BOOK OF ABSTRACTSV6.0 - run.unl.ptPottery, Cooking Wares, Kiman Faris, Crocodilopolis . A. BSTRACT. Faris, the northwestern part of the modern Medinet el-Fayoum, is the area of Crocodilopolis

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS & PROGRAM

NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 9 - 11 October 2019

EDITED BY MARIA HELENA TRINDADE LOPES

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

’IN THY ARMS I LOST MYSELF’ IMAGES, PERCEPTIONS AND PRODUCTIONS IN/ OF ANTIQUITY

NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 9 to 11 of October of 2019

LIVRO DE RESUMOS | BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

EDITED BY MARIA HELENA TRINDADE LOPES

International Congress ‘In Thy Arms I Lost Myself’ - Images, Perceptions and Productions In / Of Antiquity. Livro de resumos / Book of abstracts Editor: Maria Helena Trindade Lopes Assistant Editors: André Patrício, Marcus Carvalho, Susana Mota Autores | Authors: Vários / Various Design: © Comissão organizadora / Organizing committee Imagem da capa | Cover image: © Susana Mota Edição | Edition: CHAM - Centro de Humanidades / CHAM - Centre for the Humanities Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas / NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities Universidade NOVA de Lisboa | Universidade dos Açores e-mail: [email protected] | web: www.cham.fcsh.unl.pt ISBN: 978-989-8492-69-2 Local e data de publicação | Place and date of publication: Lisboa / Lisbon, September 2019 © CHAM e/and Autores/Authors. Copyright: Esta é uma publicação em acesso aberto, distribuída sob a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-Não Comercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0). This is an open access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Apoios | Support:

Este Congresso Internacional conta com o alto patrocínio de Sua Excelência o Presidente da República, Professor Doutor Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. This International Congress is under the High Patronage of His Excellency the President of the Portuguese Republic, Professor Doutor Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Este evento e esta publicação tiveram o apoio do CHAM / NOVA FCSH— UAc, através do projecto estragético financianciado pela FCT (UID/HIS/04666/2019). This event and this publication had the support of CHAM / NOVA FCSH— UAc, through the strategic project sponsored by FCT (UID/HIS/04666/2019).


INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

’In thy arms I lost myself’ -

Images, Perceptions and Productions in/ of Antiquity Antiquity... this word encompasses a World, three continents – Africa, Asia and Europe – multiple civilizations – Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Hebrew, Phoenician, Persian, Chinese, Hindu, Cretan, Greek, Roman – and more than 4000 years of history. The World, as we know it, was molded in this time – vast – and in these founding spaces, fecundated by rivers – Nile, Tiger and Euphrates, Indo and Yellow – and blessed by seas. One of those seas – the Mediterranean – due to its privileged position on the path of so many people and cultures, soon personified in history the role of the “true sea”, the “sea between the lands” – that both the Hebrews and classic authors such as Lucretius, Plinius and Seneca mentioned – whose waters, symbol of a World in transformation, represent and evoke the dangers and difficulties of the passage from a known to an unknown World. In “thy arms” of this known World – of this sea, these rivers and these lands – I have lost myself, a long time ago… But in the arms of this World to know – Antiquity – I found myself again, in order to witness a new construction of the true history of the World. A history stripped of dogmas, distortions and ignorance. The International Congress - “’In thy arms I lost myself’ – Images, Perceptions and Productions in/ of Antiquity” – aims to open clues, to promote debates and devise resources that can contribute to the creation of a new Canon, based on a true knowledge of Ancient History.

Maria Helena Trindade Lopes (CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa)


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Comissão Organizadora | Organizing Committee: André Patrício Marcus Carvalho Susana Mota Comissão Científica | Scientific Committee: Helena Trindade Lopes Francisco Caramelo Isabel Almeida Joanna Popielska-Grzybowska João Paulo Oliveira e Costa Manuel Patrocínio Maria de Fátima Rosa Maria do Rosário Laureano Santos Ronaldo Gurgel Pereira Apoio à Organização | Support for the Organization:

CHAM – Centro de Humanidades / CHAM – Centre for the Humanities

Illuminati ID, Lda

NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia


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Resumos|Abstracts1

Comunicações|Papers

Andre As the Congress accepts three languages – Portuguese, English and Spanish – the abstracts are presented in the language that the author(s) used to submit the proposal.

Andre1


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KEYNOTE LECTURE

Professor Emeritus Doctor Pascal Vernus Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Historiques et Philologiques, Sorbonne 4, France TITLE Egyptomania in the globalization of culture ABSTRACT The reception of Ancient Egypt in occident has taken different forms. In the Renaissance up to the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, it was biased. Ancient Egypt was appreciated through the images given by the Greek and Latin writers, since no direct access to its written data was possible. Thanks to Champollion's decipherment in 1822, a new access opened, based on a scientific approach. And indeed, Egyptology provided an entirely renewed outlook of the pharaonic civilization. It spread mainly throughout the upper classes of the most advanced countries, even though some particular event such as the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb had a wider impact that involved a larger audience. At the end of the twentieth century and at the outset of the twenty-first century, attention paid to Ancient Egyptian civilization soared to the point of overwhelming "world culture" like a kind of tsunami. Henceforth, some of its hallmarks and achievements are shared everywhere and beyond social limits, be it in a distorted manner, needless to say. The paper addresses this phenomenon, which might be deemed a side manifestation of the by and large more complex phenomenon of globalization.


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FIRST SESSION Egypt: Archaeology

Inmaculada Vivas Sainz Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain Antonio Muñoz Herrera José Ramón Pérez-Accino Picatoste Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain TITLE The embracing mountain: newest research in the Royal Cachette Wadi KEYWORDS Landscape, Graffiti, Tradition, Memory, Symbol ABSTRACT Since 2017, the joint Egyptian-Spanish C2 Project, has undertaken the exploration of the wadi containing TT 320, the Royal Cachette. The aim of this project is the understanding of the place as a not merely a hiding location for the tomb. The results of the project so far show the wadi as a structured site with symbolic elements such as worship areas and landscape images represented in graffiti. Such a new scenario breaks away from the traditional view of the site as a place to locate a tomb by hiding it and shows a path of interpretation aiming at a symbolic role of the area probably on the base of the decision to place the last burial of the kings and queens. Therefore, this research project is reinforcing the usefulness of a landscape analysis, as a social and cultural construction, for a better understanding of significant archaeological sites. We will try to explain the concept of ‘space appropriation’, in particular the process of reciprocity between an ancient sacred place and human activity. This phenomenon is well exemplified in the high concentration of graffiti in the Royal Cachette wadi, which points out a significant relation between graffiti and landscape.


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Juan Candelas Fisac Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain and University of Liverpool, England TITLE Presence of Lithic Industry in C2 Wadi at west Thebes KEYWORDS Flint, Lithic-industry, Wadi, Royal Cache, Prehistory ABSTRACT After the last two campaigns of the Complutense team in the wadi C2 located on the west bank of Luxor and as result of the works carried out there in 2017 and 2019, it has been possible to attest the presence of lithic industry along the site. The prolific material found within the wadi comprises mainly nodules and retouched flakes of flint but also bifacial tools that, in its archaeological context, lead to think that these were most likely the tool used to carve the vast amount of graffiti that cover the wadi’s walls. The relevance of this find underlays in its impact over the chronology of the site, since although this type of material always comes up with problematic regarding the dating matter, the material certainly shows a Levallois technique. Therefore, this material would allow to place the site chronologically into prehistorical frames and thus giving to this spectacular place even more relevance within the Theban necropolis, together with a new approach concerning the interpretation of this specific and unique landscape.


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Yahya Mahmoud Fayoum University, Egypt Sylvie Marchand IFAO, Egypt Mostafa Muhammed Qandeel Zayed Ain Shams University, Egypt TITLE Ptolemaic and Roman Cooking wares from Kiman Faris – Crocodilopolis KEYWORDS Pottery, Cooking Wares, Kiman Faris, Crocodilopolis ABSTRACT Faris, the northwestern part of the modern Medinet el-Fayoum, is the area of Crocodilopolis the main town of Arsinoe nomos and leading town in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. The site was subject of many excavations and sebbakhin activities since the early 19th century a lot of the pioneering archaeologists worked there e.g. J.J. Rifaud, K. R. Lepsius, Luigi Vassalli, Schweinfurth and Petrie. During the 1960s, the Service of Antiquities led rescue excavations on Kiman Faris, after the archaeological work, the main part of Kiman Faris area was used for urban development, then more rescue diggings were made, the latest was in 2018, the pottery revealed from these excavations is kept at the Kom Aushim museum store and mostly unpublished. The Fayoum university conducted excavations during 2016-17 focused mainly on the eastern Ptolemaic bath. In 2018 the authors surveyed the visible parts of the archaeological area, managed to collect pottery and to document the architectural ruins. This paper will explore a particular pottery group found in Kiman Faris: The Cooking Wares. The study of Cooking Wares gives valuable information about the dietary system of the inhabitance and sheds light upon the characteristics of this functional group of vessels and how the potters produced them. The Cooking Wares from Kiman Faris are dated form Ptolemaic to Late Roman Periods. The pottery found during excavations is mainly from Fayoum, other areas of Egypt and some is imported. The catalogue given is built following the chronological periods, following a functional order, and range by productions (form / fabrics). This catalogue will be compared with data from other archaeological sites in the Fayoum province or elsewhere in Egypt.


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SECOND SESSION Egypt: Literature, Philology Catarina Apolinário de Almeida CH-ULisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Speaking of izf.t in the Coffin Texts: what the bw.t is this? Can someone get me a knife? KEYWORDS Izf.t; bwt; Coffin Texts; Apotropaia; Knives, Metaphor ABSTRACT Bwt is the most frequently used verb in the Coffin Texts to introduce izf.t (CT 229, CT 307, CT 510, CT 540, CT 566, CT 789, CT 1011). If, in the following of Montet and Frandsen, we take to bwt as a mark of divine interdiction (izf.t as bw.t for / from Atum - CT 1011), thus, in its full extention, bwt singles out what should be avoided and fight off from the cosmic and ordered realm. The sacred Duat is surrounded by barriers that prevent contact with corrupting and disruptive forces: barriers such as the apotropaic guardians who, holding knives, expose the dead’s manifestations of izf.t, as well as the Lake of Knives (CT 67), among many others. It is our understanding then that bw.t, in the magical and ritual context of the Coffin Texts, materializes itself in the Duat not as a passive border, but as several active mechanisms of protection and purification, which is why, in these funerary texts, the verb bwt is often found as a parallel of the verbs Dr «reject / repel» or xm «remove». In this vein, we propose to discuss in this paper some features of the relationship between the two terms, bw.t and izf.t, under the hypothesis that knives (and other similar functional materializations) embody symbolic instruments of active interdiction, and, ultimately, reveal themselves as metaphors of bw.t.


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Guilherme Borges Pires CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE When the Producer is the Product: The Demiurge’s Self-Genesis in the Egyptian New Kingdom Religious Hymns (ca. 1539-1077 BC) KEYWORDS Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, Cosmogony, Self-Genesis, Religious Hymns ABSTRACT The main goal of my PhD is to consider the phraseology present in the New Kingdom religious hymns which explicitly mentions the cosmogonical process, that is, that sheds some light on the way the world came into existence. My research is structured around three core questions: Who creates? (The identity of the Creator); What is created? (The outcomes of the Creation); How is it created? (The processes, mechanisms, and devices used by the Creator to set the World into existence). Nevertheless, there is one particular feature in this corpus that somehow blurs the individuation of these analytical axes: the fact that one of the most mentioned outcomes of the creation in these texts is the Creator himself. The Egyptian term xpr is quintessential in this context since it conveys the idea of “coming to existence” or “assuming/taking a shape” (e.g. BM EA826). Nevertheless, there are other ways of expressing this notion, namely the ones linked to an idea of construction and formation through manual/craft work, employing verbs such as od or nbj (e.g. pLeiden I 344 verso). The deity’s self-creation might as well be rendered by an allusion to a biological process, where the Creator would have engendered (wtT) and given birth (msj) to himself (e.g. BM EA551). In this paper I intend to focus on the different ways through which the Demiurge’s self-genesis is conveyed in this corpus. On the one hand, I will consider the possible religious meanings and implications of this existential continuity between producer and product. On the other hand, I will link this phenomenon with other cosmogonical aspects attested in these texts, such as the creation of gods (theogony) and human beings (anthropogeny).


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Markéta Preininger Svobodová Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany TITLE Body and Society in the Texts and Images of Coptic Magical Papyri KEYWORDS Coptic; Body; Embodiment; Magic; Image ABSTRACT Understanding the perception of the body by the Coptic society and vice versa based on magical texts written in Coptic between the 3rd to 12th centuries AD is the principal focus of the proposed presentation. Magical texts are documents of unofficial religious practices, frowned upon by the Coptic church. Previously, Coptic magical texts were collected, translated and published; the material was rarely used for further interpretation. The purpose of my research is to take the Coptic texts and use them as ground for interpretation of the relationship between the physical body and society, a topic still relevant for us today. How does society shape the understanding of the body and vice versa? How does this happen in Egypt of the 3rd to 12th centuries? Studying an ancient culture that provides only a limited amount of documents might help us answer this question. I will, therefore, be looking at Coptic magical texts, as well as images depicted on the texts, and interpret them through the lens of hagiographies, letter and other documents produced by the orthodox church at the time. The magical (unofficial) and orthodox (official) documents portray the body in a stark contrast – magical texts asserting its importance, orthodox text going to a direction of denying the body. How does this reflect in the societies that used magical spells and those which focused on ascetic practices in the monasteries? How does the embodied experience shape society?


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THIRD SESSION Archaeology: Varia Edoardo Radaelli The University of Southampton & ‘Sapienza’ - Università di Roma, Italy TITLE Pan-Mediterranean Dressel 2–4 wine amphorae in Rome and Ostia during the Middle Imperial age (2nd–early 3rd centuries AD): reflections derived from the ceramic contexts at the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ in Rome KEYWORDS Amphorae, Wine, Commerce, Imitation, Roman Empire ABSTRACT The stratigraphic excavations in the building commonly known as the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ in Rome (held by the ‘Scienze dell’Antichità’ Department of the ‘Sapienza’ - University of Rome from 2007 to 2013) revealed large quantities of unpublished pottery fragments. In the contexts dated to the Middle Imperial age of this site (2nd–early 3rd centuries AD), the amphorae cover the majority of finds. This study will be based on the wine amphorae Dressel 2–4, one of the most widespread and imitated form of commercial containers of the ancient Roman times. The unpublished data derived from these contexts at the ‘Terme di Elagabalo’ had been added to those derived from other published Middle Imperial contexts in Rome and compared with the amounts found in other contexts discovered in Ostia (the traditional comparison site for the Capital). The resulting data, not only brought to better understand and to slightly refine the studies about the presence in both cities of these containers, but also offered the possibility of reflecting upon the existence of many different origins (many areas of Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, the North-Africa, and various parts across the Eastern basin of the Mediterranean, with also the identification of a few previously undetected manufacture areas) which allow to recognise this form of amphora as one of the first pan-Mediterranean ones for the large variety of production areas.


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Costanza Francavilla Independent Researcher TITLE The site of the Shaym Qalʿa, Marw oasis: reconsidering the chain of information KEYWORDS Shaym Qalʿa, Marw, “Early Islamic”, miṣr, Sources. ABSTRACT The ancient city of Marw, Turkmenistan, represents a unique case study, for having been the object of many archaeological expeditions, from the pioneering mission of R. Pumpelly (1903-1904) to the recent aerial-topographic studies of T. Williams “The Ancient Merv Project” (2001-2003). Nevertheless, the settlement dynamics during the transition between Late Sasanian and Early Islamic period (VIIth – VIIIth cs. A.D.) are not very well understood. This contribution focuses on some observations on the site of Shaym Qalʿa, a quadrangular area located 1 km south-east from the modern tepe of Gyaur Qalʿa. This last site represents the hellenistic Antiochia Margiana, later determined to be an important shahrestān of the Sasanian north-eastern territories. At first, the main hypothesis stated that Shaym Qalʿa was a Seljuks military camp (XIth-XIIth c.s.), however more recent archaeological studies have uncovered elements which could backdate the site to the VIIIth century. Thanks to this data and according to what is stated by Yakubovskii and Bosworth (1991) about the ancient Marw, the current hypothesis identifies Shaym Qalʿa is an Early Islamic military camp, in other words, a miṣr. This contribution illustrates this latter hypothesis, the favorable points and the set of problems. Then it verifies the primary ancient author quoted by Yakubovskii and Bosworth, is al-Ṭabarī. Through reading the Islamic historian, both the arabian text and the translation by Humphreys, the identification of Shaym Qalʿa can be reconsidered. This case study stresses the importance to verify the transmission of information to reconstruct the past.


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Maria Leonor Santos CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Arqueologia do Império Hitita: um estudo sobre os seus vestígios arqueológicos e documentais na Síria setentrional e ocidental KEYWORDS Síria Setentrional e Ocidental; Século XIV-XII a.C.; Império Hitita, Cultura Material, Tabuinhas Cuneiformes ABSTRACT No período do Bronze Final II (1400-1200 a.C.), o reino do Ḫatti reivindicou a sua posição como uma das grandes potências do Próximo Oriente, estendendo o seu poderio a oeste e este da planície anatólica, assim como pela região setentrional e ocidental da actual Síria. Em meados do século XIV a.C., aquando das campanhas miliares de Šuppiluliuma I (c. 1350 a.C.) o reino de Mitani, o rival do Ḫatti na Mesopotâmia setentrional, conheceu o seu fim, e a sua rede de reinos vassalos sírios – correspondente ao território entre a margem oeste do Eufrates e a costa mediterrânea – terá sido incorporada no Império Hitita. O estudo da presença hitita nesta região, bem como da relação entre o centro de poder do Ḫatti e os seus respectivos reinos vassalos sírios, baseia-se essencialmente na documentação cuneiforme provinda dos arquivos da capital hitita, Boğazköy-Ḫattusa, bem como dos principados sírios de Alalaḫ, Emar e Ugarit. A informação retirada destas fontes desenha-nos o quadro político-militar da altura, reportando igualmente aspectos da esfera administrativa e cultual. Contudo, esta visão parcial oferece-nos um vislumbre incompleto da presença hitita e das suas repercussões em território sírio; um cenário inconcluso que pode usufruir do auxílio da componente arqueológica. Pretende-se, assim, com esta comunicação, correlacionar as fontes históricas com os achados arqueológicos, de modo a construir um quadro mais completo e complexo da ocupação hitita da Síria, analisando a natureza do imperialismo hitita nesta região e as diferentes adaptações ao seu domínio pelos vários reinos vassalos sírios.


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Hala Mostafa Mansour Ebrahim Ain Shams University, Egypt TITLE Decoration System of the Inner Coffin of Hori in Cairo Museum JE 29619 from the 21st Dynasty KEYWORDS Coffins; 21st dynasty; Hori; Offerings; Books of the other world ABSTRACT The anthropoid coffin set of Hori was found in 1891 in the cache of the gate of the priests’ tomb at eldier elbahary. It consists of an outer coffin, an inner coffin and a third innermost coffin. Hori belonged to the ruling family of Thebes. His grandfather is Pinodjem I, his father is Menkheperre and his brother is Pinodjem II. All of them were high priests of Amun. It’s the first time to study the coffin. It’s different from all the 21st dynasty coffins as the elbows of Hori are stretched out of the borders of the lids, his hands hold royal insignias Heka scepter and nekhekh and the third innermost coffin consists of two pieces replacing the usual mummy cover. The aim of the study is to analyze the scenes of the inner coffin, see how they were arranged, how they helped the deceased in his journey in the afterlife and comparing them with other 21st dynasty coffins and mythological papyri. The lid of the inner coffin shows the face of Hori that was gilded was gold, pectorals covering the chest and different scenes are depicted like winged goddesses, different offering represented to Osiris in different forms and mourning scenes. There’s also texts mention offering formulas and recital by different gods. The case depicts the following: The head: goddess Serqet with uplifted arms. The left side: different offerings are represented (incense, wine, necklace etc.) to different gods, Hori accompanied by different gods and a scene of Hori receiving the double menit from Hathour. The right side: different vignettes from the books of the other world (Amduat, book of gates, book of earth, etc.), mythological scenes and a scene of representing plants to Osiris. The interior decorations depict winged Djed pillar, outstretched winged ba bird and different guardian gods.


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KEYNOTE LECTURE Professor Doctor Joanna Popielska-Grzybowska Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich Orientalnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Polska TITLE An Egyptological reflection on Eça de Queiroz’s journey through Egypt KEYWORDS Eça de Queiroz, Egypt, 19th century, Egyptomania, Travels to the Middle East ABSTRACT José Maria de Eça de Queiroz is undeniably one of the greatest Portuguese novelists. He lived in the 19th century, which was characterized by great interest in the Orient, the Holy Land and Egypt, and he succumbed to the fascination by the idea of the trip to the Middle East, being an experience that many writers of the time had as well. Among many other places he had been to and narrated about, vivid for consideration and captivating for an Egyptologist, are his visits to the Bulak Museum in Heliopolis, Giza, Saqqara and Memphis. The author of the paper intends to convey the enchantment by Ancient Egypt and admiration of the writer of the 19th century for ancient cultures. Likewise, the present author reveals her astonishment and appreciation for the richness of the means of expression of the Portuguese language in the account of the visit in the enchanting country that Egypt may be.


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FOURTH SESSION Egypt: Art, Religion, Culture Raquel Lavrador Novais CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Decapitation in Egypt in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC): Between life and death, threat and act, body and sign. From literature to material “evidence” KEYWORDS Egypt; Old Kingdom; Decapitation; Funerary and mythological literature; Reserve Heads ABSTRACT The death penalty existed throughout the history of Ancient Egypt as a punishment for crimes of desecration of sacred sites. As one of the various options, decapitation represented the major fear for Egyptians meaning the corrupting of one of the fundamental concepts of this civilization - the post-mortem transition from earthly life to the afterlife. Although attested in the judicial corpus from the New Kingdom as a crime sanction, there is still a debate about the real application of decapitation in Old Kingdom. The Contendings of Horus and Seth, in literature, and the Reserve Heads, in sculpture, personify the ideology behind the theme of decapitation but also the challenges of its analysis. As a satire, the myth warns of improper conduct of the gods themselves metaphorically representing the acts of Humanity and its consequences. Therefore, by dissecting it we get the binary oppositions - order-chaos and life-death - that structure the theme of decapitation. Crossing it with funerary literature as the Coffin Texts and the Pyramid Texts we chase new evidences about the crime punishment dynamic – who was supposed to be decapitated, by whom, how it was done, how it was avoided, how the previous state could be restored. The Reserve Heads reify all the assumptions by introducing a visual twist of the theme. Raising questions about aesthetic theories, canons of representation, confronting realism and idealization, portrait identification correlated with self-eternalization and self-monumentalization, and ritual mutilation. On the one hand questioning whether the beheading theme is approached as a threat or effective penalty, on the other questioning the material evidence as a “body” or a “sign/symbol”. Literature and sculpture breaking dogmas and promoting new debates about the Old Kingdom in Ancient Egypt.


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Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain TITLE In thy wings I raise myself: lecturas semióticas de las estatuas regias con un halcón a la espalda del Reino Antiguo KEYWORDS Semiotics; Old Kingdom; Statuary; Falcon; Kingship ABSTRACT Al estudiar la imagen egipcia en la Egiptología ha predominado una mirada anclada en presupuestos tomados de la Historia del Arte occidental, basados en el análisis estilístico y una iconografía principalmente formalista y positivista, tratando las manifestaciones icónicas egipcias como si hubieran sido concebidas originalmente como “obras de arte”. En las últimas décadas, sin embargo, disciplinas como la Antropología cultural y la Hermenéutica han dejado patente lo limitado de estas aproximaciones para comprender los múltiples significados que el ámbito de la imagen tiene en culturas distintas de la occidental contemporánea. La Egiptología ha conocido varios intentos de renovación metodológica en esa dirección; uno de ellos, protagonizado por autores como Ph. Derchain, R. Tefnin o V. Angenot, se basa en las profundas y múltiples interrelaciones entre imagen y texto en el ámbito logoicónico del “discurso monumental”. De la mano de disciplinas como la Semiótica o la Lingüística cognitiva, ha planteado que figuras y escenas pueden ser leídas o decodificadas a modo de sintagmas u oraciones, accediendo de ese modo a las diferentes capas de significación que una imagen puede llegar a desplegar. Sin embargo, la aplicación de estos principios a casos particulares aún dista mucho de ser una práctica establecida o habitual. Esta comunicación se plantea, así, como un estudio de caso a partir de esas premisas metodológicas y de algunos desarrollos teóricos propios. El ejemplo elegido para aplicar estos presupuestos analíticos es el de las esculturas del Reino Antiguo que presentan un halcón detrás de la cabeza de un monarca. La implementación de esta metodología iconológica y semiótica permite plantear nuevas lecturas de esta clase de estatuas y, por consiguiente, un mejor conocimiento de ciertos aspectos de la religión y la realeza egipcias del Reino Antiguo.


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Arkadiy E. Demidchik Novosibirsk National Research State University, Russia TITLE On the beginning of monumental stone building in ancient Egyptian provincial temples KEYWORDS Egyptian Temples, Famine, Elephantine, Khnum ABSTRACT Although in the Old Kingdom the Egyptians erected giant pyramids of stone for their pharaohs, their gods’ temples in the provinces were still constructed of nondurable mudbricks. It is considered that building in stone were initiated in provincial temples at the behest of the early XIth dynasty kings Wahankh Intef and Nakht-Nebtepnefer Intef (XXI century B.C). But what could be the Intefs’ incentive for such a grand and labor-intensive innovation, especially as it happened amidst First Intermediate Period turmoil, at the moment when their fledgling Theban monarchy controlled only ten southernmost nomes? It is shown in the paper that the Intefs’ stone building in the provinces was mainly confined to the construction and redevelopments of the chapels of the goddess Satet and the god Khnum on the island of Elephantine of the archipelago of the Nile First Cataract. Close scrutiny of the inscriptions from the chapels proves that Satet and Khnum were invoked therein primarily as lords of the sources of the Upper Egyptian inundation, which were believed to be located at the First Cataract. This correlates well with the fact that deficient Nile floods and acute food shortages are mentioned in First Intermediate period and early Middle Kingdom writings far more often than in any other period of Egyptian history. It is highly probable that the Intefs undertook innovative stone building on Elephantine first and foremost for the sake of deliverance from such calamities. Later, “The Book of the Temple” and the famous “Famine Stela” stressed that it had been the deficiency of the Nile floods that had once forced kings to dramatically increase royal favors to provincial temples.


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Valentina Santini CAMNES - Center for Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies, Italy TITLE A Brand-New Cult in a Traditional People: What Is the Role of “Antiquity” during the Amarna Age? KEYWORDS Amarna Age; Private Religion; Antiquity; Tradition; Atenism ABSTRACT The Amarna Age is an innovative and revolutionary period, marked by significant changes in many aspects of social life, mostly influenced by the new State religion, characterized by the rise of the Aten as a supreme god. In this period, all but everything (administration, art, literature and, of course, especially religion) inclined towards innovation and novelty. Therefore, what was the role of tradition and “antiquity”, during the Amarna Age? How did common people react to the strong damnatio memoriae cast by the pharaoh Akhenaten against Amun and other deities, and to the rise of the atenism? Did private citizens accept and embrace the new cult (and all related changes) or did they remain clinging to past religion and to the classical pantheon? In order to find an answer, a closer look must be given to Amarna/Akhetaten, the brand-new capital built as the great centre of atenism. Within the iconography of the tombs cut in the rocks and built on the surface of the Amarna necropolis, mythological scenes were replaced by images of everyday life, and the Hymns to the Aten took the place of traditional funerary texts. Moreover, the Aten was often the only god represented on the walls of those tombs. It would seem that everyone approved and supported the new religion: then why are objects (amulets, coffins, altars...) found in the tombs of the Amarna necropolis and in the houses of the atenistic capital clearly related to the past traditional pantheon? Could it be linked to the strong fear of the unknown, partly connected with the Afterlife, which characterized that period? Could the well-known customary religion give much more certainty of reaching the Duat safe and sound? In substance, was “antiquity” considered as the only safe harbor in a so clouded (and sometimes frightening) henotheistic cult?


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FIFTH SESSION Egypt: Reception Ronaldo G. Gurgel Pereira CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Aegyptiaca: Greek-Egyptian Cultural and Religious Interactions during the Saite 26th Dynasty (7th-6th centuries BC) KEYWORDS Cross-Cultural relations, Late Period Egypt, Saite Dynasty, Ancient Greece, History of Religion, Aegyptiaca, First Millennium BC ABSTRACT This paper aims to approach the cross-cultural contacts between Egypt and the Greek world during the 26th Egyptian “Saite” Dynasty (664 – 525 BC). It shall deal with archaeological and literary sources in order to debate the dynamics of the Greek-Egyptian intercultural relations from the religious perspective. Polytheistic societies such as ancient Greek and Egyptian are familiar to the phenomenon of “translating” foreign gods and pantheons. Such translation of Greek gods into Egyptian equivalents and vice versa depends on previous awareness of the other’s culture. The acceptance that a given god is the representative of a universal force, rather than a mere cultural element, promotes mutual tolerance and respect. What we may call “interpretatio graeca” or “interpretatio aegyptica” are the product of intercultural relations that can be analyzed under an anthropological perspective of its iconographic and linguistic elements. Thus, this paper will explore the religious affinity developed between Greeks and Egypt en face a new reality of military and diplomatic ties promoted by the pharaohs of the Saite Dynasty.


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Åke Engsheden Stockholm University, Sweden TITLE Mirroring Ancient Egypt in Heredia’s Egyptian poem KEYWORDS Egyptomania, French 19th-century poetry, José-Maria de Heredia, resurrection, World Expo 1867 ABSTRACT One of the lesser explored areas of Egyptomania are its links to poetry. In this paper, I discuss the role of Egyptianizing poetry in French literature, in particular the Parnassian movement (1860s and onwards) by highlighting a few aspects of José-Maria de Heredia’s sonnet cycle “La Terre de Khèmi” from 1874, which was shortened to half its length in Heredia’s lifetime achievement, the poetry collection Les Trophées from 1893 where it appears under the title “La vision de Khèm”. Its genesis is unclear, but it can be safely assumed that Heredia’s vision drew more inspiration from the World Expo in Paris in 1867 than from real monuments. Even if it is true that the author, similar to other Parnassians in general (Leconte de Lisle as a clear exception), did not aim at representing pharaonic Egypt in an archaeologically faithful way, a professional Egyptological view and a close reading of Heredia’s œuvre make it likely that one has in general misunderstood the topic of the little-studied poem. The resurrection of gods and pharaohs which fills the last quatrain is neither derisory, as stated in an authoritative edition, nor can it be linked to the rebirth of the phoenix. In my view, it is a nocturnal reenactment in perpetuity, which is underscored by the atemporal character of the poem in its second and shorter version.


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André Patrício Marcus Carvalho Pinto CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE The Café Oriental: Egypt in Portugal at the Beginning of the XX Century KEYWORDS Reception of Antiquity; Ancient Egypt; Café Oriental; Tutankhamun; Ichnography ABSTRACT In the 1920’s, the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun started a cultural phenomenon that gripped the world’s imagination. Designs and motifs inspired in the Ancient Egypt became popular worldwide and the city of Guimarães, in the North of Portugal, was not an exception. In 1925 it was inaugurated the Café Oriental. Replicating in its interior a refined Egyptian ambience with furniture, accurate New Kingdom murals, Old Kingdom sculptures and architectural details from ancient Egyptian temples and palaces. The Café Oriental was in the centre of Guimarães’ cultural life until its destruction in the 1960’s. Using photographic glass plates dated from the 1920’s as well as local newspapers and the remaining furniture of the Café Oriental, our current purpose is to identify the models and ideas that shaped the creation of this establishment.


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José das Candeias Sales Universidade Aberta and CHUL, Portugal Susana Mota CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE History, art and curses: how the Portuguese press reported the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun KEYWORDS Tutankhamun; Portuguese press; History; Art; Curses ABSTRACT It is certainly no exaggeration to say that the pharaoh Tutankhamun is among the best-known pharaohs by non-experts in Egyptology. It may even be said that he is the best known of them all. However, this is not because of his exceptional or far-reaching governmental acts to the history of Egypt of his time. In fact, having ascended to the throne as a child, and have died before he reached the age of 20, the young child who ruled Egypt in the 14th century BC for about 10 years (1333-1323 BC) is best known for the exceptional discovery of his tomb (KV 62) in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter and his patron Lord Carnarvon. The amazing discovery that occurred on the 4th November of 1922, the official opening of the tomb, and the ten years of excavation that followed were unveiled in the international press in an unusual and unprecedented way. As a result of this massive publication of news about the discovery and the excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun, the name of the virtually incognito 12th pharaoh of the New Kingdom, and of the main players in this “wonderful discovery in the Valley” became well known for millions of readers around the world. The research project Tutankhamon em Portugal. Relatos na imprensa portuguesa (1922-1939), aims, in the context of the Reception of Antiquity studies, to understand how the Portuguese press reported the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. Portugal was, in the early 20th century, a country with no direct connection with any archaeological work in Egypt, and the press was dominated by the political troubled reality of the time. Thus, it is our goal to understand whether, even in this particular reality, Carter’s great archaeological discovery had an impact on the Portuguese press, and in what form the discovery was release to the public.


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SIXTH SESSION Mesopotamian Studies Isabel Gomes de Almeida Maria de Fátima Rosa CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal Vera Gonçalves FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE The Divine Feminine in Mesopotamia: glyptic symbology from the Dyala region (4th – 3rd millennia BC) KEYWORDS Archaeology of Religion, Mesopotamian Goddesses, Inanna/Ištar, Jemdet Nasr Period, Cylinder Seals ABSTRACT The importance of the rivers on the birth of Mesopotamian civilization is well known. One of these fluvial courses, the Dyala, an affluent of the Tigris, brought fertility to its region, which had a substantial geo-strategic importance given that it linked the alluvial Mesopotamian area with the Iranian plateau. During the transition from the 4th to the 3rd millennia BC, the Dyala region saw the rise of urbanism, and in centuries to come Ešnunna (Tell Asmar) would rise as one of the key powers in Mesopotamia. The archaeological excavations in this region, during the 1930’s and 1940’s, led by the Oriental Institute of Chicago, brought to light several sites dating back to the 4th millennium BC. Some of them display data that confirms a continuous occupation until the First Babylonian dynasty (19th century BC). Hence, the analysis of its material culture affirms itself as an excellent case-study to identify the multiple layers and traits of this civilization. In what concerns the religious sphere, the material found in the cultic structures, namely the cylinder seals and its symbolic content, can help to shed light on the religious thought and practices in Early times. Following the work we have been developing together in the last couple of years, focused on the Mesopotamian Divine Feminine representations, with this paper we propose to analyse the feminine symbols present in the cylinder seals found in three archaeological sites of Dyala (Tell Agrab, Khafajah, and Tell Asmar).


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Beatriz Catarina Tralhão Freitas CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Construção de Identidades no Período Neo-Assírio KEYWORDS Assíria; I milénio a.C.; Identidades; Representação do outro; Perceções ABSTRACT Durante o I milénio a.C., a Assíria constituiu-se como a potência com maior extensão territorial no Médio Oriente Antigo, comportando, no seu auge, territórios desde a Anatólia às Montanhas dos Zagros e da Arménia ao Golfo Pérsico. Face à grande amplitude geográfica os assírios socorreram-se de instrumentos de natureza político-militar e diplomática que, aliados a registos textuais e visuais, consubstanciavam e efetivavam o seu poder. De um ponto de vista ideológico, a ascensão de Aššur a líder do panteão era projetada na terra através do reconhecimento da soberania do seu representante: o rei assírio. As decisões reais, incluindo os atos militares, eram entendidos como desejo do próprio deus já que cabia ao governante executar os desígnios divinos. Assim, o objetivo da expansão era desenvolver o projeto de um mundo civilizado, dominado pelo rei da Assíria no plano terreno e pelo deus Aššur no plano divino. Os territórios que ficavam para lá do seu domínio eram hostis, caóticos, selvagens, mas um espaço que era seu por direito. A guerra, legitimada como um meio para restabelecer a ordem e, simultaneamente, como instrumento simbólico de estruturação e monopolização da Assíria, tornou-se o lugar por excelência de contacto e encontro com o “não-assírio”. A materialização iconográfica da figura real e dos seus feitos, enquanto ferramenta de apropriação de formas de ver e organizar o mundo, espelhava a diversidade de vivências históricas e culturais, coadjuvando as autodefinições de grupos e dos seus membros. Neste sentido, a presente comunicação consiste na análise de baixos-relevos assírios que retratam “o outro” procurando entender de que forma é que estas representações assumiam um papel fundamental na orientação de condutas e práticas sociais, a fim de compreender as perceções que as próprias Antiguidades estabeleciam entre si.


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KEYNOTE LECTURE

Professor Doctor Anderson Zalewski Vargas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil TITLE The Reception of Antiquity in the Cultural Globalization and Integration of the Press of the XIX Century - Brazil and Portugal KEYWORDS Reception, Antiquity, XIX Century, Press, Argumentation ABSTRACT The lecture aims to present results of research in progress about the Reception of Antiquity in the Brazilian and Portuguese press in the first half of the nineteenth century. At that time - in a globalized world through the action of empires, commerce and the flow of ideas - among the various functions of the newspapers, we can name the transmission of information, the debate and the political struggle. In that context, Antiquity was not only a source of authority, but frequently composed the arguments offering models and anti-models, examples, epithets. I intend to offer a glimpse of this active appropriation of a past considered significant enough for reflection on the present and the future.


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SEVENTH SESSION Mediterranean World Ana Margarida Arruda Elisa de Sousa Francisco B. Gomes Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Letras - UNIARQ (Centro de Arqueologia), Portugal TITLE Changing perspectives on the Phoenician presence in the Mediterranean, past, present and future. KEYWORDS Ancient Mediterranean; Phoenician Studies; Historiography; Theory & Methodology; Intercultural Contact ABSTRACT When compared to other fields of study, Phoenician Studies are a relatively late addition to the list of disciplines focusing on the Ancient World as they only started to become institutionalized as an autonomous research field in the late 1960s. However, and despite their comparatively short history, Phoenician Studies have undergone a very significant evolution throughout the years. In fact, not only have an increasing number of research projects and finds enlarge their chronological and geographic scope, but theoretical and methodological approaches have also undergone very deep structural changes, from early, diffusionist models to current scholarship focusing on the diverse nature of the Phoenician diaspora and on the variety of local responses to Phoenician presence throughout the Mediterranean. This contribution aims to present a brief outline of the evolution of the field of Phoenician studies taking some of the more significant synthesis on the subject published throughout the past sixty years as barometers of the changing ideas and perspectives developed within the discipline. An attempt will also be made to reflect on the future of Phoenician Studies, at a point in time when the use (and abuse) of new analytical tools poses new and stimulating challenges to scholarship on intercultural encounters in the Ancient Mediterranean, especially in the framework of the Phoenician expansion.


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Ekaterine Kobakhidze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia TITLE The First Image of Medea in Mediterranean Art? KEYWORDS Medea, Etruscan, Caere, Angitia, Vanth ABSTRACT A supposed image of Medea first appeared in world art on Etruscan ceramics made from Etrusco-Corinthian ware during the Orientalizing period. Particularly, on famous amphora, preserved in the Allard Pierson Museum of Amsterdam, dating from 660-640 BC, probably found in the Etruscan city of Caere where according to widespread opinion, Medea and a three-headed dragon have been pictured. The woman wrapped in a long cloak, facing the three-headed snake, and touching the two upper heads with outstretched arms has been quite enthusiastically connected to the episode of the Argonaut myth, according to which Medea puts the dragon guarding the Golden Fleece to sleep with a spell. The basic argument that an image of a woman with three-headed serpent depicts Medea, emanates from inscription “Metaia”, appearing on an Etruscan Caeretan olpe of the same period, which represents an Etruscan transliteration of Medea's name. Apart from this, the connection between Medea and the woman pictured on the olpe, at a glance, is bolstered by the fact that Medea also appears surrounded by snakes on Greek ceramics. The paper gives analyses of previously undertaken research, Greek and Roman literary sources and recently discovered archeological material, providing a solid precondition for substantive and new conclusions- the amphora discovered in Cerveteri with the image of the woman and a three-headed serpent is not Medea and could represent some unknown local mythological story. This story most probably reflects the voyage of a deceased person to the underworld or some ritual connected to the burial, where the three-headed snake depicts a creature living in (or guarding) the underworld, with this creature in turn being approached by a priestess or goddess (Angitia or Vanth) or the deceased herself.


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Kerasia Stratiki Hellenic Open University, Greece TITLE Sparta, Thira, Cyrene. Myth and cult of Thiras, founder of a Lacaedemonian colony KEYWORDS Colonization, Foundation, Founder, Myth, Cult ABSTRACT The annual cult of the founder of a Greek city served both as a symbol of unity and as a celebration of the local identity and was practised throughout the territories controlled by the city. Yet, the symbolic value of such a cult built up even more in case the hero worshiped was the founder of a colony. The annual festivities in his honour were a prominent city affair and an opportunity to commemorate the founding of the colony by its metropolitan city. Between those two worlds also lay the founder of a Lacaedemonian colony in the Aegean, Thiras. In the Periegesis, Thiras is put down as the sole founder of a Greek colony, with Pausanias describing his cult. The said hero appears to have attracted Pausanias’ attraction because the myth surrounding him and his cult portray the past of Sparta and the origins of the Spartan kingship, as well as a part of the (not-so-known) colonisation of the island of Thira by Sparta. Not to mention that according to Herodotus, Grinnos, Thira's king and direct descendant of his eponymous hero, was the first to receive an oracle for the foundation of Cyrene.


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Fausto Fialho Isabel Gomes de Almeida CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE From Mediterranean to China: Religious elements in Buddhism through the Silk Road KEYWORDS History of Religion, cultural interactions, Ancient Middle East symbols, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism ABSTRACT During several centuries, the Mahāyāna Buddhism travelled through Central Asia, on its way to China. In this long journey, this religion contacted with numerous cultural contexts, assimilating elements from different origins. Thus, the Buddhism that arrived to Dunhuang, the famous Chinese “Jade Gates”, in the first centuries of the Christian Era, was deeply transformed, integrating references that came as far as the Mediterranean shores. In fact, the contacts between the Ancient Near and Middle East with Central Asia, through the millenary system of communications known as the “Silk Road”, allowed that several religious and cultural elements (whether one speaks about animal symbols or iconographic traits) reached distant territories. By means of systematic and complex syncretic processes, these elements were continuously absorbed, integrating different cultural and religious frameworks. Being no exception, during its journey to China, the Mahāyāna Buddhism came across and integrated several of those elements. With this paper, we aim to analyze some of the religious elements that travelled from Mediterranean to China, focusing our attention on the Chinese Buddhists objects belonging to the collection of the Macau Scientific and Cultural Centre (CCCM), in Lisbon.


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EIGHT SESSION Reception Studies: Varia António Manuel de Andrade Moniz CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE O Fascínio da Cultura Clássica na Vida e Obra do Infante D. Pedro de Avis KEYWORDS Cultura Clássica, valores humanos, ideal de governação. ABSTRACT A Cultura Clássica exerceu um verdadeiro fascínio na vida e obra do Infante D. Pedro de Avis (1392-1449). Com efeito, ele foi tradutor do De Officiis, de Cícero, e do De Re Militari, de Vegécio, além de ter composto em latim uma oração para a canonização do Condestável D. Nun’Álvares Pereira. A sua obra Livro da Virtuosa Benfeitoria é um notável repositório de citações de autores clássicos, bem como de referências a várias personalidades da História da Grécia e Roma antigas. A essência do seu ideal de governação e a sua grande preocupação pela Justiça tiveram como grandes pilares autores como Aristóteles, Cícero e Séneca, bebendo neste último o seu estoicismo. Deste modo, a Cultura Clássica constituiu para o Infante uma das principais fontes do seu saber e dos valores humanos que nortearam toda a sua vida, podendo dizer-se que não apenas “nos seus braços se perdeu”, mas principalmente se encontrou a si próprio, num fascínio que foi testemunhado pela sua divisa désir.


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Filipa Araújo CIEC, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal TITLE The reception of classical myths in Alciato’s Emblemata - an inspiring contribution to Portuguese Baroque art? KEYWORDS Antiquity, Emblem, Alciato, Hieroglyphs, Baroque ABSTRACT Considering the enthusiastic reception of Antiquity in the Modern Period, this proposal discusses how ars emblematica contributed to that phenomenon, since emblem books transferred and revised ancient models (such as hieroglyphic language and Classical poetry), creating a new type of cultural production. In 1531, Alciato printed the first version of his Emblematum Liber, which soon became not only an editorial success, but also provided inspiration for Arts. According to Alciato’s own words, his purpose was producing new hieroglyphs, in order to enable a universal language of “mute signs”, mostly taken from ancient authors. Some of these compositions imitate or translate epigrams displayed by the Anthologia Graeca and many reproduce mythological contents, but the ingenious relation between text and images changed their communicative potential. The triplex emblematic pattern (motto, picture, verse text) became widespread and the influence of logo-iconic compositions extended over the whole of Europe from 16th to 18th centuries, including Portugal. This proposal will focus on the reception of classic myths in Lusitanian emblem books and plastic arts, taking Alciato’s model as reference, in order to shed a new light on that mater.


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Carolina Subtil Pereira FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Receção da Antiguidade Oriental e bíblica na Época Moderna: Viajantes e peregrinos entre Portugal e a Terra Santa KEYWORDS Viajantes Portugueses; Rotas Terrestres; Jerusalém; História Bíblica; Receção da Antiguidade ABSTRACT A região da Palestina, e Jerusalém em particular, afirma-se como um dos lugares centrais do Cristianismo, que recebe, atualmente, milhares de visitantes e peregrinos que chegam dos “quatro cantos do mundo”. Mas como eram as peregrinações há cinco séculos atrás? Qual a preparação prática e espiritual necessária para uma viagem deste tipo? E que propósitos haveria para a realização destas viagens? As respostas a estas perguntas podem ser encontradas nos relatos de viajantes/peregrinos à Terra Santa que deixaram registo escrito. Mas mais que responder a estas questões, estes textos podem levantar outras discussões muito significativas. De que forma os homens dos séculos XVI e XVII entendiam a história do Próximo Oriente, nomeadamente a dos locais sagrados, e quais as perceções que tinham da Antiguidade oriental e bíblica? É precisamente este tema que pretende ser analisado e discutido nesta apresentação. Partindo, então, dos textos de viajantes portugueses que passaram pela Terra Santa entre estes séculos, procuremos analisar referências a personagens ou episódios bíblicos, tanto do Antigo, como do Novo Testamento, avaliando-se as suas interpretações morais, tipológicas e anagógicas. As Sagradas Escrituras têm, portanto, um papel fulcral nesta equação, sendo muito estudadas por estes viajantes. Eventualmente analisaremos referências à Antiguidade mesopotâmica, que tenham como pano de fundo o horizonte bíblico. Neste sentido, não poderemos deixar de abordar as eventuais conceções geográficas erróneas – o exemplo mais flagrante, nesta altura, é a confusão feita entre Bagdad e a Babilónia, por certos autores, tidas como a mesma cidade. Este estudo pretende contribuir para a discussão em torno da Receção da Antiguidade, fornecendo elementos para investigações de grande interesse e que permitam conhecer melhor a mentalidade do homem moderno e do conhecimento que tinha sobre épocas anteriores.


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David Galicia Lechuga Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México TITLE Cupido taumaturgo Tópicos de enfermedad, muerte y resurrección de amor KEYWORDS Recepción de la Antigüedad, Poesía renacentista, Tradición clásica, Poesía de los Siglos de Oro, Amor en la literatura ABSTRACT El más importante legado de la Antigüedad grecolatina a la literatura europea es una serie de imágenes, motivos y tópicos, que inspiraron nuevas y originales obras. La labor de identificación de éstos se ha prolongado por siglos y nos proporciona una visión de la importancia e influencia de la Antigüedad desde el Renacimiento hasta nuestros días. El propósito de este trabajo es explorar uno de los tópicos menos conocidos: el de Eros/Cupido como un sanador, tal como lo consagraba Platón en el Banquete. Se mostrará que esta concepción fue ignorada entre los poetas de la Antigüedad, que prefirieron hacer hincapié en otros aspectos de este dios. En cambio, hacia el final de la Edad Media, Petrarca rescatará este aspecto olvidado en uno de los poemas de su Canzoniere para explicar la naturaleza paradójica de la pasión y la incapacidad de desprenderse de ella, ya que Amor crea una herida a la vez que la sana. Por su parte, Juan Boscán llevará el tópico a otro extremo al otorgarle a Amor la capacidad de resurrección. Con ello busca retomar una dimensión espiritual de la pasión que se adecue a los preceptos de la última parte de su cancionero, en la que el yo lírico, después de haber pasado por el sufrimiento amoroso, se vuelve un ejemplo y alcanza una nueva visión espiritual dirigida hacia Dios. Por último se observará cómo esta visión expuesta por Boscán, típicamente renacentista, será disuelta por Góngora, quien recrea ingeniosamente los tópicos de enfermedad, muerte y resurrección de amor, con el fin de romper con la tradición petrarquista y señalar nuevos caminos poéticos.


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NINTH SESSION Greco-Roman Studies Leonor Santa Bárbara CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Eros, from Antiquity to Art KEYWORDS Eros, Art, Love, Antiquity, Modernity ABSTRACT Eros, known to us mainly as the god of Love, became familiar to us as a winged child, armed with bow and arrows. Yet, Antiquity shows us that this god may have other occupations. He hasn’t been represented always in the same way and his most well-known form is a production from the Hellenistic Age. Later, the god was represented in different other ways, both in sculpture and painting. These representations focus on legends connected with the god of love. The purpose of this paper is to show how Eros’ representations evolved since the most ancient, to the famous child, establishing a connection with the way he has been represented since the Renaissance.


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Mariana Morais CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Warpaint: body art as a tool for the alteration of perception in militar contexts (a case study in Herodotus) KEYWORDS Ancient Warfare; Body Art; Herodotus; Paint; Sensory Perception ABSTRACT Warfare is largely based on the senses and on psychomotor capabilities of those involved; soldiers and commanders need to be aware of their surroundings and of the enemy in order to fight. Any disruption which leads to alteration of perception can prove disastrous, and Ancient Warfare has numerous such cases. In Herodotus, the case study of the usage of whitewash by the Phocians against the Thessalians is a good example of the effect’s deception can have in the perception of reality by an enemy army, leading them to lose their north and consequently lose the battle. In other words, deception is a key element in warfare, due to its ability to shift the state of mind of the enemy, causing them to become confused, and hence less proficient in their tasks. In my communication, I intend to approach the topic of deception as a disruptor for the experience of battle, supporting my statements with evidence collected from the aforementioned battle between Phocians and Thessalians, recounted by Herodotus in his Histories (book 8, sections 27 and 28). Furthermore, I will also aim to provide an overview of the importance of perception as a whole in the topic of battle, and how perception (or the disruption of perception) contributes to the outcome of military episodes.


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Gyongyi Domokos University of Pecs, Hungary TITLE The narrative recusatio KEYWORDS recusatio, Genre, Callimachos, Golden Age, intertextuality ABSTRACT The recusatio is principally known as a literary topos used in the Golden Age of Augustus, especially by Vergil, Propertius, Ovid and Horace. However, this refusal of changing genre can be found in several Ancient Greek texts as well, it has been principally analyzed in isolated contexts. The way of recieving answers for global questions, like the transformation of recusatio by different ages, can light on a new approach of the interpretation relating to not just the recusatio and the concerning texts, but the whole generic system. In the Hellenistic Age a new recusatio type could be recognized by me called narrative recusatio. Whereas in the Archaic Age the object of the recusatio becomes emphasized, concerning the Apollo form in the Aetia of Callimachos the narrative field obtains an extended highlight. Furthermore, in the text a sort of metageneric symbolic speech is embedded which represents a particular generic approach for this age. This lecture gives a new approach to the interpretation of recusationes, as well as, defines a new type of them.


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Gilvan Ventura da Silva Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo/CNPq, Brazil TITLE Libânio e a importância da avenida das colunatas para a configuração das relações de sociabilidade em Antioquia (Séc. IV d.C.). KEYWORDS Antiguidade Tardia, Antioquia, Arquitetura, Sociabilidade, Libânio ABSTRACT Antioquia, a capital da província da Síria Coele, foi uma das mais importantes metrópoles do Império Romano. Um dos fatores que contribuíram para o protagonismo da cidade reside, sem dúvida, na sua localização privilegiada, pois o plano topográfico seguia a disposição de uma antiga rota de caravanas que, orientada no sentido Nordeste X Sudoeste, partia das imediações de Bereia, no norte da Síria, em direção a Laodiceia, no litoral mediterrâneo. Por essa razão, o plano de Antioquia, em lugar de obedecer aos pontos cardeais, como seria de se esperar, acompanhava antes os pontos colaterais. No início do Principado, mediante a intervenção de Herodes e Tibério, essa rota passa por um notável processo de monumentalização, originando assim um dos mais esplêndidos conjuntos arquitetônicos de toda a Antiguidade: a avenida das colunatas, uma ampla rua ladeada de pórticos que constituía o epicentro das principais atividades lúdicas, religiosas, comerciais, e políticas. Nessa apresentação, temos por finalidade expor a configuração arquitetônica da avenida das colunatas, bem como discutir a sua importância como ponto focal para os usuários que por ela transitavam, inserindo seu estudo num conjunto de reflexões contemporâneas acerca do papel desempenhado pelas ruas na dinâmica das cidades greco-romanas. Para tanto, recorremos ao testemunho de Libânio, um nativo de Antioquia que, por ocasião dos Jogos Olímpicos de 356, pronuncia o Antiochikos (Or. XI), panegírico no qual destaca a importância da avenida das colunatas como um catalisador da vida urbana, na medida em que as relações de sociabilidade entre os antioquenos seriam diretamente favorecidas pelo monumento. Do ponto de vista teórico, nossa pesquisa se afina com os pressupostos do spatial turn, pois consideramos, no caso em estudo, o impacto do ambiente construído na configuração dos processos sociohistóricos, que sempre ocorrem em determinado espaço/lugar.


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TENTH SESSION Reception Studies: Varia Katarzyna Kozak Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland TITLE ‘Adjusting’ Antiquity in Phillip Sidney’s Defense of Poesy KEYWORDS Antiquity, Philip Sidney, the Renaissance, Humanism, Defense of Poesy ABSTRACT The common reference to the Renaissance as a turning toward Antiquity and its traditions is often incorrectly associated with their renewal. In fact, the literal translation of the term clearly indicates that Antiquity, itself, was ‘re-born’. As such, our understanding should perhaps focus on the actual emergence of something new, something that was born again (renewed) and therefore not the same as the original. Humanist writers defined their aims within this new movement – only later called the Renaissance – as the necessity of re-reading ancient writers in order to understand the degree to which they had been misinterpreted by medieval scholars. Such an approach is indicative of their general and rather negative estimation of the preceding epoch as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world. This presentation draws on Phillip Sidney’s “Defense of Poesy” as a contribution not only to spreading humanistic ideas based on re-reading our ancient European heritage but also as an example of revision resulting in the ‘adjustment’ of ancient views for the express purpose of accommodating newly emerging ideas.


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João Paulo Simões Valério Centro de História, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Retratos ciceronianos em António Roma Torres e Oliveira Martins KEYWORDS Marco Túlio Cícero, Oliveira Martins, António Roma Torres, República Romana, Recepção ciceroniana em Portugal ABSTRACT Marco Túlio Cícero (106-43 a.C.) foi, ao longo dos séculos, um exemplum para os autores ocidentais. Símbolo do crepúsculo da República Romana, a recepção do político e orador romano caminhou entre diversos paradigmas históricos. Admirado por nomes como Santo Agostinho, Petrarca ou Garrett, a imagem de Cícero foi, contudo, manchada por Mommsen na sua Römische Geschichte (1854-56), que descrevia o orador romano como advogado-político. Essa representação teve o seu eco na História da República Romana (1885) de Oliveira Martins. A imagem de Cícero nesta obra não corresponde, no entanto, a um mero pastiche de Mommsen. De facto, Oliveira Martins pretende assinalar uma série de tipologias com o Portugal coevo. António Roma Torres, por seu lado, na obra César e Cícero (2016), recupera a boa fama de Cícero. Dividida em três partes, estas peças de teatro, que consistem em diálogos entre Júlio César e Cícero e um monólogo final por parte de Cícero, retomam a clássica dicotomia liberdade uersus tirania, presente nos retratos ciceronianos. Esta comunicação pretende, pois, analisar e cotejar os retratos de Cícero presentes nas obras de António Roma Torres e Oliveira Martins. A partir da obra destes autores, poderemos dissecar a recepção ciceroniana em Portugal nos séculos XIX e XXI, com o intuito de captar as tipologias de recepção sobre Cícero e o final da República Romana. A metodologia empregue consistirá numa análise comparativa entre os dois autores.


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Juliana Wisdom Tyler School of Art, Temple University, United States of America TITLE The Ideologies of Minimalism, Ornament, and Polychromatic Antiquities: Exploring Erasure and Renovation of History through Aesthetics KEYWORDS Polychromy, Restoration, Ornamentation, Aesthetics, Minimalism ABSTRACT In this visual essay, I connect the erasure of polychromy in restoration of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures, 19th and 20th century European thought on ornamentation and modernism, and the contemporary trend towards minimalism in gentrifying neighborhoods. The themes explored in polychromatic antiquities (erasure, fragmentation, reconstruction, value) are presented alongside contemporary aesthetic considerations, and informed by shared and divergent materials used to construct visual language. In all of these gentrifying neighborhoods’ renovation processes, I’ve witnessed the sterilization of space in an attempt at revealing the beauty of utilitarian value. Much like antiquities in 19th century European museums; even when remnants of ornament and color survive time, the vision of superiority was to strip it away. Is it a desire to cleanse? I look at the histories behind aesthetic signifiers of ideologies, and their links to 19th century “restoration” of antiquities, using the example of Winged Victory of Samothrace. I reference Adolf Loos’s Ornament and Crime, and EUR in Rome as examples of the development and implementation of the removal of ornament, comparing these case studies to William Morris’s thoughts on the decorative arts and socialism. Finally, I connect past and present through the ancient development of slag and asbestos. Through several other case studies, I discuss the significance of materials used in ancient and contemporary art and construction of space, and the ramifications of the removal of color and ornament through time. My fascination with antiquities informs my sculptural works and writing, as I use imagery and research to make connections from an aesthetic point of view. As an artist, I follow a somewhat nonlinear route. Analogies are a kind of rhyme. They create a flow, a tone. I rely on aesthetic analogies, a kind of visual rhyme. As a maker and developer of these rhymes, I am a sonneteer.


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ELEVENTH SESSION Roman Studies Maria do Rosário Monteiro CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Virgil and Le Guin; the dead poet and the silent Lavinia KEYWORDS Ursula Le Guin, Virgil, Lavinia, Eneid, Empire, Fantasy, Gender, Antiquity reception ABSTRACT In this paper, I will try to analyse the direct and indirect influences of Virgil’s Eneide on Ursula Le Guin’s Lavínia. Le Guin states her fascination for Virgil to the point of learning Latin, in her mid-fifties, in order to read Virgil’s epic in the original language. From this work she recreates a dying poet, making him a main character, a guide to lead the silent Lavinia on the path to understanding the new world that was about to be born and whose creation would rest on the shoulders of this silent Latin girl. Through the leading female character, Ursula Le Guin recreates Virgil epic from the point of view of a girl/woman, that has to deal with a new invading culture, adjust to it without losing her identity as a Latin. However, she as also to understand that she has a key role to play that will determine the Latium destiny in the following centuries. The constant deliberate intertextuality produces an exceptional example of Roman Antiquity reception by a contemporary writer who mixes mainstream literature and fantasy in a unique, innovative and poetic novel that defies definitions.


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Rúben de Castro CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Cicero’s personal omens: ‘Pater Patriae’ and ‘Electus Diuorum’ KEYWORDS Marcus Tullius Cicero; Omens; Roman Religion; Roman Republic; Symbolic Thought ABSTRACT Should the modern reader go through the works of Ancient Romans, he would be baffled by the several hundreds of omens narrated in those living words of the Roman World. Through those works written by and about men of whom we have more questions than answers, we are left with a series of omens, tell-tale of the belief that gods sent signs of what the future held regarding Rome and its leaders. Those omens are a by-product of their world, a world where, if satisfied, “citizen gods” acted as protective deities of their communities. Therefore, communication between gods and men was an essential tool to acquire ritual and divinatory knowledge about the divine and to maintain the pax deorum, essential for the community’s survival. By the time of Cicero, and to his great distress, the Republic was in crisis as the consequences of the Empire’s expansion were felt. The political changes of the Late Republic also resulted in the rise of personal omens regarding the future of the city’s political leaders, omens showing their predestination to greatness or their looming death. Cicero was no exception. Our presentation will attempt to provide a brief symbolic analysis and explanation of those omens and, more importantly, to use those omens’ constructed narrative to effort a better understanding of Cicero’s image being conveyed, in which context, and by whom. Additionally, we also hope to use those omens as a case-study for the dominant narrative constructions of Late Republican personal omens. Thus, we aim to provide a better understanding of Cicero and his omens’ place in his time, of how they are part of a wider phenomenon of late republican omens, and of how the operation and manipulation of popular opinion, political propaganda and Roman religion worked together to construct such portrayal of him.


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Adrien Coignoux Université Diderot Paris 7 / ANHIMA, France TITLE Caesar and the oceanum in the Bellum Gallicum KEYWORDS Caesar, Bellum Gallicum, Oceanum, Political representation, Cosmography ABSTRACT Caesar’s war commentaries (Bellum Gallicum and Bellum Ciuile) are, as many scholars have shown, not only a literary item but also a political one. By narrating his campaigns in Gauls, then against Pompey, Caesar does not only aim at the depiction of his deeds but also try to build an image of ideal leader of the roman Republic. My presentation will focus on the place of the Ocean in such an elaboration and the reasons behind Caesar’s interest for it. Indeed, Caesar is the first roman general to reach and fight on another sea than the mare nostrum and he cleverly use his precursor position to improve his political status. Hence, throughout all the Bellum Gallicum, Caesar insists on the fact that while previous generals have only dealt with the calm of a conclusus mare (the Mediterranean Sea) he has to face the hazards of an apertissimus oceanum. By heavily underlining the differences between the sea he faced and the one known by his public, Caesar stages himself as encountering and dominating natural forces that no roman has ever experienced before, thus, by literary ploy he places himself above all the roman generals before him. Especially Pompey who was thought as a world conqueror because of this triumph on three different continents. The Oceanum, because of its role as limit of the human world in traditional cosmography, provides Caesar a mean to challenge Pompey’s status as the best suited man to lead the res publica, the first roman citizen.


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Érica Cristhyane Morais da Silva Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil TITLE Poder e mitologia na Antiguidade Tardia: O lugar e a importância do mar no governo de Justiniano KEYWORDS Antiguidade Tardia, Justiniano, Poder, Mitologia, Mar ABSTRACT Justiniano foi um imperador romano que realizou várias façanhas. Durante seu governo, entre os anos de 527-565 A.D., produz-se uma compilação jurídica, que ficou conhecida sob a forma de codex, o Corpus Iuris Civilis; recupera-se parte dos territórios ocidentais em campanhas militares de reconquistas; arbitra-se sobre querelas religiosas e conflitos sociais definindo novos parâmetros das relações estado e igreja; realiza-se um extenso programa de reconstrução espacial nas cidades, em especial, em Constantinopla. Podemos dizer, de acordo com a historiografia especializada disponível sobre o contexto, que sabemos muito sobre o governo, a atuação e as façanhas de Justiniano, mas desenvolvemos poucas reflexões sobre o lugar e a importância do mar na estrutura desse novo império romano, o Bizantino. No Digesto (D. 1.8.pr.; 1.8.1.), temos uma regulamentação própria que define os termos pelos quais o mar é concebido e pode ser usufruído pelos romanos. Em Procópio (Historia Arcana; De Bellis), lemos sobre histórias mitológicas fascinantes que revelam os limites, as adversidades e os perigos que as águas marítimas oferecem àqueles que lançam-se ao mar. O mar é um aspecto importante e estrutural na forma como os romanos pensaram a sua sociedade e cultura. Com Justiniano, se por um lado, os romanos, novamente, lançam-se ao mar em razão das campanhas de reconquista, por outro, a própria sede deste império se localiza em uma região estratégica de fluxos comerciais importantes que fundamentam sejam as relações sociais, sejam as relações de poder entre os próprios romano e/ou entre estes e os habitantes de outros impérios e reinos. Logo, para compreendermos o governo de Justiniano é imprescindível refletir sobre o lugar e a importância do mar por meio dos estatutos jurídicos bem como mediante as mitologias narradas sobre o mar presentes, respectivamente, no Digesto e nas obras de Procópio de Cesareia.


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Resumos|Abstracts Posters


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José das Candeias Sales Universidade Aberta and CHUL, Portugal Susana Mota CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Tutankhamun in Portugal. 1925: The first translation to Portuguese of the 'Great Hymn to the Aten' KEYWORDS Diónysos magazine, Humberto Pinto de Lima, ‘Great Hymn to the Aten’ ABSTRACT From the end of 1922, there are, in the Portuguese press (newspapers and magazines), regular news about the “wonderful discovery in the Valley” made by Howard Carter on the 4th of November: the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. From 1925, Diónysos, an important magazine published in Coimbra which brought an innovating contribution to the Portuguese academic and scientific scene, also gave considerable attention to that discovery. In three of its issues (two from 1925 and one from 1926) there are small essays dedicated to Tutankhamun and Amenhotep IV, written by Humberto Pinto de Lima, that was then an assistant Professor in Historical Sciences in the Faculty of Letters in the University of Porto. Being more drawn to Amenhotep IV than to Tutankhamun, Pinto de Lima was very aware to the issue of the solar cult to Aten. Because of that, he did a profound analysis of the origins and motivations of this cult, and, with the help of renowned French and English Egyptologists of their time, he translated to Portuguese the fundamental ‘Great Hymn to the Aten’. Historically, it's the first translation to Portuguese of that document clearly influenced by the enthusiasm towards the Egyptian civilization that emerged from the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun.


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Jaime Silva FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal Isabel Gomes de Almeida CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE Mesopotamian aquatic symbols in the British Museum glyptic collection ABSTRACT The aquatic element is so fundamental to the Mesopotamian civilization that even its Greek designation integrates it (“land between the rivers”). In fact, water is the basis for the development of this world, given that not only allowed the development of agricultural activities, but also communication within the territory and with neighboring regions. The abundance of water and its power was transferred to the symbolic sphere, representing the primeval element in most Mesopotamian cosmogonies. At the same time, aquatic deities, such as Enki/Ea, occupied a central role in the cosmic order. The aquatic environment was thus transformed into religious metaphors. So, the analysis of these aquatic metaphors can help to shade light on the ancient Mesopotamian natural environment and of human use of aquatic resource. Recently, we started working on this subject, intertwining Ancient History, History of Religions, and Environmental History, and focusing mainly in the aquatic symbols displayed in the cylinder seals dated from the Jemdet Nasr period to the Akkadian epoch. The analyzed cylinder seals are part of the British Museum collection. In this work, we aim to present some of the ongoing results of our work.


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Beatriz Jiménez Meroño Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain TITLE Un acercamiento al imaginario egipcio popular: la figura del perro como guardián y pastor KEYWORDS Ancient Egypt, Canids, Predynastic Period, Ramesside Period, Non-elite Traditions ABSTRACT El estudio de las creencias y prácticas religiosas del Egipto antiguo se ha centrado principalmente en las fuentes más abundantes, es decir, aquellas realizadas por y para la realeza y elite. El culto popular contaba con alicientes, motivos y experiencias diferentes, tomando elementos que se encontrasen en su entorno más inmediato. Uno de ellos es el rol de los cánidos, tanto salvajes como domésticos. La Egiptología ha centrado el estudio sobre ellos en dos ámbitos principales: su papel funerario –con Anubis como protagonista– y su participación en la caza, representado en escenas venatorias de la elite. A través de un estudio centrado en tres fuentes se pretende indagar en otros posibles roles asociados a los canes que hayan permanecido en el imaginario egipcio y que permitan entender de otra manera la relación de los antiguos egipcios con su medio y la naturaleza. En la Paleta de los Dos Canes (o de Hieracómpolis, Ashmolean E.3924) y el Papiro Satírico del British Museum (EA10016,1) aparece un cánido tocando una flauta (instrumento relacionado con el pastoreo), que puede interpretarse como un personaje encargado de establecer el orden, como un guía o un perro pastor. En el caso del cementerio predinástico HK6 los enterramientos de canes se localizan en el límite de la necrópolis, marcando la barrera entre los muertos y los vivos, y ejerciendo una tarea de contención. En estos tres casos, que difieren en tiempo y espacio, el cánido se relaciona con el orden y la contención ejerciendo un papel asociado con el pastoreo y cuenta con una importancia bastante relevante, que podría relacionarse también con las comunidades agrícolas y trashumantes del Predinástico. Así, a través de distintas fuentes se puede comprender y analizar el imaginario egipcio, más allá de la visión de la Egiptología más tradicional y de la alta cultura.


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Raquel Lavrador Novais FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal TITLE The presentation of Self in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC: Portrait aesthetics challenges KEYWORDS Mesopotamia; Egypt; 3rd Millennium BC; Portrait sculpture; realism and idealization ABSTRACT The Mesopotamians and Egyptians did not conceived terms as "art" or even "aesthetic", much less "portrait". It is understood that the properties attributed to the artistic objects have the intention of building bridges between distances of culture, time and space. Therefore, being historically contextualized. Based on the comparative study of the portrait in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (3rd millennium BC) we can study the relationship between the theories of aesthetics and aesthetic experience. In other words, distinguish the properties of an artistic object from the principles of his evaluation. The Statues of Gudea, the Tell Asmar Hoard, the Reserve Heads and the bust of Ankhaf compose a diverse corpus that allows us to analyze the portrait in its various aspects. It enables the comparison of different types of portrayed individuals, showing examples of the representation of gods, kings, and elites. On the other hand, it introduces the discussion on the assessment of the representations (aesthetic evaluation) proposing new approaches based on the concepts of wonder, radiance, ornaments, and fitness. Those apply to the visual cognitive way of thinking of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians who opted for a portrait laid on image discursiveness. Its precision was dependent on the attributes which conceived the sense of the likeness effect - the notion of abstra

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