Biomolecules

•Biologically important molecules

•Organic Compounds- made mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

–Make incredible shapes

•Polymers- large molecules made up of repeated units of smaller molecules called monomers

HH

H

H

C

Structural formula Ball-and-stick model

Space-filling model

Models of Methane

Carbohydrates

• Sugars

• Monomer =(CH2O)n

• Monosaccharides:Glucose

• Oligosaccharides: Sucrose

• Polysaccharides: Cellulose

• Energy storage and structure

glucose fructose

sucrose+ H2O

Cellulose chains Starch chain

cellulose

amylose (a starch)

glycogen

Lipids

• Fats and oils

• Monomer = CH2

• Fats 1,2 or 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

• Sterols- Cholesterol, Steroids

• Waxes- Beeswax

• Used for waterproofing, insulation and cell membranes

Figure 2.21cPage 29

stearic acid oleic acid linolenic acid

three fatty-acid tails

glycerol

triglyceride

+ 3H20

hydrophobic tails

hydrophilichead

two hydrophobic tails

hydrophilichead

cell membrane section

one layerof lipids

one layerof lipids

Sterol backbone

Cholesterol

Proteins

• Monomer= Amino Acid

• Enzymes- Catalyze metabolic reactions

• Transport proteins- move things across membranes

• Structural proteins-keep the structure of cells

Amino group (basic)

Carboxyl group (acidic)

R group (20 kinds with distinct properties)

alanine (ala)

valine (val)

tryptophan (trp)

methionine (met)

proline (pro)

Linear primary structure

onepeptidegroup

Tertiary structureSecondary

structure

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

heme group

helically coiledglobin molecule

alpha chain

beta chain alpha chain

beta chain

Nucleic Acids

• Monomer: Nucleotide– ATP is a Nucleotide

• Molecules of inheritance: hold the code for how to make proteins

• Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid- DNA

• Ribose Nucleic Acid- RNA

nitrogen-containing

baseBall-and-stick model of ATP

3 phosphate groups

sugar

Adenine(a base)

Thymine

Guanine Cytosine

phosphate group

sugar (deoxyribose)

Single strand of DNA or RNA

sugar

phosphateconnected bycovalent bond

base

hydrogen bonding between bases

covalent bonding in carbon backbone