Masonry
CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHESTILE FINISHESFLOOR FINISHESWOOD
FLOORING FINISHESCEILING FINISHESPAINT FINISHESFINISHING
MATERIALS
FINISHES1.1 Stucco or Cement Plaster Finish
(For Walls) Concrete Surface Finishes:(For Walls) Concrete
Surface Finishes:Rubbed FinishThis consists of grinding down the
surface of the concrete a day or two after it is poured.
Brushed FinishFinished is obtained by scrubbing or brushing the
concrete surface with fiber or wire brushes and water to remove the
surface mortar.
(For Walls) Concrete Surface Finishes:(For Walls) Concrete
Surface Finishes:Tooled FinishConcrete surface may be finished by
tooling by any methods employed for dressing or finishing natural
stone.
(For Walls) Concrete Surface Finishes:Sand Blast FinishVery much
the same in appearance as that obtained by brushing the concrete
while it is still green. Concrete should be thoroughly hardened
before sand-blasting.
(For Walls) Concrete Surface Finishes:Exposed Aggregate
FinishThe color is obtained from aggregate and not by adding
coloring material to the mixture.
(For Floors) Concrete Surface Finishes:Wood Float FinishThe
concrete aggregate is forced below the surface, the surface is then
leveled with a straight wood screed and while the concrete is not
firmly set, it is given a float finish with straight flat wood
trowels called float.
(For Floors) Concrete Surface Finishes:Steel-Trowelled
FinishBefore the concrete finally sets the entire surface is
steel-trowelled.
(For Floors) Concrete Surface Finishes:Integral colored cement
finish (floors)
Granolithic and Terrazzo Floor FinishesGranolithic FinishIt is
called granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally
used in the aggregates. Finely ground corundum may also be a part
of the aggregates to produce an enduring and non-clip surface.
Granolithic and Terrazzo Floor Finishesb. Terrazzo Finish- it is
used for floor and bases where durability, resistance to wear and
minimal maintenance are necessary.
Tile FinishesCement Tile Manufactured by pressing in moulds a
plastic mixture of cement and sand. Thickness of cement tile is 1.
Common sizes are 8x8, 12x12 and 16 x 16.
Tile FinishesCeramic Tile Are small surfacing units made from
clay or mixture of clay. Tiles differ principally inComposition of
the bodySurface finish (glazed or unglazed)Process of manufacture
The degree of vitrification or fusion of tiles after firingis the
transformation of a substance into a glass. In ceramics it is the
permeability to water.(1) CompositionTiles are made of compounded
and natural clay bodies. Those made of compound bodies contains:
Plastics high bonding power and fluxing abilityFiller reduces
shrinkage in drying and firing which prevents deformation under
heat.Flux solvents which melts under intense heat and fuses the
heat elements into mass. (the most widely used flux is feldspar)(2)
Surface FinishUnglazed Tiles derived their color and texture from
materials of which the body is made.Glazed Tiles have a glassy
surface of ceramic materials fused upon their face to give them a
decorative appearance. (3) ManufactureDust-press process Tiles
shaped in steel dies by applying heavy pressure to the damp ceramic
mix while it it finely pulverized.Plastic Process Tiles are shaped
from clay rendered plastic by mixing with sufficient water. They
are made by hand moulding or by extrusion from machine.
Types of Ceramic TilesGlazed Interior Tiles Non-vitreous product
made by the dust-press process.
Types of Ceramic TilesCeramic Mosaic Tiles Tiles less than
6sq.in in facial area preponderantly unglazed and having fully
vitrified or fairly dense bodies.
Types of Ceramic TilesUnglazed Weather proof TilesDurable tiles
with semi-vitreous body and are suitable for use on all walls both
interior and exterior and all floors except those subject to heavy
wear.PaversStandard unglazed tiles resembling ceramic mosaic.
Resilient Floor FinishesVinyl Tile and SheetVinyl flooring is
recommended where a colorful, textured tough, durable, easily
maintained type of floor is required.Should not be used in exterior
floor surfaces. Rubber Tile and SheetIt is the quietest floor
possible with the exception of thick cork tileIts color are more
brilliant than those of other types.Not resistant to soap, oil and
many household solvents.
Resilient Floor FinishesLinoleum Tile and SheetLinoleum is
resilient, waterproof floor covering consist of a backing covered
with thick layer of wearing surface. It should not be used on
concrete slab below grade and subflooring where dampness can
penetrate from below. Wood Flooring FinishesStrip Flooring Consists
of tongue and grooved boards.
Wood Flooring FinishesPlank FlooringConsist of square-edged
boards commonly found in old-spanish period houses. Usually
faced-nailed.Parquet Tile FlooringAlso called as block flooring,
consists of square pieces or blocks which have been built up in
several layers like plywood and having a veneered surface,
Ceiling FinishesCeiling BoardShiplapped boards with a bead
running along the center if the board and along the joint.
Ceiling FinishesAcoustic TileUsed for ceiling and wall finishes
in rooms where it is required to control sound by absorption.
Cellulose Fiber tiles made from compressed sugar cane or wood
fibers Mineral wool tile felted rock wool with fissured surface.
Glass Fiber Tile made of fiber glass held together by binder. Paint
FinishesTransparent Finishing MaterialsWood Stains Are composed of
pigments and liquid solvents of water, oil or alcohol. Oil Stains
derived form earth claysWater Stains made from aniline dyes and
mineral extracts which have been dissolved in hot waterSpirit
Stains mixed with alcohol- solution aniline powders and warmed
alcohol
Paint FinishesTransparent Finishing MaterialsWood FillersPaste
Fillers Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry flat
for about 10 minutes. It is wiped off across the grain with burlap
or coarse materials.Crack Filters they are used for filling nails,
holes, cracks and dents.Shellac made by refining seed lac and its
natural color is orange. Used to cover knots before priming lead
and oil coat is applied to prevent discoloration. Varnish it
contains no pigment and hardens into a smooth, hard and glossy coat
by the oxidation of the oil or by the evaporation of the
alcohol.
Opaque Finishing MaterialsPaint Mixture of pigment and a
vehicle. Pigments is that solid, finely ground portion which gives
the paint the power to obscure, hide or color the surface. Vehicle
is the fluid portion of the paint. Consists of Binder - which forms
the filmDriers speed up formulation of the filmVolatile solvent
known as thinner facilitates application and distribution.
Types of PaintOil Paint- principal paint for exterior wood
surfaces. Synthetic latex (rubber base) paints preferred paint for
plaster, cement, concrete and masonry. They have the tendencies to
turn yellow because they absorb very little oxygen from the air.
Portland cement-base paints water base paints used for painting
concrete and masonry surfaces. Enamel Paints paints use varnish as
a vehicle. They have glossy, semi-glossy or matt finish. Rust-
inhibiting paints protective paints for metals. Paint Behaviour and
DefectsA paint film will remain an effective protective coating for
a period of three to five years depending upon the locality and the
characteristics of the original surface.3 main cause of defective
paintImproper paint formulationInadequate surface preparation and
careless applicationFaulty construction or building materials
DEFECTSDescriptionCAUSEPREVENTIONExcessive or premature
chalking
Surface dusting and rapid thinning of the film sometimes
wood.Due to improper formulation paint applicationhigh standards of
paint formulation and applicationSagging and runningIrregular wavy
lines that texture an smooth finish filmToo low pigment volume
heavy careless applicationproper proportion of pigments careful
brushingStorm spottingOccurring after continuous rains and electric
storms formed by electrical discharge Rubbing spots with
alcoholWashing Streaking on the surface, fading colorWater soluble
in pigments of poor paintsPaints are not applied during high
humidity and low temp.StainsDiscolorations Water drippingApply
coatingsRepainting
Chalking
Storm Spotting
StainsDEFECTSDescriptionCAUSEPREVENTIONCheckingMinute cracks on
the surface of elastic paintImproper applicationImproper
formulationWire brushing to affected areas Repainting
AlligatoringAdvance state of checkingPoor formulation with too much
oilRemoval of the film Repainting
Cracking and ScalingIrregular cracks that curl at the edgeCommon
with improper formulated to local conditionsFormulation of tougher
elastic film. Blistering and PeelingSwelling of the entire film
followed by break in film then peelWater pressure from behind the
filmMoisture seepageRemoval of paint then repaintingPermanent
removal of moisture sourceswaterproofing
Checking
Blistering
Cracking and PeelingSpot FadingColor changes and flating of
gloss irregular patchesUneven oil absorption Insufficient coats
RepaintingExercise of proper painting techniquesWrinklingMarked by
a tough, leather like texturingPaint put is too thickNot well
brushed Brushing out of application
Spot Fading
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