Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Cellular Respiration & Fermantation Unit 3: Energy Transformations Chapter 9,

Biology Biology Science DepartmentScience DepartmentDeerfield High SchoolDeerfield High School

Cellular Respiration & Cellular Respiration & FermantationFermantation

Unit 3: Energy TransformationsChapter 9,


Review: Producers

Producers get their energy from the sun.

Producers convert this light energy into stored chemical energy (glucose).

This process is called photosynthesis.


Review: Consumers

Consumers get their energy from the producers.

Consumers convert stored chemical energy (glucose) into usable chemical energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

This process is called cellular respiration.


BioTheme: Interdependence!

Photosynthesis:

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (sun) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Aerobic Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (ATP))


Where do organisms get energy?

Food molecules contain chemical energy that is released when their chemical bonds are broken.

Energy stored in food is expressed in units called calories.

Calorie – the amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.


Calorie (C)

Calorie on food labels = 1 kilocalorie or 1000 calories– 1 g Carbohydrate = 4 calories– 1 g Protein = 4 calories– 1 g Fat = 9 calories


Cellular Respiration (aerobic)

Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down to release energy for making ATP, another form of chemical energy.


Aerobic Respiration – Equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP

foodfood(glucose, a carbohydrate)(glucose, a carbohydrate)

oxygenoxygen waterwater carboncarbondioxidedioxide


The BIG Question is…

Do only animals respire?

Or do plants respire too?

Only plants perform photosynthesis Plants AND animals perform cellular

respiration!

(Can you explain why??)


Breathing

Cellular Respiration

Muscle cells carrying out

CO2 + H2O + ATP

Lungs

BloodstreamCO2O2

CO2O2

Glucose + O2


Mitochondrion

CO2 CO2

NADH

ATP

High-energy electronscarried by NADH

NADH

CITRIC ACID

CYCLE

GLYCOLYSIS

PyruvateGlucose

andFADH2

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

OXIDATIVEPHOSPHORYLATION(Electron Transportand Chemiosmosis)

Oxidativephosphorylation

ATPATP

CytoplasmInnermitochondrialmembrane


3 stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport


Significant ATP Production

Aerobic cellular respiration releases energy SLOWLY, using oxygen to convert ONE molecule of glucose to 36 ATP!


Anaerobic Respiration

What happens when cells don’t have enough oxygen? Some organisms live in an oxygen-free environment.

How do they get their energy?


Energy and Exercise

The body uses different pathways to release energy.

For short, quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation.

For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP.


Fermentation

Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without oxygen.


Lactic Acid Fermentation

lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid

occurs in most organisms, including humans

used to produce beverages such as buttermilk and foods such as cheese, yogurt, and pickles


Lactic acid fermentation

can supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However, extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. Following intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid from the body.


Alcoholic Fermentation

alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

occurs in yeast and a few other microorganisms

produces alcoholic beverages and causes bread dough to rise


Cellular Respiration (anaerobic)

Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation, or the process by which energy is released from glucose when oxygen is NOT available.

This process allows organisms to continue to produce energy until oxygen is available.

However, this process only releases 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.


Alcoholic Fermentation

Anaerobic way of converting energy for yeast and other microorganisms

Glucose broken down to produce alcohol, CO2 and energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP

EX: baking bread with yeast fermenting wine & beer


Fermentation - Bread

Source of sugar? DOUGH! (sugar and/or flour) Yeast use up the O2 and ferment sugar

Produce CO2, which is trapped within tiny bubbles & results in the dough rising

Produce ethanol, which evaporates in the baking process


Fermentation - Wine

Source of sugar? GRAPES! Yeast use up the O2 and ferment sugar

Produce CO2 (kept only in champagne)

Produce ethanol (% alcohol varies based on sugar content of grapes and # of fermentations)


Fermentation - Beer

Source of sugar? BARLEY! Yeast use up the O2 and ferment sugar

Hops are added as a preservative and for added flavor Produce CO2 and ethanol also

Various carbohydrates can be used to make alcohol – including wheat, rice, and potatoes!


Other side effects of fermentation?!

“Drunken Swedish moose drowns after fermented apple binge”

http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2006-11-24-moose_x.htm

“Drunk Moose Invade Seniors Home”http://www.wtopnews.com/index.php?nid=456&sid=620430


Strenuous Exercise

Lactic acid is produced by your muscle cells during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough O2 to tissues.

Without enough O2, the body is NOT able to produce all of the ATP that is required.

The buildup of lactic acid can cause painful burning in your muscles!


Minimal ATP Production

In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration only releases 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose broken down.


Comparing ATP Production

First, your body breaks down glucose through aerobic respiration to produce 36 ATP per glucose molecule; however, this is a slow process.

When muscle cells cannot get enough O2 they break down glucose through lactic acid fermentation to produce 2 ATP per glucose…

Therefore, AEROBIC RESPIRATION is much more efficient in terms of ATP production – 36 ATP compared to 2 ATP!


Aerobic Training

Ex: long runs, biking, swimming

Can increase the size and number of mitochondria in muscle cells

Can increase the delivery of O2 to muscles by improving the heart and lungs


Anaerobic Training

Ex: sprints, strides, quick bursts of energy

Increase the glycogen levels in the muscles

Increase body’s tolerance to lactic acid


Long Term Energy Storage

The body stores energy in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen. These glycogen stores are enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes of activity.

After that, the body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy.

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Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Cellular Respiration & Fermantation Unit 3: Energy Transformations Chapter 9,