Biology Tissues, Organs, and Systems. What is Biology Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms Bio- living ology-

BiologyTissues, Organs, and Systems

What is Biology

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms

Bio- livingology- study ofTherefore- the study of living

things

The MicroscopeMicroscopes work by expanding a small-scale field of

view. Microscopes allow us to examine life forms, both plant and animal, and understand their function.

1590’s-Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans were first to develop the compound microscope.

Electron Microscopes are scientific instruments that use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale.

Magnification on a microscope refers to the amount or degree to which the object observed is enlarged.

The power of magnification

Ice cream under an electron microscope

Onion cell under a compound (light ) microscope

The Microscope

The MicroscopePart Function

Stage supports the microscope slide allows light to pass through

Clips holds slide in position

Diaphragm: controls light reaching slide

Objective lenses magnify objects3 different magnificationsLow power 4x, medium power 10x, & high power 40x

Revolving nosepiece

holds and rotates objective lenses

Body tube Contains the eyepieceSupports the objective lenses

Eyepiece (ocular lens)

The part you look through to view the objectMagnifies the image of the object, usually by 10x

Coarse-adjustment knob

Moves the body tube up or down to get the object into focus

Fine-adjustment knob

Moves the body tube to get the object into sharp focus

Light source Sends light through the object being viewed

Steps to using a microscope1.Always carry the microscope with one

hand on the Arm and one hand on the Base. Carry it close to your body.

2.Remove the cover, plug the microscope in, and place the excess cord on the table.

3. Always start and end with Low Power4. Place the slide on the microscope

stage, with the specimen directly over the center of the glass circle on the stage (directly over the light).

Steps to using a microscope5. If, and ONLY if, you are on LOW

POWER, lower the objective lens to the lowest point, then focus using first the coarse knob, then the fine focus knob. The specimen will be in focus when the LOW POWER objective is close to the lowest point, so start there and focus by slowly raising the lens. If you can’t get it at all into focus using the coarse knob, then switch to the fine focus knob.

Steps to using a microscope6. Adjust the Diaphragm as you look through

the Eyepiece, and you will see that MORE detail is visible when you allow in LESS light! Too much light will give the specimen a washed-out appearance. TRY IT OUT!!

7. Once you have found the specimen on Low Power center the specimen in your field of view, then, without changing the focus knobs, switch it to High Power.

8. Once you have it on High Power remember that you only use the fine focus knob!

The Cell

Cells are all over our bodies. Right now you have about a trillion cells performing all different tasks to help keep you alive.

If it’s living, it’s composed of cells.Cells are the smallest and

most basic unit of life.

Cell TheoryAll living things are composed of

one or more cellsThe cell is the basic unit of lifeAll cells come from pre-existing

cells

Cell Structures

Cells are made up of many different organelles that each have a particular structure and function within the cell.

Animal and plant cells have a different structure. Animals cells have some different organelles compared to plant cells.

Characteristics of Living Things

growth

repair

Require energy

Respond to

environment

Have a life

span

Produce

waste

Have cells

reproduce

Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells

Animal Cell Structure & Function

Structure Function

Plasma Cell Membrane Double-layered membraneGives support to cellAllows materials to move in and out of cell. (gate keeper)


Structure Function

Cytoplasm Jelly-like substanceKeep organelles in place


Structure Function

Mitochondria (mitochondrion) “Power house” of the cellProduce energy for cell. Cells that need a lot of energy will have lots of mitochondria (muscle cells)


Structure Function

Endoplasmic reticulum Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membraneStores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system


Structure Function

Ribosomes Make proteins


Structure Function

Golgi body Process, package and store products released from the cell


Structure Function

Lysosomes Digestion in single cell organism (amoeba)Multicell Organism- defence- breaks down old organelles


Structure Function

Nucleus Control centre of cellDirects cell activity


Structure Function

Chromosomes Thread-like structuresInside nucleusContain DNA (genetic information)


Structure Function

Cilia Hair-like projections on cell membraneDetect movement or help cell move

Preparing for a labPart of biology labs is knowing how to draw

scientific drawings.Use a blank piece of paperPlace the drawing in the centre of the pageLook at the specimen, note details and sizes

before you draw.Use a sharp pencil NO PENSYour drawing should be large enough to

show detailNever shade or colour your diagram. If

something is darker you must stipple (make many tiny dots)

Preparing for a labLabels should be printed in ink.Labels should usually be placed in a neat vertical

column to the right of the drawingPointers for labels should be fine, straight,

horizontal unbroken lines drawn with a pencil and a ruler. Pointers should never cross each other and arrowheads should not be used.

Drawings need to have a title, name and date.At the bottom of the page should be the power

of the microscope, magnification of the drawing and the actual size of the object drawn. Calculations for these need to be shown

Put a title with your name and date.

Onion Cell

Chromosomes and DNA

DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)Almost all the parts of a cell are

controlled by a cell’s DNA. DNA is the genetic information that makes up different species.

DNA differs notonly from speciesto species butorganism to organism.

Chromosomes and DNADNA is made up of long stands

called chromosomes. Each species has a particular number of chromosomes.

Each of us have slightly different DNA whichgives us variation in the way we look, our abilities, or intelligence etc.

Cell DivisionGrowthIn order for a multicellular organism to grow

it must increase the number of cells through cell division. Cells cannot simply grow bigger and bigger for a number of reasons.

1. If they become damaged it would be impossible to replace them

2. Nutrients would have a hard time getting to all the organelles that need them

3. Waste removal would take way to long

Cell DivisionRepairIn order to heal broken bones or scrapes

cells need to be able to repair themselves. They do this by replacing old or damaged cells in that area. If you get a cut on your knee the cells that are damaged in that area will be replaced with new cells. The good cells round the injured area begin to reproduce quickly in order to repair the injured area that is cut on your knee.

Cell Division

ReproductionAxsexual reproduction- one parent

needed to reproduce. DNA divides in half and will have exactly the same DNA

Sexual reproduction- two parents needed to reproduce. (sperm and egg cells) DNA from both parents.

Chromosomes and DNAIn humans or sexual reproducing

species the offspring will carry on some of the genetic information from each parent.

In sexual reproducing species each parent will give a sex chromosome.

Males have XY chromosomesFemales have XX chromosomes

Is it a BOY or a GIRL?

This punnett square shows us the possibility of a couple having a boy or a girl.

Human Chromosomes

Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes.

Each chromosome is paired up with another, making 23 pairs.

Karyotypes describe the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light

microscope.

Human ChromosomesA karyotype is an organized profile of a

person's chromosomes. In a karyotype, chromosomes are arranged and numbered by size, from largest to smallest. This arrangement helps scientists quickly identify chromosomal alterations that may result in a genetic disorder.

To make a karyotype, scientists take a picture of someone's chromosomes, cut them out and match them up using size, banding pattern and centromere position as guides.

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/karyotype/



Genetic mutation

DNA is copied in to each and every single cell in our bodies.

In some instances there is a change in the genetic information which causes a mutation in each cell of the body.

We can use karyotyping to see these different types of mutations.

Down syndrome

Down syndrome is caused when there is an extra 21st chromosome.

In some cases there may be one parent who is a carrier of the genetic mutation or there may be breaks in the chromosomes leading to these combining together.

Mitosis- InterphasePhase Sketch Summary

InterphaseINTERPHASE: (IN between dividing)

The chromosomes are duplicated just before mitosis. They remain in their 'unwound' state, and are therefore invisible.The centrioles, are also duplicated. Centrioles and the tubules make up a centrosome.

Mitosis-ProphasePhase Sketch Summary

ProphasePROPHASE: (First dividing phase- Pros are #1)

The chromosomes become visible. The two identical copies of each chromosome are called chromatids. Each chromatid pair is joined together, forming an 'x-shaped' structure.The centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, and microtubules begin to grow out from them. The microtubules direct the metaphase chromosomes towards the middle of the cell.

Mitosis-MetaphasePhase Sketch Summary

MetaphaseMETAPHASE (MIDDLE)

The chromosomes are lined up along a plane at the middle of the cell. Sister chromatids are attached to micro-tubules from opposite ends of the cell.

Mitosis-Anaphase

Phase Sketch Summary

AnaphaseANAPHASE (APART)

The two sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell. This allows the 2 new cells being formed to have one copy of every chromosome that was in the original cell.The cell begins to pinch inwards from the middle where the chromatids were in metaphase.

Mitosis-Telephase


TelophaseTELOPHASE (TWO NUCLEI)

The two sister chromatids are now at opposite ends of the cell. In each new daughter cell, the nuclear membrane and other organelles begin to re-assemble and the chromosomes are 'unwound'.

Mitosis-Cytokinesis


CytokinesisCYTOKINESIS (Cytoplasm splits)

In the middle where the chromatids were in metaphase the cytoplasm pinches inward until the cell is divided in two (cytokinesis).

Stages of Mitosis

Mitosishttp://

www.aboutkidshealth.ca/howthebodyworks/Stages-of-Mitosis.aspx?articleID=10173&categoryID=XG-nh2-01a

http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/howthebodyworks/Stages-of-Mitosis.aspx?articleID=10173&categoryID=XG-nh2-01a




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Biology Tissues, Organs, and Systems. What is Biology Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms Bio- living ology-