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BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW

BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

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Page 1: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

BIOLOGYKEYSTONE REVIEW

Page 2: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

TEST TAKING STRATEGIES

Read the question, pick out KEY TERMSThere may be different forms of terms you

are familiar withExample: Homeostatic Mechanism

Homeostasis = Ability to maintain equilibrium

Mechanism = How something is doneSo…Homeostatic Mechanism = The way an organism maintains equilibrium. An example would be shivering when cold

Page 3: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

TEST TAKING STRATEGIES

“Attack” the question by breaking it down Determine what the question is asking you to

explain/answer

Use caution – look for words like ALWAYS, EXCEPT, NOT TRUE

Read ALL choices for a multiple choice before selecting an answer

Use “process of elimination” for multiple choice to narrow down your choices

Page 4: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

TEST TAKING STRATEGIES

For essay/writing questions, tell the person what you KNOW, they will not assume what you mean.

For essay/writing questions, use definitions when possible.

SPELL CORRECTLY

Answer ALL questions. Blank = NO CREDIT

Double check answers with any extra time you have

Page 5: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

Keystone BIO.A.1

Page 6: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PROKARYOTIC CELLS VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell

Nucleus: Present Absent

Number of chromosomes:

More than one-linear

One—circular; may contain plasmids= small circular DNA which often gives bacteria resistance to antibiotics

Cell Type: Multicellular Unicellular

True Membrane bound Nucleus: Present Absent

Example: Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea

Page 7: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Bacteria:

Page 8: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Cells to Organism

Page 9: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Page 10: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ORGANIZATION - CELLS

Cells are the basic unit of life. All organisms (living things) are made of

cells. Unicellular – Can be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

Made of one cell Ex: bacteria, protists, fungi (yeast)

Multicellular – Eukaryotic only Made of many cells Ex: animals, plants, fungi

Page 11: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CELL TYPES AND ORGANELLES: ANIMAL CELL = EUKARYOTIC

Page 12: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CELL TYPES AND ORGANELLES:PLANT CELL = EUKARYOTIC

Page 13: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

SUMMARY OF ORGANELLES (IN EUKARYOTES)

ORGANELLE FUNCTION

MITOCHONDRION Powerhouse of cell; makes ATP

RIBOSOME Proteins made here

NUCLEUS Houses DNA

NUCLEOLUS Makes ribosomes

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Transport/ 2 types (rough/smooth)

GOLGI BODY Packaging

CHLOROPLAST Glucose productionSite of photosynthesis

CILIA / FLAGELLA: responsible for cell movement

Page 14: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

THE CHEMICAL BASIS FOR LIFE

Keystone BIO.A.2

Page 15: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

WATER AND ITS PROPERTIES

• Changes in external heat do not easily effect the temperature of water• Ex – Oceans do not freeze

• Frozen water is less dense that liquid water• Ex – Lakes freeze on top, but not throughout

• Water molecules bond strongly to each other

• Water is the “universal solvent” – It is a polar molecule and readily dissolves many substances

Page 16: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CARBONWhy is Carbon suited to form macromolecules:

Carbon is the second most abundant element in

living organisms

Carbon can share four electrons, therefore it can

bond to four additional atoms

Carbon establishes covalent bonds (stable, high energy bonds)

Page 17: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CONDENSATION AND HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS

Water Removed

Water Added

+H2O

Examples:

Page 18: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

KEY CELL COMPOUNDS – CARBON MACROMOLECULES:

TYPE DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION

PROTEIN Made of amino acidsMost abundantStructure, movement, chemical reactions. Some are ENZYMES

CARBOHYDRATE Includes sugars, starches, cellulose (plant support)Provides energy

LIPID Includes waxes and oilsDo not dissolve in waterEnergy storageCell membrane structure

NUCLEIC ACID Includes DNA, RNA & ATPStore hereditary informationDirect cell activities

Page 19: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ENZYME / CATALYST

Catalyst = Speeds up a reaction Enzyme = A type of catalyst

Found in biological systems Composed of proteins

Page 20: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ENZYME / CATALYST

Activation Energy (Ea)

Enzymes / Catalysts can be affected by: Temperature pH Concentration

Page 21: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

BIOENERGETICS

Keystone BIO.A.3

Page 22: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ATP

The energy “currency” of life It is the high-energy molecule that stores the

energy we need to do just about everything we do.

It is present in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of every cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adenosintriphosphat_protoniert.svg&page=1
Page 23: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  6O2 + C6H12O6 Carbon dioxide + water = oxygen +

glucose Changes radiant energy from sun into

chemical energy in glucose Occurs in chloroplast & uses chlorophyll

Page 24: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Occurs in 2 steps: Light dependent reaction

Energizes electrons in chlorophyll; makes ATP Splits water and releases oxygen

Light independent (dark) reaction Also called Calvin cycle ATP used to form glucose

Page 25: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ENERGY TRANSFERS: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light Dependent: Light Independent:

Page 26: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

MITOCHONDRIA:• “Power House of the Cell”

• Generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP),

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en_(edit).svg&page=1
Page 27: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CELLULAR RESPIRATION (AEROBIC)

6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2 + energy (ATP)

Chemical Energy in glucose is changed to Chemical Energy in ATP

Occurs in 3 steps when oxygen is present: GLYCOLYSIS

Splits glucose to produces 2 ATP KREBS CYCLE

Glucose broken down farther to make additional ATP

through ELECTRON TRANSPORT

Page 28: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

RESPIRATION

Mitochondrion

GlycolysisElectron Transport

Page 29: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

RESPIRATION (ANAEROBIC)

Oxygen is NOT present Glycolysis occurs (glucose is split) Following glycolysis- 2 choices

Alcoholic Fermentation yeast

Lactic Acid Fermentation Muscles in humans

Page 30: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

HOMEOSTASIS AND TRANSPORT

Keystone BIO.A.4

Page 31: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

HOMEOSTASIS

Maintenance of stable internal conditions required for cells to survive

CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) plays key role Selective permeability

Page 32: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE Passive Transport

Includes diffusion Includes facilitated diffusion Does not require energy Substances move from high to low concentration With concentration gradient Osmosis is diffusion of WATER across membrane

Page 33: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE

Active transport Requires energy (ATP) Substances move from LOW to high

concentration Against concentration gradient Will include Pumps, Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Page 34: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES CAN FACILITATE TRANSPORT:

Page 35: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

COMPARISON OF TRANSPORT METHODS:

Active transport requires energy whereas passive transport does not

Active transport involves the carrying of molecule against or solute against a concentration gradient

-Pumps, Endocytosis, Exocytosis Passive transport involves carrying of a

molecule along the concentration gradient Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion

Page 36: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIONKeystone BIO.B.1

Page 37: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CELL CYCLE

Or MEIOSIS

CHROMATIDS

Division of cytoplasm

Ex - spinal, nerve and brain cells.

Interphase = G1, S and G2

Page 38: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

MITOSISNUCLEAR DIVISION – SOMATIC/BODY CELLS

PHASE DESCRIPTION

PROPHASE Nuclear membrane dissolvesSpindle apparatus forms

METAPHASE Chromatids align mid cell

ANAPHASE Chromatids separateNow are individual chromosomes

TELOPHASE Nuclear membrane reforms

Page 39: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

MEIOSISNUCLEAR DIVISION – SEX CELLS

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Stage Description

Prophase I Spindle fiber formsPairing of homologous sets

Metaphase I Align center of cell

Anaphase I Homologous pairs split

Telophase I 2 new cells= ½ # chromosomes with copies

Stage Description

Prophase II Spindle fiber forms

Metaphase II Aligns mid cell

Anaphase II Chromatids separate

Telophase II Total 4 new cells

Page 40: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC INFORMATION

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Creates identical cells Creates sex cells (gametes)

Exact same # of chromosomes

½ number of chromosomes

Diploid to diploid or haploid to haploid

Diploid (2 sets of chromosomes) to haploid (1 set of chromosomes)

No genetic variety Creates genetic variety

Page 41: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC INFORMATION

DNA Nucleic acid made of phosphate, sugar

(deoxyribose), and nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

Base pairing: A = T C = G Basic building block: nucleotide Stores the genetic code

GENE / ALLELE Section of DNA which has a code for one trait

CHROMOSOME One molecule of DNA Humans have 46

Page 42: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

DOMINANT & RECESSIVE GENES/ALLELES Genes/Alleles occur in pairs The dominant gene is seen in the organism Recessive gene is masked

EXAMPLE: R = gene/allele for right handedness r = gene/allele for left handedness In general:

if you have a gene for both right handedness and left handedness, you will be RIGHT HANDED

Page 43: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETICS

Punnett Squares: Determines Genotype Used to predict probability of offspring having

certain characteristics/traits/phenotypes/appearance

(teachers – click to fill in answers)

Example: Rr X Rr

R

r

R r

RR

Rrrr

Rr

Page 44: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

MULTIPLE ALLELES Certain traits have more than 2 different forms Blood types occur from 3 different gene forms

(alleles)

A B O

AB are co-dominant (dominant together )= type AB blood

A and B are dominant over O AA, AO = type A BB, BO = type B OO = type O

Type O blood is the UNIVERSAL DONOR

Page 45: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

SEX LINKED TRAITS Are carried on X chromosome Sex chromosomes = X or Y Females = XX Males = XY COLOR BLINDNESS, HEMOPHILIA (blood clotting)

Page 46: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

Incomplete DominanceEx: Red Flower + White Flower produces Pink Flowers

Page 47: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

Polygenic (Many Genes)Ex – Skin Color

Page 48: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CHANGES TO COMPOSITION AND NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

Crossing over

Nondisjunction

o Duplication

http://drugline.org/img/term/nondisjunction-10487_0.gif
Page 49: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CHANGES TO COMPOSITION AND NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

Translocation

Deletion

Page 50: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CHANGES TO COMPOSITION AND NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

Insertion

Inversion

Page 51: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC MUTATIONS

Nonsense mutationsA nucleotide mutation creates a codon that STOPS the transcription process earlier than it should.

Silent mutationsA change in one base that still creates the amino acid that was desired.

Frameshift Mutation The addition of or the removal of a nucleotide causes all following codons to be read incorrectly

Page 52: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN SYSTEMS

RENEWABLE RESOURCES Can be replaced or renewed through natural

processes Ex: air, soil, water, living things

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES Cannot be replaced by natural processes as quickly

as they are used Ex: coal, oil, natural gas, minerals

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED PRODUCTS Altering of genetic makeup to produce desired traits

ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION Growing of crops or raising of livestock without use

of synthetic chemicals

Page 53: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETICSKeystone BIO.B.2

Page 54: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

RNA AND DNA

DNA RNA

Stays in nucleus Throughout cell

Sugar = deoxyribose Sugar = ribose

Double stranded Single stranded or globular

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, URACIL

3 TYPES OF RNAmessenger (mRNA) nucleus to cytoplasm (ribosome)transfer (tRNA) cytoplasm to ribosomeribosomal (rRNA) makes up ribosomes/in nucleolus

too

Page 55: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC INFORMATION

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Occurs in 2 steps TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION

Page 56: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC INFORMATION

TRANSCRIPTION Copying of DNA’s code in nucleus of cell by

messenger RNA

Page 57: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC INFORMATION

TRANSLATION Reading of mRNA into a protein Every 3 bases on mRNA (CODON) – 1 amino acid tRNA (transfer RNA) retrieves amino acid from

cell Carries to ribosome to be put into protein

Page 58: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

PROTEIN PRODUCTION:

Ribosomes: They are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Manufacturing site for proteins.

Golgi Apparatus: Packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination

Nucleus: DNA is found in the nucleus, which is the template for protein production.

Page 59: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC INFORMATION

REPLICATION Occurs before a cell divides in 2 Process in which DNA makes a copy of itself

Page 60: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

CAN YOU…..

Complete the other half of the DNA molecule below? (Teachers – give time to answer then click to check!)

A - T - C - G - G - C - A - T

T - A - G - C - C - G - T - A

Page 61: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

THEORY OF EVOLUTIONKeystone BIO.B.3

Page 62: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

EVOLUTION

Who developed the theory? Charles Darwin during the 1800s

What is EVOLUTION? Organisms change over time

Why do organisms change? Natural selection:

Organisms pass on traits through their genes/alleles All organisms have slightly different characteristics. If

these characteristics/adaptations help them survive in a particular environment, they will pass the traits on to their offspring- thus changing the characteristics and the allele frequency of the population over time

Page 63: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

EVOLUTION

EVIDENCE? Fossils Similar body forms Similar embryos Similar DNA & amino acid sequences in proteins

Page 64: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NEW SPECIES:

1. Migration - the movement of genes into or out of a population. This includes pollen or seeds blowing into the population from a source that is otherwise considered to be a separate population.

2. Genetic drift - some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendents (and genes, of course!) than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of the “lucky” individuals, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals.

3. Isolating Mechanisms - something (as a geographical, ecological, physiological, anatomical, or psychological barrier) that limits breeding between groups.

4. Founder Effect – the gain of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

Page 65: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

GENETIC MUTATIONS

May create Genotypic and Phenotypic Variations within a Population

Page 66: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

SCIENTIFIC METHOD A scientific theory is an explanation inferred from

multiple lines of evidence for some broad aspect of the natural world and is logical, testable, and predictive.

As new evidence comes to light, or new interpretations of existing data are proposed, theories may be revised and even change; however, they are not tenuous or speculative.

A scientific hypothesis is an inferred explanation of an observation or research finding; while more exploratory in nature than a theory, it is based on existing scientific knowledge.

A scientific law is an expression of a mathematical or descriptive relationship observed in nature.

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Page 67: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ECOLOGYKeystone BIO.B.4

Page 68: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Page 69: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM

Biotic factors: all the living things in an environment (i.e. bacteria, plants, insects, birds, and other animals).

Abiotic: all the non-living things in an environment (i.e. wind, precipitation, temperature, current in a stream, soil, caves).

Page 70: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ENERGY TRANSFERS IN ECOSYSTEM

o SUN is ultimate energy source on planet!

Food chains show the movement of energy through an ecosystem.

Sun grass grasshopper mouse snakehawk

Grass = producer (autotroph)Grasshopper = primary consumer (herbivore)Mouse = secondary consumer

(carnivore)Snake/hawk = tertiary consumers

Page 71: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

FOOD WEB – SHOWS OVERLAPPING FOOD CHAINS

Organisms are INTERDEPENDENT

Page 72: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

ENERGY PYRAMID

Page 73: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

POPULATION DYNAMICS

POPULATION Group of organisms in same species @ same

location POPULATION DENSITY

How crowded area is: # individuals /unit area

Page 74: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

LIMITING FACTORS:

Weather, flood, fire

Resource limitations: food, space, shelter, nesting

These can lead to population decline or species elimination

Page 75: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

BIOTIC INTERACTIONS OF ECOSYSTEMS Symbiosis - When two (or more) species live and

interact closely together

Competition - Happens when 2 (or more) organisms both try to use the same limited resource

Predation - When one organism (the predator) captures and kills another organism (the prey) for food

Page 76: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

HUMAN AND NATURAL DISTURBANCES LEAD TO:

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Communities replaced by newer communities

due to a change in an area PRIMARY

Occurs in area where no community exists Can follow a disaster (volcanic eruption/earthquake)

SECONDARYSoil intactExisting community cleared by disturbance (ex: farming)

PIONEER SPECIES First organisms to inhabit ecosystem

Page 77: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

RECYCLING OF MATTER

NITROGEN CYCLE

Page 78: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

RECYCLING OF MATTER

CARBONCYCLE

Page 79: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

RECYCLING OF MATTER Water Cycle:

Page 80: BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW. T EST T AKING S TRATEGIES Read the question, pick out KEY TERMS There may be different forms of terms you are familiar with Example:

OXYGEN CYCLE

RECYCLING OF MATTER


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