Brinjal Breeding

8/13/2019 Brinjal Breeding

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Brinjal Breeding

Taxonomy

Solanaceae is a plant family comprising about 2300 species, nearly one-half of which belong to

the genus Solanum. Most species within this genus are endemic to the Americas, only 20% areOld orld species. !amily Solanaceae has been the source of many morphologically differentdomesticated species. "oganlar et al. #2002b$ eplained this phenomenon with the fact that onlya few conser&ed ma'or loci are responsible for the dramatic phenotypic changes thataccompanied domestication in this family. Like tomato and pepper, eggplant is anautogamous diploid with 12 chromosomes. A molecular genetic lin(age map based on tomatoc")A, genomic ")A, and *+ mar(ers was constructed for S. melongena #"oganlar et al.2002a, +O enomic )etwor( 200/$. he comparison of the eggplant and tomato mapsre&ealed that chromosomal e&olution since their di&ergence from the common ancestor hasproceeded primarily through in&ersion of otherwise conlinear segments of the genome. O&erall,eggplant and tomato are differentiated by 2 rearrangements, which could be eplained by 23

paracentric in&ersions and fi&e translocations during e&olution from the last common ancestor ofthe species. *ggplant and tomato are di&erged three- to si fold more than tomato and potato#!ig. 1$. he domestication of the Solanaceae has been dri&en by mutations in a &ery limitednumber of target loci with ma'or phenotypic effect. +election pressures were eerted on the sameloci despite independent domestication of the crops on different continents. he conser&ation ofgene function among the Solanaceae indicates that the wealth of (nowledge of genetic analysisof tomato, potato and pepper can be used as a springboard for rapid ad&ancement of eggplantgenetics #!rary et al. 2003$.

!ig. 1. "endrogram of crop plants from Solanaceae family #Olmstead and almer 14$


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he genomics in genus Solanum are e&ol&ing at a moderate pace compared to other plant species#"oganlar et al. 2002a$. he species of Solanum subgenusLeptostemonum comprise almost onethird of the genus and are distributed worldwide. he members of this monophyletic subgenusare defined by their sharp epidermal pric(les, thus they are commonly referred to as the 5spiny

solanums6. he subgenusLeptostemonum includes a number of economically important speciessuch as the culti&ated eggplants #e&in et al. 2007, e&in et al. 200/$. he common name5eggplant6 encompasses three closely related culti&ated species, endemic to the Old orld,belonging to the genus Solanum ., subgenusLeptostemonum #"unal$ 8itter and two sections9

1. +ectionMelongena- S. melongena . #brin'al eggplant, aubergine$ : synonyms9 Solanum cumingii "unal, Solanumpressum "unal, Solanum undatum oiret sensu Ochse;

- S. macrocarpon #boma eggplant$ : synonyms9 Solanum integrifolium oiret &ar.macrocarpum, Solanum melongena . &ar. depressum 8ail.

2. +ection Oliganthes- S. aethiopicum . #scarlet eggplant, 'aatu$ : synonyms9 Solanum integrifolium oiret,Solanum integrifolium oiret &ar. microcarpum, Solanum gilo


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#ester 1$.

!ig. 2. "endrogram of Solanum species by DMA based on the genetic distance of )ei and i#+a(ata and ester 14$

!rom the dendrogram constructed by the unweighted pair-group method, +a(ata and ester#14$ suggested that S. incanum is a species close to S. melongena, and the net close species isS. macrocarpon #!ig. 2$. >igh genetic identities between S. melongena, S. incanum #wild form$and S. insanum #weedy form$ were pro&ed by @arihaloo and ottlieb #17$ on the base ofenyme electrophoretic studies, and @arihaloo et al. #17$ on the base of the random amplifiedpolymorphic ")A #


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differences concern mainly the colour, shape and height of fruits, but chemical composition offruits, the earliness of fruiting, yielding, en&ironmental reEuirements, etc. are also ta(en intoconsideration. !ruit colour &aries from light to dar( purple, almost blac(, green, or white. !ruitlength is between ?-?7 cm, and thic(ness 2-37 cm, at different shapes and weight rangingbetween 17-1700 g. he fruits are set as single or in clusters, up to 7 fruits. hysiologically ripe

fruits become brown, red or yellow #+warup 17$.

S. aethiopicum is a fruit and leaf vegeta*le. It is a her*aceous shru* with hair( or gla*rous

leaves and hermaphroditic flowers, self or cross pollinated, single or in clusters. )he fruits

are consumed raw or cooked. )he( are light to dark green, white or *lackish in colour,

with a *itter taste that varies depending on saponin content. )he fruits shape is round,

elongate#round or oval with smooth or grooved surface and taste var(ing from sweet to

*itter, particularl( in the case of oval#fruit cultivars. At full maturit(, the fruits turn red or

reddish#orange due to high carotene content. -ruit surfaces var( from smooth to grooved

or ri**ed. )he leaves are often consumed in the same wa( as spinach "eek 1%%, /acha

200!.

S. macrocarpon is grown for large, gla*rous leaves 0 30 cm!, used as a green vegeta*le.

-ruits have large, often clasping cal(. )he( are su* spherical and large 3#10 cm in

diameter, 2#4 cm long!, cream white, green#white or green. -ruits are sweeter in taste in

comparison to S. aethiopicum!, and most preferred. At full maturit( fruits turn (ellow,

orange or *rown with cracked surface Buken(a 1%%5, /acha 200!.

Brinjal eggplant was descri*ed in India in 3rd centur( B.6. )here were at least 33 sanskrit

names for eggplant in ancient Indian literature, the most common *eing Varttaka,

Bhantaki and 7attingan "warup 1%%!. )he growing of eggplant smallfruited characters

*egan in 5th centur( in 6hina, and in %th centur( in Africa. Although cultivated from

prehistorical times, eggplant appears to have *een unknown to the 8estern 8orld for

man( centuries. 7umerous Ara*ic and African names for eggplant, and the lack of ancient

9reek and :oman names indicate that the vegeta*le was carried into the /editerranean

*( the Ara*s relativel( late, pro*a*l( in th centur(.Melongena was an Ara*ic name for

one of eggplant cultivars. Avicenna, ;the father of modern medicine")A) +ata 2004!. In =oland,

like in man( 6entral $uropean countries, eggplant is still an eotic vegeta*le *ut in Asia

and the /editerranean it is an important and valua*le nourishment component, the so#

called ?the king of vegeta*les@.

African eggplants S. aethiopicum and S. macrocarpon, are the most popular nati&e,traditional &egetables in est and Central Africa, but the producti&ity of these crops is stillrelati&ely low and the growing area and yields ha&e not been statistically e&aluated. he centreof these eggplants di&ersity is estern Africa. African eggplants are grown mainly in gardens


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and small fields near &illages. S. aethiopicum is widely grown in +outh America, and S.macrocarpon in Asia and tropical America, too.

Genetic resources

enetic resources of eggplants ha&e been collected methodically only in some *uropean andAsian countries, and there is no comprehensi&e collection dedicated to the germplasm ofeggplants a&ailable worldwide. ene ban(s for eggplant and related species ha&e been collectedby the partners of $997$) project in $urope9

B)


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resulted in limited success due to seual incompati*ilities. *ggplant tissues present a highmorphogenetic potential, useful for de&elopmental studies as well as establishingbiotechnological approaches to produce impro&ed &arieties, such as em*r(o rescue, in vitroselection, somatic h(*ridi'ation and genetic transformation#Collonnier et al. 2001, Magioliand Mansur 2007$. *ggplant in vitro regeneration can be induced from different eplants with

the use of distinct growth regulators and morphogenetic pathways, as it was summaried byMagioli and Mansur #2007$. -or induction of em*r(ogenesis or organogenesis h(pocot(l,epicot(l, cot(ledon, stem nodes, leaf, and roots were used#+harma and


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et al. 1%%0!. 6arvalho and :i*eiro 2002! presented the results of com*ining a*ilit(

anal(sis in diallel crosses among three Bra'ilianS. aethiopicum cultivars.

S. aethiopicum and S. macrocarpon are of interest for genetic improvement of S.

melongena, considering the presence of several traits of agronomic interest in its

germplasm Al*a et al. 200!. +auna( et al. 1%%3! reported the possi*ilit( of productionand characteri'ation of fertile somatic h(*rids of S. melongena and S. aethiopicum

Aculeatum group. "chaff et al. 1%&2! suggested the possi*ilit( of the transfer of genes for

resistance to two#spotted spider mite from S. macrocarpon to S. melongena. )he

interspecific h(*ridisation was used to transfer the resistance to !seudomonas

solanacearum fromSolanum aethiopicum toS. melongena. 8ith this method it was possi*le

to o*tain a large variation in the shape and colour of the fruits Ano 1%&%!. 9owda et al.

1%%0! used the interspecific h(*ridisation *etween S. macrocarpon and S. melongena to

o*tain h(*rids resistant to shoot and fruit *orer "eucinodes orbonalis!. :i''a et al. 2002!

o*tained dihaploid plants through anther culture of somatic h(*rids *etweenS. melongena

andS. aethiopicum 9ilo group which were characteri'ed *( complete resistance to fungal

wilt caused *( #usarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae.

$ultivars

S. melongena is characteried by great morphological di&ersity. Martin and


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characteried, in some cases, by distincti&e characteristics as determined from group means,which clearly reflect preferences in the case of some countries, i.e. D+A or Hapan #Martin and


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I Hapanese eggplants are firmer and hea&ier, sweet in taste, &iolet to in(y-purple, long or egg-shaped #5@urume ong urple6 : dar( purple, 5@yoto *gg !16 : dar( purple, round, 5Milionaire!16 : dar( purple, long, 5+enryu )i ou !16 : dar( purple, elongated, 5+hoya ong !16 : dar(purple, &ery long,I hai eggplants come in two groups9 small, round, tomato-li(e ones #?0-0 g : 5reen "oll !16

: white with green stripes, 5@ermit !16 : greenGwhite, 5hai


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hite6 : round, half green, half white fruits, 5Haatu +ona6 : flat, ribbed fruits, light green towhite, 70-0 g, 5)6oyo6 : flat, ribbed, dar(-green fruits, 40-0 g, 5)6alam6 : flat, ribbed,light-green fruits, 120-10 g. Bn *urope and Americas the most widely grown are9 5ur(ishOrange6 : small, orange spherical fruits, about / cm indiameter, with an ecellent sweet taste, 5+weet


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P#acillus thuringiensis #or 8t$ is a ram-positi&e, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as apesticide.P 8. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of &arious types of moths andbutterflies, as well as on the dar( surface of plants.Advantages of Bt J

P he le&el of toin epression can be &ery high thus deli&ering sufficient dosage to the pest. hetoin epression is contained within the plant system and hence only those insects that feed onthe crop perish.P he toin epression can be modulated by using tissue-specific promoters, and replaces the useof synthetic pesticides in the en&ironment.P he latter obser&ation has been well documented worldwide.

8hat is Bt BrinjalJ

8t 8rin'al is a transgenic brin'al created out of inserting a gene QCry 1AcR from the soilbacterium 8acillus thuringiensis into 8rin'al.P he insertion of the gene into the 8rin'al cell in young cotyledons has been done through an

Agrobacterium-mediated &ector, along with other genes li(e promoters, mar(ers etc.P his gi&es #so said$ 8rin'al plant resistance against lepidopteran insects li(e the 8rin'al !ruitand +hoot 8orer #Leucinodes or!onalis$ and !ruit 8orer #$elicoverpa armigera$.P Bt is reported that upon ingestion of the 8t toin by the insect, there would be disruption ofdigesti&e processes, ultimately resulting in the death of the insect.

+amage F

Bt is estimated that the damage caused by the +hoot = !ruit 8orer in brin'al which has been thema'or pest for the past two decades ranges from 70 to 40% and in economic terms, it is estimatedto be around S221 millions.P Bt is to lend tolerance to this pest primarily that the 8t 8rin'al has been de&eloped.

)he +evelopment of B) BrinjalF

8t 8rin'al is being de&eloped in Bndia by MGs Mahyco or Maharashtra >ybrid +eeds Company incollaboration with Monsanto.P he transformation wor( on 8t 8rin'al started in Tear 2000. 8iosafety tests li(e pollen flowstudies, acute oral toicity etc., were ta(en up along with bac(-crossing programme from 2002.P After two years of greenhouse e&aluation, in 200?, multi-locational field trials were conductedin 11 locations with fi&e hybrids QMahyco6s M>8-? 8t 8rin'al, M>8- 8t 8rin'al, M>8-10 8t8rin'al, M>8-0 8t 8rin'al and M>8- 8t 8rin'alR.P his was also the year when BCA< QBndian Council for Agricultural 8-3 8t 8rin'al and M>8-1128t 8rin'alR and BCA< in the same year in ele&en centres.P Mahyco has sub-licensed the technology, as part of the D+AB"-supported, CornellDni&ersityled A8+BB pro'ect Qconsortium of public and pri&ate sector institutionsR to amil)adu Agricultural Dni&ersity #)AD$, he Dni&ersity of Agricultural +ciences, "harwad andhe Bndian Bnstitute of Fegetable


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P his transfer of technology was apparently free-of-cost, with the public sector institutesallowed to de&elop, breed and distribute their own 8t 8rin'al &arieties on a cost-to-cost basis.P Bn addition to Mahyco, the )ational


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P Bt has also been shown from studies elsewhere that genes inserted into M food sur&i&edigesti&e processes and are transferred into the human body. hey are (nown to ha&e transferredthemsel&es into intestinal bacteria too.P8t toin had caused powerful immune responses and abnormal cell growth in mice. Bt has alsobeen shown that all the Cry proteins in 8t crops ha&e amino acid seEuence similar to (nown

allergens and are hence potential allergens.6onclusionFPidespread scepticism had greeted the first culti&ation of 8t cotton. >owe&er it has been anunEualified success with yields multiplying many times o&er.P !or &egetablesUthere are some ?0 &arieties in different stages of trialsUthe case forgenetically-modified crops isn6t simply about higher yields. Bt is as much about de&eloping&arieties more resistant to pests, which destroy a significant proportion of &egetable crops at themoment.P*stimates suggest that 8t brin'al could add to the current annual production of 0 la(h tones by70-40%Uthat6s as much destroyed by pests. Bt will be good for farmers and good for consumers.P8t brin'al has been in &arious stages of trial for many years now. At least two years ha&e been

de&oted to actual field trials in 11 select locations. )o ad&erse effect has either been reported onthe soil or in the consumption of 8t brin'al.P+ome studies suggest that 8t 8rin'al may be more en&ironment friendly than regular brin'al.Another concern often epressed about genetically-modified seeds is that the intellectualproperty is owned by multinational firms.PBn the case of 8t brin'al, howe&er, Bndian research institutions ha&e been &ery closely associatedwith the researchUthe amil )adu Agriculture Dni&ersity and Dni&ersity of Agricultural+ciences, "harwad. he seeds are being manufactured by the Maharashtra >ybrid +eedCompanyin collaboration with Monsanto.Pi&en the periodic scenario of high food prices and reports of supply crunches, Bndia has littlechoice but to raise yields of (ey foodgrains and &egetables. here is much tal( of another reen


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Countless attempts to crossbreed 8rin'al &arieties with *!+8-resistant wild &arieties ha&e beenunsuccessful forcing the farming community to rely hea&ily on chemical pesticides for pestcontrol. he *!+8 population has gradually become resistant to chemical inputs compelling thefarmers to resort to illegal methods of combining chemical pesticides, ris(ing human health and

the en&ironment to control the insect.

)he 6olla*orative $ffortF )echnolog( and its transfer

MA>TCO is the first pri&ate Bndian company to ha&e recei&ed the rights under license for theuse of the 8t cry1Ac gene technology for insect-pest management from Monsanto Company.his licensed cry gene technology was used by MA>TCO to de&elop and generate hybrid 8rin'ale&ents.

8acillus thuringiensis #8t$, a spore-forming bacterium, produces crystal proteins #called Cryproteins$ toic to many species of insects, including *!+8. ith specific mode of action, the

lethal 8t protein is ingested by the insect and is acti&ated in the high p> en&ironment of the insectgut. he acti&ated protein perforates the lining of the gut, annihilating the insect. he mainad&antage of this technology is that it reduces the use of chemical pest control ma(ing thetechnology safe for the en&ironment as well as human consumption.

he 8t cry1Ac-gene technology, on a probono basis was sublicensed by MA>TCO to se&eralpublic institutes in +outh and +outheast Asia that were participating in a public-pri&ateconsortium created by the A8+BB initiati&e to foster de&elopment of the *!+8 resistant 8rin'aland its widespread distribution. he A8+ BB played a pi&otal role in this &enture by funding allthe consortium partners for their


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Bangladeshhe primary pri&ate sector partner is *ast-est +eeds, a multinational &egetable seed producerwith a leading mar(et position in all ma'or +outh *ast and +outh Asian &egetable seed mar(ets.he main public partner is the 8angladesh Agricultural


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o safeguard the licensor6s interests, specific strategies for the stewardship and monitoring of thetechnology by the licensees was addressed and formulated early in the sublicensing process.

>utreach and BenefitF

he first transgenic 8t hybrids de&eloped by MA>TCO are slated to be commercially released inBndia by the end year 200 after the fulfillment of all regulatory reEuirements. he transgenicregional &arieties under de&elopment by the public-pri&ate partnership initiati&e are epected tobe commercialied mid 200.

Most resource-constrained farmers in the de&eloping world culti&ate their local regional &arietiesbecause of the lower costs in&ol&ed. 8y recogniing these agricultural practices, and by pro&idingthe public sector with access to 8t technology for use in regional &arieties, &ia a uniEue public-pri&ate partnership, MA>TCO commercialies both, its 8t hybrid 8rin'al #sold on a for-profitbasis$ and through it6s donation, addresses the need to impro&e crops of &ital importance to poorfarmers.

his public-pri&ate partnership also addresses distribution issues9 the participating publicinstitutions will be able to deli&er high-Euality 8t 8rin'al seeds that are resistant to *!+8 throughtheir own public distribution systems on a cost basis #in other words, without adding profitmargins$.

Brinjal varieties from BA:I

)ame of crop Category )ame of &ariety Tear of release

8rin'al Fegetable crops 8Aybrid

12

8rin'al Fegetable crops 8A


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Name of crop 8rin'al

Category : Fegetable crops

Name of variety : 8Aybrid

Image :

Identifying character : !ruits are oblong, purple colour, Tield is about #70% higher than the mother plant

with fruitsGplant$, !irst e&er hybrid brin'al &ariety in the country, A&erage

indi&idual fruit weight 200 g

Developed by

(Centre/Division)

: Olericulture "i&ision, >


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Image :

Identifying character : *lants are erect in nature+ ,arly bearer+ Fruits are round !ith shiny deep

purple colour+ -.- fruits per plant+ Individual fruit !eight -.0.. g

Developed by

(Centre/Division)

: 1lericulture Division+ "'C+ 2aipur

Year of release : -334

Crop duration : -.-4. days

Yield (ton/ha) : 5.

Fruit Sie : 'ound

Fruit Colour : Shiny deep purple

Suitable area : &ll over #angladesh

So!ing time :

&ugust September

"arvesting time : December to 6arch

Name of crop #rin$al

Category : %egetable crops

Name of variety : #&'I #egun- (7ttara)


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Image :

Identifying character : "igh yielding brin$al variety+ *rolific bearer+ 4.-.. fruits/plant+ Fruits borne

in cluster+ &verage individual fruit !eight 8.. g

Developed by

(Centre/Division)



Crop duration : -.-4. days (D&9)

Yield (ton/ha) : 8.

Fruit Sie : 6edium long

Fruit Colour : *in:


So!ing time : &ugust ; September

"arvesting time : September < 1ctober



Name of variety : #&'I #egun5 (=ala)


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Image :

Identifying character : Fruit shape is oblong !ith shining blac:ish purple colour+ Number of

fruits/plant is about .4.+ Single fruit !eight is about 8 gm>

Developed by

(Centre/Division)




Yield (ton/ha) : .

Fruit Sie : 1blong

Fruit Colour : Shining blac:ish purple

Suitable area :

&ll over #angladeshSo!ing time : &ugust September




Name of variety : #&'I #egun


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Image :

Identifying character : Number of fruits per plant ?.?+ Fruit !eight 4.3.g+ Fruit are deep purple

long cylindrical+ 9olerant to #@

Developed by

(Centre/Division)


Year of release : 0..8


Yield (ton/ha) : 5.

Fruit Sie : Aong cylindrical

Fruit Colour :

Deep purple


So!ing time : &ugust September




Name of variety : #&'I #egun4


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Image :

Identifying character : Number of fruits per plant 0.0+ Suitable for gro!ing in summer+ Fruit

!eight .4.g+ Fruit are deep purple long cylindrical+ 'esistant to #@

Developed by

(Centre/Division)


Year of release : 0..


Yield (ton/ha) : 5.


Fruit Colour : Deep purple


So!ing time : &ugust September (@inter)+ February


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Image :

Identifying character : Intermediate gro!th habit !ith semideep lobed leaves+ 1void shaped

fruits (!idest part of fruit is about ?/5 !ay from base to tip)+ Shiny deep

green fruit s:in !ith !hite dotted stripe from the tip (mottled pin:ish shade

observed at early gro!th stage)+ "igh bearer (?.? fruits/plant)+

Comparatively shorter plant height (av> . cm) *lants moderately resistant

to bacterial !ilt and nematode and resistant to foot rot>Developed by

(Centre/Division)



Crop duration : -5.-. days

Yield (ton/ha) : . (t/ha)

Fruit Sie : 1void

Fruit Colour : Shiny deep green fruit s:in !ith !hite dotted stripe from the blossom end

Suitable area : &ll over #angladesh (Specially for Chittagong region)

So!ing time : September (@inter)




Name of variety : #&'I #egun-.


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Image :

Identifying character :

"eat tolerant line suitable for gro!ing round the year+ Aong cylindrical

shaped fruits having round tip+ &ttractive shiny deep bric: purple fruit s:in

colour+ Intermediate gro!th habit having fe! pric:les (?) on leaves+

*lants moderately resistant to bacterial !ilt+ soil nematodes+ aphid and

$assid>

Developed by

(Centre/Division)



Crop duration : -. days

Yield (ton/ha) : . (t/ha)


Fruit Colour : &ttractive shiny deep bric: purple


So!ing time : Septemer (@inter)+ February (Summer)

"arvesting time : December to 6arch (@inter) and april to September (Summer)



Name of variety : #&'I #egun8


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Image :

sIdentifying character : Number of fruits per plant --+ Fruit !eight 000.g+ Fruit are light

green round+ 9olerant to #@ and Bassid

Developed by

(Centre/Division)




Yield (ton/ha) : 5.

Fruit Sie : 'ound

Fruit Colour : Aight green


So!ing time : &ugust September


Documents

Brinjal Breeding