Brief Response

• The Nazis used this poster during the 1932 Reichstag election.

• It reads “Work and Food.”

• What is the message conveyed in this poster?

• Why do you think the Nazis viewed this as one of their most effective posters?

Brief Response Answer

• The message in this poster states that the Nazis can provide the German people with both work and food. – The image suggests a fatherly relationship between the Nazis and

everyday Germans.

• During the Great Depression, this was probably a powerful message.

• Nazis would see it as effective propaganda because the message is brief and is delivered in a simple slogan. It presents a message that is so clear it cannot be misunderstood.

The Allies “Turn the Tide”

p. 475

1942-43 Turning Point: Allies Begin to Win

• Handout: available on-line• Bring “tomorrow”.

Allies Need Hope

• The Axis were so successful by early 1942, that morale was very low in the Allied nations.

• The British, Soviets, and Americans needed some victories.

Seeking Victory

• Once again, it was necessary for the democracies to control their economies to turn production to win the war. (6)– Factories converted from consumer goods to military

goods production.– Raising billions through issuing war bonds– Prices controlled– Wages regulated– Propaganda – Rationing of materials needed for the war effort

Media manipulated

• The press was ____ (controlled), voluntarily in democracies.

• censored• Movie companies worked with governments to

make propagandistic films and newsreels– Disney—Canada (buy war bonds)– Soviet—What Hitler Wants (anti-Hitler)– Japan—Indonesia (Japan wants to help Asians)– US—Our Japanese Enemy 1, 2 (Is there any fairness

in the presentation?)

Finding the “Fifth Column”

• Citizens and immigrants from enemy countries were watched and investigated,– FBI watched German and Italian suspects– Japanese-Americans in the Western United

States were put in prison camps, • losing their property.

– German-British were likewise harassed by UK security.

– Many were innocent, and apologies and reparation came too late.

Rosie the Riveter:

• US nickname for women workers doing hard, technical work men had once done.

Two famous images came out of this:

• US Government poster • Norman Rockwell, Saturday Evening Post cover.

Women at the Home Front

• Women once again were employed in the millions to replace men who had gone into the military.

• Women also served in the Armed Forces: (5)– RADAR centers– Communications– Clerical– Drivers– Delivering planes

Women were an equal part of the resistance movements around the world.

• Italy• France • Soviet Union

Individual heroines:

• France, Marie-Madeleine Fourcade, resistance

• Soviet Union, Lily Litvak, air ace

Aircraft carriers:

• Warships used as floating airfields, and send large groups of warplanes anywhere in the world.

• Japan took most of the Western Pacific with them.– Lost more carriers than they could replace

• US mass-produced dozens of large ones and almost a hundred small ones – Modern US Carrier

June, 1942.

• The United States used surprise and coded-trickery to destroy Japan’s large carrier and invasion fleet, heading for ____

• Midway Island.

• Japan’s naval attack force in the Pacific was destroyed.

Nov. 1942,

• British forces, defeat the Italian and German forces at ___

• El Alamein – drive them out of Egypt and back into Libya.

• General Montgomery, equipped with British and American supplies and armaments. – Used many colonial troops,

• Burma• Australia/New Zealand• South Africa

The “Big Three”:• Trust was difficult between

–the capitalists, (2)• Roosevelt and Churchill,

–and the communist, • Stalin.

• Somehow the alliance held to the end of the war.

“Summit” meetings• Became very important to develop trust to

maintain the alliance and plans to carry out against the Axis.

• Jan., 1943: Roosevelt and Churchill met in Casablanca, Morocco to (4)

• decide how to invade Italy. • Supply the Soviet Union • decide that the Axis must unconditionally

surrender. • They put off a second front in France.

FDRWinstonCharles

De Gaulle

Henri Giraud

Summits

• Nov., 1943: all three meet in ___ Iran.

• Tehran, • What was decided? (2)

• Churchill and FDR agree to allow Russia much land in Eastern Europe.

• They again put off a second front in France, angering Stalin.

FDRWinston

Stalin

MolotovEden

Soviet Union:• Germany devastated the Soviet

military in the early war • Germany failed to capture the

harbor/factory city of ____• Leningrad,

– They surrounded it, – hundreds starved to death daily, – the people there resisted for 900 days.

“Родина мать зовет” The Motherland Calls!

• Stalin had moved entire factories farther east – they were now mass-producing needed

weapons and materials• Hitler decided to take southern

Russia: (4)– Grain– Petroleum– Minerals for factories– Main supply route from Black Sea and Allies:

• Volga River

Catastrophic German Defeat!

• In Southern Russia, 1943, Soviets crushed the Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians and surrounded the Germans at ____

• Stalingrad– The Germans were slowly reduced by (2)

• Soviet attacks • freezing temperatures

– They finally surrendered in Feb., 1943.

• This was the end of German offensive forces in the south.– 600,000 German troops and their equipment were

lost.

Stalingrad:• New city built by Stalin. • Controlled access to the Volga River and

north-south Russian supply routes. – Hitler also wanted it because it was named

after Stalin.• Half a million Germans attack in Sept.

1942– They have Romanian, Italian, and Hungarian allies on their flanks (side).

• Stalin sent (and lost) millions to defend it.• Winter stalled the Germans

Soviets revived!

• The Soviet victory at the capital, ____, also bolstered Stalin and the Soviet people.

• Moscow• Two Russian winters had

demoralized the German armies.• A steady supply of materials and food

came from ____• the United States

Tough Old Gut

• Next Allied goal was what Churchill called the “soft underbelly” of Axis Europe: ___

• —Italy. • Churchill thought it would be easy.• July, 1943: Anglo-American forces invade ___• Sicily.

– They met tough German resistance. – They took the island, but most of the Germans escaped with

some Italian forces.

• From there, the Allies invaded the southern mainland.– Progress was stopped by the mountainous terrain there.

“Tough old gut”

• Next, the Allies invaded and captured most of southern Italy.– Italian partisans rose up and ____ was

overthrown.– Mussolini

• He escaped and was rescued by German special forces.

Southern Italy surrendered.

• Mussolini returned to northern Italy and was captured by partisans.

• He was tried, executed, and hung up for Italians to jeer at and strike at like a piñata.

• Hitler noted this and vowed never to be taken prisoner.

The Gothic Line

• Hitler ordered German troops to take control of ____

• Northern Italy• stopped the Allies.

– Northern Italy will not fall until the end of the war.

• Hitler had to further divide his dwindling forces.– Hitler ordered all Jews removed from this part of Italy.

Kursk:• In July, 1943, Hitler sent his new

tanks in a massive attack to finish Russia’s capital, ____

• Moscow. • The Soviets had amassed a large

anti-tank force to stop the Germans.– They also had a large tank force behind

it.• The Germans were brave, but

overwhelmed.

Germany Retreats

• Germans were now being pushed out of the Soviet Union–They were still dangerous.

• The Red Army was growing–more experienced, –better armed, –effective.

• Ukrainians remember the war still

Allied Air Power:• Heavy and medium bombers carried out raids

night and day as long as weather permitted for three years.

• The Allied goal (2)– was to destroy Axis industry and civilian morale.

• Concentrated attacks ruined entire cities like the German harbor city, Hamburg

• Hundreds of thousands would die in Germany and Japan.

• The Allies used TNT and incendiary (fire) bombs.

Air War

• B-24 production line.• B-17s over Europe

• B-29s over Japan

Air War 11/18

Bombed-out German City Tokyo Two-day Incendiary Raid

Dwight Eisenhower:

• US commander of the US North African invasion. – American forces attack Morocco and Algeria, to

create a second front to destroy the Axis forces.

• He and his generals overrun the Axis forces and meet the British in Tunisia.

• The Germans and Italians are out of Africa.• Troops and media called him “Ike”

“Ike”

Omar

Bradley

George Patton

Britain and the US decided to start the “second front” Stalin kept demanding.

• D-Day: • June 6, 1944. The Allied invasion of

Normandy, France. • Code name: Operation Overlord• First, • the Allies, concentrated their air forces on

northern French and German, – railroads, – defenses, – harbors.

D-Day (just for vid)

• June, 1944• The invasion of ______ at the _______ beaches (2)

– France– Normandy

• Allied paratroops landed behind the German defenses, • They were to be met by the beach invasion forces and

– They would prevent German reinforcement of the beaches.• 156,000 troops assaulted the Normandy beaches with

massive naval and air support– For most Allied troops it was a cake walk, for others it was a

murderous, gory hell.• They controlled the beaches when the day ended.

Psychological/Electronic Warfare

• False radio messages and dummy armies – Convinced Hitler that an attack would happen

at Calais, not Normandy.• He committed all his tanks there and refused to let

them go to Normandy.

• Allies used puppets at D-day in fake air drops.

France Falls to the Allies

• Hitler believed the attack was a feint – He did not release his tanks until it was too late.

• By late summer, the Allies were capturing western France, its harbors, and it’s capital, _____________.– Paris.

• Free French forces were given the honor to enter the city first.

• German troops resisted, but FFI and partisans finished them.

• The hunt started for collaborators.

Pay back for collaborators

• Those who informed the Germans…..

• Women who dated or married a German….

At Yalta, they agree: Feb., ‘45Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill

• Stalin will attack Japan’s forces in China and Korea.– Stalin may keep some of the territory it takes from Japan.

• Germany will be divided into four zones, – run by the US, UK, USSR, and France.

• Stalin may initially keep Eastern Europe to protect USSR from future invasion.– Stalin agrees to discuss British-American demands for free elections

in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe. • Allies believe he agrees to allow the elections

• There will be a peace-keeping organization as the war ends. The United Nations

hwk

Standards Check, p. 476:

• Question:

• Converted factories from consumer to wartime production

• Rationed goods

• Regulated prices and wages

• Recruited all members of society

Image, p 476

• Question

• Naval warfare became less predictable

• Fleets could never see each other.

Thinking Critically, p. 477

• 1• Because it allowed the British to know

when German planes were coming and going.

• 2• Improved aircraft and tanks helped Hitler to

overwhelm his opponents– His opponents would learn how to do this as

well.

Standards Check, p 478

• Question:

• Midway blocked Japan in the Pacific

• El Alamein ended German control of North Africa

• Italy was the first attack on Axis Europe

• Stalingrad destroyed a large German army

Map Skills, p. 479

• 2• Axis controlled all of Europe except for the neutral

nations; Western Russia and North Africa– Only Britain resisted

• 3• Helped

– Could attack Germany from all sides

• Hindered:– Moving supplies great distances

Biography, p. 480

• Churchill:

• Courageous, defiant

• Roosevelt:

• Supplies and advice to Britain and Soviet Union against Axis.

• Stalin:

• Ruthless use of violence and deception; allied with Hitler in 1939.

Standards Check, p. 481

• Question:

• Stalin would declare war on Japan

• Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe after the war

• All agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones.

Brief Response

• Was the US right to control labor and business and intern Japanese-Americans during World War II? (answer both ways: 4)

• Yes

• No

Critical Thinking, p. 482-3• 1 Which of the Allies suffered the greatest loses on D-Day?• The United States• 2 Why do you think D-Day landings were made on beaches instead

of at established harbors?• Germans controlled the harbors and there were too many ships for

harbors to handle• 3 What do you think was the greatest obstacle the Allies had to

overcome on D-Day? Explain• Sea and land mines• Cliffs topped with barbed wire and machine gun posts• Getting so many supplies and troops on dangerous, narrow

beaches