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Notes on Contributors

Abdel Ghaffar Mohamed Ahmed (PhD, University of Bergen, Norway) is professor at Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan. Previously he taught at the University of Khartoum, Sudan; University of Bergen, Norway; and the University of California, Berkeley. Ahmed’s latest pub-lications include a co-edited book with Leif Manger, Understanding the Crisis in Darfur (Bergen: Centre for Global Challenge at the University of Bergen, 2006); and the co-edited African Pastoralism: Conflicts Insti-tutions and Governance (London: Pluto Press, 2003).

Nuran Savaþkan Akdoðan (PhD, The Middle East Technical University, Turkey) is lecturer at the Public Administration Institute for Turkey and the Middle East, Ankara. She is a member of the editorial board of Ethnic-ity and Race in a Changing World: A Review Journal, Manchester Uni-versity Press. Her recent publications include a co-authored book with A. A. Akdo�an, Poverty and Local Economy under the Pressure of Informal Sector, Local Economies Congress Book (Karaman: Selçuk University, 2005); and a two-part edited book with Ö. Peker, Ç. Gümüþsuyu, and ve A. Argun Akdo�an, Total Quality Management in Public Administra-tion. Parts I and II (Ankara: PAITME Publications, 1999). Her authored book, Non-Muslim Jews Identity: 1928–1938 in Turkey, is forthcoming with Identities Please, Istanbul, 2009.

Stefano Bellucci (PhD, University of Paris XI, France) is assistant profes-sor of Comparative African Political Systems and History and Politics of Afro-Asian Countries, Faculty of Political Science of the University of Pavia, Italy. His current research interests include democracy, power, and civil society in East Africa and the Horn of Africa, in particular. He is the author of A Contemporary History of African Wars: From the End of Colo-nialism to Globalization (Rome: Carocci, 2005) and co-editor with Sante Matteo, Of Africa and Italy: Bridging Continents and Cultures (Stony Brook, NY: Forum, 2001).

Notes on Contributors288

Koenraad Bogaert (PhD candidate at the Middle East and North Africa Research Group at the University of Ghent, Belgium.) His PhD thesis is on Islam and democracy in the Middle East.

Amel Boubekeur (PhD candidate in social sciences, Ecole Normale Supéri-eure-Paris, France) is the head of the Islam and Europe programme at the Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels and research fellow at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and the École Normale Supérieure, Paris. Her research focuses on North African politics, Euro-Arab relations, and Islam in Europe. Her more recent books are European Islam: The Challenges for Society and Policy (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies/Open Society Institute, 2007) and with Olivier Roy, What-ever Happened to the Islamist? Salafism, Heavy Metal Muslims, and the Lure of Consumerist Islam (Columbia University Press: New York 2008).

Nathan J. Brown (PhD, Princeton University) is professor of political sci-ence and international affairs at George Washington University, where he directs the Institute for Middle East Studies. He also serves as a nonresi-dent senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Author of four books (Palestinian Politics after the Oslo Accords [Berke-ley: University of California Press, 2003]; Constitutions in a Nonconsti-tutional World [New York: State University of New York Press, 2001]; The Rule of Law in the Arab World [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997]; and Peasant Politics in Modern Egypt [New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990]) on politics in the Arab world, he is currently engaged in research on Islamist political parties and electoral efforts in Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, and Kuwait.

Sheila Bunwaree (PhD, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Australia) teaches sociology and political science at the University of Mauritius. Previously, she served as the director of the Research Department at the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA), Dakar, Senegal. Currently, she is a board member of the Association of African Political Scientists and consultant for several regional and interna-tional organizations. Dr. Bunwaree is author of a number of book chap-ters and journal articles in the field of gender and politics. Her books include a co-authored book with Christine Heward, Gender, Education, and Development: Beyond Access to Empowerment (London: Zed Books, 1999); and an authored book, Women and the Political Space in Mauri-tius (Mauritius: Editions de L’Ocean Indien, 2009).

Mathias Diederich (PhD, University of Hamburg, in 1995) is associate professor at the University of Khartoum and director of German Aca-

Notes on Contributors 289

demic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst [DAAD]) office in Sudan. His research focuses on Indonesia and its his-torical transnational connection to the Islamic world, different aspects of Indonesian Islam and politics, Indonesian literature, and labor migration related to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Arab world. He is co-editor of the Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien series (Frankfurt Research on Southeast Asia Series), published by Harrassowitz Publish-ers, Wiesbaden.

Abdullahi Osman El-Tom (PhD, St. Andrews University, United King-dom, 1984) is chair of the Department of Social Anthropology at the National University Ireland, Maynooth. His recent publications include Growing up in Darfur, Sudan (Khartoum: Sudanese Studies Centre, 2007); with A. M. Adam, Proverbs of Western and Central Sudan (Cairo: Sudanese Studies Centre, 2002), with a second revised edition forthcom-ing (Magharbian University Press); and with A. M. Adam, Globalization: A Critical Sudy (London: Dar El-Warraq, 1999), in Arabic.

Ahmed Khanani is a doctoral student in political science at Indiana Uni-versity, with a dissertation on Democratization in Muslim Countries.

Karim Knio (PhD University of Birmingham, United Kingdom) is lec-turer in Politics at the International Institute of Social Studies in The Hague. His research focuses on the political economy of governance, regionalism, and trade in the Euro-Mediterranean region, European Union democracy promotion programs, and Lebanese politics. His lat-est publications include “Is Political Stability Sustainable in Post ‘Cedar Revolution’ Lebanon?” In Mediterranean Politics 13, no. 3 (2008); “Is Lebanon a Failed State?” In Development Issues 8, no. 2 (2006); and a forthcoming book entitled The EU Mediterranean Policy: Model or Mud-dle? (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

Paul L. Moorcraft (D Lit and Phil, University of South Africa) is visiting professor at Cardiff University, School of Journalism, Media, and Cul-tural Studies, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Analysis, London, an independent think tank dedicated to conflict resolution. He works as a crisis management consultant to international companies. Pro-fessor Moorcraft’s most recent books include Axis of Evil: The War on Terror (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2005); with Gwyn Winfield and John Chisholm, The New Wars of the West: Anglo-American Voices on the War on Terror (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2006); with Peter McLaughlin, The Rhode-sian War: A Military History (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2008); with Philip

Notes on Contributors290

M. Taylor, Shooting the Messenger: The Political Impact of War Reporting (Potomac: Herdon, 2008).

Mohamed Abdelrahim (M. A.) Mohamed Salih (PhD University of Manches-ter, United Kingdom) is professor of politics of development at the Insti-tute of Social Studies, The Hague, and the Department of Political Science, University of Leiden, the Netherlands. His recent books include African Political Parties: Evolution, Institutionalization, and Governance (London: Pluto Press, 2003); African Parliaments between Government and Gover-nance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); and Political Parties in Africa: Challenges for Sustained Multiparty Democracy (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2007).

Abdulkader H. Sinno (PhD, University of California Los Angeles) is an assistant professor of Political Science and Middle Eastern Studies at Indiana University. He specializes in the study of Middle Eastern politics, the politics of Western Muslims, and conflict processes and state building. He is author of Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond and editor of Muslims in Western Politics.

Kees van Dijk (PhD, Leiden University, the Netherlands) was a researcher at the KITLV/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Carib-bean Studies from 1968 to 2007. He holds a chair and is professor of the History of Islam in Indonesia at Leiden University since 1985. He stud-ied Non-Western Sociology at Leiden University, specializing in Indone-sian Studies. The title of his PhD thesis was “Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia” (Leiden: KITLV, 1991). Among his publications are A Country in Despair: Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 (Leiden: KITLV, 2001) and The Netherlands Indies and the Great War, 1914–1918 (Leiden: KITLV, 2007).

Massimo Zaccaria (PhD, University of Siena, Italy) is research professor in African history at the Department of Political and Social Studies, Faculty of Political Science, University of Pavia, Italy. His major research interests include: modern history of Eritrea and the Sudan, history of Islam in the Horn of Africa, sources for the history of Africa, and photography as a source for the history of Africa. His latest books include Photography and African Studies (Pavia: Pavia University, 2001); Il Flagello degli schiavisti: Romolo Gessi in Sudan 1874–1881 (Fernandel: Ravenna, 1999); and Il fondo Sudan nella biblioteca della Curia Generalizia dei Missionari Com-boniani del Sacro Cuore di Gesù (Rome: Missionari Comboniani, 1996).

Notes on Contributors 291

Sami Zemni (PhD, University of Ghent, Belgium) is a professor at the Middle East and North Africa Research Group, Centre for Third World Studies, Ghent University. He published widely on issues per-taining to Islam and Islamism in Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco; patterns of Islamic mobilization in comparative perspective; Islam and theo-ries of modernity and modernization; the process of culturalization; Islam in Western-Europe, among others. His recent publications include: “Islam between Jihadi Threats and Islamist Insecurities. Evidence from Belgium and Morocco,” Mediterranean Politics 11, no. 2 (2006); “Bouteflika: A Badly Elected President in Search for Peace?” in Elections in Egypt and the Middle East: What do they mean? edited by I. Hamdy. Cairo Social Science Papers, Special Issue, 25, nos. 1–2 (2004); and with Christopher Parker, “European Union, Islam and the Challenges of Mul-ticulturalism: Rethinking the Question,” in Islam in Europe: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape, edited by Shireen T. Hunter (Westport: Praeger, 2002).

Index

AAbaza, Khairi, 164Abdelnasser, Walid M., 9Abdillah, Masykuri, 269Abuza, Zachary, 92, 93, 97Adalet Ve Kalk?nma Partisi (AKP).

See Justice and Development Party

Adas, Emin Baki, 218Adhaalath Party, 253, 254Adin, Abdul Hakim, 6Affendi, Abdelwahab el-, 44, 133,

139Afghanistan, 15, 20, 257Africa Muslim Party (AMP),

193–96, 201African Islamic Centre, 108African Muslims, 22, 191–97,

200–201African National Congress (ANC),

23, 193, 201Afwaj Al Moukawama

Al-Lubnaniyya (AMAL), 262, 263

Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffar Mohamed, 17, 129–43

Ahmed, Okacha Ben, 176Akdo?an, Nuran Sava?kan, 22,

207–27Akef, Mahdi, 162AKP. See Adalet Ve Kalk?nma PartisiAl Mirghani, 142Al Qaeda, 39, 255Al Tayyar Al Watanni Al Hur, 262

Alagha, Joseph, 31, 259, 260Al-Azhar Mosque, 62, 104Al-Azhar University, 67–68, 107Algeria, 7–8, 11, 13–14, 16, 32, 38,

46–47, 106, 167–86Brotherhood of France (FAF),

175Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 8,

11, 13–14, 32, 37–38, 46, 168–70, 175, 177–79

Ali, Fachry, 56Al-Ikhwan, 158–59al-Jabhat al-Islamiyya lil-Inqad. See

Islamic Salvation FrontAl-Jama’a al-Islamiyya, 14, 170,

195–98, 201, 203Manifesto, 197–98objectives, 195–96

Al-Jihad, 9All Indian Muslim League, 4Allahsiz Parti, 222Alliance of Traditional Ulema

(Majma al-Ulama), 112al-Nahda, 31, 40, 170Al-Wassat Party, 150, 152–53, 159,

162, 163Amharic language, 110Anam, Choirul, 53, 55, 56, 57Angola, 106Ankara, 213, 223Anshari, Endang Saifuddin, 53Ansor, Pemuda, 73Ansor Youth, 73API, 98Arab League, 264

Index294

Arinç, Bülent, 217Armed Islamic Group (GIA), 14, 178Aryan, Issam al-, 152, 162Asj’ari, K. H. Hasjim, 55Asmara Declaration, 141Atatürk, 208, 223Ataturkism, 33Auda, Gehad, 151Awang, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim,

68, 71, 80nAweys, Hassan Daher, 112Ayub, Salahuddin, 67Azzam, Abdullah, 38

BBaari, Abdul Majeed, 254Badawi, Datuk Seri Syed Abdullah

bin Haji Ahmad, 71Badis, Abdel Hamid Ben, 7Baitul Muslimin (House of

Muslims), 63Bangladesh, 8, 11, 16, 254Banna, Hassan al-, 5, 6, 158Banwell Commission, 237Barisan Nasional (National Front),

66–67Barre, Siyyad, 107, 111–12Basdeo Bissoondoyal, 236Basumin, G. Yudarson, 62Battahani, Atta el-, 44Bayat, Asaf, 154, 164Beirut, 261, 264, 265, 266Béjaïa, 171Belkhadem, Abdelaziz, 170Bella, Ben, 7Bellin, Eva, 15Bellucci, Stefano, 103–14, 287Bendjedid, Chadli, 7, 13, 168Benhadj, Ali, 31–32, 38, 168Berenger, Paul, 239, 240, 242, 248Berman, Sheri, 150Best Loser System (BLS), 238–39Bhadawi, Khalid, 152Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, 45bin Ja’afar, Onn, 65bin Mohamad, Mahathir, 65

bin Nasir, Mohamad, 67bin Yaacob, Mohamad, 67Blood, Hillary, 239Boland, B. J., 53Boubekeur, Amel, 8, 21, 167–86, 288Boulahya, Mohamed, 170–71Boulby, Marion, 32, 36Boumediene, Houari, 7, 168Bowman, Larry W., 240Brown, Nathan J., 16, 31, 33,

117–28, 157, 162, 288Bu?ra, Ayse, 211, 217, 218Bukay, David, 30Bunwaree, Sheila, 231–48Burgat, Francois, 150Bush, George W., 41, 47Büyükan?t, Ya?ar, 223Byman, D., 259

CCahyono, Heru, 59Çakir, Ru?in, 214, 217caliphate, 53, 94, 220Çalmuk, Fehmi, 214, 217Cape Town Metropolitan Council,

194–97Cassam Uteem, 248Catholic Church, 178Cawthra, G., 231Cedar Revolution, 18, 259–67Cehl Meeah, 232, 243–45, 247Chaaban, Badih, 195Chad, 109Chalid, Idham, 56, 62Champ de Mars, 234Chandernagore, 232Chaouachi, Samira, 19Chechnyans, 13, 198Chik, Ustaz Abu Bakar, 10Chin Tong, 66China, 51, 52, 64–65, 70, 96–97,

250–51, 256Chooramun, Imam, 246Christian Democrats, 33, 257Christianity

Africa and, 110–11, 113

Index 295

evangelization of Kabylia, 173Islamic law and, 95–97, 161–62Jordan and, 13Maronites, 31missionaries, 10, 108PKB and, 61, 74political parties, 1, 84

Çinar, Menderes, 216Circassians, 13Civilization Project, 138, 141, 142,

143Cizre, Ümit, 216Clarke, Jenine, 22Cold War, 3, 8–10, 30Colombo, 252colonial powers, 104Comité d’Action Musulman (CAM),

232, 235–38, 240Commonwealth Secretariat, 252Communist Party, 84, 97, 131Comprehensive Peace Agreement

(CPA), 129, 132, 137, 141, 143Congregation for Reform Party, 15,

18Conseil Français du Culte

Musulman (CFCM), 175Constituent Assembly

(Konstituante), 53Constitution of 1945, 56Constitution of Mauritius, 244–45Coptic Christians, 95, 104Creoles, 233–34, 235, 243, 248Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP),

209, 213

DDakwah, 57Dallal, Muhammad, 121Darga, A., 244, 247Dato Mohd, 67Da’wa, 154Democrat Party (DP, Demokrat

Parti), 220Democratic Action Committee, 45Democratic Alliance, 195Democratic Left Party (DLP), 217

Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 44, 139

Demokratik Sol Parti (DSP), 217Derg, 107, 110Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia

(DDII), 85Dewan Ulama (Council of Ulama),

66Diamond, Larry, 94Diederich, Mathias, 3, 20, 83–98,

288–89Diego Garcia, 250dikir barat, 68Din, Abdulkader Sekhawe, 105diwaniyya, 123, 125Djaballah, Abdellah, 167, 170–71,

172, 181Doganay, Ülkü, 225Dogru Yol Partisi (DYP), 208Doha, 265Druze, 261–62, 266Dubey, Ajay Kumar, 273Dunne, Michele, 157Duval, Gaetan, 237, 239–40, 247Duverger, Maurice, 34, 46

EEgal, Ibrahim, 112Egypt

Ikhwan’ul Muslimin, 9Muslim Brotherhood, 4–8,

11–12, 17–18, 149–65Eido, Walid, 264Eisenlohr, P., 233election law, 12–13electoral politics, 2, 5, 6, 11, 12,

30–34, 40ELF, 107, 109El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman, 1–25,

289Emergency Law, 152, 155, 156Emerson, Michael, 150Emrith, M., 234, 235Erbakan, Necmettin, 209, 212Erdo?an, Recep Tayyip, 213–15,

220, 224–25

Index296

Eriksen, T. H., 231Eritrea, 105–8, 113, 114Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ), 109–10Eritrean Liberation Front (ELM),

106Erlich, Haggai, 105, 107Esposito, John, 10, 45Ethiopia, 103, 104–5, 106–11Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary

Democratic Front (EPRDF), 45Euro-Med region, 168, 171–72,

179–82, 186European Neighborhood Policy,

180, 182, 186European Parliament, 179European Union (EU), 168, 171–

72, 174, 178–86, 214, 216Ezzat, Mahmoud, 161

FFaddab, T. H., 106Fasi, Ahmad ibn Idris al-, 104Fazilet Partisi (FP), 209fedayeen, 6Federal Democratic Alliance, 142Felicity Party (FP), 209Findeisen, Genia, 88, 93First-Past-the-Post (FPTP), 238fitnah, 9France, 47, 114, 175–80, 219Franco-Mauritians, 233, 235, 239Free Patriotic Movement. See Al

Tayyar Al Watanni Al HurFree Patriotic Movement (FPM),

265–66Futtuh, Abu Al-, 162

GGandhi, Mohandas, 4Gassiem, Achmad, 199Gayoom, Abdul, 249–51, 253–54,

256General People’s Congress Party, 18General Union of Free Students in

Algeria (UGEL), 173, 176

Germany, 175, 178, 180Ghadbian, N., 154Ghanim, Antoine, 264globalization, 23, 163, 207, 234Goldberg, J., 259–60Golkar, 59, 62–63, 69, 74, 84, 87,

89, 92Government of National Unity, 137,

143Graduate Congress, 130Guinea-Bissau, 106Gujarati traders, 233Gunter, Richard, 94Gurfinkiel, Michel, 208

HHabib, Muhammad, 162HADAS (Al-haraka al-dusturiyya

al-islamiyya), 16, 117–28Haji Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, 67,

71Hajj, Francois al-, 264hakimiyya, 160halqah, 85Hamas, 11, 12, 29, 31–32, 34,

38, 41–44, 47, 117, 168–69, 180–81

Hamdi, Mohamed Elhachmi, 44Hamzawy, Amr, 157Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar, 31, 43,

259, 260Harakat al Moujtama’ As-Silm. See

HamasHarakat an-Nahdha al-Islamiyya, 244Harb, M., 259, 260Hargiesa, 112Harik, J., 259, 260Hariri, Rafik, 261, 263, 266Hasbullah, Ustaz Ghazalli, 10Hassan, Mohamed Farah, 112Hasyim, K. H. Yusuf, 61, 63Hawi, George, 262Hazareesingh, 235–36Hefner, Robert, 85Helmi, Burhanuddin Al-, 66Himandhoo Island, 254

Index 297

Hindus, 4, 68, 72, 88, 232–36, 239–40, 242–43

Hirschman, Alfred O., 137Hizb al-’amal, 152–53, 172Hizbul Muslimin, 65Hizbullah, 18, 124, 232, 241, 243,

259Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 53, 63Hollup, O., 233, 241Horn of Africa, 17, 103–16Hudeiby, Mamun al-, 151hudud, 2, 68–69, 71, 203Huliaras, 110Huntington, Samuel, 207Hussayn, Hajji Muhammad, 105Hussein, Adil, 152Hussein, Ahmed, 111Hussein, Megdi, 152

IIbrahim, Datuk Seri Anwar, 68, 75Ibrahim Libya, 10Idris, Abdallah, 109Idrisiyya, 104Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah

(IMM), 73Ikhwan’ul Muslimin, 9, 29, 31, 38,

44–45, 47Ilyas, Maulana, 67Independent Broadcasting

Authority, South Africa (IBA), 199–200

Independent Forward Block (IFB), 236

India, 4, 51, 200Indian Union Muslim League, 4Muslims, 233

Indo-Mauritians, 233, 234Indonesia, 51–101Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals’

Organization (ICMI), 3, 5, 15, 86

armed forces (TNI), 96constitution, 54National Party, 4parliament, 92

Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS), 163

People’s Congress, 62Indonesian People’s Congress, 62International Institute for Strategic

Studies (IISS), 209, 223Iran, 9, 15, 47, 108, 208Iraq, 7, 8, 32, 35–36, 39, 41, 43,

118–19, 183, 241, 249, 257Islah Party, 15Islam Hadhari, 71, 76Islamic Action Front (IAF), 12, 31,

32, 44, 117Islamic Charter Front, Sudan (ICF),

6, 135, 137–39Islamic Democratic Party, 253,

254Islamic Front for the Liberation of

Oromia (IFLO), 110Islamic Liberation Movement

(harakat al-tahrir al-Islami), 6Islamic Movement, 130, 231, 244Islamic political party, defined, 64Islamic revolution, 9, 47, 208Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 8, 11,

13–14, 32, 37–38, 46, 168–70, 175, 177–79

Islamic Umma, 24Islamic Union (al-Itehad al-Islami),

112Islamic Unity Convention (IUC),

195, 198–99, 201, 203Islamist Pakistani Muttahida Majlis-

e-Amal (MMA), 39Islamist parties, 32–36, 39–43Israel, 37, 199Istanbul, 213, 214, 216, 218, 223Iyob, Ruth, 103, 106Izmir, 209, 213, 223

JJakarta Charter, 53–54, 60, 62, 64, 83jama’a islamiyya, al-wasat, 150Jama’at-e Islami, 9, 29, 30–32, 33,

36, 39, 42, 44–47Jama’t al-Muslimin, 9, 32

Index298

Jeerooburkhan, Jooneed, 239Jordan, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 32, 41Jusoh, Hamid, 70Justice and Development Party, 29,

41, 163, 164, 208, 213, 214, 224, 227, 229, 230

KKabijakan, 77Kalla, A. C., 233Kalyvas, Stathis N., 32Kaplan, Sam, 221Karami, Omar, 261–62Karar, Babiker, 6Kashmir, 4, 198Kassir, Samir, 262Kedah, 67, 71, 75Kelantan, 67–69, 72Kemalism, 208, 210, 215, 219–26Kenya, 106, 112Kepel, Gilles, 30, 150, 151, 163Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim

Indonesia (KAMMI), 77Kessel, Clives S., 52, 65–67Khalid, Mansour, 139Khalil, Magdi, 150Khan, Ayub, 45Khanani, Ahmed, 16, 21–22,

29–47Khartoum University, 6Khatmiyya, 104, 115, 130Kheir, Ahmed, 130Khittah, 58, 62Kienle, Eberhardt, 151King Faisal University of N’djamena,

109King Hussein, 12, 36Kinkel, Klaus, 178Knio, Karim, 18, 259–67, 289Koenig, Jules, 235, 236Kokadam agreement, 142Kompas, 98Kongres Umat Islam Indonesia

(KUII), 88Koran, 32, 127Kotku, Mehmet Zahit, 212Kunzru, Hari, 250

Kuwait, 5, 16, 117, 118, 121, 127Kuwait’s Islamic Constitutional

Movement. See HADASKwazulu-Natal, 191, 194, 201

LLahore Resolution, 4Laskar Jihad, 53Lebanon, 15, 249, 259–67Leenders, R., 259, 260Lesch, Ann Mosely, 139Lev, Daniel S., 54Lewis, Bernard, 30, 105Libya, 141Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI,

Indonesia Survey Circle), 62

MMadagascar, 232Madani, Abassi, 31Madhi, Abu al-Ala al-, 159Maghreb, 178, 186Mahathir bin Mohamad, 65, 71Mahdi, Ali, 112Mahdi, Sadiq al-, 142Mahdist state, 131, 133Mahendra, Yusril Ihza, 61Majlis Permusyawaratan Rakyat

(MPR), 62Majlis Syura Ulama, 66Majlis Syuriyah, 54–55makyong, 68Malay, 35, 70, 192, 200Malay-Muslims, 10Malaysia, 9, 70, 72, 75–77Maldives, 249–57Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP),

251, 255Malta, 19Mandela, Nelson, 253, 256March 14 Movement, 264March 8 Movement, 265Mardin, ?erif, 211–13, 212Maronites, 31, 261–62Marxism, 3, 103, 107

Index 299

Masjumi, 53–58, 73–74Masoud, Tarek, 162, 164Massawa, 104, 105Masyumi, 84–85, 94, 100Mauritius, 2, 231–48Mawdudi, Abu Al-A’la al, 30, 38,

39Mbala, 46Mecca, 86, 104MEDA programs, 186Menderes, Adnan, 221Mert, Nuray, 212, 222Michal, Shaul, 43Mietzner, Marcus, 93mihna, 9Milli Nizam Partisi (MNP), 209Milli Selamet Partisi (MSP), 217Milliyetci Hareket Partisi (MHP), 215Mimoun, Smaïl, 169Mirghani, Uthman al-, 104MMM/MSM alliance, 232, 239–43Moeis, Abdoel, 3Mogadishu, 112–13Mohamed, Abdul Razack, 232,

235–37, 238Mohamed, Yousouf, 238Mouvement Militant Mauricien

(MMM), 232, 239, 243Mouvement Socialiste Mauricien

(MSM), 232Movement of National Reform

(el-Islah), 14, 168Movement of Society for Peace

(Harakat al Moujtama’ As-Silm, Hamas/HMS/MSP), 168–70

Mozambique, 106, 232Mubarak, Gamal, 154Mubarak, Hosni, 33, 41, 47, 151,

154, 156, 157Mugabe, Robert, 249, 255Muhammad, Ustaz Latif, 10Muhammad Ali, 104Muhammadiyah, 59, 60, 62, 73–74,

85, 87–88, 97Mukonoweshuro, E. G., 231MUSIAD, 218Muslim Brotherhood, 4–8, 11–12,

17–18, 149–65

Muslim Brothers, 85, 106, 109, 112Muslim League, 4, 14, 105Muslim Personal Law, 241, 242,

245–46Muslim Youth Movement (MYM),

193Mustaib, A. R., 62Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA),

39

NNahda Party, 31, 40, 170Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), 53, 59–62,

73–74, 85Nahnah, Mahfoudh, 168, 169, 177Nakrashi, Mahmud Fahmi, 5Naksibendi, 212, 222Naseer, Umar, 255Nash, Badr al-, 121Nasheed, Mohamed, 250, 252, 254,

255–57Nasr, Vali, 10–11, 45Nasrallah, Hasan, 262Nasser, Gamel, 106–7, 151–52National Congress Party (NCP), 141National Democratic Alliance, 110, 137National Economic and Social

Council (NESC), 246National Islamic Front (NIF), 11,

14, 17–18, 45, 129–43National Liberation Front (FLN),

13–14, 169, 171, 172, 174National Order Party, 209National Rally for Democracy

(RND), 174National Reform Movement

(Harakat al-Islah al Watani—MNR), 170–71

National Salvation Party (NSP), 209National Unionist Party (NUP), 17,

135National Unity Alliance, 253, 255Nationalist Movement Party

(NMP), 213, 217Natsir, Muhammad, 85Nehru, Jawaharlal, 4New Order, 56–61, 63

Index300

Nimeiri, Jaafar, 36, 42, 44–45, 107, 132, 134, 137–39, 141–42

Noer, Deliar, 54–56, 62nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), 23, 25, 109, 110, 151, 153–54, 177, 179

Noorhaidi, Hasan, 53Norton, Augustus, 31, 259, 260Noth, Albrecht, 95

OObama, Barack, 256O’Fahey, R. S., 131Ofcansky, Tom, 110Omar, Mahfuz, 10Organisation of the Islamic

Conference (OIC), 108, 180O’Sullivan, John, 219, 224Othman, Norani, 68Ottaway, David, 7Ottaway, Marina, 7, 33Ottoman Empire, 211–13, 219–21,

224Ouagadougou, 180Ozal, Turgut, 212, 217, 221, 222

PPakistan, 20, 29, 32, 193, 200Palestine, 5, 11, 15, 38, 47, 180,

203, 262Pan-Africanism, 199Pancasila, 53–54, 56–58, 61–62, 64,

74, 83–84, 86, 87Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS),

9, 66, 69, 71–72, 76, 78Parla, Taha, 219Parmusi, 58–59Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB, or Moon

and Star Party), 61, 69, 94Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI,

Indonesian Democratic Party), 59, 88

Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDIP), 87

Partai Ka’bah (PK), 62

Partai Keadilan (PK Sejahtera), 77, 92Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB,

National Awakening Party), 60, 74, 77, 86, 92, 96

Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), 3, 7, 53, 74

Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM), 65

Parti Mauricien Social Democrate (PMSD), 237

Party of the National Message (PAN), 74, 77, 96

Party of the Profession of the Faith (PDS), 62

People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD), 198, 201, 203

People’s Congress Party and Socialist Party, 18

People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), 109

Perlembagaan, 70Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah, 53Piagam Jakarta. See Jakarta CharterPink, Johanna, 95Pirio, Gregory Alonso, 110Pool, David, 107, 110Popular Arab and Muslim

Conference (PAIC), 109Progressive Socialist Party, 266Purvis, Andrew, 214

QQadi, Muhammad ‘Umar, 105Qaradawi, Yusuf al-, 153Qibla, 198–99, 201Quandt, William B., 14Qura, Abdul Latif Abu, 6Qutb, Sayyid, 5, 31, 38, 39, 53, 151

RRabitat Ad-Da’wa, 170Rabitat Ad-Da’wa (Preaching

League), 170Rachwan, Diaa, 151

Index 301

radjm, 68Rais, Amien, 60–61, 74, 87, 97Ramdall, Vicky, 93Ramgoolam, Navin, 248–49Ramgoolam, Seewoosagur, 236–37,

239–40Refah Partisi (RP), 44, 208Robben Island, 192Rukmana, Siti Hardiyanti, 75Rushdie, Salman, 176

SSa’ad, Mohammed, 152Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, 31, 43, 259,

260Sabu, Muhammad, 10Sadat, Anwar, 151Saeed, Hassan, 252–53Salaam, Imam Abdullah Kadi

Abdus, 192Salafi movements, 127Salafist Group for Preaching and

Combat (GSCP), 14Salim, Agus, 3Salim, Arskal, 98Samanhoedi, H., 3Sanioura, Fouad, 264, 265Sarekat Party, 3, 14, 53Saudi Arabia, 20, 39, 107–10, 112,

170, 254Sawt al-Arab (Radio Cairo), 106Schwedler, Jillian, 31, 32, 44Sekolah Agama Rakyat (SARs), 70Sela, Avraham, 43Selvon, S. A., 237, 241, 243Selznick, P., 36Shadid, Anthony, 33Sharia, 1, 3, 5, 34, 47, 196, 208Sharif, Al Haran al-, 200, 203Shaykh Yusuf, 192, 196–97Shehata, Samer, 157shuhada, 7shura, 5, 161Sidahmed, Abdel Salam, 133, 135,

139Simandjuntak, B., 64, 65

Sinno, Abdulkader H., 16, 21, 22, 29–47, 290

Six-Day War, 6, 11Siyyad Barre, 107, 112Sjadzali, Munawir, 58SLPA/M, 140Soeharto, 57, 59–61, 75, 83–84,

86–87Soekarno, 4, 53, 54, 56–57, 74, 83–85Soekarnoputri, Megawati, 4, 62, 87Soltani, Aboujerra, 21, 167, 168,

169–70, 176, 188nSomalia, 2, 8, 17, 103, 105, 112South Africa, 21, 92, 106, 199, 200,

201, 256Spain, 180Spaulding, J. L., 131Sri Lanka, 252Stacher, Joshua, 157Sudan, 5, 6, 8, 15, 17, 32, 131,

137, 142Suez Canal, 38Suleiman, Michel, 264, 265Supreme Islamic Council, 254Susurluk, 216–17Syria, 39, 43

TTaha, Mahmud Mohamed, 134Tahir, El-Rashid al-, 6Tajammu’min ‘ajl at-taqafah wad-

Dimuqratiyya-RCD, 172Takeyh, Ray, 13Tambo, Oliver, 196Tanfidziyah, 54–55, 59, 61Tanzim al-Jihad, 14Tape, Fayruze, 196Ta?pinar, Ömer, 215Tayob, Abdulkader I., 192Tenaga kerja wanita-pembantu

rumah tangga (TKW-PR), 90Tepe, Sultan, 216Terrorism Law, 152Tjokroaminoto, H. O. S., 3–4Toprak, Binnaz, 210–11, 219–21True Path Party (TPP), 208, 209

Index302

Tunisia, 19, 39Turabi, Hassan al-, 6, 29, 36,

44–45, 109, 132, 142Turgut, Pelin, 214Turgut ozal, 212, 214Turkey, 19, 207–9, 218, 220Turnbull, C. Mary, 65, 66Tutut, 75Twaini, Gebran, 262Two Nation Theory, 4

UUganda, 106Ulama, 9, 73, 212Ulama kyai, 55ul-Haq, Zia, 31, 32, 36, 42, 45UMNO, 70–72, 75–76, 78UN Resolution, 155, 262UN Resolution, 170, 263Union des Organisations Islamiques

de France (UOIF), 175Union of Islamic Youth (Wuhdat

al-Shabab al-Islami), 112Union of the Islamic Courts (UIC), 113United Development Party (PPP), 84United Kingdom, 33United Malays National Organization

(UMNO), 9, 46, 64United Oromo Peoples Liberation

Front, 110United States, 33, 36, 47, 181, 252Universite Emir Abdelkader des

Sciences Islamiques, 7UP, 135USDEK, 56USSR, 114, 229

Vvan Dijk, Kees, 4, 51–81, 290Virahsawmy, Dev, 239

Virtue Party (VP), 209Voll, John Obert, 131

WWafd Party, 5, 47Wahid, Abdurrahman, 59, 60–61,

74–75, 79, 86–87, 88, 89–90, 93, 96–98, 100n

Wahid, Mohd Abdul, 71Wahid, Rosol, 76Warburg, Gabriel, 133, 139wayang kulit, 68Weber, Max, 267Welfare Party (WP), 209Wibisono, Christianto, 61Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky, 38, 152,

154Wiktorowicz, Quintan, 6World War II, 83Wright, Lawrence, 33, 53

YYaacob, Ustaz Bunyamin, 10Yavuv, M. Hakan, 219Yemen, 5, 8, 15, 18, 107Young, Richard, 150Young Egypt, 5

ZZaccaria, Massimo, 103–14, 290Zaki, Yaqub, 199Zanabum Asrul, 76Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 38Zayat, Muntassir al-, 153, 163Zemni, Sami, 149–65Zenawi, Meles, 110Zeroual, Liamine, 169Zimbabwe, 106