ndig
o an
d g
eelo
ng [9
].
21. T
he c
omm
unity
bas
ed
‘Let
’s C
eleb
rate
’.M
anch
este
r 2
00
2. a
pro
gram
me
of p
roce
ssio
nal a
nd c
eleb
rato
ry a
rts (e
.g. c
arni
vals)
to b
uild
the
capa
city
of
sou
th a
sian
, afri
can
and
afri
can-
car
ibbe
an c
omm
uniti
es in
the
city
[3].
use
d as
a c
atal
yst a
nd b
anne
r for
a
vibr
ant,
visu
al a
nd e
ngag
ing
cele
brat
ion
of th
e m
oder
n c
omm
onw
ealth
. ( t
he p
rogr
amm
e in
clud
ed
‘cul
ture
shoc
k 20
02’,
‘new
fro
ntie
rs’,
‘exp
andi
ng h
oriz
ons’
and
the
‘arti
st in
res
iden
ce’ p
rogr
amm
e) [1
-2, 2
2].
ran
from
apr
il 20
01 -m
arch
200
4.
1, 3
, 5, 6
the
aim
s of
pro
mot
ing
soci
al c
ohes
ion,
cul
tura
l div
ersi
ty,
loca
l em
ploy
men
t and
cul
tura
l inf
rastr
uctu
re, w
ere
larg
ely
met
, tho
ugh
susta
inab
ility
var
ied
(fund
ing
rela
ted)
. it d
id
revi
taliz
e a
num
ber o
f dor
man
t eve
nts.
‘cul
ture
shoc
k 20
02’
had
112
proj
ects
of w
hich
68
had
spec
ific
links
to
ethn
ic g
roup
s fro
m c
omm
onw
ealth
cou
ntrie
s [1
4].
22. T
he O
lym
pic
Gam
es
‘Cul
tura
l Oly
mpia
d’.
London 2
01
2. t
radi
tiona
lly m
ay la
st up
to 4
-yea
rs. i
n ad
ditio
n to
arts
exh
ibits
and
cul
tura
l dis
play
s, s
uch
prog
ram
mes
hav
e in
veste
d in
the
capa
city
bui
ldin
g of
loca
l com
mun
ity g
roup
s an
d in
depe
nden
t arti
sts to
sec
ure
long
-term
and
sus
tain
able
arts
and
cul
tura
l dev
elop
men
ts [4
, 23]
.
1, 3
, 5, 6
furth
er re
sear
ch is
requ
ired
to a
sses
s, a
nd to
find
com
mon
gr
ound
bet
wee
n th
e ‘c
ultu
ral o
lym
piad
’ and
the
com
mon
wea
lth g
ames
fes
tival
pro
gram
mes
. (fo
r ex
ampl
e, g
lasg
ow c
ontri
bute
d by
hos
ting
over
50
proj
ects
and
over
250
eve
nts
as p
art o
f lon
don
2012
oly
mpi
cs)
[4].
23
. th
e ‘2
01
4 C
ultu
ral
Prog
ram
me’
.G
lasg
ow
20
14
. 201
2 w
as th
e ye
ar o
f ‘c
reat
ive
scot
land
’ and
ove
r 50
proj
ects
in th
at y
ear p
rodu
ced
over
25
0 ev
ents,
mos
tly in
sup
port
of l
ondo
n 20
12. n
atio
nal l
otte
ry f
unds
hav
e pr
ovid
ed £
8 m
illio
n to
sup
port
the
2014
cul
tura
l Pro
gram
me.
also
incl
uded
mas
s pa
rtici
patio
n m
usic
eve
nts
such
as
‘sco
tland
sw
ings
’ [5]
.
6th
is p
rom
ises
to p
rovi
de a
stro
ng e
cono
mic
and
soc
ial
lega
cy, a
goo
d ‘a
rts-c
ounc
il’ re
latio
nshi
p, a
nd ro
om fo
r en
hanc
ed b
enefi
ts th
roug
h si
te e
xpan
sion
s oc
curr
ing
in
2013
-14.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
20
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 2: C
omm
unity
Lega
cies
(edu
catio
nal i
nitia
tives
):
24. T
he s
choo
l-bas
ed
‘Com
monw
ealth
Curr
iculu
m p
ack
’ an
d G
lasg
ow’s
‘Com
monw
ealth
Challe
nge:
Curr
iculu
m f
or
Exce
llence
’.
Manch
este
r 2
00
2.
a c
ross
-cur
ricul
a w
ebsi
te. i
t use
d in
tere
st in
the
com
mon
wea
lth g
ames
to m
otiv
ate
child
ren
at s
choo
l to
deve
lop
thei
r it
skill
s. t
he c
omm
onw
ealth
gam
es e
duca
tion
Pack
was
suc
cess
fully
issu
ed
to 3
3,00
0 sc
hool
s ac
ross
the
uK
[1-2
, 15]
.G
lasg
ow
20
14
. the
dev
elop
men
t of t
each
ing
mat
eria
ls re
late
d to
gla
sgow
201
4 ac
tiviti
es. P
rovi
ding
a
com
mon
wea
lth th
eme
to a
rang
e of
cur
rent
cur
ricul
um o
fferin
gs. a
lso li
nked
to ‘c
onne
ctin
g c
lass
room
s’[1
7], a
sc
hool
par
tner
ship
pro
gram
me
insp
ired
by th
e g
ames
.
2, 3
, 4, 5
the
2002
web
site
was
ver
y po
pula
r in
scho
ols,
and
ov
erse
as (2
700
hits
per d
ay).
it pr
ovid
ed a
hoo
k to
en
cour
age
com
mun
ity/
scho
ols
enga
gem
ent.
ther
e w
ere
how
ever
, som
e ea
rly is
sues
with
m20
02 c
omm
itmen
t [14
]. d
espi
te th
is. a
suc
cess
ful s
erie
s of
eve
nts
wer
e or
gani
sed
unde
r the
ban
ner ‘
wha
t’s in
it fo
r sch
ools
2002
?’ [2
0].
for g
lasg
ow it
is to
o ea
rly to
ass
ess.
2, 3
, 4, 5
25. T
he ‘G
am
e O
n Sc
otla
nd’ s
choo
ls Pr
ogra
mm
e; a
nd th
e ‘G
et S
et’
Lond
on 2
01
2
pro
gra
mm
e.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. ‘g
ame
on
scot
land
’ is
a sc
hool
-bas
ed p
rogr
amm
e, la
unch
ed in
sep
tem
ber 2
012,
and
its
aim
is to
cre
ate
lear
ning
opp
ortu
nitie
s ar
ound
gla
sgow
201
4 an
d fu
ture
eve
nts
in s
cotla
nd. t
he p
rogr
amm
e fo
llow
s th
e lo
ndon
exa
mpl
e (fo
r tho
se a
ged
3-19
) and
has
the
obje
ctiv
e of
leav
ing
a la
sting
lega
cy o
f gre
ater
in
terc
ultu
ral u
nder
stand
ing,
link
s an
d ex
chan
ges.
lin
ked
to th
e ‘a
ctiv
e sc
hool
s c
onfe
renc
e’ a
pril
2012
[5, 1
7].
2, 3
, 4, 5
out
com
es a
re to
o ea
rly to
ass
ess.
26. T
he ‘L
ead 2
01
4’
educ
atio
n pr
ogra
mm
e.G
lasg
ow
20
14
. a p
artn
ersh
ip in
itiat
ive
betw
een
spor
tsco
tland
, the
you
th s
port
trus
t and
gla
sgow
201
4.
Pupi
ls w
ill a
ttend
con
fere
nces
hos
ted
by a
par
tner
uni
vers
ity in
thei
r are
a. t
he p
upils
will
be
men
tore
d on
how
to
plan
, org
aniz
e an
d m
anag
e a
com
mon
wea
lth g
ames
them
ed s
ports
festi
val.
the
pupi
ls ta
ke th
eir n
ew s
kills
ba
ck to
thei
r com
mun
ities
to o
rgan
ize
a sp
orts
festi
val f
or th
eir l
ocal
prim
ary
scho
ol. i
n 20
11/1
2 th
is e
ngag
ed
7 un
iver
sitie
s an
d 13
4 se
cond
ary
scho
ols
[4].
3, 4
, 5o
utco
mes
are
too
early
to a
sses
s.
27. t
he ‘In
tern
atio
nal
Spor
ts F
aci
lity
Mana
gem
ent
Prog
ram
me’
.
Mel
bourn
e 2
00
6. t
he g
ames
insp
ired
a si
x-da
y pr
ogra
mm
e ai
med
at e
xpor
ting
gam
es k
now
ledg
e. t
his
invo
lved
lead
ing
vict
oria
n co
mpa
nies
in p
lann
ing,
des
ign,
pro
ject
man
agem
ent,
faci
lity
esta
blis
hmen
t, op
erat
ions
and
ove
rlay
in th
e co
ntex
t of a
maj
or s
porti
ng v
enue
[7].
led
to th
e ev
entu
al e
stabl
ishm
ent o
f or
gani
satio
ns s
uch
as s
port
Know
ledg
e a
ustra
lia (s
Ka) [
24].
9th
e pr
ogra
mm
e co
ntin
ues
annu
ally,
but
sKa
cea
sed
oper
atio
ns in
200
9/20
10.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
21
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 2: C
omm
unity
Lega
cies
(Yout
h en
gage
men
t ini
tiativ
es):
28.
the
you
th ta
rget
ed
‘Pass
por
t pro
gra
mm
e’.
Manch
este
r 2
00
2. a
regi
on-w
ide
out o
f hou
rs y
outh
act
iviti
es p
rogr
amm
e bu
ilt a
roun
d si
x ke
y th
emes
: a
rts
and
cul
ture
, spo
rts a
nd P
hysi
cal a
ctiv
ity, c
omm
onw
ealth
, env
ironm
ent,
hea
lth a
nd Jo
bs, v
olun
teer
ing
and
futu
re o
ppor
tuni
ties
[2].
2, 3
4, 5
stro
ng re
sults
with
you
th e
ngag
emen
t, an
d th
e re
duct
ion
of
anti-
soci
al b
ehav
ior [
3]. g
ood
post-
gam
es le
gacy
thro
ugh
the
shar
ing
of g
ood
prac
tice.
29.
the
‘You
ng
Am
bass
ador
s’.
prog
ram
me
London 2
01
2. a
pro
gram
me
aim
ed a
t dev
elop
ing
the
tale
nts
of a
num
ber o
f out
stand
ing
15-1
9 ye
ar o
lds
with
in s
choo
ls ar
ound
the
uK.
in 2
012
each
‘you
ng a
mba
ssad
or’ b
ecam
e a
role
mod
el fo
r the
ir pe
ers,
and
this
w
as s
trong
initi
ativ
e ai
med
at e
ngag
ing
yout
h. t
he s
cotti
sh b
ased
par
ticip
ants
wer
e ad
opte
d as
‘you
th l
egac
y a
mba
ssad
ors’
(yla
) by
gla
sgow
201
4, a
nd a
‘hos
t city
am
bass
ador
’ pro
gram
me
follo
wed
[4, 1
7].
3, 5
recr
uite
d 11
,000
you
ng a
mba
ssad
ors
arou
nd th
e u
K.
man
y m
ore
wer
e en
cour
aged
to ta
ke u
p sp
ort a
nd
inco
rpor
ate
the
oly
mpi
c va
lues
. gla
sgow
aim
s fo
r 2
am
bass
ador
s pe
r sec
onda
ry s
choo
l [4]
.
30. t
he ‘Yo
ung P
eople
’s
Spor
ts P
ane
l’.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. the
‘spo
rts p
anel
’ in
volv
es th
e cr
eatio
n of
a 1
6-m
embe
r nat
iona
l pla
tform
to re
pres
ent t
he
voic
e of
you
ng p
eopl
e ac
ross
sco
tland
[4].
3, 4
, 5o
utco
mes
are
too
early
to a
sses
s.
31. t
he ‘Le
gacy
20
14
Yo
ung P
erso
ns F
und’,
dr
ivin
g ‘S
kill
s D
evel
opm
ent
Scot
land
’ (s
ds)
.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. lau
nche
d at
a n
atio
nal l
evel
in m
arch
201
2. a
imed
at g
ivin
g 2,
500
youn
g pe
ople
op
portu
nitie
s to
gai
n em
ploy
men
t at f
utur
e sc
ottis
h m
ajor
eve
nts.
sd
s pr
ovid
es in
cent
ives
to e
mpl
oyer
s to
offe
r sp
orts
or e
vent
s-rel
ated
mod
ern
app
rent
ices
hips
(ma
s) fo
r 16-
19 y
ear o
lds.
at a
cou
ncil
leve
l, al
so la
unch
ed
the
‘com
mon
wea
lth a
ppre
ntic
eshi
ps in
itiat
ive
(ca
i), th
e ‘c
omm
onw
ealth
Jobs
fun
d’ (c
Jf),
‘com
mon
wea
lth
gra
duat
e fu
nd (c
gf)
, and
‘lau
nchp
ad’ [
5].
3, 4
, 5, 1
0si
nce
the
2012
laun
ch 2
,026
you
ng p
eopl
e fro
m a
cros
s g
lasg
ow h
ave
starte
d a
ppre
ntic
eshi
ps.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
22
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 2: C
omm
unity
Lega
cies
(Com
mun
ity en
gage
men
t ini
tiativ
es):
32. t
he ‘W
ired
-Up
Com
mun
ities
’Pr
ogra
mm
e.
Manch
este
r 2
00
2. o
ver t
he p
erio
d 20
00 to
200
3, th
e w
ired
up c
omm
uniti
es in
itiat
ive
(wu
c) p
rovi
ded
inte
rnet
con
nect
ions
to 1
2,00
0 ho
mes
in s
even
dis
adva
ntag
ed c
omm
uniti
es, p
redo
min
antly
eas
t-man
ches
ter.
the
obje
ctiv
e w
as to
ass
ess
how
indi
vidu
al a
cces
s to
the
inte
rnet
cou
ld tr
ansf
orm
opp
ortu
nitie
s, b
y de
velo
ping
ne
w w
ays
of a
cces
sing
lear
ning
, wor
k an
d le
isur
e se
rvic
es [2
5-26
].
5, 8
the
train
ing
requ
irem
ent n
eede
d to
wor
k al
ongs
ide
insta
llatio
n. t
here
wer
e no
tabl
e su
cces
ses
alon
gsid
e lo
nger
-term
cha
lleng
es.
33. t
he ‘A
dop
t-A
-Sec
ond
Team
’ in
itiativ
e.
(Mel
bou
rne)
, an
d ‘S
uppor
t a S
econ
d T
eam
’ ( g
lasg
ow).
Mel
bourn
e 2
00
6. s
prea
d ac
ross
79
diffe
rent
mun
icip
aliti
es w
ithin
gre
ater
mel
bour
ne, a
nd p
art o
f a
broa
der p
olic
y m
anda
te to
ens
ure
the
gam
es w
ere
rem
embe
red
as a
cel
ebra
tion
of d
iver
sity
. (th
is in
itiat
ive
incl
uded
the
‘ moo
mba
Par
ade’
and
the
‘indi
an f
estiv
al’).
sup
porte
d an
d in
spire
d by
m20
06, b
ut it
was
up
to
loca
l aut
horit
ies
to le
vera
ge th
e op
portu
nitie
s [2
3].
Gla
sgow
20
14
. in
gla
sgow
, the
pro
gram
me
was
pre
dom
inan
tly d
riven
thro
ugh
a sc
hool
s lin
k [4
].
3, 5
, 8m
elbo
urne
resu
lts w
ere
good
, and
this
pro
gram
me
was
he
rald
ed a
s a
stron
g co
ntrib
utor
to a
gam
es th
at
cele
brat
ed d
iver
sity
. gla
sgow
out
com
es a
re to
o ea
rly to
as
sess
.
3, 5
, 8
34. t
he ‘W
ate
rfall
Fund’.
Manch
este
r 2
00
2. t
he g
ames
sta
dium
was
bui
lt to
take
38,
000
spec
tato
rs a
nd w
as s
ubse
quen
tly e
nlar
ged
to 4
8,00
0 to
faci
litat
e m
anch
este
r city
fc
’s m
ove.
50%
of t
he v
alue
of e
very
sea
t ove
r 32,
000
and
60%
of t
he
valu
e of
eve
ry s
eat a
bove
40,
000
sold
at m
cfc
mat
ches
is re
inve
sted
into
spo
rting
faci
litie
s an
d pr
ojec
ts in
the
east
man
ches
ter a
rea.
the
loca
l com
mun
ity a
re g
iven
acc
ess
to th
e sta
dium
faci
litie
s fo
r 100
day
s ea
ch y
ear [
24].
8lo
ng-te
rm a
naly
sis
requ
ired,
but
esti
mat
es s
how
an
annu
al
com
mun
ity in
com
e of
£2-
4 m
illio
n [2
4].
35. t
he ‘Pa
rks
and
Ed
ucatio
nal
Esta
blis
hmen
ts T
win
ning
In
itiativ
e’.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. a jo
int i
nitia
tive
betw
een
‘lan
d an
d en
viro
nmen
tal s
ervi
ces’
and
the
coun
cil’s
edu
catio
n se
rvic
es. i
t tw
ins
coun
cil’s
par
ks a
nd e
duca
tiona
l org
anis
atio
ns w
ith c
ount
ries
of th
e c
omm
onw
ealth
[10]
.3,
8lo
ng-te
rm a
naly
sis
requ
ired.
36. t
he ‘
Chang
ing P
lace
s’
initi
ativ
e.Lo
ndon 2
01
2.
insp
ired
loca
l peo
ple
livin
g in
the
loca
l hos
t bor
ough
s to
bui
ld c
omm
unity
fram
ewor
ks a
imed
at
impr
ovin
g th
eir o
wn
neig
hbou
rhoo
ds [2
3].
8lo
ng-te
rm a
naly
sis
requ
ired.
37. t
he ‘Le
t G
lasg
ow
Flou
rish
’ m
useu
m
prog
ram
me.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. a p
rogr
amm
e le
d by
gla
sgow
mus
eum
s, a
nd a
imed
at d
eliv
erin
g a
prog
ram
me
of
com
mun
ity e
ngag
emen
t, an
d a
gam
es d
riven
exh
ibiti
on c
eleb
ratin
g th
e di
vers
ity o
f gla
sgow
’s c
omm
uniti
es
[17]
.
6Pa
rt of
the
lega
cy t
rust
uK,
who
hav
e co
mm
itted
£2.
57
mill
ion
to ‘t
he s
cotti
sh P
roje
ct’,
whi
ch ra
n on
the
back
of
the
lond
on g
ames
. lon
g-te
rm a
naly
sis
requ
ired.
38. t
he ‘Q
ueen
’s B
ato
n Rel
ay’
.G
lasg
ow
20
14
. afte
r vis
iting
all
71 n
atio
ns, t
he s
cotla
nd le
g w
ill e
ngag
e w
ith c
omm
uniti
es in
eve
ry lo
cal
auth
ority
are
a of
sco
tland
[4].
Manch
este
r 2
00
6. a
cel
ebra
tion
in th
e he
art o
f the
city
to m
ark
the
arriv
al o
f the
Que
ens
Bato
n re
lay.
the
w
orld
’s fir
st in
tera
ctiv
e ba
ton
was
intro
duce
d w
hich
tran
slate
d th
e ru
nner
s he
artb
eat i
nto
flash
ing
light
. it
attra
cted
ove
r 30,
000
spec
tato
rs, a
nd e
xten
ded
to in
divi
dual
stre
et p
artie
s [1
3, 2
0-21
].
3, 5
, 6, 8
long
-term
ana
lysi
s re
quire
d fo
r gla
sgow
. for
man
ches
ter
the
mis
sion
for t
he B
aton
rel
ay w
as to
del
iver
a n
atio
nal
road
eve
nt th
at a
ttrac
ted
med
ia a
nd c
omm
unity
sup
port,
an
d it
larg
ely
succ
eede
d in
this
. the
Bat
on v
isite
d 24
c
omm
onw
ealth
nat
ions
in 8
7 da
ys, a
nd tr
avel
led
for 5
0 da
ys in
the
uK
[20]
.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
23
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 2: C
omm
unity
Lega
cies
(vol
unte
erin
g ini
tiativ
es):
39. t
he c
omm
unity
bas
ed
‘PV
P‘ (P
re-v
olun
teer
Pr
ogra
mm
e).
Manch
este
r 2
00
2. a
sch
eme
to o
pen
up th
e op
portu
nity
to p
artic
ipat
e as
a v
olun
teer
to th
ose
in 2
3 of
the
mos
t dis
adva
ntag
ed a
reas
[24]
. tra
inin
g w
as p
rovi
ded
by th
e m
anch
este
r tra
inin
g an
d en
terp
rise
cou
ncil.
d
esig
ned
to d
eliv
er n
ew s
kills
, new
exp
erie
nces
, and
to im
prov
e em
ploy
men
t [1-
2]. P
assi
ng th
e Pv
P co
urse
gu
aran
teed
an
inte
rvie
w fo
r vol
unte
er p
lace
men
t [27
].
2, 3
, 5, 8
this
was
a b
ench
mar
k pr
ogra
mm
e. m
ay 1
999
steer
ing
grou
p, Ju
ly 1
999
train
ing
set u
p, p
ilot p
rogr
amm
es in
ea
rly 2
000,
and
man
agem
ent t
eam
recr
uite
d se
pt 2
000.
‘P
vP’ b
ecam
e ‘m
ev’ p
ost-g
ames
. 22,
000
volu
ntee
rs to
ok
10,0
00 ro
les
[15]
. Pos
t- gam
es e
mpl
oym
ent fi
gure
s cl
aim
ed th
e cr
eatio
n of
20,
000
jobs
[14,
28]
. 2, 3
, 5, 8
40. m
elbo
urne
’s ‘V
olun
teer
ing m
odel
’.M
elbourn
e 2
00
6. a
sch
eme
to b
uild
a v
olun
teer
bas
e, b
ased
larg
ely
on th
e Pv
P m
anch
este
r mod
el [9
].2,
3, 5
, 8Po
st-g
ames
the
dep
artm
ent f
or v
icto
rian
com
mun
ities
re
porte
d th
at o
ver h
alf t
he g
ames
vol
unte
ers
(7,0
00
peop
le) i
ndic
ated
they
wou
ld k
eep
volu
ntee
ring
[9].
long
-ter m
resu
lts u
ncle
ar.
41. t
he ‘Pe
rson
al B
est’
pr
ogra
mm
e an
d th
e ‘G
lasg
ow S
por
ts
Vol
unte
er Im
pro
vem
ent
Prog
ram
me
(VIP
).
London 2
01
2. t
he ‘P
erso
nal B
est’
prog
ram
me
was
a l
ondo
n 20
12 e
ndor
sed
leve
l 1 e
vent
s vo
lunt
eerin
g qu
alifi
catio
n ai
med
at w
orkl
ess
or d
isad
vant
aged
peo
ple.
suc
cess
ful c
ompl
etio
n of
this
pro
gram
me
enab
led
peop
le to
be
inte
rvie
wed
to b
ecom
e a
gam
es v
olun
teer
for t
he l
ondo
n 20
12 o
lym
pics
and
Par
alym
pics
g
ames
[11,
29]
.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. gla
sgow
has
two
prog
ram
mes
, a ‘P
erso
nal b
est’
initi
ativ
e an
d a
‘viP
pro
gram
me’
. Bot
h se
ek
to im
prov
e pa
rtici
pant
s’ v
olun
teer
ing
skill
s an
d em
ploy
abili
ty [1
1, 2
3].
2, 3
, 5, 8
the
man
ches
ter P
vP p
rogr
amm
e w
as u
sed
as a
mod
el fo
r ‘P
erso
nal B
est’,
whi
ch b
egan
in a
pril
2008
in 1
1 lo
ndon
bo
roug
hs. t
he lo
nger
-term
201
2 re
sults
are
too
early
to
asse
ss.
42. t
he ‘M
EV’
man
ches
ter
mod
el.
Manch
este
r 2
00
2. a
ben
chm
ark,
and
the
first
gam
es to
use
vol
unte
erin
g as
a m
eans
to a
ddre
ss s
ocia
l ex
clus
ion.
cla
ims
to b
e th
e w
orld
’s lo
nges
t run
ning
meg
a-ev
ent v
olun
teer
lega
cy p
rogr
amm
e [2
9-30
]. re
crui
ted
from
the
low
est s
ocio
-eco
nom
ic g
roup
s an
d pr
ovid
ed p
ost-e
vent
ski
lls tr
aini
ng [
11, 2
9-30
].
2, 3
, 5, 8
cre
atio
n of
an
accr
edite
d qu
alifi
catio
n fo
r eve
nt
volu
ntee
ring
[14,
28]
. dro
ve lo
ng-te
rm e
mpl
oym
ent
oppo
rtuni
ties
[30]
.
43. ‘
Peop
le M
ak
ing
Wave
s’.
London 2
01
2. a
uK-
wid
e vo
lunt
eerin
g pr
ogra
mm
e in
spire
d by
the
lond
on 2
012
oly
mpi
cs, a
nd c
ontin
uing
af
terw
ards
[4].
2, 3
, 5, 8
long
-term
ana
lysi
s re
quire
d.
44. ‘
Even
tTea
m S
cotla
nd’
Gla
sgow
20
14
. an
onlin
e da
taba
se la
unch
ed in
Janu
ary
2011
, it m
atch
es e
vent
vol
unte
ers
and
even
t or
gani
zers
, and
it p
rovi
des
a on
e-sto
p sh
op to
allo
w v
olun
teer
s to
link
with
eve
nts
[4].
gla
sgow
esti
mat
ed th
at a
t th
e 20
14 g
ames
, one
-third
of v
olun
teer
s w
ill fi
ll ‘s
peci
alis
t rol
es’ [
31].
2, 3
, 5, 8
long
-term
ana
lysi
s re
quire
d.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
24
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 3: h
ealth
/ spo
rt le
gacy
(Act
ivity
-bas
ed in
itiat
ives)
:
45. t
he ‘
Mayo
r’s
Vis
ion
for
Cycl
ing’.
London 2
01
2.
a v
ery
clea
r pro
gram
me
outli
ning
the
conv
ersi
on o
f inn
er l
ondo
n an
d a
num
ber o
f bor
ough
’s to
cyc
ling
frien
dly
subu
rbs,
and
the
crea
tion
of a
con
cept
cal
led
‘vill
age
in th
e ci
ty’ [
32].
2, 8
out
com
es a
re to
o ea
rly to
ass
ess.
46. ‘
Let’s
Mak
e Sc
otla
nd
Mor
e A
ctiv
e’ ( l
msm
a).
Gla
sgow
20
14
. the
gla
sgow
lega
cy p
rogr
amm
e is
alig
ning
with
sco
tland
’s Ph
ysic
al a
ctiv
ity s
trate
gy, g
ivin
g th
em a
n ev
iden
ced
base
fram
ewor
k to
wor
k in
to. a
num
ber o
f pro
gram
mes
incl
ude
‘Jog
scot
land
’, ‘P
aths
for
all’
, a m
ay 2
012
‘nat
iona
l wal
king
stra
tegy
’, a
n o
ctob
er 2
010
prog
ram
me
entit
led
‘get
sco
tland
dan
cing
’, ad
ditio
ns to
the
‘nat
iona
l cyc
le n
etw
ork’
, ext
endi
ng th
e ‘P
arkr
un’
prog
ram
me,
and
the
2010
laun
ch o
f ‘c
omm
unity
spo
rts h
ubs’
(csh
), w
hich
util
ised
the
new
ly c
reat
ed ‘l
egac
y 20
14 a
ctiv
e Pl
aces
fun
d’ [4
-5].
8, 9
goo
d ev
iden
ce o
f reg
iona
l and
nat
iona
l pro
gram
me
alig
nmen
t. g
ood
publ
ic re
spon
se to
initi
ativ
es (e
.g.
11,0
00 n
ew w
alke
rs a
cros
s sc
otla
nd in
12-
mon
ths)
.
47. t
he ‘Fi
re F
it’ in
itiat
ive.
lond
on 2
012. a
n in
nova
tive
appr
oach
to c
omm
unity
eng
agem
ent,
and
a di
vers
e pr
ogra
mm
e of
gra
ssro
ots
spor
ting,
cul
tura
l and
hea
lth-re
late
d ac
tiviti
es. o
rgan
ised
by m
embe
rs o
f the
fire
ser
vice
toge
ther
with
a p
artn
er
netw
ork
[33]
.
3, 8
, 9ev
alua
tion
repo
rts s
ugge
st a
redu
ctio
n in
fire
and
po
lice-
rela
ted
inci
dent
s in
key
are
as, a
nd th
e pr
ogra
mm
es
enga
ged
wel
l, pa
rticu
larly
with
you
ng p
eopl
e.
48. t
he c
omm
unity
spo
rt ‘C
lubm
ark
’ pr
ogra
mm
e.G
lasg
ow
20
14
. a c
lub
deve
lopm
ent s
chem
e to
reco
gnis
e an
d ac
cred
it cl
ubs
that
pro
vide
a s
afe,
effe
ctiv
e,
incl
usiv
e an
d fu
n en
viro
nmen
t. a
chie
ving
‘clu
bmar
k’ s
tatu
s he
lps
club
s w
ith g
over
nanc
e, n
ew in
itiat
ives
and
fu
ndin
g. a
lso in
clud
es c
oach
men
torin
g, a
nd th
e en
cour
agem
ent o
f wom
en [5
, 10]
.
9, 1
1o
utco
mes
are
too
early
to a
sses
s.
49. t
he ‘G
reat
Scot
tish
Run
’.G
lasg
ow
20
14
. alth
ough
the
even
t was
firs
t int
rodu
ced
in 1
982,
ther
e ar
e pl
ans
to d
evel
op th
e g
reat
sc
ottis
h ru
n in
to a
n en
hanc
ed th
ree-
day
even
t, w
ith th
e tw
in g
oals
of g
row
ing
com
mun
ity a
ctiv
ity a
nd
tour
ism
[5].
3, 9
out
com
es a
re to
o ea
rly to
ass
ess.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
25
Initi
ative
desc
riptio
nGC
2018
‘P
rincip
le’
Outc
ome
them
e 3: h
ealth
/ spo
rt le
gacy
(hea
lth-b
ased
initi
ative
s):
50. t
he h
ealth
-bas
ed
‘Hea
lthie
r Co
mm
uniti
es
pro
gra
mm
e’.
Manch
este
r 2
00
2. a
pro
gram
me
aim
ed a
t pro
vidi
ng tr
aini
ng, d
evel
opm
ent a
nd s
uppo
rt to
com
mun
ity h
ealth
gr
oups
with
bid
ding
for f
undi
ng, a
nd n
etw
orki
ng o
f pro
ject
s. t
he p
roje
ct w
as re
gion
ally
focu
ssed
, and
incl
uded
a
num
ber o
f ini
tiativ
es; ‘
Path
way
s to
hea
lth a
nd in
depe
nden
ce’,
‘hea
lthy
livin
g c
entre
s’, t
he ‘c
ompa
ss P
roje
ct’
whi
ch p
rovi
ded
com
mun
ity le
arni
ng s
uppo
rt, a
nd th
e ‘ s
port
for h
ealth
’ pro
gram
me
[1-2
].
3, 4
, 8im
pact
s ar
e ha
rd to
qua
ntify
. how
ever
, it d
id c
reat
e a
lega
cy o
f net
wor
ks a
nd p
artn
ersh
ips
betw
een
com
mun
ity
orga
niza
tions
.
51. t
he ‘Fo
od V
isio
n’.
London 2
01
2. l
oc
og
cre
ated
a ‘s
usta
inab
le f
ood
visi
on’,
and
this
set
it a
part
from
pas
t gam
es. i
nclu
ded
a ‘ l
ondo
n 20
12 fo
od s
tand
ard’
, a s
et o
f sus
tain
abili
ty c
ondi
tions
for s
uppl
iers
, and
the
lega
cy o
f an
impr
oved
fo
od in
dustr
y [3
3].
2so
me
early
cla
ims
of a
mor
e en
viro
nmen
tally
sus
tain
able
fo
od in
dustr
y an
d hi
gher
ani
mal
wel
fare
sta
ndar
ds. t
oo
early
to fu
lly a
sses
s.
52. t
he ‘Sc
ottis
h Sp
ort
Rel
ief
Hom
e and
Aw
ay
Prog
ram
me’
.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. a jo
int p
artn
ersh
ip b
etw
een
the
scot
tish
gov
ernm
ent,
spor
t rel
ief a
nd s
ports
cotla
nd. t
he
aim
of t
he p
rogr
amm
e is
to s
uppo
r t a
num
ber o
f pro
ject
s bo
th a
t ‘ho
me’
with
in s
cotla
nd a
nd ‘a
way
’ in
com
mon
wea
lth c
ount
ries.
the
loca
l pro
gram
me
addr
esse
s a
rang
e of
issu
es in
clud
ing
men
tal h
ealth
pro
blem
s an
d le
arni
ng d
isab
ilitie
s [4
].
8o
utco
mes
are
too
early
to a
sses
s.
53. t
he ‘
Playg
roun
d t
o Po
diu
m-D
isabili
ty S
por
t path
ways
’ in
itiat
ive.
Gla
sgow
20
14
. atte
mpt
ing
to in
tegr
ate
the
disa
bled
into
exi
sting
spo
rt pr
ogra
mm
es, w
hile
iden
tifyi
ng a
nd
nurtu
ring
disa
bled
you
ng p
eopl
e w
ith th
e po
tent
ial t
o be
elit
e at
hlet
es [5
].3
long
-term
ana
lysi
s re
quire
d.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
REFERENCES
ReFeReNCes
1. Final Games Report - Volunteers, The XVIIth Commonwealth Games Manchester 2002 Pre-Volunteer Programme Final Report. 2003.2. ECOTEC Research & Consulting, An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme. 2005, Manchester City Council.3. Smith, A. and T. Fox, From ‘event-led’ to ‘event-themed’ regeneration: The 2002 Commonwealth Games legacy programme. Urban Studies, 2007.
44(5-6): p. 1125-1143.4. The Games Legacy Evaluation Working Group, An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games 2014 Legacy for Scotland - Report 1: Questions, Methods
and Baseline. 2012, Scottish Government Social Research.5. Glasgow City Council, Glasgow’s Legacy Framework: Progress Report and Action Plan (April 2012 to March 2013). 2012.6. O’Brien, D., Strategic Business Leveraging of a Mega Sport Event: The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Experience, C. Cooper, T. De Lacy, and L. Jago,
Editors. 2005, The Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre; Australian Government,: Australia.7. KPMG, Economic Impact Study of the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games: Post-event analysis in. Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination,
Editor. 2006.8. OECD, Local Development Benefits from Staging Global Events: Achieving the Local Development Legacy from 2012. 2010, OECD.9. Insight Economics, Triple Bottom Line Assessment of the XViii Commonwealth Games, in Report to the Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination
Committee. 2006.10. Glasgow City Council, Glasgow 2014 Legacy Framework. 2009, Glasgow City Council: Glasgow.11. MacRury, I., London’s Olympic Legacy: A “Thinkpiece” report prepared for the OECD and Department for Communities and Local Government. 2009,
London East Reseearch Institute: London.12. The Olympic Delivery Authority, Sustainable Development Strategy. London, 2007.13. Marketing Tourism and Major Events-Melbourne, The Commonwealth Games Evaluation Report. Council Agenda Item 6.1, 30 May, 2006.14. Cambridge Policy Consultants, Revised Executive Summary - The Commonwealth Games 2002: A Cost and Benefit Analysis Cambridge, UK: Manchester
City Council., 2002.15. London Assembly, A Lasting Legacy for London? Assessing the legacy of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. 2007: London East Resarch Institute.16. Ram, M., and Smallbone, D., Ethnic Minority Enterprise: Policy in Practice. Final report prepared for the Small Business Service, 2001.17. The Scottish Government, On Your Marks... in A Games Legacy for Scotland. 2009: Edinburgh, Scotland.18. Epstein, D., Jackson, R., Braithwaite,P., Delivering London 2012: sustainability strategy. Proceedings of ICE Civil Engineering 164 May 2011 Pages
27-33 Paper 10-00045, 2011.19. Chalip, L. and A. Leyns, Local Business Leveraging of a Sport Event: Managing an Event for Economic Benefit. Journal of Sport Management, 2002. 16:
p. 132-158.20. Manchester Post Games Report Volume 1, Manchester 2002 The XVII Commonwealth Games, Post Games Report 2002.21. Manchester Post Games Report Volume 4, Manchester 2002 The XVII Commonwealth Games, Post Games Report 2002.22. Garcia, B., Evaluation of Cultureshock, Commonwealth NorthWest Cultural Programme: Final Report., in Glasgow: Centre for Cultural Policy Research,
University of Glasgow. 2003.23. RICS Research, The 2012 Games: Regeneration Legacy. The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, 2011.24. Poynter, G., Literature Review: Olympic Legacy Governance Arrangements. 2009, London Assembly Economic Development, Culture, Sport and Tourism
Committee.25. Devins et al, Connecting Communities to the Internet. Evaluation of the Wired-Up Communities Programme. Policy Research Institute Leeds Metropolitan
University, 2003.26. Jones, M. and T. Stokes, The Commonwealth Games and urban regeneration: an investigation into training initiatives and partnerships and their effects on
disadvantaged groups in East Manchester. Managing Leisure, 2003. 8(4): p. 198-211.27. Experian, Employment and skills for the 2012 Games: research and evidence. Annex to Final Report: Learning and Skills Council & London Development
Agency, 2006.28. UK Sport, Sports Development Impact of the Commonwealth Games: Study of Volunteers (Pre-Games) Executive Summary. International Centre for Research
& Consultancy for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries, 2003.29. Nichols, G. and R. Ralston, Lessons from the Volunteering Legacy of the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Urban Studies, 2012. 49(1): p. 169-184.30. Nichols, G., Ralston, R., Manchester Event Volunteers: A Legacy and a Role Model. The University of Sheffield and University of Manchester 2011.31. Ekogen, Delivering Skills for the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games. Report completed and submitted by David Eiser, 2011.32. Greater London Authority, The Mayor’s Vision for Cycling in London; An Olympic Legacy for all Londoners. Published by Greater London Authority City
Hall, 2013.33. Olympic.org, Official website of the Olympic Movement. 2013, http://www.olympic.org/content/olympism-in-action/olympic-legacy/london-2012-
legacy/?tab=fire-fit.
26
ATTACHMENT 2.2
“Any Olympic bid would count on Manchester’s example”. the times 2 August 2002
27
ATTACHMENT 2.2
key legacy programmes - summary
28
3.2LeGACY INItIAtIve tImeLINes
The following table shows the implementation, and longevity associated with each of the 110 initiatives and programmes referred to in section 2.1.
Once again, examples are taken from Barcelona 1992, Sydney 2000, Manchester 2002, Melbourne 2006, London 2012, and Glasgow 2014. This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all legacy programmes, but instead provides an example of current best practices in the economic, social and sporting legacy fields.
While each of these Games was different, and the economic and social environments varied, the arrows show the timelines of each initiative in relation to its particular Games.
Points of note:
• Column two shows the initiative number, and refers to the earlier table in section 3.1.
• Column three shows actual dates where available.
*The majority of initiatives in the Glasgow legacy framework are scheduled to continue until 2019, and arrows indicate this where relevant.
**Red arrowed estimates of programme duration have been applied, due to the lack of programme details available, or the changes to strategy underway.
“A major sporting event brings people - thousands of people. Athletes, coaches, officials – they all need somewhere to eat, sleep and rest”.england’s North-west ‘world-class events and training Camps 2012”.
“Many sports have moved forward…during the Games but some have been unable to make new use of these new skills due to budget constraints”. Lessons Learned’ Final Report 2002.
ATTACHMENT 2.2
29
Olym
pic &
Com
mon
weal
th G
ames
Pro
gram
mes
Prog
ram
#
Actu
al d
ates
Year
-5
Year
-4
Year
- 3
Year
-2
Year
-1
Gam
es
held
Y ear
+1
Year
+2
Year
+3
Year
+4
Year
+5
Barc
elon
a 199
2
The
‘Por
ta 2
2’ in
itiat
ive
2.20
03 -
[1]
Bega
n in
20
03
The
‘Bar
celo
na A
ctiv
a’ in
itiat
ive
2.19
86 -
pres
ent [
2]O
ngoi
ng
The
Oly
mpi
c G
ames
‘Cul
tura
l Oly
mpi
ad’ (
Olim
piad
a C
ultu
ral
SA (O
CSA
))22
.4
year
s pr
ior
[3]
sydn
ey 20
00
The
‘Syd
ney
2000
Bus
ines
s C
lub
of A
ustra
lia’ (
BCA
)2.
2000
-pre
sent
[4]
Ong
oing
The
‘Vis
iting
Jour
nalis
ts Pr
ogra
mm
e’17
.19
96 -
200
0 [5
]
The
Oly
mpi
c G
ames
‘Cul
tura
l Oly
mpi
ad’
22.
4 ye
ars
prio
r [3
]
man
ches
ter 2
002
The
‘Pro
sper
ity P
rogr
amm
e’1.
2/19
99 -3
/200
1 [6
]
The
‘Pro
sper
ity N
W’ i
nitia
tive
1.2/
1999
- 3/
2001
[6]
The
‘Cre
ativ
e Fr
ontie
rs' i
nitia
tive
1.2/
2000
- 3/
2001
[6]
The
‘Man
ches
ter B
usin
ess
Clu
b’2.
July
/Aug
ust 2
002
-
pres
ent [
6, 7
]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth E
cono
mic
Ben
efits
Pro
gram
me’
8.9/
1997
- 9/
2003
[6]
The
‘Eth
nic
Min
oriti
es E
nter
pris
e Su
ppor
t’ pr
ogra
mm
e13
.[8
]
The
‘Gam
es X
chan
ge’
14.
[8]
The
Nat
iona
l ‘Sp
irit o
f Frie
ndsh
ip F
estiv
al’ (
SoFF
)19
.15
0 da
ys [9
]
The
com
mun
ity b
ased
‘Let
’s C
eleb
rate
’ pro
gram
me
21.
Apr
il 01
-Mar
ch 0
4 [8
,
9]
The
‘Cul
ture
shoc
k 20
02’ p
rogr
amm
e21
.A
pril
01 -
Mar
ch 0
4 [9
]
The
‘New
Fro
ntie
rs’ p
rogr
amm
e21
.A
pril
01 -
Mar
ch 0
4 [9
]
The
‘Exp
andi
ng H
oriz
ons’
pro
gram
me
21.
Apr
il 01
- M
arch
04
[9]
The
‘Arti
st in
Res
iden
ce’ p
rogr
amm
e21
.A
pril
01- M
arch
04
[9]
ATTACHMENT 2.2
30
Olym
pic &
Com
mon
weal
th G
ames
Pro
gram
mes
Prog
ram
#
Actu
al d
ates
Year
-5
Year
-4
Year
- 3
Year
-2
Year
-1
Gam
es
held
Year
+1
Year
+2
Year
+3
Year
+4
Year
+5
The
scho
ol b
ased
‘Com
mon
wea
lth C
urric
ulum
pac
k’24
.27
/9/2
001:
7/11
/200
3 [8
]
The
yout
h ta
rget
‘Pas
spor
t pro
gram
me’
28.
2000
- pr
esen
t [8,
10]
Ong
oing
The
‘Wire
d-U
p C
omm
uniti
es’
(WU
C) p
rogr
amm
e32
.20
00-2
003
[9]
The
‘Wat
erfa
ll Fu
nd’
34.
2002
- pr
esen
t [11
]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Que
en’s
Bato
n Re
lay’
38.
2002
The
com
mun
ity b
ased
‘PVP
‘ (Pr
e-Vo
lunt
eer P
rogr
amm
e)39
.19
99 -
[8, 1
2]
The
‘MEV
’ Man
ches
ter m
odel
42.
2002
- pre
sent
[13]
Ong
oing
The
heal
th b
ased
‘Hea
lthie
r Com
mun
ities
pro
gram
me’
50.
Dur
ing
and
afte
r G
ames
[8, 1
4]
Ong
oing
The
‘Pat
hway
s to
Hea
lth a
nd In
depe
nden
ce’ i
nitia
tive
50.
Dur
ing
and
afte
r G
ames
[8]
Ong
oing
The
‘Hea
lthy
Livin
g C
entre
s’50
.D
urin
g an
d af
ter
Gam
es
[8]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
pass
Pro
ject
’50
.D
urin
g an
d af
ter
Gam
es
[8]
Ong
oing
The
‘Spo
rt fo
r Hea
lth’ i
nitia
tive
50.
Dur
ing
and
afte
r G
ames
[8]
Ong
oing
mel
bour
ne 20
06
The
‘Mel
bour
ne 2
006
Obs
erve
rs P
rogr
amm
e’2.
2006
The
‘Car
bon
Neu
tral’
prog
ram
me
3.[1
5, 1
6]
The
‘Wat
er W
ise’
pro
gram
me
3.H
eld
durin
g G
ames
[17]
The
‘Low
Was
te’ p
rogr
amm
e3.
Hel
d du
ring
Gam
es
[17]
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth G
ames
Bus
ines
s Be
nefit
s Pr
ogra
mm
e’6.
Hel
d du
ring
Gam
es
[17]
The
‘Aus
tralia
Indi
a Bu
sine
ss E
xcha
nge’
6.20
05 –
200
6 du
ring
the
Gam
es[1
6]
The
‘Bus
ines
s Re
ady
Prog
ram
me’
6.11
/200
5 - 3
/200
6
[16]
The
‘Gam
es X
chan
ge’ p
rogr
amm
e14
.[9
]O
ngoi
ng
ATTACHMENT 2.2
31
Olym
pic &
Com
mon
weal
th G
ames
Pro
gram
mes
Prog
ram
#
Actu
al d
ates
Year
-5
Year
-4
Year
- 3
Year
-2
Year
-1
Gam
es
held
Y ear
+1
Year
+2
Year
+3
Year
+4
Year
+5
The
‘Fes
tival
Mel
bour
ne 2
006’
pro
gram
me
20.
[19,
20]
The
‘Riv
er S
how
Cel
ebra
tion’
20.
[19,
20]
The
‘Pos
t-Eve
nt P
arad
e’20
.[1
9, 2
0]
The
‘Indi
an F
estiv
al’
20.
[19,
20]
The
‘Inte
rnat
iona
l Spo
rts F
acili
ty M
anag
emen
t Pro
gram
me’
27.
6 da
ys [9
]
Spor
t Kno
wle
dge
Aus
tralia
(SKA
)27
.20
05-2
009/
10 [
21]
The
‘Ado
pt-A
-Sec
ond
Team
’ pro
gram
me
33.
2004
-200
6 [2
2]
The
‘Que
en’s
Bato
n Re
lay’
38.
3/20
05-2
006
[23]
Mel
bour
ne’s
‘Vol
unte
erin
g m
odel
’40
.20
05-2
006
[17,
24]
Lond
on 20
12
The
‘Lon
don
2012
Sus
tain
abili
ty P
lan’
5.20
06-p
rese
nt [2
5]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘LO
GO
G S
usta
inab
ility
Pol
icy’
5.20
06-p
rese
nt [2
5]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Com
pete
For’
proc
urem
ent p
rogr
amm
e9.
2012
-pre
sent
[26]
Ong
oing
The
Oly
mpi
c G
ames
‘Cul
tura
l Oly
mpi
ad’
22.
May
last
up to
4 y
ears
The
‘Get
Set
’ Lon
don
2012
pro
gram
me
25.
2011
- pre
sent
[27,
28]
Ong
oing
The
‘You
ng A
mba
ssad
ors’
pro
gram
me
29.
2009
-pre
sent
[29]
Ong
oing
The
‘Cha
ngin
g Pl
aces
’ ini
tiativ
e36
.20
09-2
014
[30]
The
‘Per
sona
l Bes
t’ pr
ogra
mm
e41
.20
08-p
rese
nt [3
1, 3
2]O
ngoi
ng
‘Peo
ple
Mak
ing
Wav
es’
43.
2009
– p
rese
nt [3
3]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘May
or’s
Visi
on fo
r Cyc
ling’
45.
2013
- pre
sent
[34]
Ong
oing
The
‘Fire
Fit’
initi
ativ
e47
.20
12 [3
5]
The
‘Foo
d Vi
sion
’ 51
.20
09- p
rese
nt [3
5]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Bus
ines
sClu
b Sc
otla
nd’ p
rogr
amm
e2.
[9]
Ong
oing
The
‘201
4 M
ultif
unct
iona
l Gre
en S
pace
Pro
ject
’4.
201
0 - o
ngoi
ng [
36]
Ong
oing
The
'Sus
tain
able
Gla
sgow
Initi
ativ
e'4.
2010
- on
goin
g [3
6]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Cle
an G
lasg
ow C
ampa
ign’
4.20
10 -
ongo
ing
[36]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth P
arks
’ in
itiat
ive
4.20
10 -
ongo
ing
[36]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth a
nd In
tern
atio
nal D
evel
opm
ent C
ities
Pr
ogra
mm
e’7.
2005
-ong
oing
[36,
37]
Ong
oing
ATTACHMENT 2.2
32
Olym
pic &
Com
mon
weal
th G
ames
Pro
gram
mes
Prog
ram
#
Actu
al d
ates
Year
-5
Year
-4
Year
- 3
Year
-2
Year
-1
Gam
es
held
Y ear
+1
Year
+2
Year
+3
Year
+4
Year
+5
The
‘Com
mun
ity B
enefi
t in
Proc
urem
ent’
(CBI
P)9.
2010
- on
goin
g [3
6]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Leg
acy
Perfo
rman
ce M
anag
emen
t and
Mea
sure
men
t Fr
amew
ork’
(PM
MF)
**
10.
Estim
ate
2010
-
ongo
ing
[38]
Ong
oing
The
‘Gla
sgow
Bus
ines
s Po
rtal’
initi
ativ
e11
.20
11- p
rese
nt [9
]
The
‘Inw
ard
Inve
stmen
t Pro
gram
me’
12.
2010
- on
goin
g [3
6]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Tal
es o
f the
Gam
es’
14.
2010
- on
goin
g [3
9]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Sus
tain
able
Tou
rist S
chem
e’15
.20
10 -
ongo
ing
[36]
Ong
oing
The
‘Gla
sgow
Tou
rism
Ski
lls In
itiat
ive’
**16
.Es
timat
e 20
10 -
ongo
ing
[38]
Ong
oing
The
‘Inte
rnat
iona
l Med
ia R
elat
ions
Pro
gram
me’
18
.20
10 -
ongo
ing
[36]
Ong
oing
The
‘Gla
sgow
: Sco
tland
with
sty
le’ i
nitia
tive
18.
2010
- on
goin
g [3
6]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘201
4 C
ultu
ral P
rogr
amm
e’**
23.
Estim
ate
2010
-
ongo
ing
[38]
Ong
oing
The
‘Cre
ativ
e Sc
otla
nd’ i
nitia
tive*
*23
.Es
timat
e 20
10 -
ongo
ing
[38]
Ong
oing
The
'Sco
tland
Sw
ings
' ini
tiativ
e**
23.
Estim
ate
2010
-
ongo
ing
[38]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth G
ames
Bus
ines
s Po
rtal’
11.
2009
- 20
11 [9
]
The
scho
ol b
ased
‘Com
mon
wea
lth C
halle
nge:
Cur
ricul
um fo
r Ex
celle
nce’
24.
Alre
ady
esta
blis
hed
-
ongo
ing
[39]
Ong
oing
The
‘Con
nect
ing
Cla
ssro
oms’
initi
ativ
e**
24.
Estim
ate
2010
-
ongo
ing
[39]
Ong
oing
The
‘Gam
e O
n Sc
otla
nd’ s
choo
ls pr
ogra
mm
e25
.20
12 -o
ngoi
ng [
38]
Ong
oing
The
‘Act
ive
Scho
ols
Con
fere
nce’
25
.A
pril
2012
[9]
The
‘Lea
d 20
14’ e
duca
tion
prog
ram
me*
*26
.20
10 -e
stim
ate
ongo
ing
[33]
Ong
oing
The
‘You
th L
egac
y A
mba
ssad
ors’
(YLA
) and
‘Hos
t City
A
mba
ssad
or’ p
rogr
amm
es29
.[3
3]
The
‘You
ng P
eopl
e’s
Spor
ts Pa
nel’*
*30
.Es
timat
e du
ring
Gam
es
[33]
The
‘Leg
acy
2014
You
ng P
erso
ns F
und’
31.
2012
- on
goin
g [3
3]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Ski
lls D
evel
opm
ent S
cotla
nd’ (
SDS)
initi
ativ
e31
.20
12 -
ongo
ing
[33]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth A
ppre
ntic
eshi
ps In
itiat
ive’
(CA
I)31
.20
12 -
ongo
ing
[33]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth Jo
bs F
und’
(CJF
)31
.20
12 -
ongo
ing
[33]
Ong
oing
ATTACHMENT 2.2
33
Olym
pic &
Com
mon
weal
th G
ames
Pro
gram
mes
Prog
ram
#
Actu
al d
ates
Year
-5
Year
-4
Year
- 3
Year
-2
Year
-1
Gam
es
held
Y ear
+1
Year
+2
Year
+3
Year
+4
Year
+5
The
‘Com
mon
wea
lth G
radu
ate
Fund
’ (C
GF)
31.
2012
- on
goin
g [3
3]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Lau
nchp
ad’ i
nitia
tive
31.
2012
- on
goin
g [3
3]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Sup
port
a Se
cond
Tea
m’ p
rogr
amm
e33
.20
12 -
ongo
ing
[33]
Ong
oing
The
‘Par
ks a
nd E
duca
tiona
l Esta
blis
hmen
ts Tw
inni
ng In
itiat
ive’
**35
.20
10 -e
stim
ate
ongo
ing
[36]
Ong
oing
The
‘Let
Gla
sgow
Flo
uris
h’ M
useu
m p
rogr
amm
e **
37.
Estim
ate
2010
- o
ngoi
ng [
39]
Ong
oing
The
‘Que
en’s
Bato
n Re
lay’
38.
Pre/
durin
g G
ames
The
‘Gla
sgow
Spo
rts V
olun
teer
Impr
ovem
ent P
rogr
amm
e’ (
VIP)
: ‘P
erso
nal B
est’
and
‘VIP
pro
gram
me’
**41
.Es
timat
e 20
12
– on
goin
g [4
0]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Eve
ntTe
am S
cotla
nd’ p
rogr
amm
e44
.1/
2011
- on
goin
g
[41]
Ong
oing
The
‘Let
’s M
ake
Scot
land
Mor
e A
ctiv
e’ (L
MSM
A) p
rogr
amm
e **
46.
Estim
ate
2010
- o
ngoi
ng [3
3]O
ngoi
ng
The
‘Jog
Scot
land
’ pro
gram
me,
The
‘Pa
ths
for A
ll’ p
rogr
amm
e46
.20
10 -
ongo
ing
[33]
Ong
oing
‘Nat
iona
l Wal
king
Stra
tegy
’ 46
.M
ay 2
012
- on
goin
g [3
3]O
ngoi
ng
‘Get
Sco
tland
Dan
cing
’46
.20
12 -
2014
[33]
‘Nat
iona
l Cyc
le N
etw
ork’
link
if d
ates
are
sam
e46
.20
10 -
ongo
ing
[33]
Ong
oing
‘Par
krun
’ 46
.Ex
istin
g - o
ngoi
ng
[33]
Ong
oing
The
‘Com
mun
ity S
ports
Hub
s’ (C
SH)
46.
2010
- on
goin
g [3
3]
Ong
oing
The
‘Leg
acy
2014
Act
ive
Plac
es F
und’
46.
2012
- on
goin
g [3
3]O
ngoi
ng
The
com
mun
ity s
port
‘Clu
bmar
k’ p
rogr
amm
e **
48.
Estim
ate
2012
-o
ngoi
ng [
38]
Ong
oing
The
‘Gre
at S
cotti
sh R
un’
49.
1982
orig
, dev
elop
in
to 3
day
eve
nt
The
‘Sco
ttish
Spo
rt Re
lief H
ome
and
Aw
ay P
rogr
amm
e’**
52.
Estim
ate
2012
-o
ngoi
ng [
38]
Ong
oing
The
‘Pla
ygro
und
to P
odiu
m-D
isab
ility
Spo
rt pa
thw
ays’
in
itiat
ive
**53
.Es
timat
e 20
12
-ong
oing
[38
]O
ngoi
ng
*The
maj
ority
of i
nitia
tives
in th
e G
lasg
ow le
gacy
fram
ewor
k ar
e sc
hedu
led
to c
ontin
ue u
ntil
2019
, and
arr
ows
indi
cate
this
whe
re re
leva
nt**
Estim
ates
of p
rogr
amm
e du
ratio
n ha
ve b
een
appl
ied,
due
to th
e la
ck o
f pro
gram
me
deta
ils a
vaila
ble,
or t
he c
hang
es to
stra
tegy
und
erw
ay
ATTACHMENT 2.2
REFERENCES
ReFeReNCes
1. Di Pietro, L., Case Study: Skills Strategy in Barcelona - Porta 22 Project, 2008.2. Barcelona Activa. Who We Are. 2011; Available from: http://www.barcelonactiva.cat/barcelonactiva/en/all-about-barcelona-activa/who-we-are/
index.jsp.3. Garcia, B. The concept of Olympic cultural programmes: origins, evolution and projection: university lecture on the Olympics [online article]. 2002.4. Australian Trade Commission. Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. 2013; Available from: http://www.austrade.gov.au/Buy/Australian-Industry-Capability/
Major-sporting-events/Business-Club-Australia/BCA-Sydney-2000.5. Chalip, L. Using the Olympics to optimise tourism benefits; university lecture on the Olympics 2002.6. Manchester City Council, Commonwealth Games Economic Benefits Legacy Report, 2013.7. Club, M.B. About Manchester Business Club. 2013; Available from: http://www.manchesterbusinessclub.com/manbusinessclub.nsf.8. ECOTEC Research and Consulting, An evaluation of the Commonwealth Games legacy programme, n.d, ECOTEC Research & Consulting Limited: Leeds,
United Kingdom.9. Pye, N., GC2018 Legacy; ‘Best Practice Report’ 2013.10. Manchester City Council, Passport 2k brochure, 2003.11. World-class development: Manchester’s events strategy. The Leisure Review, 2010.12. The XVIIth Commonwealth Games Manchester 2002 Pre Volunteer Programme Final Report. 2003.13. Nichols, G. and R. Ralston, Manchester Event Volunteers: A Legacy and a Role Model, 2011, The University of Sheffield.14. Manchester City Council, Healthier Communities Final Report, 2003.15. Melbourne 2006. Games Observers Program. 2006.16. Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination, Economic Impact Study of the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Post-event analysis, 2006.17. Insight Economics, Triple bottom line assessment of the XVIII Commonwealth Games, 2006.18. City of Melbourne, Finance and Governance Committee Report, 2006.19. Melbourne 2006, Festival Melbourne 2006. 2006.20. Melbourne 2006, Commonwealth Games Evaluation Report 2006, 2006.21. Poynter, G., Literature Review: Olympic Legacy Governance Arrangements, 2009.22. Melbourne 2006. Community Events - Adopt a Second Team. 2004; Available from: http://education.melbourne2006.com.au/?s=ceadopt.23. Melbourne 2006. Community Events - Queen’s Baton Relay. 2004; Available from: http://education.melbourne2006.com.au/?s=ceqbr.24. Melbourne 2006. Volunteers. 2005; Available from: http://volunteers.melbourne2006.com.au/.25. Olympic Delivery Authority, Sustainable Development Strategy, 2007: London.26. CompeteFor. Welcome To CompeteFor. 2013; Available from: https://www.competefor.com/business/login.jsp.27. Olympic.org. London 2012 education programme to provide lasting legacy. 2012; Available from: http://www.olympic.org/news/london-2012-
education-programme-to-provide-lasting-legacy/178364.28. Paralympic.org. Schools Get Set for London 2012 with grants to plan their Games. 2011; Available from: http://www.paralympic.org/news/
schools-get-set-london-2012-grants-plan-their-games.29. Youth Sport Trust. London 2012 stars kick off Young Ambassador conference. 2012.30. Sustainable Sport & Event Toolkit Platform. Are the Olympic Games really making a difference to East London? 2009.31. Nichols, G. and R. Ralston, Lessons from the Volunteering Legacy of the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Urban Studies, 2011. 49(1): p. 169-184.32. Newham London. Personal Best volunteer carries the Olympic flame as colleagues steward the relay. 2013; Available from: http://www.newham.com/
page/local_news/personal_best_volunteer_carries_the_olympic_flame_as_colleagues_steward_the_relay/267,10,0,0.html.33. Group, T.G.L.E.W., An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games 2014 Legacy for Scotland Report 1: Questions, Methods and Baseline, 2012, Scottish
Government Social Research.34. Greater London Authority, The Mayor’s Vision for Cycling in London; An Olympic Legacy for all Londoners, 2013.35. Olympic.org. Official website of the Olympic Movement. 2013; Available from: http://www.olympic.org/content/olympism-in-action/olympic-legacy/
london-2012-legacy/?tab=fire-fit.36. Glasgow City Council, Glasgow 2014 Legacy Framework, 2013.37. Glasgow City Council. Welcome to Glasgow. 2013; Available from: http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1.38. Glasgow City Council, Glasgow’s Legacy Framework: Progress Report and Action Plan, 2012.39. The Scottish Government, On your marks...in A Games Legacy for Scotland. 2009.40. RICS Research, The 2012 Games: Regeneration Legacy, 2012, The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors.41. Ekogen, Delivering Skills for the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games, in Report completed and submitted by David Eiser2011.
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“The strength of the London 2012 bid was that 75p in every £1 was to be spent on legacy”.‘delivering London 2012’, ICe 2011
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In order to make this a practical report, and to complete it within a short timeframe, details have been provided only for the twenty-one recommended initiatives/ programmes. Further details of additional legacy programmes have been added, but only where they fall under these larger initiatives.
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4.1 mANChesteR LeGACY PROGRAmmes
There were four key objectives of the Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games. To position the UK as a centre for international sport, to strengthen the economic and social capacity of Manchester and the North West; to advance policies for greater social inclusion; and to showcase Britain internationally [1]. In Manchester itself the objectives were more specific. They needed a flag-ship project to regenerate the de-industrialised eastern side of the city [2].
Seven of the twenty-one initiatives identified as having priority importance to GC2018, are from Manchester 2002. Each is explained below, along with any relevant programmes which fall under them.
In addition to a schools programme called the ‘Commonwealth Curriculum pack’ the Manchester 2002 Legacy Programme consisted of several key initiatives which are relevant to GC2018. Most other legacy initiatives sat under these headings.
• The national ‘Spirit of Friendship Festival’ (SOFF) and thecommunity based ‘Let’s Celebrate’.
• The community-based PVP (Pre-Volunteer Programme).
• The eventual ‘MEV model’, (Manchester Event Volunteers).
• The youth engagement ‘Passport Programme’.
• The health-based ‘Healthier Communities Programme’.
• The economically targeted ‘Prosperity Programme’.
• The tourism-focussed ‘Games Xchange’.
Each initiative is explained below, along with any relevant programmes which fall under them:
The community-based ‘Let’s Celebrate’ and the national ‘Spirit of Friendship Festival’ (SOFF). ‘Let’s Celebrate’ was a programme of processional and celebratory arts (e.g. carnivals) which was aimed at building the capacity of South Asian, African and African-Caribbean communities in the city, and taking advantage of the cultural diversity that the city offered [3]. The programme ran from April 2001 -March 2004, a full year before the Games, and almost two years after it. It was used as a catalyst and banner for a vibrant, visual and engaging celebration of the modern Commonwealth, and the programme included ‘Cultureshock 2002’, ‘New Frontiers’, ‘Expanding Horizons’ and the ‘Artist in Residence’ programme [4-6]. The programme took the national SOFF) programme and extended it. Research showed that the aims of promoting social cohesion, cultural diversity, local employment and cultural infrastructure, were largely met, though the longevity of programmes was in some doubt and sustainability varied (this was very much funding related). The programme did revitalize a number of dormant events, y bringing them under the Commonwealth Games banner. For example ‘Cultureshock 2002’ a celebration of key arts programmes, was made up of 112 diverse projects, some old some new. Of these, 68 had specific links to ethnic groups from Commonwealth countries [7]. Participating artists In this programme produced a body of work entitled ‘Aftershock’ to provide a permanent collection of their work [8]. The ‘spirit of friendship festival’ covered a shorter period, and comprised 150-days of nationwide celebrations running for 5-months, and ending 1-week after the 2002 Games. It included four main themes: sport, education, culture & the arts and community, and jubilee celebrations [1, 9]. This broader festival achieved 250,000 attendance on key days, with the delivery of over 2,000 events around the country [1]. (The number of officially registered events included 233 cultural events, 171 Jubilee related events, and 1,041 sport related events [9]). The final Games report talked of a new ‘Friendship Festival’ model that could be replicated by future host cities [1], and this may be worthy of further research as GC2018 investigates festival options.
“Already a successful global city London has set itself a unique challenge – not simply to deliver a successful Olympic Games but to regenerate its most socio-economically challenged area of the city”. Local development benefits from staging global events: achieving the local development legacy from 2012. OeCd 2010
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The community-based PVP (Pre-Volunteer Programme)/ and the eventual ‘MEV model’, (Manchester Event Volunteers). The community based ‘PVP ‘(Pre-Volunteer Programme) was a scheme to open up the opportunity to participate as a volunteer to those in 23 of the most disadvantaged areas, particularly across the North West. It was also designed to assist those on the programme to gain new skills and experience. The PVP programme targeted a number of specific groups, including people living within defined regeneration areas across the North West, the inclusion of young people aged 16 to 24 years old, the unemployed, those from ethnic minority communities, and people with disabilities. Training was provided by the Manchester Training and Enterprise Council, and the programme was designed to deliver new skills, new experiences, and to improve employment [4-5]. Passing the PVP course guaranteed an interview for volunteer placement onto the main Games volunteer programme [10]. This is considered to be a benchmark programme, mainly because of its success in delivering real change to people’s lives, and it did this in an area which was ranked high in also ‘indices of multiple deprivation’. The programme began three years out from the Games, and the structures to deliver it began with the implementation of a steering group in May 1999. By July 1999 training had been set up, and pilot programmes were introduced in early 2000. By September 2000 a full management team had been recruited. In all 22,000 volunteers took 10,000 roles [11], and post-Games employment figures claimed the creation of 20,000 jobs [7, 12]. Once the Games were over, ‘PVP’ became ‘MEV’, (Manchester Event Volunteers), and this organisation is still running, eleven years after the Games itself, and it claims to be the world’s longest running mega-event volunteer legacy programme [13-14]. Manchester has been heralded as the first Games to use volunteering as a means to address social exclusion. They successfully recruited from the lowest socio-economic groups and provided post-event skills training [13-15]. They created an accredited qualification for event volunteering [7, 12], and they drove long-term employment opportunities [13] for those who needed them most. A programme of this type that delivers employment possibilities will be of value to GC2018, particularly if it considers the focus on an employability legacy, as opposed to an employment legacy [16], adopted by Glasgow 2014. This focus reflects an understanding of factors that can be strategically managed (skill levels) and those that cannot (external economic factors).
The youth engagement ‘Passport Programme’ is a programme that is now ongoing, but it started in 2000 two years before the Manchester Games, and ran in five key areas of the city. By 2003 it had spread, post-Games, to sixteen areas. Essentially it was a region-wide out of hours youth activities programme aimed at 11-13 year olds[5] and built around six key themes: Arts and Culture, Sports and Physical Activity, Commonwealth, Environment, Health and Jobs, Volunteering and Future Opportunities [5]. Some examples of the local activities included sports programmes, outdoor activities, cultural workshops, and opportunities in volunteering and training. Each area under the six key themes tended to offer two week programmes of activities during the summer holidays[5]. Strong results were seen in the areas of youth engagement, and the reduction of anti-social behaviour [3]. It was also helpful in fostering a sense of regional pride across the North-West of England. Good post-Games legacy through the sharing of good practice.
The health-based ‘Healthier Communities Programme’ was a programme which began just prior to the 2002 Games, but which continues eleven years later. It was aimed at providing training, development and support to community health groups particularly with help in bidding for funding, and networking of their projects. The bidding for national and regional funds, as well as European funds was something Manchester City Council excelled at and their successful bid for SRB (Single Regeneration Budget) funding drove a lot of their programmes before during and after the Games themselves. The ‘Healthier Communities programme’ was regionally focussed, and included a number of initiatives; ‘Pathways to Health and Independence’, ‘Healthy Living Centres’, the ‘Compass Project’ which provided community learning support, and the ‘Sport for Health’ programme [4-5]. Impacts are hard to quantify. However, it did create a legacy of networks and partnerships between community organizations and research indicates that these are still functioning well today.
“The hosting of major international events can be seen as … an unrivalled opportunity for a nation or a city to achieve other goals”. Local development benefits from staging global events: achieving the local development legacy from 2012. OeCd 2010
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The economically targeted ‘Prosperity Programme’. A total of eleven sub-projects were managed under this scheme, in conjunction with both the Commonwealth Economic Initiative, and a range of interested commercial organisations, and all were aimed at delivering local economic benefits. The programme itself began three years out from the Games and concluded after the Games, although some programmes which appeared under the ‘prosperity’ banner began up to 5-years out from the Games, and several continued for 1-2 years post-Games. The programme included, or was linked to a series of economic initiatives which were Games driven or Games related, and these included ‘Prosperity NW’, The ‘Commonwealth Economic Benefits Programme’ , The ‘Ethnic Minorities Enterprise Support’, and ‘Creative Frontiers’ [3-5, 17]. The glut of programmes under ‘Prosperity’ were a good example of the merging of Games policies with existing public policy [5, 18]. The ‘Prosperity’ programme eventually evolved into the ‘Manchester Business Club’, and supported the work of MIDAS (Manchester’s Investment and Development Agency), and the ‘Manchester Business Club’ still continues as a business networking and inward investment organisation.
The tourism focussed ‘Games Xchange’ was an initiative that provided a single access point for information enquiries about the XVII Commonwealth Games, and this in turn made networking easier[4]. The aim was to promote Manchester as a tourist and economic destination, and initiatives included a visitor centre, a website, a ‘music-map’, archives, and a Games Legacy Exhibition[4-5]. 2002 Successfully harnessed university resources, libraries, city distribution channels such as supermarkets, and museum resources to spread the word about the Games and about Manchester as a place to visit and engage with. It also provided a way in which tourist boards could engage with the games on a project which used current resources and city expertise. The ‘Games Xchange’ model remained in place for future events. Melbourne and Glasgow have provided similar programmes partly modelled on Manchester 2002.
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“Governance is a crucial aspect of planning and delivering legacy, but one which is often ignored”. Literature review: Olympic venues, 2010 Oxford Brookes University
4.2 meLBOURNe LeGACY PROGRAmmes
There were two key objectives of the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games, image and regeneration. The city wanted to consolidate its position as the nation’s events capital, and use this to leverage global recognition. It also wanted to improve housing, transport, social cohesion, and deliver a regenerated river zone [2]. All projects and activities undertaken by the City of Melbourne for the 2006 Games, were grouped under the seven key ‘legacy themes’ identified by Council, namely; building a better city, making Melbourne run smoothly, engaging the community, promoting Melbourne to the world, creating international partnerships and business benefits, producing an environmentally sound Games, and delivering good corporate management
Two of the twenty-one initiatives identified as having priority importance to GC2018, are from Melbourne 2006 (although section 3.1 shows there are also lessons in tourism legacy, sustainability programmes, and from their work with the ‘Business ready programme’).
• The festival/ cultural-based initiative ‘Festival Melbourne 2006’.
• The community based ‘Adopt a Second Team’ programme.
Each initiative is explained below, along with any relevant programmes which fall under them:
The festival/ cultural-based initiative ‘Festival Melbourne 2006’ was a programme that benefitted from a $12 million budget [19], enabling organisers to provide a series of free cultural events to Games spectators. The goal was to ‘expose a cultural Commonwealth alive with arts culture and energy’, and it involved a range of programming which included The $3 million ‘River Show Celebration’ the ‘Post-Event Parade’, several ‘live sites’, and the ‘Indian Festival’. Consistent with the goal of regenerating the rive zone, many of the ceremonies and cultural festivals were heavily focused on the Yarra River front. The interesting thing about ‘Festival Melbourne’ was its success, with the generation of over 2 million spectators, equal to the Games themselves[19]. Many also attended festival events in Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong [20].
The community-based ‘Adopt a Second Team’ programme was a positive initiative which was spread across 79 different municipalities within Greater Melbourne. This was part of a broader policy mandate to ensure the Games were remembered as a celebration of diversity [2, 21]. It also sought community participation, so each one of these municipalities was assigned one of the competing international teams. This was considered to be an innovative programme because it built on the already established practice of satellite areas hosting sports training camps[2]. It also capitalised quite strongly on the international status of the Games and it forged links with communities that had emigrated from different parts of the Commonwealth. In turn, many programmes flowed from this concept, including the ‘Equal First legacy plan’. The Games organisers sensibly delegated the task of leveraging the opportunities onto local authorities, and the success of the concept was down to strong cooperation between differing level of government. There were a number of Councils that adopted innovative initiatives to improve relationships not only between local people, but between local government and schools. Others focused less on community and more on area marketing with less success [2]. The programme itself was launched two years out from the Games itself, and ended after the event, and it was heralded as a strong contributor to a Games that celebrated diversity.
The hubs are based around the idea that the encouragement of activity is reliant on the provision of high quality environments in which to exercise [17]. In addition, making them community based hubs means they can focus on the long-term needs of a particular community. There is some good evidence of regional and national programme alignment with this national umbrella programme, and a good public response to these activity-based initiatives. For example 11,000 new walkers have been added across Scotland in 12-months. Using a programme that was already in place has given the multitude of programmes a recognised structure and a consistent funding stream.
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4.3 GLAsGOw LeGACY PROGRAmmes
There are four key themes for the Glasgow 2013 legacy [22]; Flourishing (using the Games to contribute to the growth of the Scottish economy); Active (using the Games to help Scots be more physically active; Connected (using the Games to strengthen connections at home and internationally through culture and learning); and Sustainable (using the Games to demonstrate environmental responsibility and help communities live more sustainably).
In addition, Glasgow has identified 6 legacy themes which broadly fit with the four national themes above. These are; Prosperous, Active, Inclusive, Accessible, Green and International[22]. This emerged from the goal to deliver ‘a greener Glasgow, a prosperous Glasgow, an accessible Glasgow, an active Glasgow, an international Glasgow, and an inclusive Glasgow [23].
Seven of the twenty-one initiatives identified as having priority importance to GC2018, are from Glasgow 2014.
• The measurement-based ‘Legacy Performance Management and Measurement Framework’ (PMFF).
• The tourism-based ‘Glasgow Tourism Skills Initiative’.
• The ‘International Media Relations Programme’.
• The festival/ cultural-based ‘2014 Cultural Programme’.
• The educationally-based ‘Game On Scotland’.
• The community-based ‘Support a Second Team’ initiative.
• The activity-based ‘Let’s Make Scotland More Active’ (LMSMA).
Each initiative is explained below, along with any relevant programmes which fall under them:
The measurement-based ‘Legacy Performance Management and Measurement Framework’ (PMFF). A bold initiative which is attempting to provide accurate measures of legacy at all stages. The models used are providing baseline indicators, identifying gaps and recommending remedial action [23-24]. This is one of the most advanced attempts at measuring the legacy outcomes of a Commonwealth Games, and the process began four years out from the Games. Glasgow also formed a 21-person ‘Games Legacy Evaluation Working Group (GLEWG) in January 2014, over two years prior to the Games[17]. GLEWG is made up of Glasgow City Council, a number of key national partners and several academics. GLEWG reports to the Games Legacy Executive Board (GLEB)[17]. Interestingly evaluation work of GLEWG was backdated with 2008 chosen as the baseline year because that was the first full year following the successful bid. The only task of GLEWG is to develop and agree on an approach to evaluation, and to produce a series of reports in relation to it (Glasgow has four legacy reports planned, a 2014 pre-Games legacy report, a 2015 post-Games legacy report, a 2017 interim legacy report, and a final 2019 legacy report [19]. These initiatives are expected to provide one of the most comprehensive assessments of event legacy to date, and it is included as a potential ‘best-practice’ in event legacy measurement, with particular relevance to GC2018.
The tourism-based ‘Glasgow Tourism Skills Initiative’. This programme was established through partnerships between Scottish Enterprise (SE), VisitScotland, the Glasgow City Marketing Bureau, the Glasgow 2014 Organising Committee, and Glasgow Council. The project is designed to address any skills gaps and shortages in the tourism industry in preparation for the Games delivery [23]. The initiative had its origins four years out from the Games, and it is part of the 2019 plan, estimated to continue for at least five years
after the Games. This programme has some relevance to the Gold Coast, with its tourism focus, and its broad aims of marking Glasgow one of the top performing cities in the UK in terms of tourism staff productivity, through skill development, and reduced turnover.
The ‘International Media Relations Programme’. Built around a consistent unique selling point (USP), ‘Glasgow: Scotland with style’. This programme is using the best parts from the Sydney 2000 ‘Visiting Journalists Programme’. It includes a journalist visitation programme, and this initially began four years out from the Games themselves,
“Barcelona’s Olympic projects…showed that uniting a diverse set of regeneration projects under an Olympic theme can help urban authorities to gain support from a wide range of… stakeholders”. RICs Research, the 2012 Games: Regeneration Legacy 2011
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although it was stepped up considerably in August 2012. The resulting media toolkit is part of a large coordinated programme of Visit Scotland initiatives [24]. This has some relevance to the GC2018, due to the potential tourist gains from a positive media, and the research shows that this can be leveraged for a considerable period prior to the Games themselves.
The festival/ cultural-based ‘2014 Cultural Programme’. Glasgow established what they called the Strategic Major Events Forum (SMEF), and this is aimed at developing a portfolio of major events between 2009 and 2020. The ‘2014 Cultural Programme’ contributes strongly to that goal, and forms part of a 10-year arts plan for the city. For example, 2012 was the year of ‘Creative Scotland’ and over 50 projects in that year produced over 250 events, mostly in support of London 2012. National Lottery Funds have provided £8 million to support the Glasgow ‘2014 Cultural Programme’. Current work is underway to identify existing and aspirational art and cultural events that can form part of the lead up to the 2014 Games. Successfully chosen events will the form part of the official ‘2014 Cultural Programme’ [22-23]. The goals of the programme are to improve the perception of Scotland as a creative nation; increase engagement through new artistic, cultural and creative experiences; and to enhance understanding and celebration of Scottish and other countries’ cultures [17]. They intend to deliver this by getting Glasgow’s voluntary, public, private sectors and social enterprise companies to get involved. The cultural offerings are expected to be broad, and they also include mass participation music events such as ‘Scotland Swings’ [24] The ‘2014 Cultural Programme’ promises to provide a strong economic and social legacy, a good ‘Arts-Council’ relationship, and room for enhanced benefits through a number of infrastructure site expansions occurring in 2013-14.
The educationally-based ‘Game On Scotland’. The ‘Game On Scotland’ initiative is a school-based programme, which was launched in September 2012. Its aim is to create learning opportunities around Glasgow 2014 and future events in Scotland. The programme follows the London ‘Get Set’ programme. Glasgow was a significant contributor to this programme, registering over 2,000 Scottish schools during the 2012 Olympics. The programme also has some similarities to the Manchester ‘Commonwealth Curriculum pack’ which reached 33,000 schools across the UK in 2002. The programme is aimed at those aged 3-19, and its specific goal is to leave a lasting legacy of greater intercultural understanding, links and exchanges. There are a number of associated programmes being run by Glasgow either under the ‘Game On Scotland’ banner, or closely related to it. They include the ‘Active Schools Conference’ April 2012 [22, 24], the ‘Connecting Classrooms’[22] school partnership programme, and the ‘Lead 2014’ education programme which is a partnership initiative between SportScotland, the Youth Sport Trust and Glasgow 2014. Glasgow is a good example, to date, of how past-Games educational programmes can be harnessed, emulated and perhaps surpassed.
The community/ school-based ‘Support a Second Team’ initiative. This programme was predominantly driven through a schools link [17], and it began in 2012, two years out from the Games. It has some relation to the Melbourne 2006 programme ‘Adopt a Second Team’ although in Melbourne the programme was spread across 79 different municipalities, and it was largely community-based and council-driven. The Glasgow programme seems to still be under development, but it remains a school-based programme which links schools across the 71 Commonwealth countries[17]. The advantage is that it internationalises and engages youth through education and learning, and it can potentially provide a lasting knowledge legacy.
The activity-based ‘Let’s Make Scotland More Active’ (LMSMA). The Glasgow legacy programme is aligning with this programme which is essentially Scotland’s Physical Activity Strategy, giving them an evidenced base framework to work into [17]. A number of programmes which have either been added for the Games or joined onto include ‘Jog Scotland’, ‘Paths for All’, a May 2012 ‘National Walking Strategy’, an October 2010 programme entitled ‘Get Scotland Dancing’, additions to the ‘National Cycle Network’, extending the ‘Parkrun’ programme, and the August 2010 launch of ‘Community Sports Hubs’ (CSH), which utilised the newly created £10 million ‘Legacy 2014 Active Places Fund’ [17, 24].
“There was a lot of energy committed to the delivery of the (Sydney) Games, but the aftermath was less well considered”. RICs Research, the 2012 Games: Regeneration Legacy 2011
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“The Melbourne case shows that in major cities that already have established events facilities, it is possible to place greater emphasis on socio-economic projects and less on venue developments”. RICs Research, the 2012 Games: Regeneration Legacy 2011
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4.4seLeCted OLYmPIC LeGACY PROGRAmmes
There are several legacy examples from past Olympics and several examples where negative legacies eventuated. This report restricted its research to three Olympics, Barcelona 1992, Sydney 2000, and London 2012. While Barcelona is a strong example of the use of a mega event to rebrand and redefine a city, it is also an example of a wholesale transformation of a city and its global reengagement after years on the economic peripheral. While we can learn much from their policy integration and civic engagement, the contexts are very different to GC2018. For this reason, the final five initiatives identified as having priority importance to GC2018, are all from Sydney and London.
• Sydney’s economically-targeted ‘Business Club of Australia’ (BCA).
• London’s ‘Sustainability Plan 2012’.
• London’s trade-based ‘Competefor’ procurement programme.
• Sydney’s tourism initiative the ‘Visiting Journalists Programme’.
• London’s educationally-based ‘Get Set’ programme.
Each initiative is explained below, along with any relevant programmes which fall under them:
Sydney’s economically-targeted ‘Business Club of Australia’ (BCA) The BCA was a networking initiative to leverage the global Olympic spotlight on Australia to gain international trade [25-26]. Some in depth research has been carried out on the Sydney model by Danny O’Brien out of Bond University which will be useful to the GC2018 Games [25-27]. The BCA initiative began a year out from the Sydney Olympics, and continues on thirteen years later. It has also been copied by many other Games, and it has broadened since Sydney 2000 to include the registration of organizations, ongoing programming, business engagement in various export-ready programmes, business networking and business matching initiatives [24-25]. The Melbourne version also used events and networking, and membership reached 4,804 domestic companies, and 2,901 international [19]. Melbourne included a ‘Games Linkage’ programme to ensure a BCA afterlife. Also included the ‘Melbourne 2006 Observers Programme’, aimed at linking sport and business. Barcelona 1992 also used a process of employment and business matching through their innovative ‘Porta22’ programme, which emerged from a broader platform called ‘Barcelona Activa’ which began in 1986 [28], Glasgow too has used the Sydney example in its ‘BusinessClub Scotland’ model. Overall the Sydney BCA demonstrated positive business returns, but it also warned that businesses needed to show they were equipped to recognize opportunities. The fact that individuals that were involved in the implementation of the BCA have been recruited at subsequent mega events suggests that this is a benchmark programme [25], and one worth considering for GC2018
London’s ‘Sustainability Plan 2012’. Sustainable practices at governmental and planning levels was well underway prior to the 2012 Games, and the Games sustainability plan, which began in 2007, 5 years prior to the Games, adopted many of its programmes, becoming driven by the Olympic Development Authority, and supported as the ‘LOGOG Sustainability Policy’ [29]. The LOGOC policy itself had five priority themes; climate change, waste, biodiversity, inclusion and healthy living. These 5 headings covered everything from procurement and trade practice to outreach [15, 30]. Early assessments showed good results. The targets were driven down to every Games project, particularly within the Olympic Park, in a very thorough way [29]. Sustainability was also embedded into all stages of the design and planning process, and sustainability targets were added to all projects. The best results were achieved when sustainability was driven by senior management and fully integrated into the delivery process. However, there was a criticism that for transformational legacies to occur, these agendas must be well articulated and embedded early into key policy areas [15, 30]. From a GC2018 perspective, further study of the London example may be beneficial. Such a study would need to consider a range of inter-related plans including the ‘ODA Sustainability Strategy’, ‘the London Sustainability Plan 2012’, and ‘the Olympic Park Legacy Plan’ (OPLC).[2]
“The Games investment has become integral to plans for a wider, long-term regeneration initiative”. ’the Commonwealth Games 2014 legacy for scotland, 2012’.
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London’s trade-based ‘Competefor’ procurement programme. Launched the ‘Competefor’ procurement programme for all games related contracts just prior to the Games themselves, and this was aimed at streamlining the Games tendering process while at the same time maximising opportunities for local inclusion [5, 17]. The programme was made up of a portal which helped the business community to better understand the use of electronic media to access public sector contracts. It therefore raised the standard of awarding public sector contracts, and allowed for a more transparent process. Glasgow 2014 had adopted many of the strategies inherent in ‘Competefor’. In doing so, Glasgow has been able to ensure that Glasgow’s people remain a key beneficiary of Glasgow 2014. For example, a category entitled ‘community benefit’ accounts for approximately 10% of the overall score in the evaluation of tenders [23-24]. Procurement programmes in Melbourne were also active in this area. Overall research showed that 33% who used ‘CompeteFor’ said that they would use the experience to bid for wider government or public sector contracts. London results have not been sourced, but results indicate an improvement in competitiveness of local small to medium enterprises. Interestingly in Melbourne 87% of Games construction expenditure went to local firms [20].
Sydney’s tourism initiative the ‘Visiting Journalists Programme’. The programme actually started in 1989 full 11-years prior to the Games, and it was Games-branded 4-years prior to the Games. This actively recruited journalists to visit Australia and it was supported by the ATC who were active in finding locations and stories to profile city businesses [11, 31]. The task was considerable, as the programme aimed to obtain a more sophisticated image for the country, one that is less associated with Crocodile Dundee [32]. It also aimed to show Australia was less geographically distant, while showcasing the range of experiences available. From 1999 to 2001, an estimated two journalists a day arrived under this scheme. It is estimated that Australia gained A$2.3 billion from the initiative [32]. GC2018 can benefit from a deeper understanding of what was done, what worked and what to avoid.
London’s educationally-based ‘Get Set’ programme. Launched a year prior to the Games and continues as an ongoing programme. Glasgow registered over 2,000 Scottish schools onto the London programme, and consequently ‘Get Set’ is related strongly to ‘Game On Scotland’ Glasgow’s own Commonwealth Games educational programme. The programme itself was the name given to the ‘official London 2012 Education Programme’, and many initiatives existed under this heading. It involved a registration process, an online environment, creative competitions, the fostering of entrepreneurial skills, sustainability education and arrange of other programmes. The London programme was lauded because it was a legacy project that was event themed rather than event led [3]. It was also not reliant on the event projects, and therefore it is, at this stage continuing on after the 2012 London Games as an independent programme. The ‘Get Set’ programme used the Games as an opportunity to improve education provision, rather than using the Games as a driver of that change [17]. GC2018 can benefit from exploring the range of programmes grouped under both the London ‘Get Set’ programme, and Glasgow’s related ‘Game On Scotland’
“The strong collaboration that formed between the funding partners and the M2002 OC over the final year is in itself a legacy to future events”. manchester Post-Games Report volume 1.
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“The body of robust evidence was very limited, and ….there was a distinct lack of long-term rather than short-term assessments in all legacy areas”.Legacy Lessons from Past Large-scale sporting events, Owe 2012
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REFERENCES
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1. Manchester Post Games Report Volume 1, Manchester 2002 The XVII Commonwealth Games, Post Games Report 2002.
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3. Smith, A. and T. Fox, From ‘event-led’ to ‘event-themed’ regeneration: The 2002 Commonwealth Games legacy programme. Urban Studies, 2007. 44(5-6):
p. 1125-1143.
4. Final Games Report - Volunteers, The XVIIth Commonwealth Games Manchester 2002 Pre-Volunteer Programme Final Report. 2003.
5. ECOTEC Research & Consulting, An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme. 2005, Manchester City Council.
6. Garcia, B., Evaluation of Cultureshock, Commonwealth NorthWest Cultural Programme: Final Report., in Glasgow: Centre for Cultural Policy Research,
University of Glasgow. 2003.
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City Council., 2002.
8. Manchester Post Games Report Volume 2, Manchester 2002 The XVII Commonwealth Games, Post Games Report 2002.
9. Manchester Post Games Report Volume 4, Manchester 2002 The XVII Commonwealth Games, Post Games Report 2002.
10. Experian, Employment and skills for the 2012 Games: research and evidence. Annex to Final Report: Learning and Skills Council & London Development
Agency, 2006.
11. London Assembly, A Lasting Legacy for London? Assessing the legacy of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. 2007: London East Resarch Institute.
12. UK Sport, Sports Development Impact of the Commonwealth Games: Study of Volunteers (Pre-Games) Executive Summary. International Centre for Research &
Consultancy for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries, 2003.
13. Nichols, G., Ralston, R., Manchester Event Volunteers: A Legacy and a Role Model. The University of Sheffield and University of Manchester 2011.
14. Nichols, G. and R. Ralston, Lessons from the Volunteering Legacy of the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Urban Studies, 2012. 49(1): p. 169-184.
15. MacRury, I., London’s Olympic Legacy: A “Thinkpiece” report prepared for the OECD and Department for Communities and Local Government. 2009, London
East Reseearch Institute: London.
16. Matheson, C., Legacy Planning, Regeneration and Events: The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games. Local Economy, 2010. 25(1): p. 10-23.
17. The Games Legacy Evaluation Working Group, An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games 2014 Legacy for Scotland - Report 1: Questions, Methods and
Baseline. 2012, Scottish Government Social Research.
18. Ram, M., and Smallbone, D., Ethnic Minority Enterprise: Policy in Practice. Final report prepared for the Small Business Service, 2001.
19. KPMG, Economic Impact Study of the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games: Post-event analysis in. Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination, Editor.
2006.
20. Insight Economics, Triple Bottom Line Assessment of the XViii Commonwealth Games, in Report to the Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination
Committee. 2006.
21. Kellett, P., A.M. Hede, and L. Chalip, Social Policy for Sport Events: Leveraging (Relationships with) Teams from other Nations for Community Benefit. European
Sport Management Quarterly, 2008. 8(2): p. 101-121.
22. The Scottish Government, On Your Marks... in A Games Legacy for Scotland. 2009: Edinburgh, Scotland.
23. Glasgow City Council, Glasgow 2014 Legacy Framework. 2009, Glasgow City Council: Glasgow.
24. Glasgow City Council, Glasgow’s Legacy Framework: Progress Report and Action Plan (April 2012 to March 2013). 2012.
25. O’Brien, D., Strategic Business Leveraging of a Mega Sport Event: The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Experience, C. Cooper, T. De Lacy, and L. Jago,
Editors. 2005, The Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre; Australian Government,: Australia.
26. O’Brien, D., Event Business Leveraging: The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006. 33(1): p. 240-261.
27. O’Brien, D., Points of leverage: maximising host community benefit from a regional surfing festival. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2007. 7(2): p.
141-165.
28. OECD, Local Development Benefits from Staging Global Events: Achieving the Local Development Legacy from 2012. 2010, OECD.
29. Epstein, D., Jackson, R., Braithwaite,P., Delivering London 2012: sustainability strategy. Proceedings of ICE Civil Engineering 164 May 2011 Pages 27-33
Paper 10-00045, 2011.
30. The Olympic Delivery Authority, Sustainable Development Strategy. London, 2007.
31. Marketing Tourism and Major Events-Melbourne, The Commonwealth Games Evaluation Report. Council Agenda Item 6.1, 30 May, 2006.
32. Chalip, L. and A. Leyns, Local Business Leveraging of a Sport Event: Managing an Event for Economic Benefit. Journal of Sport Management, 2002. 16: p.
132-158.
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