Breaking the Top Secret

ENIGMA Codes of WW-II Professor Tom Perera Ph. D. - W1TP - EnigmaMuseum.com

Copyright © 2016: All Rights Reserved

ALL Branches

of the German Military

used

ENIGMAS

to Hide and Encrypt their

Communications

U-Boat

WW-II: German U-Boats / Submarines

Sank: 3,000 ships = 150,000 men / 15 Million Tons

ENIGMA in a Submarine

Patented

the first

ENIGMA

in

1918

It Failed to Sell !!

New

Smaller, Cheaper

ENIGMA

~1922 --> 1945

German Inventor Arthur Scherbius

LIGHT PANEL

BATTERY

BOX

HERE

KEYBOARD

PLUGBOARD

ROTORS HERE

ENIGMA

Modular Construction

SUBSTITUTION CODE

The Julius

“Caesar Code”

.

Ciphertext

Key A=X

X

. v

. . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . .

. . . . . .

A Plaintext

OUTER INNER (Plaintext) (Ciphertext)

TOM QLJ

INNER OUTER (Ciphertext) (Plaintext)

QLJ TOM

KEY

A=X

KEY

A=X

ENCODE DECODE

T O

M Q L

J

A X

A H

ENIGMA

MACHINE

INFORMATION FLOW

CODING

ENIGMA

DECODING

ENIGMA

A

A H H A

Light Panel

Keyboard

Reflector Left

Rotor Middle Rotor

Right Rotor

Entry Drum

Q W E R T Z I O U

Y X C V B M L N

S D F G K J

Q W E R T Z I O U

Q W E R T Z I U

S D F G K J

S D F G

P Y X C V B M L

P Y X C V B M L N

P

N

K J

O

O

M

F

Plugboard

P

A

+

-

+

M

O

-

H H

H

BATTERY

A A

H A

Enigma Wiring Diagram Example of A Encoding to H

Copyright © 2016 CipherMachines.com and EnigmaMuseum.com

O N

J

X

B

M M F

J B

P O N X

DAY’S KEY Components:

1. Rotor Number and Position along Axle: 60

2. Rotor Internal Ring Settings: 676

3. Rotor Initial Starting Positions: 17,576

4. Jumper Cable Selections on Plug Board: 5x1015

DAY’S KEY Components:

1. Rotor Number and Position along Axle: 60

2. Rotor Internal Ring Settings: 676

3. Rotor Initial Starting Positions: 17,576

4. Jumper Cable Selections on Plug Board: 5x1015

Total Possible Number of Day’s Keys:

3-Rotor Army/Air Force Enigma: 10114

4-Rotor Navy Enigma: 10140

Total ATOMS in the UNIVERSE: 1080

Grand Admiral

KARL DONITZ

Fuhrer der

U-Boote

(FdU)

The

WOLF PACK

Strategy

GOLIATH

VLF

Transmitter

15 - 60 KHz

1,000,000 W

German U-Boats Sank 3000 ships

in WW-II

INTERCEPTED By The Allies

Doenitz

Although U-Boats were the

“Greatest Danger in WW-II”

(Churchill)

…the U-BOAT MENACE

was gradually Overcome

Mostly by ENIGMA Deciphering

The “Imitation Game” -> Alan Turing to the Rescue

“Imitation Game Film:”

Alan Turing Designs and Builds the First

“BOMBE” To Decipher the Enigma

The REAL story of the

Deciphering of the ENIGMA

POLISH CIPHER BUREAU

and 3 BRILLIANT

POLISH MATHEMATICIANS

Deserve the Credit

Germany

Poland Germany After WW-I

Europe after WW-I Treaty of Versailles – 1919

The Three Polish

Mathematicians

Who Calculated

The German “Military Enigma” Wiring In 1932

…And

Built the First

Enigma-Deciphering Bombes

Jerzy Henryk Marian Rozycki Zygalski Rejewski

The

Polish Enigma

Replica

Polish Enigma Deciphering “Bombe”

1933-1939

The Poles used their “Bombes” To decipher German Enigma Messages

For 6 years before

Poland was invaded by Germany in 1939

1939 Poland Invaded by Germany. The Poles gave

their Enigma Replicas & Bombe Plans to the British

1939 British Take over Codebreaking giving

NO CREDIT to the Poles

1999 British finally erect a monument to the Polish

mathematicians at Bletchley Park.

Bletchley Park – England

Top Secret – “ULTRA” 10,000 Codebreakers:

Kept their secret for 30 years after the war !!

ENIGMA

DECIPHERING

First Revealed

in 1975

Forced us to

THROW OUT

** ALL **

WORLD WAR II

HISTORY BOOKS

Written Before

1975 Admiral DOENITZ

Still Refused to Believe it

Alan

Turing

Brilliant Mathematician

BRITISH BOMBE

BRITISH BOMBE

The REAL story of the

Deciphering of the ENIGMA

ALAN TURING’S

Brilliant Contributions:

Decrypting Enigma using Polish Bombes was too Slow –

and

The Germans continually Improved Enigmas -

Added another Rotor, built more Complex Versions.

TURING Developed new ways to Decipher them.

Designed and Built New Bombes

COLLOSUS

U-505 being Captured and Boarded

Turing was helped by:

The Capture of Codebooks from U-Boats Repeated predictable words in messages Many other discoveries and techniques

( Read: “Seizing Enigma” by David Kahn )

The Crew of a German

Weather Ship

is blindfolded and led

belowdecks

to keep them from reporting

the Removal of the

Enigma Codes

Reading of the German Enigma Messages

Had to be hidden from the Germans …sometimes requiring the sacrifice of lives

Enigma Deciphering Shortened the War by ~ 2 years

Saved Thousands of Lives Prevented Hitler from Completing the Atomic Bomb

German U-Boats also Located by

Direction-Finding

Located !

Doenitz

*****

Its I.F.

Local Oscillator

RADIATED

it's own

Homing

Signal !!!

OOOps !! *****

The WW-II German Submarine

Radar Detector: “METOX”

The

"BISCAY

CROSS“

Antenna

Sabotage by wrong-length screws

Sabotage by INSULATED COATING ON SCREWS

BURNING the EVIDENCE at the End of the War

Germany Ordered the DESTRUCTION of Every ENIGMA

Used Explosives, and Guns and threw them in Lakes.

Churchill ordered DESTRUCTION of Every ENIGMA

AND BOMBE, & PLANS and PAPERS Why ?

WHY - Did Churchill Destroy

All Enigmas and Bombes ?

The Answer was learned last year ( 70 years later )

Churchill Did NOT Destroy All of them

Hebrew Keyboard

VERY FEW ENIGMAS SURVIVED

Battlefield-Destroyed Enigmas

Destroyed by Grenades

Destroyed by Grenades

BATTLEFIELD DUG

RELIC ENIGMAS

A source of New Discoveries

7.65mm hole

indicates

That it was

Made by a

pistol.

( Probably a

German Mauser )

7.65mm hole indicates

that it was made by a pistol

Underwater Metal Locator

Enigma

Radios

Experimental Prop Speed Sensing Torpedo Parts

Enigma Recovered after 60 years in Lake

A German Mauser

Rifle Inflicted

The Damage

U-352

U-352

U-352

ENIGMA Recovered from German U-Boat U-85

sunk off North Carolina

Very Few Pictures of Enigmas in Action Survived ( from: Paolo Prevosto – Italy)

from Helge Fykse - Norway

from Helge Fykse - Norway

( from: Paolo Prevosto – Italy)

Very Few Enigmas survived

The “Imitation Game” ENIGMA

S/N 17534 - Made late in the war.

Discovered in Germany and restored

by EnigmaMuseum.com Sold to Bletchley Park in 2010

Enigma Historians

Bletchley Park 2009

www.EnigmaMuseum.com

American WW-II M-209

Cipher Machine

American WW-II “Sigaba” Cipher Machine

Russian Cold War

Cipher Machine Codenamed “FIALKA”

Best General Reading: “Seizing the Enigma” by David Kahn

Enigma Information Sources http://EnigmaMuseum.com/references/

Websites www.CipherMuseum.com

www.EnigmaMuseum.com

www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/museum/

Books & CD-ROM David Kahn: Seizing Enigma

Andrew Hodges: Alan Turing: the Enigma

*Tom Perera: Inside Enigma

*Tom Perera: The Story of the Enigma CD-ROM

*order from:

*( www.arrl.org/shop/History-and-Adventure/?page=2 )

Simulators

Windows/Mac

http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/enigmasim.htm

Enigma I-Phone Apps: Mininigma, The Enigma, etc.

Alan

Turing

The Universal

TURING MACHINE (1937) Conceptual Precursor to Today’s Computers

The TURING TEST: Can a Computer Think ?

Can a Person tell that he/she is talking to a Computer ?