BIOCHEMISTRY

The study of Elements and compounds

in living organisms

pH = percent Hydrogen• pH is a scale that measure the amount of H+ ions or OH- ions

• to us…this just means ACIDIC or BASIC (ALKALINE)

• 0-6.9 = acidic

• 7 = neutral

• 7.1-14 = basic

Atom

• The basic unit of matter. • Composed of a nucleus that contains

protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral or no charge), and electrons (negatively charged) that orbit around the nucelus.

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Element • the most basic form of any pure material.

• Example: Hydrogen (H)

• Example: Potassium (K)

CompoundCompound•A combination of two or more elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds.

•Examples: H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

MonomerMonomer

A single subunit. Many monomers can be joined to make larger molecules.

PolymerPolymer

A long chain of many (3 or more) monomers.

MacronutrientsMacronutrientselements required in large amounts by living things.elements required in large amounts by living things.

Hydrogen Hydrogen CarbonCarbonOxygen Oxygen NitrogenNitrogen

Micronutrients:Elements needed in SMALL Elements needed in SMALL

quantities (vitamins/minerals)quantities (vitamins/minerals)ZincZinc

SodiumSodiumChlorineChlorine

IronIronPhosphorousPhosphorous

CalciumCalciumMagnesiumMagnesium

IodineIodinePotassiumPotassium

SulfurSulfurEtc…Etc…

Organic Compound

•A compound made by a living organism.

•Organic compounds ALWAYSALWAYS contain C (Carbon) and H (Hydrogen). They often contain O (Oxygen).

FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

SUBUNIT(monomer)

• Monosaccharide• 3 fatty acids +

glycerol• Amino acids• Nucleotides

COMPOUND(Polymer)

• Carbohydrate• Lipid• Protein• Nucleic Acid

How does this represent monomers & polymers?

PAY ATTENTION!!

This is REALLY important!

Organic Compound ChartOrganic

CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you

rememberUses and Examples

PROTEINSElements

•Carbon•Hydrogen•Oxygen•Nitrogen•sometimes Sulfur

Monomer• Amino Acid

• There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.

PROTEINS Examples• Muscles• Cell receptors• Most

hormones• Enzymes• Antibodies

PROTEINS Function

• structure• cell

communication• control chemical

reaction rates• fight diseases

Organic Compound ChartOrganic

CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you

rememberUses and Examples

Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S

Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure

CARBOHYDRATESElements

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen

• (2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)

Subunit• Monosaccharid

e

NOTE: Ring Shape!

CARBOHYDRATESEXAMPLES

Mono/dissaccharides

• Glucose• Fructose• Lactose• Maltose• Sucrose

Polysaccharides

• Starch• Chitin• Glycogen• Cellulose

CARBOHYDRATESFUNCTION

• Quick Energy• Plant Cell

Walls• Exoskeletons• Animal Starch

Funny Link

Organic Compound ChartOrganic

CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you

rememberUses and Examples

Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S

Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure

Carbohydrate Mono- saccharides

Always a ring shape!! Primary energy source,cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons)

LIPIDSElements

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• FYI: (3+ : 1

ratio)

Subunit

• 1 glycerol• 3 fatty acids

and

.

This is the HO HO HO molecule!

LIPIDS examples

• Fats, oils, waxes• Myelin sheath• Cell membrane• Steroid hormones

LIPIDS function

• Stored Energy• Insulation• Cushions

Organs• Regulation of

reproductive system

Human adipose cells swollen Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!!with fat!!!!!

Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!!

As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink.

…Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!

Organic Compound ChartOrganic

CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you

rememberUses and Examples

Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S

Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure

Carbohydrate Mono- saccharides

Always a ring shape!! Primary energy source,cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons)

Lipids 3 Fatty Acids & 1 Gylcerol

Has a long chain of C and H

Back-up energy source, cell membranes, insulation, cushion organs

Fats, oils & waxes

NUCLEIC ACIDSElements

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen• Phosphorous

Monomer• Nucleotide

Phosphate

Nitrogenous

base

Sugar (5C)

NUCLEIC ACIDSExamples

DNA• Deoxyribonucleic

acid

RNA• Ribonucleic acid

NUCLEIC ACIDSFunction

• Instructions for:– Traits– Protein

synthesis– Enzymes

Organic Compound ChartOrganic

CompoundMonomer(s) Ways to help you

rememberUses and Examples

Protein Amino Acids Have C,H,O,N, sometimes S

Enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, body structure.

Carbohydrate Mono- saccharides

Always a ring shape!! Primary energy source,cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeletons).

Lipids 3 Fatty Acids & 1 Gylcerol

Has a long chain of C and H

Back-up energy source, cell membranes, insulation, cushion organs.

Fats, oils & waxes.

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Only two…DNA and RNA

Control traits, protein production.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Dehydrate: to remove _________.

Synthesis: to combine two or more __________ compounds to

create a more ___________ one.

SOO….

Dehydration Synthesis means to ________ molecules by removing _________.

+

WATER

SIMPLECOMPLEX

JOINWATER

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

An H and an OH are taken from the molecules that are being joined.

The H and OH combine to form ________.water

The other result is two The other result is two monomers joined monomers joined together. This forms a together. This forms a _____________._____________.polymer

Clip Clip 2

Explain: a) process b) molecule formedc) molecule removed

Explain:a) Process

b) Molecules joined

c) Name of bond formed

d) Molecule removed

HYDROLYSISHydro: means __________

Lysis: means to ________

So…Hydrolysis means to add

__________ and ________ molecules apart!

WATER

SPLIT

WATER SPLIT

A) What process is occurring?

B) What molecule did we start with?

C) What molecules do we have at the end?

CATALYST

A ______________ is a chemical that ____________ chemical reactions

WITHOUT being __________ by that reaction.

CATALYST

SPEEDS UPCHANGED

ENZYMES

- Enzymes ARE protein catalysts!

- So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction!

- Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them.

- Enzymes can join together or break apart molecules.

There are

OODLES

of Enzymes!!

Each

ENZYME

is

specific

to its

SUBSTRATE.

Most Most enzyme enzyme

names end names end in –ase!in –ase!

Enzyme VocabEnzyme: a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed by that reaction.

Substrate: the molecule(s) the enzyme is working on.

Product: the molecule(s) created by the enzyme. NOTE* enzymes can JOIN molecules or SPLIT them!!

Enzyme Activity

Called the enzyme-substrate complex

Enzyme Action…again

Denature:Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to

denature, or change shape.

Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact

how enzymes work?

Normal Denatured

Factors affecting Enzymes:

1. too HIGH or too LOW pH denature enzymes

2. too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes

**too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOTNOT denature them!**

Enzyme Substrate Concentration

Enzyme

Substrate

Product (produced immediately)

For the example below, we are showing HYDROLYSIS!

Now…Graph your Product production as your substate increases!

BIOCHEMISTRY!!