BIO-COM FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

1. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? 

46 2. In humans, a male has _____ chromosomes. 

1 X & 1 Y 3. What genetic disease is caused by a dominant allele? 

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

4. The Human Genome Project is an attempt to ___. 

SEQUENCE ALL HUMAN DNA 5. What organisms have been produced by selective breeding? 

HORSES, DOGS, CATS 6. What is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect? 

INBREEDING

7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? 

MUTATION 8. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called ___ 

GENETIC ENGINEERING 9. The Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut cloned a______. 

SHEEP

10. If an original strand of DNA has the sequence CTAGGT, what will the sequence on the new strand? 

GATCCA  11. Lamarck’s theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of ___. THE ACTIONS OF ORGANISMS AS THEY USE OR

FAIL TO USE BODY STRUCTURES. 12. This type of RNA transfers the amino acids to the growing protein chain. 

tRNA

13. This type of RNA carries the message from DNA for the making of proteins. 

mRNA 14. The set of 3 consecutive nitrogen bases found on the mRNA is the _____. 

CODON 15. When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation? 

SURVIVIAL OF THE FITTEST

16. ____ is the process where a piece of DNA is copied into mRNA. 

TRANSCRIPTION 17. The process where the mRNA is “decoded” into protein is called ____. 

TRANSLATION 18. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have ___. 

VARIATIONS BEST SUITED TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

19. When one part of a chromosome is left out, this is called a ___. 

DELETION 20. When part of a chromosome breaks off and is reattached backwards this is a ___ mutation. 

INVERSION  21. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work suggests that ___. 

EARTH IS MANY MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD.

22. When a piece of a chromosome breaks off during crossing over and attaches to a non-homologous chromosome this is a(n) _____. 

TRANSLOCATION 23. Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study ____. 

HOW TRAITS ARE INHERITED 24. Mendel called the “factors” that determine traits _____. 

ALLELES

25. Mendel’s principle of dominance states that ____. SOME ALLELES ARE DOMINANT AND SOME ARE

RECESSIVE. 26. A tall plant is crossed with a short plant, all the offspring in the F1 generation will be ____. 

TALL 27. When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? 

50%

28. In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an F1 plant will be tall is ___. 

100% 29. When one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele this is called _____. 

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE 30. Human skin color is a result of ______. 

POLYGENIC TRAITS

31. What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate independently of each other? 

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 32. A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all checkered offspring (BW). This type of inheritance is known as ____. 

CODOMINANCE 33. ___ is the Father of Genetics 

GREGOR MENDEL

34. Human A, B, O blood type is an example of ____. 

MULTIPLE ALLELES 35. The regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life is the definition of ____.

HOMEOSTATSIS 36. What is the most important requirement for all living things? 

WATER

37. Which organisms make their own food through photosynthesis?

 PLANTS

 38. Painted turtles are cold-blooded animals that often

sit on logs and bask in the sun. Why might they do this? 

TO RAISE THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE.

39. What organic compound is the main source of energy for living things?

CARBOHYDRATES

40. ____ is the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment. 

ECOLOGY

41. . The part of the experiment in which all conditions are kept the same (do not vary) are called ___. 

 CONTROL 42.The measure of how acidic or basic something is its

____.

pH

43. Organic compounds that contain DNA and RNA are referred to a ____. 

 NUCLEIC ACIDS 44.A type of protein that speeds upchemical reactions is/are called ___.

ENZYME

The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f).

Figure 14–2

45. Is individual 2 in Figure 14–2 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes?  

HETEROZYGOUS 46. What is the genotype of individual 14 in Figure 14–2.

 HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

47. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled ___. 

ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION

Y

Use Fig. 12-1 Below to answer questions 48 & 49.

48. The object marked “X” in Fig. 12-1 is a ____.

NUCELOTIDE

49.The object marked “Y” in Fig 12-1 is a ____.

HYDROGEN BOND

Figure 12-1

Use Fig. 11-1 below to answer question 50.

Tt

T t

TT

T

TT

Tt

T

TT

Tt

Figure 11-1

T = tall t = short

50. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-1, what is true about the offspring resulting from the cross? 

ALL TALL

Use Figure 14-1 to answer questions 51-55

Figure 14–1

51. In the karyotype shown above, how are the chromosomes that make up each numbered pair similar?

CHROMOSOME LENGTH & BANDING PATTERN  52.  Which chromosomes in Figure 14-1 are autosomes?

#1-22

Use Figure 14-1 to answer questions 51-55

Figure 14–1

53. Identify the sex chromosomes. What is the notation for the sex chromosomes shown here? 

 23RD PAIR – XY 54. How would you interpret this karyotype? (i.e., what is the sex, is there a disorder, etc.) 

 DOWN’S SYNDROME BOY 55. In the human karyotype, how many chromosomes are shown?

47

Use Figure 15-3 to answer questions 56 - 60

Fig. 15-3

56. What differences are apparent in the bodies of the three tortoise species shown in Figure 15–3? 

NECKS ARE DIFFERENT. 57. Which of the tortoises shown in Figure 15–3 has the longest neck? 

HOOD ISLAND 58. Can you tell from Figure 15–3 how closely the three tortoise species resemble the ancestral species?  

NO

Use Figure 15-3 to answer questions 56 - 60

Fig. 15-3

59. Vegetation on Hood Island is sparse and sometimes hard to reach. How might the vegetation have affected the evolution of the Hood Island tortoise shown in Figure 15–3? 

LONG NECK ALLOWED THEM TO REACH THE FOOD. 60. Considering the body structure of the tortoises shown in Figure 15–3, which tortoises might survive more successfully on Hood Island?  

PINTA

Use Figure 12-4 below to answer the questions 61-65

FIGURE 12-4

61. What is structure A&B in Figure 12–4? Identify that labeled structure. 

DNA 62. What structure F in Figure 12–4? 

CODON 63. What is structure E in Figure 12–4?  

START CODON

Use Figure 12-4 below to answer the questions 61-65

FIGURE 12-4

64. What would happen to structure F in Figure 12–4 if structure C were deleted? 

MUTATION 65. What process does structure X represent in Figure 12-4?

 TRANSCRIPTION

Use Fig. 12-5 below to answer questions 66-70

FIGURE 12-5

66. What is structure F in Figure 12-5? 

START CODON 67. Identify structure D in Figure 12–?. 

tRNA 68. What is structure G in Figure 12–5? 

mRNA

Use Fig. 12-5 below to answer questions 66-70

FIGURE 12-5

69. What is structure A in Figure 12-5? 

NUCLEUS 70. What is structure E in Figure 12-5? 

ANTI-CODON

Use figure 8-2 to answer questions 71 and 72

Figure 8-2

71. Which of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? 

A 72. Which of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? 

C

Use figure18-3 to answer questions 73 and 74

Classification of Living Things KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

CELL STRUCTURES

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Cell walls of chitin

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

No cell walls or chloroplasts

NUMBER OF CELLS

Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Multicellular Multicellular

MODE OF NUTRITION

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Methanogens, halophiles

Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Mushrooms, yeasts

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Figure 18-3

73. If you know an organism has a cell wall and is a multicellular autotroph, using Figure 18-3 determine the kingdom(s) to which it can belong to?  

THE PLANT KINGDON (PLANTAE)

Use figure18-3 to answer questions 73 and 74

Classification of Living Things KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

CELL STRUCTURES

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Cell walls of chitin

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

No cell walls or chloroplasts

NUMBER OF CELLS

Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Multicellular Multicellular

MODE OF NUTRITION

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Methanogens, halophiles

Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Mushrooms, yeasts

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Figure 18-3

74. If you were told only that an organism is unicellular and has chloroplasts and a nucleus, which kingdom(s) does it belong to according to figure 18.3?  

PROTISTS KINGDOM

Use figure 18-4 to answer questions 75 and 76

Classification of Four Organisms

Corn Whale Shark

Humpback Whale

Spider Monkey

Kingdom Plantae Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Anthophyta Chordata Chordata Chordata

Class Monocotyledones Chondrichthyes Mammalia Mammalia

Order Commelinales Squaliformes Cetacea Primates

Family Poaceae Rhincodontidae Balaenopteridae Atelidae

Genus Zea Rhincodon Megaptera Ateles

Species Zea mays Rhinacodon typus Megaptera novaeangilae

Ateles paniscus

Figure 18-4

75. Which two organisms listed in Figure 18-4 are most closely related to each other?  

THE WHALE & THE MONKEY 76. Which level of taxonomic category shown in Figure 18-4 indicates whether an organism is a mammal or not? 

CLASS 

Use figure 4-2 to answer questions 77-80

Figure 4-2

77. What do the letters R and I represent in Figure 4-2? 

ALLELES  78. In Figure 4-2, what is the genotype of the pink-flowered snapdragons?

RI

79. In Figure 4-2, what is the genotype of the white-flowered snapdragons? 

 II 80.According to Figure 4-2, if red-flowered snapdragons and ivory-floweredsnapdragons are crossed, what percentage of their offspring would be expected to be pink-flowered?

100%

Essay – Be able to answer the questions below. 81. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. 82. Identify the differences between DNA & RNA. 83. What was Charles Darwin’s greatest contribution to science, and how did he develop it?