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1Bone: Lower limb -
Bones of lower limbs
Including bones of pelvic girdle (hip bones) and lower limbcompared with upper limbno equivalent movements to pronation and supination in upper limb; more stable in lower limb, for weight-bearing
2Bone: Lower limb -
Bony pelvis
Iliumischiumpubis
3Bone: Lower limb -
Ilium (lateral surface) ant. sup. iliac spine:
a.s.i.s. post. sup. iliac spine:
p.s.i.s. Iliac crest: a.s.i.s. –
p.s.I.s. tubercle of crest ant. inf. iliac spine:
a.i.i.s. post. inf. iliac spine:
p.i.i.s. greater sciatic notch gluteal surface
Great sciatic notch
Obturator foramen
4Bone: Lower limb -
Ilium (medial surface)-1
obturator forameniliac fossaa.s.i.s.; p.s.i.s. iliac crest: a.s.i.s. –
p.s.i.s.greater sciatic
notch (g.s.n.) Obturator foramen
g.s.n.
a.s.i.s.
5Bone: Lower limb -
Ilium (medial surface)-2
ala (iliac fossa)Body of iliumridge between upper and lower part of iliacarcuate line
articular surface for sacrum (auricular face)attachment for ligaments (sacroiliac joint)iliac tuberosity
Obturator foramen
g.s.n.
6Bone: Lower limb -
Ilium (medial surface)-3
arcuate line: linea terminalis of pelvic brimbelow: pelvic
part; lesser/true pelvisabove:
abdominal part; greater/false pelvis
Abdominal part
7Bone: Lower limb -
8Bone: Lower limb -
Ischium
body of ischiumlesser sciatic notchischial tuberosityischial spineischial ramus: with inf.
ramus of pubis ischiopubic ramus
9Bone: Lower limb -
Pubis: ramisup. ramus contribute to acetabuluminf. ramus join ischium (ischial ramus)
10Bone: Lower limb -
Pubis:1
body of pubispubic crestpublic tuberclesup. pubic ramus:
pectineal line on its sup. border, continues into arcuate lineinf. pubic ramusobturator foramen
11Bone: Lower limb -
Obturator canal
obturator canal: at the upper, posterior angle of obturator foramen (obturator n.,a.,v.)
12Bone: Lower limb -
Iliopubic eminence
13Bone: Lower limb -
Pubis: external
acetabulum: acetabular notch, limbusGluteal lineAnteriorPosteriorInferior
14Bone: Lower limb -
Pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint (fibrous cartilage)as a landmark of
pelvic cavity
15Bone: Lower limb -
PelvisThe complete pelvis:the line (pelvic inlet)
from promontory of sacrum -- arcuate line - - pectineal line -- pubic crest separatesfalse pelvis and true
pelvissacrum + linea
terminalis + pubis symphysis
16Bone: Lower limb -
Pelvis: anatomical position
a.s.i.s. and symphysis pubis on the same coronal plane
symphysis
17Bone: Lower limb -
Pelvis: female vs. maleShape: circular in female (less distinct promontory,
broader alae); heart-shaped in maleAngle: larger in female; smaller in male
18Bone: Lower limb -
Pelvis: pelvic outletbounded by symphysis pubis - ischiopubic rami - ischial
tuberosity - sacrotuberous lig. - coccyx
19Bone: Lower limb -
Pelvic outletnot on the same plane; line joining the ischial tuberosities
of both sides divides it into two parts
20Bone: Lower limb -
The sacro-iliac joint-1synovial joint in childhood; fibrous bands in joints of adult; > 50 years old, completely fibroussupported by many tough ligaments including: interosseous lig., ant.& post. sacroiliac lig., sacrospinous
lig. , sacrotuberous lig.
21Bone: Lower limb -
Sacro-iliac joints-2
interosseous lig., ant. and post. sacroiliac lig.
22Bone: Lower limb -
Sacroiliac joints and Sciatic foramensgreater sciatic foramen; lesser sciatic foramen*posterior aspect of joint heavily armed with
ligaments (to counter body weight)
23Bone: Lower limb -
Sciatic foramen
24Bone: Lower limb -
Sciatic foramen
25Bone: Lower limb -
Femur: proximal end (anterior Surface)head: faces upward,
medially, slightly forward; fovea; neck:greater trochanter;
trochanteric fossa (obturator internus attachment) intertrochanteric line lesser trochanter
26Bone: Lower limb -
Femur: angle of inclination
27Bone: Lower limb -
Femur: proximal end (medial surface)
head; fovea; neck:greater trochanter;
trochanteric fossalesser trochanter:
(iliopsoas inserts here): on posterior aspect of femur;intertrochanteric crest:
posterior surfaceintertrochanteric line:
anterior surface
28Bone: Lower limb -
Femur: proximal end (poeterior surface)head; fovea; neck:greater trochanterlesser trochanter:
(iliopsoas inserts here): on posterior aspect of femurintertrochanteric crest:
posterior surface
29Bone: Lower limb -
Femur: shaft
gluteal tuberositylinea aspera (post.
surface)
30Bone: Lower limb -
Femur: distal end-1medial epicondyle; adductor tubercle (adductor magnus m.)lateral epicondyle intercondylar notch (fossa): deep, posteriorly locatedarticular cartilage: tibial surface; patellar surface
31Bone: Lower limb -
Femur: distal end-2medial condyleadductor tubercle
(adductor magnus m.)lateral condyle intercondylar notch
(fossa): deep, posteriorly locatedarticular cartilage: tibial
surface; patellar surface
32Bone: Lower limb -
Tibia: proximal end-1medial condyle, lateral condyle; intercondylar area (intercondylar tubercles) for meniscus and lig.tibial tuberosity (tubercle): ligamentum patellae attachment
33Bone: Lower limb -
Tibia: proximal end-2 intercondylar area (intercondylar tubercles): medial and lateral
attachment of cruciate lig. & horns of med. and lat. menisciarticular surface for head of fibula
post. surface
Med. Lateral
34Bone: Lower limb -
Tibia: shaft
soleal line (oblique line): on upper 1/3 of post. surface
post. surface
Med. Lateral
35Bone: Lower limb -
Tibia: shaft (cross-section)quadrangular in
cross sectionmed., lat., post.
surfacesant.
(subcutaneous); interosseous, posteromedial borders
36Bone: Lower limb -
Tibia: distal end
medial malleolus: groove for tibialis posterior
(anterior view) (posterior view)
37Bone: Lower limb -
Tibia: with Talusinferior articular facet
for talus (trochlea)
38Bone: Lower limb -
Fibula: head
Surface anatomy of fibular headArticular surface
with tibiaapex of head
(styloid process) Common fibular nerve
39Bone: Lower limb -
Fibula: distal end
lateral malleolusarticular facet for
talus
40Bone: Lower limb -
Acetabulum
Acetabular fossaAcetabular notchArticular (lunate) surfaceLigaments
Transverse acetabular ligamentLigament of femroal headIliofemoral ligamentIschiofemoral ligamentPubofemoral ligament
41Bone: Lower limb -
Transverse acetabular ligamenttransverse acetabular lig.: connecting the ant.& post.
ends of the articular cartilagevessels, n. to head run deep to this lig.
42Bone: Lower limb -
Ligament of femoral head
lig. of the head of the femur: acetabular notch
fovea of the head of femursurrounded by
synovial sheath; conveys vessels in childhoodminimal effect for
strength
43Bone: Lower limb -
Acetabulum: Ligaments-1
Iliofemoral lig.inverted Y; aiis, ilium
intertrochanteric linePubofemoral lig.Iliopubic eminence iliofemoral lig.
44Bone: Lower limb -
Acetabulum: ligaments-2
Ischiofemoral lig.
ischium of
acetabulum rim med. aspect of
greater trochanter
45Bone: Lower limb -
Knee Joint
Weight-bearing3 joint compartments:1) medial compartment:
medial condyle (femur) + tibia2) lateral compartment:
lateral condyle (femur) + tibia3) patella + femur
46Bone: Lower limb -
Patella
ligamentum patellae (patellar lig.)Continuation of
quadriceps femoris tendon above to apex of patella, below to tibia tuberosity
47Bone: Lower limb -
Tibio-femoral joint compartment
4 ligaments:1) medial (tibial)
collateral lig.2) lateral (fibular)
collateral lig.3) ant. cruciate lig.4) post. cruciate lig.
48Bone: Lower limb -
Cruciate ligaments (anterior view)
ant. cruciate: ant. intercondylar area of tibia to lateral wall of intercondylar fossa of femurpost. intercondylar area
of tibia to medial wall of intercondylar fossa of femur(前外後內)
49Bone: Lower limb -
Knee: cruciate liagaments interconnect femur and tibiaant. cruciate: ant.
intercondylar area of tibia to lateral wall of intercondylar fossa of femurpost. intercondylar area of
tibia to medial wall of intercondylar fossa of femur limitations of extreme
anterior and posterior displacements of tibia on fixed femur
50Bone: Lower limb -
Knee: collateral ligaments
51Bone: Lower limb -
Meniscus
Medial meniscus: fibrocartilage; wide- C shaped; periphery attaches to joint capsuleLateral meniscus:
more circular in shape
52Bone: Lower limb -
Bones of the foot
Tarsal bonesMetatarsal bonesPhalanges (pl. of phalax)
53Bone: Lower limb -
Tarsal bones: proximal rowProximal row: Talus, Calcaneus (Calcaneum), Navicular
54Bone: Lower limb -
Talus-1Head: articulate with NavicularBodysuperior articular facet (trochlear)
tibiamedial facet: smaller, comma- shaped medial malleoluslateral facet: larger, triangular shape
lateral malleolus
Anterior Posterior
Medial view
55Bone: Lower limb -
Talus-2
Inferior surface: divided by sulcus tali (for interosseous lig.) into ant. & post. partsanterior part: 2 smaller
facet Calcaneumposterior part: 1 large
facet Calcaneus (post. talocalcaneal joint)
56Bone: Lower limb -
Talus-3 transfers body weight postero-inferiorly to calcaneum which relays it to ground antero-inferiorly to calcaneum and navicular, through which to distal
row of tarsus and metatarsus
57Bone: Lower limb -
Calcaneus (Calcaneum)-1
heel of foot, transfer weight to groundTalar shelf (sustentaculum tali): projection on medial sidesuperior surface:posteriorly: large facet for post.
talocalcaneal jointmiddle and anterior facets for
talus (in front of sulcus calcanei)
ant. surface for Cuboidinsertion of calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus on its undersurface
58Bone: Lower limb -
Calcaneus (Calcaneum)-2
calcaneal tuberosityant. surface for Cuboidinsertion of calcaneal
tendon (Achilles tendon)groove for tendon of
flexor hallucis longus on its undersurface
59Bone: Lower limb -
Calcaneus-3
Calcaneal sulcusant. surface for Cuboidinsertion of calcaneal
tendon (Achilles tendon)
60Bone: Lower limb -
Navicular bone
between head of talus and distal row of 3 cuneiform bonestuberosity:
attachment of Tibialis posterior
61Bone: Lower limb -
Tarsal bones: distal row-1Distal row: Cuboid + 3 Cuneiform bones
62Bone: Lower limb -
Cuboid
ant. surface: for 4th, 5th metatarsalsproximal: articulate
with calcaneummedial: with navicular
& lateral cuneiform
63Bone: Lower limb -
Cuboid-2Lateral surface: tuberositygroove for fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon on underside
64Bone: Lower limb -
Cuneiforms (Latin: wedge)
cuneiforms:med.Intermediatelat.medial: largestproximal: navicular bonedistal: metatarsus 1-3
65Bone: Lower limb -
Metatarsus-1
all metatarsals in the same plane (different from hand)?
Base BodyHead (distal end)
66Bone: Lower limb -
Metatarsus-2(deep) transverse
(inter)metatarsal lig. links heads (distal end) of metatarsals
67Bone: Lower limb -
Phalanges
Big toe: proximal and distal phalanx2nd-5th toe:
proximal, middle, distal phalanx
68Bone: Lower limb -
The arches of the foot: longitudinal archmedial view:ant.: head of metatarsals on the groundpost.: calcaneal tuberosity (tuber calcanei) on the ground
lateral view: lower longitudinal arch; apex at the ant. part of calcaneum
69Bone: Lower limb -
The arches of the foot: transverse arch
obvious at the distal row of tarsal bones,cuboid (laterally) close to
ground; medially, medial cuneiform off the groundmovement (of foot at ankle):
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion; inversion/eversion
70Bone: Lower limb -