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Bismuth

Bismuth83Bi

Sb↑Bi↓

Uup

lead ← bismuth → polonium

Appearance

lustrous silver

General properties

Name, symbol,number

bismuth, Bi, 83

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bismuth ( /ˈbɪzməθ/ BIZ-məth) is a chemical element withsymbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a pentavalentpoor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony.Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfideand oxide form important commercial ores. The free elementis 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silverywhite color when freshly produced, but is often seen in airwith a pink tinge owing to surface oxidation. Bismuth is themost naturally diamagnetic and has one of the lowest valuesof thermal conductivity among metals.

Bismuth metal has been known from ancient times, althoughuntil the 18th century it was often confused with lead and tin,as all three metals have similar physical properties. Theetymology is uncertain, but possibly comes from Arabic biismid, meaning having the properties of antimony[2] orGerman words weisse masse or wismuth ("white mass"),translated in the mid sixteenth century to New Latinbisemutum.[3]

Bismuth has long been considered as the highest-atomic-mass element that is stable. However, it is slightly

Periodic table

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number

Pronunciation /ˈbɪzməθ/ BIZ-məth

Elementcategory

post-transition metal

Group, period,block

15, 6, p

Standard atomicweight

208.98040(1)

Electronconfiguration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5

Physical properties

Phase solid

Density (nearr.t.)

9.78 g·cm−3

Liquid density atm.p.

10.05 g·cm−3

Melting point 544.7 K, 271.5 °C, 520.7 °F

Boiling point 1837 K, 1564 °C, 2847 °F

Heat of fusion 11.30 kJ·mol−1

Heat ofvaporization

151 kJ·mol−1

radioactive: its only primordial isotope bismuth-209 alphadecays with a half life more than a billion times the estimatedage of the universe.[4]

Bismuth compounds account for about half the production ofbismuth. They are used in cosmetics, pigments, and a fewpharmaceuticals, notably Pepto-Bismol. Bismuth hasunusually low toxicity for a heavy metal. As the toxicity oflead has become more apparent in recent years, there is anincreasing use of bismuth alloys (presently about a third ofbismuth production) as a replacement for lead.

Contents [hide]

1 History2 Characteristics

2.1 Physical characteristics2.2 Chemical characteristics2.3 Isotopes

3 Chemical compounds3.1 Oxides and sulfides3.2 Bismuthine and bismuthides3.3 Halides3.4 Aqueous species

4 Occurrence and production4.1 Price4.2 Recycling

5 Applications5.1 Medicine5.2 Cosmetics and pigments5.3 Metal and alloys

5.3.1 Lead replacement

বাংলাБеларускаябеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiCatalàЧӑвашлаČeskyCorsuCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFiji HindiFrançaisFurlanGaeilgeGaelgGalegoHak-kâ-faХальмг한국어

Հայերեն

Hrvatski

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Molar heatcapacity

25.52 J·mol−1·K−1

Vapor pressure

P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k

at T (K) 941 1041 1165 1325 1538 1835

Atomic properties

Oxidation states 5, 4, 3, 2, 1(mildly acidic oxide)

Electronegativity 2.02 (Pauling scale)

Ionizationenergies(more)

1st: 703 kJ·mol−1

2nd: 1610 kJ·mol−1

3rd: 2466 kJ·mol−1

Atomic radius 156 pm

Covalent radius 148±4 pm

Van der Waalsradius

207 pm

Miscellanea

Crystalstructure

rhombohedral[1]

Magneticordering

diamagnetic

Electricalresistivity

(20 °C) 1.29 µΩ·m

Thermalconductivity

7.97 W·m−1·K−1

Thermalexpansion

(25 °C) 13.4 µm·m−1·K−1

5.3.2 Other metal uses and specialty alloys5.4 Other uses as compounds

6 Toxicology and ecotoxicology7 See also8 References9 Bibliography10 External links

History

The name bismuth is from ca. 1660s, and is of uncertainetymology. It is one of the first 10 metals to have beendiscovered. Bismuth appears in the 1660s, from obsoleteGerman Bismuth, Wismut, Wissmuth (early 16th century);perhaps related to Old High German hwiz ("white").[3] TheNew Latin bisemutum (due to Georgius Agricola, whoLatinized many German mining and technical words) is fromthe German Wismuth, perhaps from weiße Masse, "whitemass."[5] The element was confused in early times with tinand lead because of its resemblance to those elements.Bismuth has been known since ancient times, so no oneperson is credited with its discovery. Agricola, in De NaturaFossilium (ca. 1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal ina family of metals including tin and lead. This was based onobservation of the metals and their physical properties.[6]

Miners in the age of alchemy also gave bismuth the nametectum argenti, or "silver being made," in the sense of silverstill in the process of being formed within the Earth.[7][8][9]

Beginning with Johann Heinrich Pott in 1738,[10] Carl Wilhelm

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Nederlands日本語

norsk (bokmål)

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expansion

Speed of sound(thin rod)

(20 °C) 1790 m·s−1

Young'smodulus

32 GPa

Shear modulus 12 GPa

Bulk modulus 31 GPa

Poisson ratio 0.33

Mohs hardness 2.25

Brinell hardness 94.2 MPa

CAS registrynumber

7440-69-9

Most stable isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of bismuth

iso NA half-life DM DE(MeV)

DP

207Bi syn 31.55 y ε,β+

2.399 207Pb

208Bi syn 368,000 y ε,β+

2.880 208Pb

209Bi 100% (1.9 ± 0.2)×1019y

α 3.14 205Tl

210mBi syn 3.04×106y IT 0.271 210Bi

V · T · E · · r

Bismuth crystal illustrating the manyiridescent refraction hues of its oxidesurface

Scheele and Torbern Olof Bergman the distinctness of leadand bismuth became clear and Claude François Geoffroydemonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead andtin.[8][11][12] Bismuth was also known to the Incas and used(along with the usual copper and tin) in a special bronze alloyfor knives.[13]

Characteristics

PhysicalcharacteristicsBismuth is abrittle metal with awhite, silver-pinkhue, oftenoccurring in itsnative form, withan iridescentoxide tarnishshowing manycolors from yellowto blue. The spiral,stair-steppedstructure ofbismuth crystalsis the result of a higher growth rate around the outside edgesthan on the inside edges. The variations in the thickness of theoxide layer that forms on the surface of the crystal causesdifferent wavelengths of light to interfere upon reflection, thus

norsk (bokmål)norsk (nynorsk)OccitanپنجابیPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsRomânăRuna SimiРусскийSeelterskSicilianuSimple EnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski /српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаاردورچ یغ Uyghurche / ئ

Vepsän kel’Tiếng ViệtWinaray

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Artif icially grow n bismuth crystalillustrating the stair-step crystal structure,w ith a 1-cm cube of bismuth metal

displaying a rainbow of colors. When combusted with oxygen,bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellowfumes.[11] Its toxicity is much lower than that of its neighbors inthe periodic table, such as lead, tin, tellurium, antimony, andpolonium.

No other metal is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic thanbismuth.[11][14] (Superdiamagnetism is a different physicalphenomenon.) Of any metal, it has one of the lowest values ofthermal conductivity (after manganese, and maybe neptuniumand plutonium) and the highest Hall coefficient.[15] It has a highelectrical resistance.[11] When deposited in sufficiently thin

layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor, rather than a poor metal.[16]

Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase(water being the best-known example). Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification; therefore, it was long acomponent of low-melting typesetting alloys, where it compensated for the contraction of the other alloyingcomponents,[11][17][18][19] to form almost isostatic bismuth-lead eutectics alloys.

Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive, colorful hopper crystals. It isrelatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using ahousehold stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals.[20]

At ambient conditions bismuth crystallizes in the rhombohedral lattice[21] (Pearson symbol hR6, spacegroup R3m No. 166), which is often classed into trigonal or hexagonal crystal systems.[1] Whencompressed at room temperature, this Bi-I structure changes first to the monoclinic Bi-II at 2.55 GPa, thento the tetragonal Bi-III at 2.7 GPa, and finally to the body-centered cubic Bi-IV at 7.7 GPa. Thecorresponding transitions can be monitored via changes in electrical conductivity; they are ratherreproducible and abrupt, and are therefore used for calibration of high-pressure equipment.[22][23]

Chemical characteristicsBismuth is stable to both dry and moist air at ordinary temperatures. When red-hot, it reacts with water to

Yorùbá粵語

中文

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make bismuth(III) oxide.[24]

2 Bi + 3 H2O → Bi2O3 + 3 H2

It reacts with fluorine to make bismuth(V) fluoride at 500 °C or bismuth(III) fluoride at lower temperatures(typically from Bi melts); with other halogens it yields only bismuth(III) halides.[25][26][27] The trihalides arecorrosive and easily react with moisture, forming oxyhalides with the formula BiOX.[28]

2 Bi + 3 X2 → 2 BiX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

Bismuth dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to make bismuth(III) sulfate and sulfur dioxide.[24]

6 H2SO4 + 2 Bi → 6 H2O + Bi2(SO4)3 + 3 SO2

It reacts with nitric acid to make bismuth(III) nitrate.

Bi + 6 HNO3 → 3 H2O + 3 NO2 + Bi(NO3)3

It also dissolves in hydrochloric acid, but only with oxygen present.[24]

4 Bi + 3 O2 + 12 HCl → 4 BiCl3 + 6 H2O

It is used as a transmetalating agent in the synthesis of alkaline-earth metal complexes:

Ba + BiPh3 → BaPh3 + Bi

IsotopesMain article: Isotopes of bismuth

The only primordial isotope of bismuth, bismuth-209, was traditionally regarded as the heaviest stableisotope, but it had long been suspected[29] to be unstable on theoretical grounds. This was finallydemonstrated in 2003, when researchers at the Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France,

measured the alpha emission half-life of 209Bi to be 1.9 ×1019 yr,[30] over a billion times longer than thecurrent estimated age of the universe. Owing to its extraordinarily long half-life, for all presently knownmedical and industrial applications, bismuth can be treated as if it is stable and nonradioactive. Theradioactivity is of academic interest because bismuth is one of few elements whose radioactivity wassuspected and theoretically predicted, before being detected in the laboratory. Bismuth has the longest

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known alpha decay half-life, although tellurium-128 has a double beta decay half-life of over 2.2 ×1024 yr.[31]

Several isotopes of bismuth with short half-lives occur within the radioactive disintegration chains ofactinium, radium, and thorium, and more have been synthesized experimentally. Bismuth-213 is also foundon the decay chain of uranium-233.[32]

Commercially, the radioactive isotope bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium withbremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with bismuth-213,which has a 45-minute half-life and decays with the emission of an alpha particle, was used to treat patientswith leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in cancer treatment, for example, in the targeted alphatherapy (TAT) program.[33][34]

Chemical compounds

See also category: Bismuth compounds

Bismuth forms trivalent and pentavalent compounds, the trivalent ones being more common. Many of itschemical properties are similar to those of arsenic and antimony, although they are less toxic thanderivatives of those lighter elements.

Oxides and sulfidesAt elevated temperatures, the vapors of the metal combine rapidly with oxygen, forming the yellow trioxide,Bi2O3.[35][36] When molten, at temperatures above 710 °C, this oxide corrodes any metal oxide, and even

platinum.[27] On reaction with base, it forms two series of oxyanions: BiO−2, which is polymeric and forms

linear chains, and BiO3−3 . The anion in Li3BiO3 is actually a cubic octameric anion, Bi8O

24−24 , whereas the

anion in Na3BiO3 is tetrameric.[37]

The dark red bismuth(V) oxide, Bi2O5, is unstable, liberating O2 gas upon heating.[38]

Bismuth sulfide, Bi2S3, occurs naturally in bismuth ores.[39] It is also produced by the combination ofmolten bismuth and sulfur.[36]

Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl, see figure at right) and bismuth

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Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) structure(mineral bismoclite). Bismuth atoms show nas grey, oxygen red, chlorine green.

oxynitate (BiONO3) stoichiometrically appear as simple anionicsalts of the bismuthyl(III) cation (BiO+) which commonly occursin aqueous bismuth compounds. However, in the case of BiOCl,the salt crystal forms in a structure of alternating plates of Bi, O,and Cl atoms, with each oxygen coordinating with four bismuthatoms in the adjacent plane. This mineral compound is used asa pigment and cosmetic (see below).[40]

Bismuthine and bismuthidesUnlike earlier members of group 15 elements such as nitrogen,phosphorus, and arsenic, and similar to the previous group 15element antimony, bismuth does not form a stable hydride.Bismuth hydride, bismuthine (BiH3), is an endothermiccompound that spontaneously decomposes at roomtemperature. It is stable only below −60 °C.[37] Bismuthides are intermetallic compounds between bismuthand other metals.

HalidesThe halides of bismuth in low oxidation states have been shown to adopt unusual structures. What was

originally thought to be bismuth(I) chloride, BiCl, turns out to be a complex compound consisting of Bi5+9

cations and BiCl2−5 and Bi2Cl

2−8 anions.[37][41] The Bi

5+9 cation has a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic

molecular geometry, and is also found in Bi10Hf3Cl18, which is prepared by reducing a mixture ofhafnium(IV) chloride and bismuth chloride with elemental bismuth, having the structure

[Bi+][Bi5+9 ][HfCl

2−6 ]3.[37]:50 Other polyatomic bismuth cations are also known, such as Bi

2+8 , found in

Bi8(AlCl4)2.[41] Bismuth also forms a low-valence bromide with the same structure as "BiCl". There is a truemonoiodide, BiI, which contains chains of Bi4I4 units. BiI decomposes upon heating to the triiodide, BiI3,and elemental bismuth. A monobromide of the same structure also exists.[37] In oxidation state +3, bismuthforms trihalides with all of the halogens: BiF3, BiCl3, BiBr3, and BiI3. All of these except BiF3 are

hydrolyzed by water to form the bismuthyl cation, BiO+, the commonly-encountered bismuth (III) oxycation

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hydrolyzed by water to form the bismuthyl cation, BiO , the commonly-encountered bismuth (III) oxycationnoted above.[37]

Bismuth(III) chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride in ether solution to produce the acid HBiCl4.[24]

The oxidation state +5 is less frequently encountered. One such compound is BiF5, a powerful oxidizing

and fluorinating agent. It is also a strong fluoride acceptor, reacting with xenon tetrafluoride to form the XeF+3

cation:[24]

BiF5 + XeF4 → XeF+3BiF

−6

Aqueous speciesIn aqueous solution, the Bi3+ ion exists in various states of hydration, depending on the pH:

pH range Species

<3 Bi(H2O)3+6

0-4 Bi(H2O)5OH2+

1-5 Bi(H2O)4(OH)+2

5-14 Bi(H2O)3(OH)3

>11 Bi(H2O)2(OH)−4

These mononuclear species are in equilibrium. Polynuclear species also exist, the most important of which

is BiO+, which exists in hexameric form as the octahedral complex [Bi6O4(OH)4]6+ (or 6 [BiO+]·2 H2O).[42]

Occurrence and production

In the Earth'scrust, bismuth isabout twice asabundant as gold.

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Bismite mineral Bismuth output in 2005

The mostimportant ores ofbismuth arebismuthinite andbismite.[11] Nativebismuth is known

from Australia, Bolivia, and China.[43][44]

According to the United States Geological Survey, the world mining production of bismuth in 2010 was8,900 tonnes, with the major contributions from China (6,500 tonnes), Peru (1,100 tonnes) and Mexico (850tonnes). The refinery production was 16,000 tonnes, of which China produced 13,000, Mexico 850 andBelgium 800 tonnes.[45]

The difference between world bismuth mine and refinery production reflects bismuth's status as a byproductof extraction of other metals such as lead, copper, tin, molybdenum and tungsten.[46] Bismuth travels incrude lead bullion (which can contain up to 10% bismuth) through several stages of refining, until it isremoved by the Kroll-Betterton process which separates the impurities as slag, or the electrolytic Bettsprocess. Bismuth will behave similarly with another of its major metals, copper.[47]

The raw bismuth metal from both process contains still considerable amounts of other metals, foremostlead. By reacting the molten mixture with chlorine gas the metals are converted to their chlorides whilebismuth remains unchanged. Impurities can also be removed by various other methods for example withfluxes and treatments yielding high-purity bismuth metal (over 99% Bi). World bismuth production fromrefineries is a more complete and reliable statistic.[47][48][49]

PriceThe price for pure bismuth metal has been relatively

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World mine production and annual averages of bismuthprice (New York, not adjusted for inf lation).[50]

The price for pure bismuth metal has been relativelystable through most of the 20th century, except for aspike in the 1970s. Bismuth has always beenproduced mainly as a byproduct of lead refining, andthus the price, usually reflected the cost of recoveryand the balance between production and demand.[50]

Demand for bismuth was small prior to World War IIand was pharmaceutical – bismuth compounds wereused to treat such conditions as digestive disorders,sexually transmitted diseases and burns. Minoramounts of bismuth metal were consumed in fusiblealloys for fire sprinkler systems and fuse wire. DuringWorld War II bismuth was considered a strategicmaterial, used for solders, fusible alloys,medications and atomic research. To stabilize the market, the producers set the price at $1.25 per pound(2.75 $/kg) during the war and at $2.25 per pound (4.96 $/kg) from 1950 until 1964.[50]

In the early 1970s, the price grew rapidly due to increasing demand for bismuth as a metallurgical additiveto aluminium, iron and steel. This was followed by a decline owing to increased world production, stabilizedconsumption, and the recessions of 1980 and 1981–82. In 1984, the price began to climb as consumptionincreased worldwide, especially in the United States and Japan. In the early 1990s, research began on theevaluation of bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in ceramic glazes, fishing sinkers, food-processingequipment, free-machining brasses for plumbing applications, lubricating greases, and shot for waterfowlhunting.[51] Growth in these areas remained slow during the middle 1990s, in spite of the backing of leadreplacement by the US Government, but intensified around 2005. This resulted in a rapid and continuingincrease in price.[50]

RecyclingWhereas bismuth is most available today as a byproduct, its sustainability is more dependent on recycling.Bismuth is mostly a byproduct of lead smelting, along with silver, zinc, antimony, and other metals, and

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also of tungsten production, along with molybdenum and tin, and also of copper production. Recyclingbismuth is difficult in many of its end uses, primarily because of scattering.

Probably the easiest to recycle would be bismuth-containing fusible alloys in the form of larger objects, thenlarger soldered objects. Half of the world's solder consumption is in electronics (i.e., circuit boards).[52] Asthe soldered objects get smaller or contain little solder or little bismuth, the recovery gets progressivelymore difficult and less economic, although solder with a higher silver content will be more worthwhilerecovering. Next in recycling feasibility would be sizeable catalysts with a fair bismuth content, perhaps asbismuth phosphomolybdate, and then bismuth used in galvanizing and as a free-machining metallurgicaladditive.

Bismuth in uses where it is dispersed most widely include stomach medicines (bismuth subsalicylate),paints (bismuth vanadate) on a dry surface, pearlescent cosmetics (bismuth oxychloride), and bismuth-containing bullets that have been fired. The bismuth scattered in these uses is unrecoverable with presenttechnology.

The most important sustainability fact about bismuth is its byproduct status, which can either improvesustainability (i.e., vanadium or manganese nodules) or, for bismuth from lead ore, constrain it; bismuth isconstrained. The extent that the constraint on bismuth can be ameliorated or not is going to be tested bythe future of the lead storage battery, since 90% of the world market for lead is in storage batteries forgasoline or diesel-powered motor vehicles.

The life-cycle assessment of bismuth will focus on solders, one of the major uses of bismuth, and the onewith the most complete information. The average primary energy use for solders is around 200 MJ per kg,with the high-bismuth solder (58% Bi) only 20% of that value, and three low-bismuth solders (2% to 5% Bi)running very close to the average. The global warming potential averaged 10 to 14 kg carbon dioxide, withthe high-bismuth solder about two-thirds of that and the low-bismuth solders about average. The acidificationpotential for the solders is around 0.9 to 1.1 kg sulfur dioxide equivalent, with the high-bismuth solder andone low-bismuth solder only one-tenth of the average and the other low-bismuth solders about average.[53]

There is very little life-cycle information on other bismuth alloys or compounds.

Applications

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Bismuth has few commercial applications, none of which are particularly large. Taking the US as anexample, 884 tonnes of bismuth were consumed in 2010, of which 63% went into chemicals (includingpharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics), 26% into metallurgical additives for casting and galvanizing,[54]

7% into bismuth alloys, solders and ammunition, and the balance into research and other uses.[45]

In the early 1990s, researchers began to evaluate bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in variousapplications.

MedicineBismuth is an ingredient in some pharmaceuticals, although the use of some of these substances isdeclining.[40]

Bismuth subsalicylate is used as an antidiarrheal; it is the active ingredient in such "Pink Bismuth"preparations as Pepto-Bismol, as well as the 2004 reformulation of Kaopectate. It is also used to treatsome other gastro-intestinal diseases. The mechanism of action of this substance is still not welldocumented, although an oligodynamic effect (toxic effect of small doses of heavy metal ions onmicrobes) may be involved in at least some cases. Salicylic acid from hydrolysis of the compound isantimicrobial for toxogenic E. Coli, an important pathogen in traveler's diarrhea.[55]

a combination of bismuth subsalicylate and bismuth subcitrate are used to treat peptic ulcers.Bibrocathol is an organic bismuth-containing compound used to treat eye infections.Bismuth subgallate, the active ingredient in Devrom, is used as an internal deodorant to treat malodorfrom flatulence ("gas") and feces.Bismuth compounds (including sodium bismuth tartrate) were formerly used to treat syphilis[56][57]

"Milk of bismuth" (an aqueous solution of bismuth hydroxide and bismuth subcarbonate) was marketedas an ailimentary cureall in the early 20th centuryBismuth subnitrate (Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4) and bismuth subcarbonate (Bi2O2(CO3)) are also used inmedicine.[11]

Cosmetics and pigmentsBismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is sometimes used in cosmetics, as a pigment in paint for eye shadows, hairsprays and nail polishes.[40][58][59] This compound is found as the mineral bismoclite and in crystal form

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contains layers of atoms (see figure above) that refract light chromatically, resulting in an iridescentappearance similar to nacre of pearl. It was used as a cosmetic in ancient Egypt and in many places since.Bismuth white (also "Spanish white") can refer to either bismuth oxychloride or bismuth oxynitrate(BiONO3), when used as a white pigment.

Metal and alloys

Lead replacement

The density difference between lead (density 11.32 g·cm−3) and bismuth (density 9.78 g·cm−3) is smallenough that for many ballistics and weighting applications, bismuth can substitute for lead. For example, itcan replace lead as a dense material in fishing sinkers. It has been used as a replacement for lead in shot,bullets and less-lethal riot gun ammunition. The Netherlands, the UK and US, and many other countriesnow prohibit the use of lead shot for the hunting of wetland birds, as many birds are prone to lead poisoningowing to mistaken ingestion of lead (instead of small stones and grit) to aid digestion, or even prohibit theuse of lead for all hunting, such as in the Netherlands. Bismuth-tin alloy shot is one alternative that providessimilar ballistic performance to lead. (Another less expensive but also more poorly-performing alternative is"steel" shot, which is actually soft iron.) Bismuth's lack of malleability does, however, make it unsuitable foruse in expanding hunting bullets.

Bismuth, as a dense element of high atomic weight, is used in bismuth-impregnated latex shields to shieldfrom X-ray in medical examinations, such as CTs, mostly as it is considered non-toxic.[60]

The European Union's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) for reduction of lead hasbroadened bismuth's use in electronics as a component of low-melting point solders, as a replacement fortraditional tin-lead solders.[45] Its low toxicity will be especially important for solders to be used in foodprocessing equipment and copper water pipes, although it can also be used in other applications includingthose in the automobile industry, in the EU for example.[61]

Bismuth has been evaluated as a replacement for lead in free-machining brasses for plumbingapplications,[62] although it does not equal the performance of leaded steels.[61]

Other metal uses and specialty alloys

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Many bismuth alloys have low melting points and are found in specialty applications such as solders. Manyautomatic sprinklers, electric fuses, and safety devices in fire detection and suppression systems containthe eutectic In19.1-Cd5.3-Pb22.6-Sn8.3-Bi44.7 alloy that melts at 47 °C.[11] Low-melting allows, such as Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn alloy which melts at 70 °C, are also used in automotive and aviation industries. Before deforminga thin-walled metal part, it is filled with a melt or covered with a thin layer of the alloy to reduce the chanceof breaking. Then the alloy is removed by submerging the part in boiling water.[63]

Bismuth is used to make free-machining steels and free-machining aluminium alloys for precisionmachining properties. It has similar effect to lead and improves the chip breaking during machining. Theshrinking on solidification in lead and the expansion of bismuth compensates each other and therefore leadand bismuth are often used in similar quantities.[64][65] Similarly, alloys containing comparable parts ofbismuth and exhibit a very small change (on the order 0.01%) upon melting, solidification or aging. Suchalloys are used in high-precision casting, e.g. in dentistry, to create models and molds.[63] Bismuth is alsoused as an alloying agent in production of malleable irons and as a thermocouple material.[11][45]

Some bismuth alloys, such as Bi35-Pb37-Sn25, are combined with non-sticking materials such as mica,glass and enamels because they easily wet them allowing to make joints to other parts. Addition of bismuthto caesium enhances the quantum yield of Cs cathodes.[40] Sintering of bismuth and manganese powdersat 300 °C produces a permanent magnet and magnetostrictive material, which is used in ultrasonicgenerators and receivers working in the 10–100 kHz range and in magnetic memory devices.[66]

Other uses as compoundsBismuth is included in BSCCO (bismuth strontium calciumcopper oxide) which is a group of similar superconductingcompounds discovered in 1988 that exhibit the highestsuperconducting transition temperatures.[67]

Bismuth subnitrate is a component of glazes that producesan iridescence and is used as a pigment in paint.Bismuth telluride is a semiconductor and an excellentthermoelectric material.[40][68] Bi2Te3 diodes are used inmobile refrigerators, CPU coolers, and as detectors in

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Bismuth vanadate, a yellow pigment

infrared spectrophotometers.[40]

Bismuth oxide, in its delta form, is a solid electrolyte foroxygen. This form normally only existsabove[clarification needed] and breaks down below a high-temperature threshold, but can be electrodeposited well below this temperature in a highly alkalinesolution.Bismuth vanadate is an opaque yellow pigment in artists' oil and acrylic paint. This compound is a non-toxic lightfast substitute for lemon yellow pigments such as the cadmium sulfides and thelead/strontium/barium chromates. Unlike lead chromate+lead sulfate lemon, bismuth vanadate does notreadily blacken with UV exposure.[69][70]

A catalyst for making acrylic fibers.[11]

Ingredient in lubricating greases.[71]

In crackling microstars (dragon's eggs) in pyrotechnics, as the oxide, subcarbonate or subnitrate.[72][73]

Toxicology and ecotoxicology

Scientific literature concurs that bismuth and most of its compounds are less toxic compared to other heavymetals (lead, antimony, etc.) and that it is not bioaccumulative. They have low solubilities in the blood, areeasily removed with urine, and showed no carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects in long-term testson animals (up to 2 years).[74] Its biological half-life for whole-body retention is 5 days but it can remain inthe kidney for years in patients treated with bismuth compounds.[75]

Bismuth poisoning exists and mostly affects the kidney, liver, and bladder. Skin and respiratory irritationcan also follow exposure to respective organs. As with lead, overexposure to bismuth can result in theformation of a black deposit on the gingiva, known as a bismuth line.[76][77][78]

Bismuth's environmental impacts are not very well known. It is considered that its environmental impact issmall, due in part to the low solubility of its compounds.[79] Limited information however means that a closeeye should be kept on its impact.[75][80][81]

See also

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Book: Bismuth

Wikipedia books are collections of articles thatcan be downloaded or ordered in print.

Lead-bismuth eutecticBismuth minerals

References

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2. ^ Bismuth . WebMineral. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.3. ̂a b Harper, Douglas. "bismuth" . Online Etymology Dictionary.4. ^ Dumé, Belle (3 September 2012). "Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay" . Physicsworld.5. ^ Norman, Nicholas C. (1998). Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth . p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7514-

0389-3.6. ^ Agricola, Georgious (1546 (orig.); 1955 (trans)). De Natura Fossilium. New York: Mineralogical Society of

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8. ̂a b Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists".Journal of Chemical Education 9: 11. Bibcode 1932JChEd...9...11W . doi:10.1021/ed009p11 .

9. ^ Giunta, Carmen J. Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms , Le Moyne College. See also for other terms forbismuth, including stannum glaciale (glacial tin or ice-tin).

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11. ̂a b c d e f g h i j Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition.Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. p. 4-1. ISBN 0-8493-0485-7.

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14. ^ Krüger, p. 171.15. ^ Jones, H. (1936). "The Theory of the Galvomagnetic Effects in Bismuth". Proceedings of the Royal Society

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Technological Applications . Springer. pp. 264–265. ISBN 978-90-481-9257-1.23. ^ Manghnani, Murli H. (2000). Science and Technology of High Pressurs2 . Universities Press (India)

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Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. pp. 67–84. ISBN 0-7514-0389-X.38. ^ Scott, Thomas; Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise encyclopedia chemistry. Walter de Gruyter. p. 136.

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Handbook of Mineralogy. I (Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society ofAmerica. ISBN 0-9622097-0-8. Retrieved 5 December 2011.

44. ^ Krüger, pp. 172–173.45. ̂a b c d Carlin, James F., Jr.. "2010 USGS Minerals Yearbook: Bismuth" (PDF). United States Geological

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Nuclear Energy (1954) 6: 41. doi:10.1016/0891-3919(57)90180-8 .49. ^ Shevtsov, Yu. V.; Beizel', N. F. (2011). "Pb distribution in multistep bismuth refining products". Inorganic

Materials 47 (2): 139. doi:10.1134/S0020168511020166 .50. ̂a b c d Bismuth Statistics and Information . see "Metal Prices in the United States through 1998" for a

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51. ^ Suzuki, p. 14.52. ^ Taylor, Harold A. (2000). Bismuth. Financial Times Executive Commodity Reports. London: Financial

Times Energy. p. 17. ISBN 1-84083-326-2.53. ^ Warburg, N. "IKP, Department of Life-Cycle Engineering" . University of Stuttgart. Retrieved 5 May 2009.54. ^ Pistofidis, N.; Vourlias, G.; Konidaris, S.; Pavlidou, El.; Stergiou, A.; Stergioudis, G. (2007). "The effect of

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Progress in Organic Coatings 54 (3): 150. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2005.07.003 .59. ^ Pfaff, Gerhard (2008). Special effect pigments: Technical basics and applications . Vincentz Network

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ISBN 978-0-12-752178-7.69. ^ Tücks, Andreas; Beck, Horst P. (2007). "The photochromic effect of bismuth vanadate pigments:

Investigations on the photochromic mechanism". Dyes and Pigments 72 (2): 163.doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.08.027 .

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metals. Academic Press. pp. 433 ff.. ISBN 978-0-12-369413-3.76. ^ ""Bismuth line" in TheFreeDictionary's Medical dictionary" . Farlex, Inc.. Retrieved 8 February 2008.77. ^ Levantine, Ashley; Almeyda, John (1973). "Drug induced changes in pigmentation". British Journal of

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Bibliography

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Brown, R. D., Jr. "AnnualAverage Bismuth Price", USGS (1998).

Greenwood, N. N. and Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4

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Look up bismuth in Wiktionary,the free dictionary.

Krüger, Joachim; Winkler, Peter; Lüderitz, Eberhard; Lück, Manfred; Wolf, Hans Uwe. "Bismuth,Bismuth Alloys, and Bismuth Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2003,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. pp. 171–189 doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_171 .Suzuki, Hitomi (2001). Organobismuth Chemistry . Elsevier. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-0-444-20528-5.Wiberg, Egon; Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, Nils (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

External links

Laboratory growth of large crystals of Bismuth by Jan KihleCrystal Pulling Laboratories, NorwayBismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decayBismuth Crystals – Instructions & Pictures

Periodic table

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

Alkali

metal

Alkaline

earth

metal

Lanthanide ActinideTransition

metal

Post-

transition

metal

MetalloidOther

nonmetalHalogen Noble gas

Unknown

chemical

properties

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