Biblio Lung Cancer

8/12/2019 Biblio Lung Cancer

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Kate Angeli G. Cruz

RLE 4 3NUR2

The prognostic impact of the amount of tobacco smoking in non-small cell lung

cancer- Differences between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Many studies have tackled smoking, its effects and relationship to cancer but only few

studies have described the influence of the amount of smoking on patient prognoses

and its relationship with respect to histological cell types.

Statement of the problem

General

Is the amount of tobacco smoking affects the prognosis of the lung

cancer?

Specific

Is there any significant difference in the prognosis of Adenocarcinoma

between the non-smokers, light-smokers and heavy smokers?

Is there any significant difference in the prognosis of Squamous cell

carcinoma between the non-smoker, light-smokers and heavy

smokers?

Summary

The respondents for the Adenocarcinoma group were 441 men and 309

women. On the other hand, Squamous cell carcinoma included 310 men and 44

women. In each histological characteristics, respondents were grouped according to

their use of cigarettes. The group were non-smoker, light-smoker and heavy smoker.

The prognosis was measured by the survival rate after years of surgery. The results

gathered were never-smokers had better prognosis than ever smokers in Ad patients

and light-smokers had a worse prognosis than heavy-smokers in Sq patients.

Findings:

In Adenocarcinoma patients, those who have never smoke were more likely to be

female, to have less advanced stage tumors, and to have significantly better prognosis

than those who had ever smoked. In squamous cell carcinoma, among ever-smokers,

light smokers were associated with more advanced stage tumors and significantly

worse prognoses than were the heavy smokers. Analysis showed that light smoking

was related to a worse prognosis compared with heavy smoking.

Conclusion:

The never-smokers had a significantly better prognosis then ever-smokers among

Adenocarcinoma patients, whereas the light-smokers had a significantly worseprognosis than heavy smokers among Squamous cell carcinoma patients. There may


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be factors other than tobacco carcinogens that influence the development of squamous

cell carcinoma in never and/or light smokers.

Implications:

Nursing practice:The campaign to stop smoking should always be implemented as for the

reason that smoking does not only affect the lungs but it affects all our body.

Complete smoking cessation should be encouraged, as the study has shown,

light-smoking can have worse prognosis than heavy-smoking and never-

smokers tends to have less advanced tumors. Smoking is not beneficial to any

patient therefore must be stopped.

Cigarette smoking among youths has been rampant and even in our university,

it is evident. Nurses as a health promoter and educator should not be

participating in the trend but thats not the case. Student nurses are the future

of the college and the future nurses. We should be disciplined enough to take

care of ourselves, not only for ourselves but for our patients as well. Thestudent nurses should learn to walk their talk and prevent smoking as they are

preaching.

Nursing Administration

With the rise of smoking rates among youths, we should strengthen the

campaign against it. Around the university, some student nurses can be seen

smoking in full uniform. The issue of smoking is in the college, and I hope is

not ignored. Nurses even student nurses should be a living example for healthy

living and promoters of health. Student nurses are aware of the implications

but they are not reinforced. Effective reinforcement might be the key to stop

this pressing issue.

Nursing Education

Proper education is the key to knowledge and knowledge may bring about

change. The knowledge of new finding about smoking will help the prevention

and cessation. As a student nurse, I can use the results of the study in

educating the future patients that I may handle.

Nursing Research

Nurses and nurse researchers are in key positions to educate, detect and refer,

intervene, and create new strategies. We should always be involved in researchto further improve not just ourselves but also our care to the patients.

Nursing Theories

Seven Nursing Role by Hildegard Peplau

1. Stranger role: establishes rapport first before any intervention to be done to the

patient. If the rapport is established, behavior change can easily result from

the health teaching of the nurse.


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you back to your old habits should be avoided for you to be not affected and for you

to be able to meet your goal.

Self-care Deficit Dorothea Orem

Patients can recover more quickly and holistically if they are allowed to

perform their own self-cares to the best of their ability. Just like in implementing

behavioral change, we must give the patients the independence to choose what their

course to change will be. The nurses should only be the facilitator and not the

decision-maker towards change.

Documents

Biblio Lung Cancer