Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet: Temperature vocabulary in Marathi and its extension to the world of emotions Prashant Pardeshi National Institute

Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet:Temperature vocabulary in Marathi

and its extension to the world of emotions

Prashant Pardeshi National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan

and Peter Hook

Universities of Virginia and Michigan, USA

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1.Introduction

• Goal of our presentation: exploring the conceptualization of the domain of temperature through the investigation of literal (non-metaphorical) and extended (metaphorical) usages of temperature vocabulary or temperature terms in Marathi.

• Marathi: Indo-Aryan, SOV. Primarily spoken in the state of Maharashtra, India.

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1.Introduction

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language

Maharashtra stateAmbient temperature (28 ± 2 °C)

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1.Introduction• Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather se

asons. Tropical conditions prevail all over the state, and even the hill stations are not that cold. Frost occurs sometimes during the colder months. Hail is always possible.

• Summer: March, April and May are the hottest months. During April and May thunderstorms are common all over the state. Temperature varies between 22°C-39°C during this season. Rainy: Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest month in Maharashtra, while August too gets substantial rain. Monsoon starts its retreat with the coming of September from the state. Winter: Cool dry spell, with clear skies gentle breeze and pleasant weather prevails from November to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature varies between 12°C-34°C during this season. (Source: http://www.maharashtratourism.net/climate.html)

• The average annual temperature of Maharashtra remains 25 ・ 27 degree centigrade in most regions. (http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/geography-and-history/climate.html)

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2. Temperature categories• Kageyama (1980: 58):

Object temperature (buttai ondo) expression [temperature range]: NP [BE WITH a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]Physiologically felt temperature (seiri ondo) expression [temperature sensation]NP [FEEL a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]

• Koptjevskaja-Tamm (Dec 2007): Guidelines for collecting linguistic

expressions for temperature conceptsEXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE: Tactile temperature vs. Non-tactile temperature perception: Koptjevskaja-Tamm amd Rakhilina (2006: 256-257): tactile temperature (sensation of temperature through touch) vs. non-tactile (sensation of temperature via air).EXPERIENCER-BASED TEMPERATURE: Personal-feeling temperature

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3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature

• Tactile temperature: COLD: gaar vs thanDa

(1) {farshi/bhaanDa/bhaat/sup} [gaar/??thanDa] aahepaved floor/pot/rice/soup cold/cold be.Pres‘{The paved floor/pot/rice/soup} is cold.’

(2) a. gaar/*thanDa paaNyaa-tse kunDacold water-GEN pond‘a pond of cold water’

b. garam paaNyaa-tse kunDahot water-GEN pond‘a pond of hot water’

6EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature


(3) a. {thanDa/*gaar} have-tse thikaaN cold weather-GEN place ‘hill station’

b. hi kholi {thanDa/*gaar} aahe this room cold be.Pres‘This room is cold.’

(4) {thanDa/gaar/thanDagaar}paaNi cold/cold/sharply cold water

‘cold water’7

EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature


• PP’s intuition: thanDa, thanDagaar is a EXPERIENCER-BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to samui in Japanese] while gaar is EXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to tsumetai in Japanese].

• In some cases both can be used as in (4) but the meaning would differ: one sprinkles gaar paaNi (and NOT thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi) in the courtyard in summer and drinks thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi (and NOT gaar paaNi). In the latter case, many use gaar paaNi as well but if the drink is changed gaar cannot be used:

• thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [usaaTsaa ras]: cold/sugarcane juice

• thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [biyar]: chilled beeCf. malaa thanDi waadztiy (I.DAT cold feel ‘I feel cold.’)



• Various degrees of “HOTness” for water/liquids{ ukaLata/ kaDhat ・ kaDakaDit / garam /un / kombaT / gaar} paaNiboiling hot/ scalding ・ intensely hot / hot/warm/ tepid /cold waterHOT COLD

• Most of Maharashtrians (and Indians) wash their bodies with heated water. The heated water is diluted by addition of ambient temperature water. The proportion of the two gives rise to the above mentioned fine-distinctions of degree of hotness of the water.

• For PP, the distinction between uun / kombaT is lost.9EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature


• For solid and gaseous objects only a two-way distinction is made: garam (hot) vs gaar (cold).

• Morphological make-up of temperature adjectivesukaLat{aa,i,e,a,yaa} (>ukaL-Ne: to boil) [aa = masc.sg, i = fem.sg, e/a = neut.sg]kaDhat (> invariant present participle form of the verb kaDha-Ne ‘boil’ [intr]kaDakaDit (>onomatopoeic)garam, un, kombaT, gaar: underived/basic



• In addition to the native temperature adjectives, uShNa (hot) and sheeta (cold) borrowed from Sanskrit are used primarily as modifiers of super ordinate objects.uShNa {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}hot {zone of the earth, season, climate}sheeta {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}cold {zone of the earth, season, climate}



• Typical syntactic context(5) haa tsahaa khup garam/gaar aahe [Predicative]

this tea very hot/cold be.Pres.3sg‘This tea is very hot.’

(6) {garam tsahaa/ thanDa sarbat} aaN [Attributive]hot tea cold juice bring.Imp‘Bring {a cup of hot tea/a glass of cold juice}.’

(7) aadzkaal phaar garmi/thanDi asalyaa-muLe [Reference]now days lot heat/cold be-hencekaaLji ghecare take.Imp‘It’s {hot/cold} now days hence take care.’



• Typical examples of relevant entities(8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives

(A) Natural artifactsgaram maati/waaLu (hot sand, gravel)garam {hawaa/waraa} (hot air/wind)gaar {hawaa/waraa} (cold air/wind){garam/gaar} paaNi (hot/cold water)

(B)Drinks and foodgaram tsahaa (hot tea)thanDa sarbat (cold juice)garam poLi ‘hot chapati (bread)’thanDagaar taak ‘cold buttermilk’thanDagaar biyar ‘chilled bear’thanDagaar aiskrim ‘ice-cream’garam/kombaT/gaar {dudha/paaNi} ‘hot/warm/cold milk/water’



• Typical examples of relevant entities(8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives

(c)Household Environment garam shegaDi ‘hot cooking fireplace’

(9) Modification/Comparison

atyanta gaar paaNi (very cold water); barphaa-pekshaa gaar paaNi (ice-than cold water) water colder than ice.



• Non-Tactile temperature (Ambient temperature vs. Clothing temperature)

• Ambient temperature• Typical syntactic context

NON-REFERENTIAL PREDICATION: no “real” subject (It’s too HOT to do anything today)

(10) aadzkhup { garmii/thanDii/ garam hot } aahe today lot heat/cold/hot become be.Pres ‘It’s too hot/cold today; One feels very hot/cold today.’



QUASI-REFERENTIAL PREDICATION: “weather” or “climate” as a subject (The

weather is too HOT today.): not possible. (11) *aadzace hawaamaan phaarats

today’s weather a lotgaram aahehot be.PresLit. ‘Today’s weather is very hot.’(example (10) would be used)



“Place” as a subject(Rome is pretty HOT this time of year.): not possible

(12)*a. dilli atta khup garam/thanDa aahe Delhi now lot hot/cold be.Pres ‘Delhi is very hot/cold now.’

b. dilli-t atta khup garmii/thanDii aahe Delhi-in now lot heat/cold be.Pres

Lit. ‘In Delhi there is lot of heat/cold now.’



“Air”, “wind” as the subject (The wind coming from the Sahara is HOT.)

(13) uttar-bhaarataa-kaDun raajyaa-kaDe yeNaare waare north-India-from state-toward coming winds

thanDa as.lyaaNe raajyaa-til taapmaan ghaTle aahe cold are.hence state-in temperature reduced be.Pres ‘As the winds blowing from North India to (Maharashtra) state

are cold, the temperature in the state has lowered down.’ (72.78.249.107/esakal/20091202/5020096785402429942.htm)

• “The sun” as subject: not possible (The sun at this time of the day was really HOT.)



“Time” as the subject: not possible (Last Sunday was really hot.) (14) *a. gelaa rawiwaar khup garam hotaa

past Sunday a lot hot was ‘Last Sunday was very hot.’ b. gelyaa rawiwaar-i khup garam hot

past Sunday-on a lot hot become hota was ‘Last Sunday one felt very hot.’



ATTRIBUTION“weather” or “climate” as a subject (Older people need to sleep in cool and

comfortable conditions in the HOT weather.)

(15) garam hawaamaan-aat baaher phiraNe yogya naahi hot weather-in outside wondering good not

‘It’s not good to wonder outside in hot weather.’ “Place” as a subject

(16) thanDa pradesh-aat yaa wanaspati waadhat cold place/area-in these plants grow

naahit not ‘These plants do not grow in cold places.’



“Air”, “wind” as the subject(17) dilli-t diwas-bhar jhombre-waare wahaa.t hote Delhi-in day-throughout biting-winds flow.Ptcpl were ‘In Delhi biting winds were flowing throughout the day.’

• “The sun” as subject: not possible• “Time” as the subject: not possible

REFERENCE

(18) uttar pradeshaa-t thanDi-ne 337 lok maraN paawle

Uttar pradeshi-in cold-by 337 people died aahet are

‘In Uttar Pradeshi, 337 people died by cold.’21

EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature


• Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures

• Geographical Places• Typically uninhabited places• Mountain: ???? (may be cold: thanDa dongar-daryaa cold mountains and valleys)• Volcano: ??? (may be hot: tapta jwaalaamukhi burning volcano)• Forest: ??? (may be cold: thanDa jangal cold jungle)• Dersert: ??? (may be hot: raNranNte waaLwanTa glowing desert)• Shadow: thanDa saawli ‘cold shadow’ • Inhabited places• garam/thanDa desh ‘hot/cold country’, garam/thanDa shahar ‘hot/cold city’,

garam/thanDa gaaw ‘hot/cold villege’

• Time• garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {diwas (day), raatra (night), pahaaT (morning), dupaar

(afternoon), sandhyaakaaL (evening}, aathawaDaa (week), mahinaa (month), warsha (year), kaaL (period), weL (hour/time), hrutu (season) }



• Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures

• Weather• garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaamaan (weather), taapmaan

(climate)}

• Conductors of heat• garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaa (air), waaraa (wind)}• • Environmental sources of heat• taLapataa surya (gleaming sun)• shital Chandra (cold moon)• stars (???)• dhagdhagti aag (fiercely glowing fire)



• Typical examples of relevant entities: Indoor temperatures

• garam/thanDa ghar ‘hot/cold room’• garam/thanDa kholi ‘hot/cold room’• garam sauna ‘hot sauna’• thanDa refrijreTar ‘cold refrigerator’ • Sources of heat• garma shekoTi ‘warm bonfire’• garam bhaTTi ‘hot furnace’• garam hiTar ‘warm heater’



• Clothing temperature

(19) haa sweTar ub-daar aahe this sweater heat-bearer be.Pres‘This sweater is warm.’

(20) malaa ub-daar sweTar hawaay To me heat-bearer sweater need

‘I need a warm sweater.’

• Typical examples of relevant entities: ClothingsweTar ‘sweater’, jyakeT ‘jacket’, kapaDe ‘clothes’, buT ‘boots’

• Bed (clothing)

anthruN ‘spreading sheet’, paangharuN ‘covering sheet/blancket’


4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature

Typical syntactic contexts

PREDICATION(21) hyaa khoi-t hiTar nasalyaane malaa thanDi waadztiy

This room-in heater not.hence to me cold feel‘I feel cold since there is no heater in this room.’

(22) hyaa khoi-t pankhaa nasalyaane malaa garam hotaythis room-in fan not.hence to me hot feel‘I feel hot since there is no fan in this room.’

(23) taap aalyaane malaa {thanDi waadztiy/ garam hotay}fever come.hence to me cold feel/ hot feel‘I feel {cold/hot} since I have fever.’

(24) maadzhyaakaanaa-laa thanDi waadztiymy ear-to cold feel‘I feel cold in my ears.’

• No person-distinction is made like Japanese (samui [1P] vs. samusou [2, 3P]).• ATTRIBUTION: ??, REFERENCE: ??

26EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature


Typical examples of relevant entities• Living things: lahaan mul (child), stri (females), puruSh

(males), wayaskar lok (old people.• Animals: kutra (dog), mandzar (cat), hatti (elephant).• Body-parts: kaan (ear), naak (nose), haat (hand), pay (leg)

• Concrete uses: meaning• In Marathi no distinction is made between ‘warm’ and

‘hot’ in the case of solid and gaseous things. In the case of liquids this distinction is made (kombaT vs. garam) and ‘warm’ may means ‘less hot than the expected standard’ in suitable contexts apart from the objective temperature (i.e. less than hot one).



• There is separate term for “clothing warm” (ubdaar). Temperature above warm are considered dangerous.

Dangerously high

• { ukaLata/ kaDhat ・ kaDakaDit / garam} paaNi boiling hot/ scalding ・ intensely hot / hot waterPleasantly warming

• {un / kombaT } paaNiwarm/ tepid water



• COLD, COOL, CHILLY• barphaa-saarkha gaar paaNi (ice-like cold

water)• gaar paaNi (cold water)• Others• kombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’

Not sufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese)



• No special term for neutral temperatures• COLD, COOL, CHILLY

barphaa-saarkha gaar paaNi (ice-like cold water)gaar paaNi (cold water)

• OtherskombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’ Not sufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese)



• To sum up the literal (non-extended) usage of temperature adjectives in Marathi:

• Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the

temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between “warm” and “hot”.

• Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for liquids)

• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate contexts.

• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”.• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term.

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5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary

• In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, attributive uses are fairly restricted.

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English Japanese Marathi

hot news ??atsui nyuusu

*garam baatmi

Warm welcome

atatakai kangei

*{kombaT/uun} swaagat

cold response tumetai hannou

thanDa pratisaad

Cf. grama-a-garam Khabar (hot or breaking/sensational news), garma-a-garam sinetarkaa (sexy film actress)


• In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, predicative uses are more productive than the attributive ones.

(25) tisraa umedwaar maatra atishay thanDa aahe

third candidate however extremely cold be.Pres.3SgM ‘The third candidate however is extremely quite.’(www.loksatta.com)

(26) selinaa sadhyaa garam aahe Selina now days hot be.Pres.3SgF ‘Selina is angry now days.’ (marathi.webdunia.com)

(27)aataa khaasagi kharedi-cyaa spardhe-muLe baadzaar now private buying-Gen competition-dut to market

garam aahe hot be.Pres.3SgM ‘Now due to the competition created by private (non-governmental) buying the market is hot. ’ (www.cottonyarnmarket.net/NEWS/SSS2.htm)

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• Emotions: General Metonymic Principle: The physiological effects of an emotion stand for the emotion. (Lakoff 1987: 382)

(29) dainandin kaamkaadzaa-ne Doka garam dzhaale ki day-to-day work-by head hot become then

goraa saaheb phalTani-saha thanDa hawe-cyaa British officer staff-with cold weather-Gen

ThikaaNi rawaanaa hot ase place used to go ‘On getting bugged with day-to-day chores British officer used to go to hill station with his staff.’

(30) DokathanDa thew-un wichaar kar head cold keep-CP thinking do ‘Keep your cool and think.’

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• Metonymic construal: INCREASE IN BODY TEMPRATURE STANDS FOR ANGER=>Metaphorical construal: ANGER IS HEAT, ANGER IS FIRE (Lakoff 1987: 380-389)

(31) wakil-saaheb garam dzhaale lawyer-respected hot become.Pst.3Pl

‘The respected lawyer got angry.’ (maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3192090.cm)

(32) mag te thanDa dzhaale then they cold become.Pst.3Pl ‘Then they calmed down.’ (ejmarathe.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_28.html)(33) sharad pawar-yaantsaa paaraa tsaDhlaa Sharad Pawar-Gen mercury rise.Pst.3SgM ‘Mr. Sharad Pawar got angry.’ (article.wn.com/.../WNATc446d26032bdfb5ca2b01c467f07b2d3/)(34) maadzhyaa maitriNi-tsaa paaraa utarlaa I.Gen friend.Gen mercury fall.Pst.3SgM ‘My friend calmed down.’ (www.deshdoot.com/detail_archive.php)

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Culture specific metaphors (35) hindutwaa-tsaa tawaa garam karNyaatsaa prayatna

Hinduism-of fry pan hot doing effort sanghapariwaaraa-ne kelaa the Sangh family-Erg did ‘The Sangh family (Hindu Nationalist Organization family) tried to popularize their Hinduist agenda.’ (www.ibnlokmat.tv/showblog.php?id=61262&pg=)

(36) truk-maalak-chaalakaan-kaDun paishaa-chi maagNi kar-un pathkaa-til truck-owners-drivers-from money-of demand do-CP squad-in adhikaari wa karmachaari khisaa garam kar-un

ghetat officers and employees pocket hot do-CP take ‘By demanding money from the truck owners and drivers the officers and employees in the (police) squad enrich their pockts.’

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6. Summary

Literal (non-extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi:• Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the

temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between “warm” and “hot”.

• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term. • Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for

liquids)• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate

contexts.• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”

Non-literal (figurative/extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi:

• Like many other languages, temperature serves as a SOURCE domain for understanding of emotions like ANGER.

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References• Kageyama, Taro. 1979. Ondo hyougen no imi kouzou. Gengo bunka kenkyu, No. 5• Kageyama, Taro. 1980. Nichiei Hikaku Goi no Kouzou. Tokyo: Shohakusha.• Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. & E. Rakhilina 2006. "Some like it hot": on semantics of

temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish. STUF (Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung), a special issue on Lexicon in a Typological and Contrastiv Perspective, ed. by Leuschner, T. & G. Giannoulopoulou, 59 (2).

• Lakoff, Geroge & Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago Press.

• Lakoff, George. 1987. Woman, fire and dangerous things. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press.

• Shimotori, Misuzu. 2004. The semantics of eight common temperature adjectives in written Japanese. Department of linguistics, Stockholm university: M.A. thesis.

• Shindo, Mika. 1998-9. An analysis of metaphorically extended concepts based onbodily experience. A case study of temperature expressions. Papers in linguisticscience, 4:29–54, 5: 57–73.

• Sutrop, Urmas. 1998. Basic temperature terms and subjective temperature scale. Lexicology, 4.1:60-104

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Thank you very much !!

• Comments, criticisms are most welcome!

• Contact:[email protected]

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Memo

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Documents

Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet: Temperature vocabulary in Marathi and its extension to the world of emotions Prashant Pardeshi National Institute