Organic molecules (biomolecules) - Wikispaces 1-6 Organic... · Each organic molecule group has small molecules (monomers) that are linked to form a larger organic molecule (macromolecule)

Tellez Carmona José Manuel 1

ORGANIC MOLECULES

(BIOMOLECULES)

Organic molecules are those that: 1)

formed by the actions of living things;

and/or 2) have a carbon backbone.

Methane (CH4) is an example of this.

• If we remove the H from one of the methane units below, and begin linking them up, while removing other H units, we begin to form an organic molecule.

• (NOTE: Not all methane is organically derived, methane is a major component of the atmosphere of Jupiter, which we think is devoid of life).

• When two methanes are combined, the resultant molecule is Ethane, which has a chemical formula C2H6. Molecules made up of H and C are known as hydrocarbons.

ORGANIC MOLECULES


FUNCTIONAL GROUPS


Scientists eventually realized that specific

chemical properties were a result of the

presence of particular functional groups. F

unctional groups are clusters of atoms

with characteristic structure and functions.

Polar molecules (with +/- charges) are

attracted to water molecules and are

hydrophilic. Nonpolar molecules are repelled

by water and do not dissolve in water; are

hydrophobic.

Hydrocarbon is hydrophobic except

when it has an attached ionized functional

group such as carboxyl (acid) (COOH), then

molecule is hydrophilic.

Each organic molecule group has small molecules (monomers)

that are linked to form a larger organic molecule (macromolecule).

Monomers can be joined together to form polymers that are the

large macromolecules made of three to millions of monomer

subunits.

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Macromolecules are constructed by covalently bonding monomers by condensation

reactions where water is removed from functional groups on the monomers.

Cellular enzymes carry out condensation (and the reversal of the reaction, hydrolysis of

polymers). Condensation involves a dehydration synthesis because a water is removed

(dehydration) and a bond is made (synthesis).

When two monomers join, a hydroxyl (OH) group is removed from one monomer and a

hydrogen (H) is removed from the other.

• This produces the water given off during a condensation reaction. Hydrolysis (hydration) reactions break down polymers in reverse of condensation; a hydroxyl (OH) group from water attaches to one monomer and hydrogen (H) attaches to the other.

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MAIN BIOMOLECULES

THE MOST IMPORTANT

MACROMOLECULES IN

BIOLOGY…

There are four classes of macromolecules (polysaccharides,

triglycerides, polypeptides, nucleic acids). These classes perform a

variety of functions in cells.

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BIOMOLECULES

SUMMARY… LAS PRINCIPALES MOLÉCULAS BIOLÓGICAS

Clase de molécula Principales subtipos

(subunidades en paréntesis)

Ejemplo Función

Carbohidrato:

normalmente contiene

carbono, oxígeno e

hidrógeno y tiene la

formula aproximada

(CH2O)n

Monosacárido: azúcar simple

Disacárido: dos monosacáridos

enlazados

Polisacárido: muchos

monosacáridos (normalmente

glucosa) enlazados

Glucosa

Sacarosa

Almidón

Glucógeno

Celulosa

Importante fuente de energía para las

células; subunidad con la que se hacen casi

todos los polisacáridos

Principal azúcar transportado dentro del

cuerpo de las plantas terrestres

Almacén de energía en plantas

Almacén de energía en animales

Material estructural de plantas

Lípido:

Contiene una proporción

elevada de carbono e

hidrógeno; suele ser no

polar e insoluble en agua

Tliglicerido: tres ácidos grasos

unidos a glicerol

Cera: número variable de ácidos

grasos unidos a un alcohol de

cadena larga

Fosfolípido: grupo fosfato polar

y dos ácidos grasos unidos a

glicerol

Esteroide: 4 anillos fusionados

de átomos de carbono, con

grupos funcionales unidos

Aceite, grasa

Ceras en la cutícula

de las plantas

Fosfatidilcolina

Colesterol

Almacén de energía en animales y algunas

plantas

Cubierta impermeable de las hojas y tallos

de plantas terrestres

Componente común de las membranas de

las células

Componente común de las membranas de

las células eucarióticas; precursor de otros

esteroides como testosterona, sales biliares

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BIOMOLECULES… LAS PRINCIPALES MOLÉCULAS BIOLÓGICAS Clase de molécula Principales subtipos

(subunidades en paréntesis)

Ejemplo Función

Proteína:

Cadenas de aminoácidos;

contiene carbono,

hidrógeno, oxígeno,

nitrógeno y azufre

(aminoácidos) Queratina

Seda

Hemoglobina

Proteína helicoidal, principal componente

del pelo

Proteína producida por polillas y arañas

Proteína globular formada por 4

subunidades peptídicas; transporta oxígeno

en la sangre de los vertebrados

Acido nucleico:

Formado por subunidades

llamadas nucleótidos;

puede ser uno solo o una

cadena larga de

nucleótidos.

Ácidos nucleicos de cadena larga

Nucleótidos individuales

Acido

desoxirribonucleico

(ADN)

Acido Ribonucleico

(ARN)

Trifosfato de

adenosina (ATP)

Monofosfato de

adenosina cíclico

(AMP cíclico)

Material genético de todas las células vivas

Material genético de algunos virus; en las

células vivas es indispensable para transferir

la información genética del ADN a las

proteínas

Principal molécula portadora de energía a

corto plazo en las células

Mensajero intracelular

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CARBOHYDRATES

Sugars…

Carbohydrates have the general formula

[CH2O]n where n is a number between 3 and 6.

Carbohydrates function in short-term energy

storage (such as sugar); as intermediate-term energy

storage (starch for plants and glycogen for animals);

and as structural components in cells (cellulose in the

cell walls of plants and many protists), and chitin in

the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods.

CARBOHYDRATES


Sugars are structurally the simplest

carbohydrates.

They are the structural unit which makes

up the other types of carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides are single (mono=one)

sugars. Important monosaccharides include

ribose (C5H10O5), glucose (C6H12O6), and

fructose (same formula but different

structure than glucose).

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/Biobk/BioBookglossC.html



http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/Biobk/BioBookglossM.html

ALFA AND BETA GLUCOSE

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DISACCHARIDES

are formed when two monosaccharides are chemically bonded together.

Sucrose, a common plant disaccharide is composed of the monosaccharides glucose

and fructose.

Lactose, milk sugar, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and the monosaccharide

galactose.

The maltose that flavors a malted milkshake (and other items) is also a disaccharide

made of two glose molecules bonded together

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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/Biobk/BioBookglossD.html

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When two monosaccharides are

joined together they form a

"disaccharide".

This linking of two sugars involves

the removal of a molecule of H2O

(water) and is therefore called a

"dehydration linkage". The

reaction is called "dehydration

synthesis".

e.g. Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

DISACCHARIDES:

"DEHYDRATION

SYNTHESIS".


Polysaccharides

• These are long chains of

monosaccharides linked

together by dehydration

linkages.


POLYSACCHARIDES

are large molecules composed of individual monosaccharide units. A common plant

polysaccharide is starch which is made up of many glucoses (in a polypeptide these are referred

to as glucans).

Two forms of polysaccharide, amylose and amylopectin makeup what we commonly call

starch.

The formation of the ester bond by condensation (the removal of water from a molecule)

allows the linking of monosaccharides into disaccharides and polysaccharides. Glycogen (see

Figure 12) is an animal storage product that accumulates in the vertebrate liver.

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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/Biobk/BioBookglossPQ.html

is a polysaccharide found in plant

cell walls.

• Cellulose forms the fibrous part of the plant cell wall.

• In terms of human diets, cellulose is indigestible, and thus forms an important, easily obtained part of dietary fiber.

As compared to starch and

glycogen, which are each made up of

mixtures of a and b glucoses, cellulose

(and the animal structural

polysaccharide chitin) are made up of

only b glucoses.

CELLULOSE (HOMOPOLYSACARID)


HETEROPOLYSACARIDS Chitin: is an important structural material in the outer coverings of insects, crabs,

and lobsters. In chitin the basic subunit is not glucose (but N-acetyl-D-glucoseamine)

in 1-4 linkages. These polymers are made very hard when impregnated with calcium

carbonate.

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LIPIDS

Fatty acids

are involved mainly with long-term

energy storage.

They are generally insoluble in polar

substances such as water.

Secondary functions of lipids include

structural components (as in the case of

phospholipids that are the major building

block in cell membranes) and "messengers"

(hormones) that play roles in

communications within and between cells.

Lipids are composed of three fatty acids

(usually) covalently bonded to a 3-carbon

glycerol. The fatty acids are composed of

CH2 units, and are hydrophobic/not water

soluble.

LIPIDS


Fatty acids can be saturated (meaning

they have as many hydrogens bonded to their

carbons as possible) or unsaturated (with

one or more double bonds connecting their

carbons, hence fewer hydrogens).

A fat is solid at room temperature, while

an oil is a liquid under the same conditions.

• The fatty acids in oils are mostly unsaturated,

• while those in fats are mostly saturated.

Lipids include the compounds commonly known as fats, oils, and waxes. We will look at three important classes of lipids.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/Biobk/BioBookglossPQ.html

Both fats and oils are

"triglycerides". These molecules

are made up of 3 long chain "fatty

acids" attached to a 3 carbon

molecule called "glycerol".

The carboxyl and the fatty

acids are attached to the -OH

groups of the Glycerol via a

"dehydration synthesis" reaction to

yield an "ester" bond.

Function: storage of energy -

"fat" in animals, and "oils" in

plants.

THE TRIGLYCERIDES



Animals convert excess sugars

(beyond their glycogen storage capacities)

into fats.

Most plants store excess sugars as

starch, although some seeds and fruits

have energy stored as oils (e.g. corn oil,

peanut oil, palm oil, canola oil, and

sunflower oil).

Fats yield 9.3 Kcal/gm, while

carbohydrates yield 3.79 Kcal/gm. Fats

thus store six times as much energy as

glycogen.

Fats and oils function in long-term energy

storage.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/Biobk/BioBookglossF.html

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/Biobk/BioBookglossO.html

SATURATED AND

UNSATURATED FATTY

ACIDS

Saturated Fatty Acid: These are fatty acids which

contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen

atoms. That is each carbon in the chain has two

hydrogen atoms attached to it. It is "saturated" with

hydrogen atoms.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid: These are fatty acids which contain carbon-to-carbon

"double" bonds. Therefore since a carbon atom can have only 4 covalent bonds,

there is one less bond available for hydrogen, therefore there is one less

hydrogen. (The carbons are not "saturated" with hydrogen atoms.)


CLASS ACTIVITY

Directions.

1. Work in teams of three

2. Read the next 6 slides

3. To generate a mindmap over all the 6

slides in a papersheet

4. Generate a table showing differences

between cis and trans

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1. Answer the next questions:

1. What are satured and unsatured fatty acids?

2. Are both of them good or bad for your healthy?

3. What is an eicosanoid?

4. What is hydrogenation? What is used for?

5. What are Cis and trans configuration?

6. Which is best for your health of both of them?

7. What is the meaning of LDL and HDL and what is used for each one of them?

8. Why is trans bad for your brain and heart?

Double bonds bind carbon

atoms tightly and prevent rotation

of the carbon atoms along the bond

axis. This gives rise

to configurational isomers which

are arrangements of atoms that can

only be changed by breaking the

bonds.

Cis configuration (oleic Acid)

Trans configuration (Elaidic

acid)

FATTY ACID CONFIGURATIONS

T R ANS FAT S: WHAT 'S UP WIT H

T HAT ?

What are Trans Fats?

Configurational isomers

Tellez Carmona José Manuel 26 Cis means "on the same side" and Trans means "across" or "on

the other side"

Unsaturated fats exposed to air oxidize to

create compounds that have rancid, stale, or

unpleasant odors or flavors.

Hydrogenation is a commercial chemical

process to add more hydrogen to natural

unsaturated fats to decrease the number of double

bonds and retard or eliminate the potential for

rancidity.

Unsaturated oils, such as soybean oil, which

contain unsaturated fatty acids like oleic and

linoleic acid, are heated with metal catalysts in the

presence of pressurized hydrogen gas.

Hydrogen is incorporated into the fatty

acid molecules and they become saturated

with hydrogen. Oleic acid (C18:1) and

linoleic acid (C18:2) are both converted to

stearic acid (C18:0) when fully saturated.

The liquid vegetable oil becomes a solid

saturated fat (shortening with a large

percentage of tristearin).

By comparison, animal fats seldom have

more than 70% saturated fatty acid radicals.

In the table above, for example, lard has

54% unsaturated fatty acid radicals.

WHAT IS

HYDROGENATION AND

PARTIAL

HYDROGENATION?


Metabolism of natural 20-carbon

polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid

results in the biosynthesis of mediators with

potent physiological effects such as

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes,

leucotrienes, and lipoxins.

These substances are known collectively as

eicosanoids because they contain 20 carbon

atoms (Greek eikosi = 20).

However, polyunsaturated trans fatty acids

cannot be used to produce useful mediators

because the molecules have unnatural shapes

that are not recognized by enzymes such as

cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.

METABOLISM OF FATS --

WHY ARE TRANS FATS

BAD?

Metabolism of natural C20 Cis fatty acids

produces powerful eicosanoids.


Although low levels of trans-vaccenic acid occur

naturally in some animal food products, partially

hydrogenated oils contain a large proportion of diverse

trans fatty acids.

When large amounts of Trans fatty acids are incorporated into the cells, the cell membranes and other cellular structures become malformed and do not function properly.

TRANS IS BAD FOR YOUR

HEART… Trans fats are bad for your heart.

Dietary trans fats raise the level of low-density lipoproteins (LDL or "bad cholesterol") increasing the risk

of coronary heart disease. Trans fats also reduce high-density lipoproteins (HDL or "good cholesterol"), and

raise levels of triglycerides in the blood.

Both of these conditions are associated with insulin resistance which is linked to diabetes, hypertension, and

cardiovascular disease.

Harvard University researchers have reported that people who ate partially hydrogenated oils, which are high

in Trans fats, had nearly twice the risk of heart attacks compared with those who did not consume hydrogenated

oils. B

ecause of the overwhelming scientific evidence linking Trans fats to cardiovascular diseases, the Food and

Drug Administration will require all food labels to disclose the amount of Trans fat per serving, starting in 2006.

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TRANS IS BAD FOR YOUR

BRAIN… Trans fats are bad for your brain.

Trans fats also have a detrimental effect on the brain and nervous system. Neural tissue consists mainly of lipids and fats.

Myelin, the protective sheath that covers communicating neurons, is composed of 30% protein and 70% fat. Oleic acid and DHA are

two of the principal fatty acids in myelin.

Studies show that trans fatty acids in the diet get incorporated into brain cell membranes, including the myelin sheath that insulates

neurons. These synthetic fats replace the natural DHA in the membrane, which affects the electrical activity of the neuron.

Trans fatty acid molecules alter the ability of neurons to communicate and may cause neural degeneration and diminished mental

performance.

Neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's Disease appear to exhibit

membrane loss of fatty acids.

Unfortunately, our ingestion of trans fatty acids starts in infancy. A Canadian study showed that an average of 7.2% of the total fatty

acids of human breast milk consisted of trans fatty acids which originated from the consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

by the mothers.

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WHAT ARE OMEGA-3 AND

OMEGA-6 FATTY ACIDS?

HOMEWORK: INDIVIDUAL! SEARCH ABOUT BOTH OMEGA ACIDS,

IN AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT WEBSITES (OBVIOUSLY WiTHOUT

LOOKING FOR IN rincondelvago, wikipedia, monografias, etc. You may look for

in the next website http://www.clo3.com/home.php

Search for function

Key benefits of omega 3

Why are they so necessary for human diet

Tridimensional shape

DELIVERY FORM: VIA EMAIL TO [email protected]

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http://www.clo3.com/home.php

mailto:[email protected]

These molecules are structurally similar to the

triglycerides, but they differ in one important respect.

Triglycerides have 3 fatty acid chains, but the

phospholipids have only 2 fatty acid chains and one

phosphate (-) group.

The negatively charged phosphate group (and its

various end groups) cause this end of the molecule to

form a "polar" covalent bond with glycerol. That is

this end of the phospholipid molecule is "polar" while

the fatty acid chain is "non-polar".

Therefore one end of the molecule is charged (-),

i.e. polar and the other end of the molecule is not

charged (neutral), i.e. non-polar.

PHOSPHOLIPIDS


Since water is also a polar molecule the polar end of the

phospholipid is "attracted" to the + ends of the water

molecules. It is said to be "hydrophillic" (or water loving).

While the neutral end of the phospholipid molecule is non-

polar, i.e. is repelled by the "polar" water molecules, it is said to

be "hydrophobic" (water fearing).

THIS DUEL NATURE OF THE

P HOSP HOL IP ID M OL ECU L E M AKES

IT VERY U SEF U L AS A COM P ONENT

OF CEL L M EM BRANES.

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AMINOACIDS, PEPTIDES

AND PROTEINS

PROTEINS

Main protein functions

Function Example

Structure Colagen in skin, keratine in hair, nails and horns

Motion Actine and miosine in muscles

Defense Antibodies in blood stream

Almacenamiento Zeatine in cornpops

Signals Growth hormone in blood stream

Catalysis Enzimes: they catalize almost every chemical reaction within cells, DNA

polimerase (produces DNA); pepsine (digers proteins); amilase (digers

carbohydrates); ATP synthetase (produces ATP)

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These are very large 3 dimensional macromolecules. They are very important as

structural molecules in the cell, as energy sources, and most importantly as

"enzymes", (protein catalysts which speed up chemical reactions in the cell

without the need for high temperature or drastic pH changes).

Proteins are often called "polypeptides" because they are made of long chains

of building blocks called "amino acids"

STRUCTURE OF SOME

AMINO ACIDS

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- R groups can be any of 20 different forms giving 20 naturally occurring amino

acids (in living things)

Primary Structure (or

primary level of

organization)

Definition. "The

sequence of amino acids

in the polypeptide

chain.“

Amino acids are bound

together with a "peptide"

bond.

STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS


There are two types of secondary structure

in proteins, the α helix and the β pleated

sheet.

The attraction of the R groups within the

same chain can cause the chain to twist into a

"right handed" coil.

This " α helix" is held together by

hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen and

oxygen atoms of the amino acid backbone

(amino groups and carboxyl groups).

Such "Intrachain Hydrogen Bonding"

often predominate in "globular proteins".

SECONDARY LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

OF POLYPE PT IDE S


Keratin is a structural protein found in hair and nails, skin, and tortoise shells.

The aHelix nature of wool is what makes it shrink.

Another form of secondary structure

the β pleated sheet, is caused by hydrogen

bonding between the hydrogen atoms

(amino group) and the oxygen atoms

(carboxyl group) of amino acids on two

chains (or more) lying side-by-side.

The β pleated sheet structure is often

found in many structural proteins, such as

"Fibroin", the protein in spider webs.


When "proline", an oddly shaped amino acid

occurs in the polypeptide chain a "kink" in the

ahelix develops. Kinks can also be caused by

repulsive forces between adjacent charged R

groups. These kinks create a 3 dimensional chain

arrangement, ie. the "Tertiary" Structure

This 3 dimensional shape is also held together

by weak hydrogen bonds but also by much

stronger "disulfide" bonds between two amino

acids of cystine ("covalent") disulfide "bridges"

(linkages)

cystine -- s -- s -- cystine

THE TERTIARY



This last level of organization is

simply taking 2 or more 3

dimensional (tertiary proteins) and

sticking them together to form a

larger protein.

Many enzymes and transport

proteins are made of two or more

parts.

QUATERNARY




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DENATURE

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Proteins when heated can unfold or "Denature".

This loss of three dimensional shape will usually be accompanied by a loss of the

proteins function.

If the denatured protein is allowed to cool it will usually refold back into it’s

original conformation.

These macromolecules include the

Ribonucleic Acids (RNA's) and the

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA's).

They are also long chain

macromolecules. The repeating

subunits (building blocks) of these

molecules are called "nucleotides".

Nucleotides have three parts,

a sugar (usually the six carbon

sugar ribose or deoxyribose), a

phosphate group (P04) and a base

(which contains nitrogen).

NUCLEIC ACIDS


Nucleic acids form long chains by linking

the phosphate groups to the sugars. The

nitrogen bases stick out to the side. When

DNA is formed there are two chains of

nucleotides, each of which tends to coil

around the other forming the so called

"double helix".

The two strands of DNA are said to form

the "DNA molecule".

Note: that one strand runs in one

"direction" and the other strand runs in the

opposite "direction".

BASIC STRUCTURE


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is

composed of deoxyribose sugar and four

nitrogen bases, Complementary base

paired, as follows;

Adenine = = = Thymine

Guanine = = = Cytosine

RNA differs from DNA in that there

is only one strand, and RNA uses ribose

as its sugar, and RNA substitutes Uracil

for Thymine.

Adenine - Uracil

Guanine - Cytosine

The DNA double helix.

Some differences between each nucleic acid



Documents

Organic molecules (biomolecules) - Wikispaces 1-6 Organic... · Each organic molecule group has small molecules (monomers) that are linked to form a larger organic molecule (macromolecule)