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Biology E.O.C. ReviewBrinkman and Shepherd
Men in Science
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist, best known for his work on the development and improvement of the microscope.
Robert Hooke- Discovered cells.
In 1665, the English physicist Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed some "pores" or "cells" in it.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden. Using Pea Plants.
Francesco Redi – Disproving the Theory of Spontaneous Generation The Francesco Redi
Experiment Francesco Redi was
able to disprove the theory that maggots could be spontaneously generated from meat using a controlled experiment.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He debunked the widely accepted myth of spontaneous generation.
Watson and Crick discover chemical structure of DNA
determined that the structure of DNA was a double-helix polymer, or a spiral of two DNA strands
Early Concepts of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Lamarck believed that the long necks of giraffes evolved as generations of giraffes reached for ever higher leaves.
Charles Darwin- Sailed to the Galapagos on the H.M.S. Beagle
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Survival of the Fittest.
Wrote the book, “Origin of Species.”
Carl Linnaeus- famous for his work in Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus is famous for his work in Taxonomy, the science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc.).
Alexander Fleming Biologist, Scientist (1881–1955)
Discovery and Development of Penicillin.
First Anti-biotic.
ECOLOGY REVIEW
The study of the environment.
Biomass Pyramid- Only 10% of energy goes to next feeding (trophic) level. Producers (Autotrophs)
are base of the pyramid. Herbivores- Eats Plants. Omnivores- Eats both
Plants and Animals. Carnivores- Eats Meats. Detrivores-
Decomposers.
Environmental Factors
Biotic Factors- Living factors in the environment.
Deer Humans Trees Plants Fungi Bacteria
Abiotic Factors- Non-living factors in the environment.
Rocks
Soil
Temperature
Water
Wind
pH
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
Food Chain- Direct Feeding Relationship.
Food Web- Interconnected Food Chain.
Biomes
Population Growth- Carrying capacity is the maximum # of organisms an environment can hold.
Ecological Succession- Primary (starts with no life) and Secondary (life existed, then disappeared and other organisms took over)
Cells- The basic building block of all living organisms.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
Has no Nucleus
No Membrane Bound Organelles
Has Capsule
Has Nucleus
Membrane Bound Organelles
Bacterial Cell (Prokaryotic Cell) cell does not have Nucleus
Kingdom Archaebacteria- Ancient Bacteria
Examples Thermophiles, Halophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria- New Bacteria
Examples Gonorrhea, MRSA, STAPH, E. COLI
Viruses- Non-Living
Membrane Bound Organelles
Cell membrane- Gate Keeper of cell
Nucleus- Control Center
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Manufacturing Department
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- produces proteins
Golgi- Packaging Department
Ribosome- Proteins
Mitochondria- Battery or Powerhouse cell (ATP)
Cytoskeleton- Microtubules and Microfilaments strength of cell
Lysosomes- Garbage Truck of cell
Centrioles- Pulls apart chromosomes
Vacuole- Warehouse
Chloroplast- Contains Chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Cell Transport Across Cell Membrane, Maintaining Homeostasis (constant environment)
Diffusion- requires No Energy
High to low concentrationOsmosis- Diffusion
of WaterFacilitated- Helping
across membrane
Active Transport- Requires Energy
Na+ and K+ pump
Cellular Respiration (Aerobic= Oxygen)C6 H12 O6 + O2 --- CO2 + H2O
(Reactants) (Products)
1 Glucose molecule yields 36-38 (ATP)
Glycolysis (Breaking Down of Sugars) = 2 ATP
KREBS cycle = 2 ATPElectron Transport Chain (E.T.C.)= 32-
34 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration = (NO Oxygen Present)
Fermentation- end products sugars form Alcohol or Lactic Acid
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O -- C6 H12 O6 + O2
(Reactants) (Products)
Light Dependent- Splitting Water Molecules, Oxygen Released ATP and NADPH must be produced
Light In-Dependent- CALVIN CYCLE- Take in CO2 to make Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
* HAPPENS in the CHLOROPLASTS
Interdependence of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis (Circle of Life)
Mitosis- Division of All Body Cells (except Sperm and Egg) 46 chromosomes to 46 chromosomes (EXACT COPIES!!!)
Meiosis- Cell Division of SPERM and EGG only! 46 Chromosomes in Humans to 23 Chromosomes
Cuts number of chromosomes in HALF!
Compare Mitosis VS. Meiosis
DNA (Deoxyribosenucleic Acid) Contains Genetic Information
DNA Replication- Making a new copy of DNA
(MITOSIS) EXACT COPY!
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS-
TRANSCRIPTION-
WHERE? NUCLEUS
WHAT? mRNA forms
TRANSLATION-
WHERE? Ribososmes
WHAT? Forms Proteins
CODONS (3 bases CODE for 1 Amino Acid)building blocks of proteins—polypeptides (chains of many Amino Acids!!)
Translation of genetic information
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
DNA mutations- Insertion, Deletion, Substitution (for any unknown reasons)
Gregor Mendel
Law of Segregation- Separate Characteristics
Law of Independent Assortment- random separation of chromosome pairs
Predicting genetic outcomes using a PUNNETT SQUARE
MONOHYBRID- crossing of 1 genetic trait
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT- 2 of the same traits (GG)
HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE- 2 of recessive traits (gg)
HETEROZYGOUS- 1 of each trait
Genetic Allele (Gene Trait)
GENOTYPE- The letters of the genes
PHENOTYPE- Physical appearance (color)
DIHYBRID CROSS- The crossing of 2 genetic traits
9:3:3:1
Incomplete Dominance-
Co-Dominance
SEX-LINKED: on the X Chromosome onlyMALE= XY FEMALE= XX
Sex-Linked Pedigree Chart
BioChemistry and Organic Molecules
Atoms- The smallest unit of matter
Protons- Positive Charged Particle
Neutrons- Particle with NO charge
Electron- Particle with Negative Charge
Nucleus- Contains Protons and Neutrons
Atom Characteristics
Atomic Number= # of Protons in Element
(Also # of Electrons, they have to be the same)
Atomic Mass= # of Protons and Neutrons in Nucleus
Element Symbol= The abbreviation of Element Name
Types of Bonds- the way atoms attach to form molecules
Ionic Bond- Transfer of Electrons
Covalent Bond- Sharing of Electrons
Polar Covalent- Uneven Sharing of Electrons (WATER MOLECULE)
Reactants and Products
ReactantsProducts
4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms
Carbohydrates- Glucose, C6H12O6, Sugar
Saccaharide (sugar) Mono, Di, and Poly
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms
Protein- Amino Acids are building blocks or Monomers of Proteins
Peptide bonds- Bonding of Proteins
4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms
Lipids- Fats Examples (Butter, Wax, Steroids)
Long Chain of Carbons Saturated and Unsaturated
Hydrophobic:Fears Water
4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms
Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA
NucleotidesPhosphate, Sugar, and Nitrogen Base
Enzymes- Specialized Proteins to Start a Reaction
Ph Scale measures Acids and Bases
Acids- Hydronium Ions # of H+ Ions
Neutral- Equal # of H+ and OH- Ions
Alkalines (BASE)- Hydroxide Ions # of OH- Ions
Buffers- Neutralizes Hydroxide and Hydronium Ions
Kingdom Plantae
Gymnosperms Naked Seeds Examples (Pine
trees, Christmas trees, and evergreen trees)
Angiosperms Flowering Plants
Non Vascular Plants vs. Vascular Plants
Non Vascular Plants needs to absorb water
Will not grow tall (mosses)
Vascular Plants- Has system that allows water and nutrients to flow
XYLEM- Transports H20
PHLOEM- Transports Sugars
Allows trees to grow tall
Reproductive Parts of a Flower