Bulletin PG 2014-2

1

COURSE OF STUDY

2014-2015

Aerospace Engineering Department

M. Tech.

IIT Bombay

2

COURSE CURRICULA

The M. Tech. programme in Aerospace Engineering has the following three specializations:

1. Aerodynamics (AE 1)

2. Aerospace Propulsion (AE 3)

3. Aerospace Structures (AE 4)

The course curricula for the first two semesters of M. Tech programme is specific to each

specialization, the details of which are given in the following pages. The third and fourth

semesters are common to all specializations.

For the three specializations, choose the electives as indicated below:

• Choose at least THREE electives from the courses shown under the list of elective

courses for the respective specializations.

• Choose not more than ONE elective from the courses outside the list of respective

specializations but listed under any other specialization of the Aerospace Department

(Note: List of additional electives is also applicable here).

• Choose ONE elective from within the department courses or from any other course

within the Institute in consultation with the Faculty Adviser.

(Note : None of the electives should be repeated).

3

2 - year M. Tech Programme

Department of Aerospace Engineering

Specializations: Aerodynamics, Aerospace Propulsion, Aerospace Structures

1) CREDIT STRUCTURE:

Sem. I Sem. II Sem. III Sem. IV Total

Course

Structure

Core Courses 3 1 -- -- 24

Electives 2 3 -- -- 30

Institute Elective -- 1 -- -- 6

Lab. Course 1 -- -- -- 4

Seminar -- 1 -- -- 4

R & D Project -- -- -- -- --

Communication +2 -- -- -- 2 + 4

Training (P/NP) -- -- -- -- --

Course Total 6 + 2 6 -- -- (68+6) 74

Project -- -

48 * I + II Stage

42 III Stage

90

Total Credits 34 (+6) 34 48 42 158 (+6)

* I + II Registration in II Semester (January)

4

Specialization: Aerodynamics First Semester L T P C

AE 705 Introduction to Flight 2 1 0 6

AE 707 Aerodynamics of Aerospace Vehicles 2 1 0 6

AE 724 Experimental Methods in Fluid Mechanics 3 0 0 6

AE 611 Aerodynamics Lab. 0 0 4 4

HS 791 Communication Skills 1 0 0 2*

AE 792 Communication Skills 0 2 0 4*

Elective I 3 0 0 6

Elective II 3 0 0 6

5 Courses, 2 communication skills, 1 Lab 30+6+4

* PP/NP course Second Semester

L T P C

AE 616 Gas Dynamics 3 0 0 6

AE 694 Seminar 0 0 0 4

Institute Elective 3 0 0 6

Elective III 3 0 0 6

Elective IV 3 0 0 6

Elective V 3 0 0 6

Total – 5 courses + 1 seminar 30 + 4

AE 696 I Stage Project 16

5

Specialization: Aerodynamics

List of specialization electives (Check ASC website for list of current electives)

AE 617 Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws

AE 622 Computing of High Speed Flows

AE 624 Hypersonic Flow Theory

AE 625 Particle Methods for Fluid Flow Simulation

AE 651 Aerodynamic Design of Compressors and Turbines

AE 664 Lighter Than air systems

AE 678 Aero-elasticity

AE 702 Advanced Flight Dynamics

AE 706 Computational Fluid Dynamics

AE 714 Aircraft Design

AE 717 Aircraft Flight Dynamics

AE 719 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics

AE 722 Grid Generation for Computational Mechanics

AE 725 Air Transportation

AE 736 Advanced Aero-elasticity

AE 771 Matrix Computations

AE 775 System Modeling, Dynamics and Control

AE 774 Special Topics in Aerodynamics and CFD

AE 782 Flow Control

ME 613 Finite Element and Boundary Element Methods (not available with CE 620)

ME 619 Experimental Methods in Thermal and Fluids Engineering

ME 651 Fluid Dynamics

ME 653 Boundary Layer Theory

6

ME 655 Theory and Design of Fluid Machinery

ME 660 Numerical Methods in Fluid Flow Problems

ME 664 Advanced FEM and BEM

ME 701 Optimization Methods in Engineering Design (not available with AE 755)

ME 704 Computational Methods in Thermal and Fluid Engineering

CE 620 Finite Element Methods (not available with ME 613)

CE 680 Mechanics of Water Waves

CE 682 FEM Applications to Flow Problems

7

Specialization: Aerospace Propulsion

First Semester L T P C

AE 607 Aerospace Propulsion Lab. 0 0 4 4



AE 711 Aircraft Propulsion 2 1 0 6




Elective I 3 0 0 6

Elective II 3 0 0 6

5 Courses, 2 communication skills, 1 Lab. 30+6+4

* PP/NP course

Second Semester

L T P C

AE 708 Aerospace Propulsion 2 1 0 6




Elective IV 3 0 0 6

Elective V 3 0 0 6

5 courses + seminar 30 + 4


8

Specialization: Aerospace Propulsion List of specialization electives (Check ASC website for list of current electives)

AE 617

Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws

AE 622 Computation of High Speed Flows

AE 623 Computing of Turbulent Flows

AE 643 Durability and Reliability Analysis in Design

AE 647 Introduction to plasma engineering

AE 651 Aerodynamic Design of Compressors and Turbines

AE 656

Aviation Fuels and their Combustion

AE 658

Design of Power Plants for Aircraft

AE 678

Aeroelasticity

AE 706 Computational Fluid Dynamics

AE 719 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics

AE 724 Experimental Methods in Fluid Mechanics

AE 726 Heat Transfer - Aerospace Applications

AE 755 Optimization for Engineering Design (not available with ME 701)

AE 780 Computational Heat Transfer

AE 782 Flow Control

ME 613 Finite Element and Boundary Element Methods (not available with CE 620)

ME 653 Boundary Layer Theory

ME 660 Numerical Methods in Fluid Flow Problems

ME 701 Optimization Methods in Engineering Design (not available with AE 755)

ME 704 Computational Methods in Thermal and Fluid Engineering

9

Specialization: Aerospace Structures

First Semester L T P C

AE 709 Aerospace Structures 2 1 0 6

AE 715 Structural Dynamics 2 1 0 6




Elective I 3 0 0 6

Elective II 3 0 0 6

5 Courses, 2 communication skills,

30+6

* PP/NP course

Second Semester

L T P C

AE 678 Aeroelasticity 2 1 0 6


AE 727 Aircraft Structural Mechanics Lab. 0 0 4 4



Elective IV 3 0 0 6

Elective V 3 0 0 6

5 courses + seminar + lab 30 + 4+4


•

10

Specialization: Aerospace Structures List of specialization electives (Check ASC website for list of current electives)

AE 604 Advanced Topics in Aerospace Structures

AE 621 Inelasticity Theory

AE 639 Continuum Mechanics

AE 673 Fiber Reinforced Composites

AE 676 Elastic Analysis of Plates and Laminates

AE 728 Aircraft Production Technology

AE 730 Experimental Methods in Structural Dynamics

AE 732 Composite Structures Analysis and Design

AE 736 Advanced Aeroelasticity

AE 755 Optimization in Engineering Design

AE 771 Matrix Computations

AE 775 System Modeling, Dynamics and control

CE 615 Structural Optimization

CE 619 Structural Stability

CE 620 Finite Element Methods (not available with ME 613)

ME 602 Fatigue, Fracture, and Failure Analysis

ME 613

Finite Element and Boundary Element Methods (not available with CE

620)

ME 616 Fracture Mechanics

11

Second Year (Common to all five specializations)

III Semester

Credits

AE 797 - I Stage Project 48

IV Semester

AE 798 - II Stage Project 42

------- Total Credits for Project … 90

====

12

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Course contents of the two year M. Tech. Program. AE 604 Special Topics in Aerospace Structures 3 0 0 6

Pre-requisite : Consent of the course co-ordinator The course will cover some topics from the following list including some topics on recent developments in Aerospace Structures. Non-linear structural Mechanics, Fracture Mechanics, Structural stability, three-dimensional composites, Energy Methods, Random vibrations, Special Topics in Aero-elasticity, Smart Structures, Visco-elasticity, Plasticity, etc. The actual coverage will depend on the background of the students and the faculty available to cover the various areas. AE 607 Aerospace Propulsion Lab. 0 0 4 4

Experimental studies based on Aerospace Propulsion courses. AE 611 Aerodynamics Lab. 0 0 4 4

Experimental studies based on Aerodynamics courses. AE 616 Gas Dynamics 3 0 0 6

Basic equation of motion. Small perturbation methods in subsonic and supersonic flows. Similarity rules in high speed flows. Transonic flows. Normal and oblique shocks. Conical flow. .Flow in ducts of variable cross section. Method of characteristics and design of supersonic nozzles. Viscous effects in compressible flow. Hypersonic flows. Texts / References

H.W. Liepmann and A. Roshko, Elements of Gas Dynamics, John Wiley, 1958. A.H. Shapiro, Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow, Vol. I and II, Ronald Press Co., 1957 AE 617 Numerical Methods for Conservation laws 3 0 0 6

Scalar conservation laws. Burger's equation. Weak solutions, shocks, entropy conditions, linear hyperbolic systems, Linearization of nonlinear systems. Riemann problem, Hugoniot laws, rarefaction waves, integral curves, contact discontinuities, solution of Riemann problem for Euler equations. Numerical schemes for linear equations, CFL condition, upwind methods, conservative methods, Lax-wendroff theorem, Godunov's method,

13

approximate Riemann solver, Roe's solver, High resolution methods TVD schemes, flux limiters, multidimensional upwinding. Texts / References

Leveque, R.J., Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws, Birkhauser Verlag, 1990. Whitham, G., Linear and Nonlinear Waves, Wiley, 1974. Hirsch, C., Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Vol. II, Wiley, 1988. AE 619 Nonlinear Systems Analysis 3 0 0 6

Preliminaries: state and state space of a system, vector fields and their flows, ordinary differential equations as vector fields, examples of 1D and 2D flows, flows of linear systems. Nonlinear Phenomena: nonexistence and non-uniqueness of solutions, finite-escape time, isolated multiple equilibria, limit cycles, chaos. Mathematical Foundations: normed linear vector spaces, completeness, Lp spaces, contraction mapping principle, existence, uniqueness, continuity and differentiability of solutions of ordinary differential equations. Stability Theory: types of stability, Lyapunov stability, attractivity, asymptotic stability, Lyapunov's direct method for Lyapunov stability, asymptotic stability and instability, invariance principle and the Krasovskii-LaSalle theorem. Applications of Lyapunov Theory: estimation of domains of attraction, the comparison principle and estimation of rate of convergence, stability in the presence of perturbations, stability of linear systems, Lyapunov's indirect (linearization) method, the Lur'e problem. Input-Output Stability: BIBO stability, relation between BIBO stability and Lyapunov stability, small gain theorem. Special Topics: topological methods (Poincare-Bendixon theorem, index theory, Brockett's theorem), centre manifold theory, Poincare normal forms, methods of averaging and singular perturbations, existence and stability of periodic solutions, chaos.

Texts / References

M. Vidyasagar, Nonlinear Systems Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. S. Sastry, Nonlinear Systems: Analysis, Stability and Control, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. H. K. Khalil, Nonlinear Systems, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996. V. I.Arnold, Ordinary Differential Equations,The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1973.

14

AE 621 Inelasticity Theory 2 1 0 6

Pre-requisite: AE 209/CE201/ME201/MM203

Inelastic behavior in materials: an introduction; Thermodynamics of inelastic materials: governing balance laws and state variable, entropy and the equation of state, free energy and the rate of dissipation; elastoplastic beams: modeling of a thermoelastoplastic beam, formulation of the solution strategy, statically underminate problems/general beam problems; introduction to small deformation plasticity: Rigid-plasticity model, elasto-plasticity model, hardening and the plastic arc length, finding the response of the material; the boundary value problem for plasticity: the governing equations: 3-D case, compatibility equations, plane problems: plane strain and plane stress, Airy’s stress function and the equations of compatibility, boundary conditions for the stress function, numerical solution; numerical solutions of boundary value problems. Texts / References

A Khan and S. Huang, Continnum Theory of Plasticiy, Wiley-Interscience, 1995 J Lubliner, Plasticity Theory, Macmillan Publications 1990 Arun R. Srinivasa and Sivakumar M. Srinivasan, Inelasticity of Materials,Series on advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences, World Scientific, 2009 Juan C Simo and Thomas J.R. Hughes, Computational Inelasticity, Springer, 1998.

AE 623 Computing of Turbulent Flows 3 0 0 6

Basics fluid dynamic process: Convection, viscous diffusion, dissipation, heat conduction, conservation equations, tensor form, constitutive relations; Turbulent flows: examples, comparison with laminar flows mean properties and fluctuations, co-relations between fluctuations; Direct numerical simulation: grid resolution for a range of length scales, DNS result for turbulent statistics, DNS data used for model evaluation; Large eddy simulation: filtered conservation equations, subgrid scale stresses, SGS models, computational requirement; Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes simulation: temporal, spatial and ensemble averaging, Reynolds averaged conservation equations, flow processes: convection viscous diffusion, turbulent diffusion; Reynolds stress tensor: physical interpretation, closure problem, eddy viscosity model, non-linear models, model calibration; Turbulent kinetic energy: exact transport equation, modeled conservation equation, physical processes: production, dissipation, molecular and turbulent diffusion; Turbulent boundary layer: viscous sublayer, log layer and defect layer. Displacement and momentum thickness; Compressible free shear layers: convective March number, growth rate, compressibility corrections; Shock boundary layer interaction: turbulence amplification by shock, limitation of existing models shock unsteadiness effects, comparison with DNS, Applications: scramjet inlets, rocket nozzles, wing body junctions. Texts / References White FM Viscous Fluid flow, 3rd edition, McGrave Hill, 2006 Pope S.B., Turbulent flows, Cambridge University Press, 2000

15

Tennekes H. and Lumley J.L, A first course in turbulence, the MIT Press Cambridge, 1973 Smith A.J. and Dussauge J.P., Turbulent shear layers in supersonic flow, 2nd edition, Springer, 2006 Gatski T.B. and Bonet J.P. Compressibility, turbulence and high speed flows, Elsevier, 2009 AE 626 Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control 3-0-0-6 Prerequisite, if any: Nil 3-axis Spacecraft attitude dynamics and control: Attitude dynamics and stability of three-axis stabilized spacecraft; multi-body spacecraft with articulated antennas, sensors, and solar arrays; design of control system for three-axis stabilized spacecraft in orbit using reaction wheels, thrusters, magnets, single- and double-gimbaled control moment gyros; large-angle three-axis attitude maneuver controllers using reaction wheels and thrusters. Control of spinning spacecraft: Control of spin-axis attitude during ΔV-firing in transfer orbits and in operational orbits around the Earth; active nutation control; Rhumb-line maneuver of spinning spacecraft; Attitude control of bias momentum spacecraft using magnets and thrusters Dynamics and control of dual-spin spacecraft Precision pointing and tracking controllers: Controllers for tracking landmarks and moving objects for surveillance, and other satellites for crosslink communication; solar array controllers for tracking the Sun; determination of the array’s orientation with sun sensors; modeling of attitude dynamics of spacecraft with flexible solar arrays, its interaction with spacecraft dynamics and control systems. Attitude determination: Gyros, star trackers, sun sensors, and horizon sensors; attitude determination using TRIAD and QUEST (quaternion estimator) algorithms; sensors error characteristics, Kalman filtering for attitude estimation and covariance analysis. Note: The above techniques will be illustrated with the control of Indian communication and remote sensing satellites (Oceansat, Cartosat, Edusat, INSAT, telemedicine); Matlab and Simulink will be used to simulate the controllers.

Texts / References

1. Hughes, P.C., Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics, John Wiley, 1986. 2. Sidi, M.J., Spacecraft Dynamics and Control, Cambridge University Press, 1997 3. Kaplan, M.H., Modern Spacecraft Dynamics and Control, John Wiley, 1976 4. Agrawal, B., Design of Geosynchronous Spacecraft, Prentice Hall, 1986 5. Bryson, A.E., Control of Spacecraft and Aircraft, Princeton University Press, 1994 6. Wie, B., Space Vehicle Dynamics and Control, AIAA Education Series, 1998 7. Wertz, J. R., Spacecraft attitude determination and control, D. Reidel, 1978 8. Franklin, G.F., Powell, J.D., and Emami-Naeini, A., Feedback Control of Dynamic

Systems, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010 9. Dorf, R.C., and Bishop, R.H., Modern Control Systems, 12th ed., Prentice Hall, 2011 10. Maral, G., and Bousquet, M., Satellite Communications Systems, Fourth Edition, John

Wiley, 2006. 11. Technical papers by Landis Markley and others

Name of other Depts. to whom course is relevant: Systems and Control

16

AE 628 Aided Inertial Navigation of Flight Vehicles 3006

Prerequisite: Some knowledge of Matlab and C++ would help

This course deals with inertial navigation of flight vehicles such as airplanes, launch vehicles, interceptors, aided with external measurements and Kalman filtering. A summary of the course follows. Basic Principles of Strapdown inertial navigation: The underlying concepts of strapdown inertial navigation are explained with one- and two-dimensional simple examples. It is shown how the measurements of rotational and translational motions are fundamental to the operation of an inertial navigation system. Detailed navigation equations and strapdown attitude representations are developed. Gyros and Accelerometer Error Characteristics: The error characteristics of these instruments are discussed and formulated. Their determination through testing and calibration, and the algorithms for compensation of predictable errors are developed. Inertial Navigation System Alignment: Accurate determination of the initial position, velocity, attitude and rate of the navigation system is formulated. In-flight alignment for launching missiles from aircraft is discussed. Strapdown Navigation System Computation: Computation algorithms to process gyros and accelerometer measurements are developed. Generalized System Performance Analysis: Techniques for the analysis and assessment of the inertial navigation performance in the north, east, and vertical channels are considered. Equations are derived relating system performance to sources of errors. These equations are used to illustrate the propagation of aircraft and tactical missiles, strategic interceptors INS errors with time. Integrated Navigation Systems: For high navigation accuracy and low cost, inertial navigation systems are used in conjunction with other navigational aids and Kalman filters. Damping of the Schuler oscillations with Doppler radar; altimeter-aided INS vertical channel; horizontal ranging with distance-measuring equipment, omega, and LORAN (long-range navigation) are formulated and illustrated. A navigation system integrating a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver with an inertial navigation system is formulated and illustrated.

Matlab and C++ codes will be used to illustrate the course material. Texts/References:

1. Titteron, D.H., and Weston, J.L., Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology, Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 207, 2004

2. Kayton, M., and Fried, W.R., Avionics Navigation Systems, 2nd edition, John Wiley, 1997 3. Brown, R.G., and Hwang, P.Y.C., Introduction to Random Signals and Applied Kalman

Filtering, 3rd Edition, John Wiley, 1997

4. Grewal, M.S., Weill, L.R., and Andrews, A.P., Global Positioning Systems, Inertial

Navigation, and Integration, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, 2007

5. Rogers, R.M., Applied Mathematics in Integrated Navigation Systems, 3rd Edition, AIAA Education Series, 2007

6. Biezad, D.J., Integrated Navigation and Guidance Systems, AIAA Education Series, 1999

17

AE 629 Satellites Orbits: Models, Methods, and Applications 3006

Prerequisite: Some knowledge of Matlab and C++ would help

The course consists of three sections summarized below. As a prelude to the course, a historical review of the ISRO’s remote sensing, communication and other special purpose satellites, and launch vehicles evolved over the last five decades, their functions and services is presented. Section 1 deals with modeling of ideal motion of satellites around the Earth, their ground tracks, earth discs seen by the satellites, and determination of azimuth and elevation angles of ground antennas for tracking the satellites. Special purpose orbits such as sun-synchronous with repetitive ground tracks for remote sensing, geostationary and high-inclination high-eccentricity orbits for communication, and navigation satellites constellation such as Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) are presented. Interplanetary and lunar trajectories are formulated and illustrated with Chandrayan’s trajectory to the Moon. Section 2 presents models of forces and orbital perturbations due to non-spherical gravity of the Earth, gravitational attraction of the Sun and the Moon, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag. It is shown how the sun-synchronous and high-inclination high-eccentricity frozen orbits for communication in high-latitude countries arise from the non-spherical gravity perturbations. The Sun and the Moon orbital perturbations of geostationary satellites such as INSAT (Indian Communication Satellites) are formulated, stationkeeping strategies are devised, and the attendant fuel consumption over the lifetime of the satellite is estimated. Section 3 presents radar, laser, and the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite tracking systems and their observation models. Ground based radar measurement models of pointing angles, slant range, and range rate are developed. Doppler and GPS pseudorange measurements are formulated. Tropospheric and ionospheric media corrections are analyzed. For statistical determination of orbits from the measurements, the trajectory and measurement models are linearized and the extended Kalman filter formulation is developed. Three practical applications of the statistical model concerned with Indian satellites are presented: orbit determination error analysis of tracking system for geostationary communication satellites (INSATs); real-time orbit determination of low-altitude Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRSs) with GPS receivers; IRS orbit determination with an IRNSS geostationary satellite acting as a relay.

Matlab and C++ codes will be used to illustrate the course material.

Texts/References:

1. Montenbruck, O., and Gill, E., Satellite Orbits: Models, Methods,

Applications, Springer, 2000 2. Noton, M., Spacecraft Navigation and Guidance, Springer 1998 3. Tapley, B.D., Schutz, B.E., and Born, G.H., Statistical Orbit

Determination, Elsevier 2004 4. Chobotov, V., Orbital Mechanics, 3rd edition, AIAA Education Series, 2002 5. Vallado, D. A., Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications,

McGraw-Hill 1997

18

AE 639 Continuum Mechanics 2 1 0 6

Pre-requisite: MA105, MA106 Continuum Mechanics: an introduction; Mathematical preliminaries: Vector space, Index notations, Tensor algebra, tensor calculus; Kinematics: motion of a body; referential and spatial descriptions, the deformation gradient, stretch strain and rotation, spin circulation and vorticity, deformation of volume area, discussion on frames of reference; Basic thermo-mechanical principles: conservation of mass, surface tractions, body forces and stress tensor, conservation of linear and angular momentum, conservation of energy, clausius duehm inequality; Constitutive relations: principle of material objectivity,thermoelastic materials: isotropic, transversely isotropic and orthotropic, Inviscid fluid, viscous fluids, typical boundary value problems: bending of beams, torsion of a circular cylinder, fluid flow: poiseuille flow and Couette flow. Texts / References

Fung P.C. First course in continuum, mechanics, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1977 W. Michael Lai, David Rubin and Erhard Krempl, introduction to continuum mechanics, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1993 Morton E. Gurtin, introduction to continuum mechanics, Boston: Academic Press, 1981 A.J.M. Spencer, Ccontinuum mechanics, Courier Dover Publications, 2004. AE 641 Introduction to Navigation and Guidance 3 0 0 6 Prerequisite, if any: Nil Introduction: Fundamentals of Navigation, Historical Perspective and Stellar Navigation Concept Basic Navigation Strategies: Radio and Radar based Navigation Systems, Inertial Navigation System (INS) Modern Navigation Methods: Global Positioning System (GPS) based Navigational Aids, INS-GPS based Navigation and Other Specialized Navigation Systems, Comparison of the Various Navigational Aids, Case Studies on Navigation in Aircraft, Missiles, Launch Vehicles and Spacecraft. Concept of Guidance: Fundamentals of Guidance, Concepts of Intercept Geometry, Line of Sight and Collision Triangle Basic Guidance Strategies: Proportional Navigation & Guidance (PNG) and Determination of Miss Distance, Augmented PNG and its comparison with PNG. Advanced Guidance Methods: Command to LOS & Beam Rider Guidance, Pulsed and Lambert`s Guidance Special Topics: Tactical Vs. Strategic Considerations in Guidance, Impact of Noise on Guidance, Target maneuver and Evasion, Case Studies on Guidance Methods in Aircraft, Missiles, Launch Vehicles and Spacecraft. Texts / References

1. Anderson, E.W., 'The Principles of Navigation', Hollis & Carter, London, 1966. 2. Kayton, M., 'Navigation : Land, Sea, Air, Space', IEEE Press, 1990. 3. Parkinson, B.E. &Spilker, J. J., 'Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications', Vol.1, Progress In Aeronautics and Astronautics Series, Vol.163, AIAA Publication, 1996. 4. Zarchan, P., 'Tactical & Strategic Missile Guidance', Progress In Aeronautics and Astronautics Series Series, 3rd Ed., Vol. 176, AIAA Publication, 1997. 5. Biezad, D.J., 'Integrated Navigation and Guidance Systems', AIAA Education Series, AIAA Publication, 1999. 6. Farrell, J.L, 'Integrated Aircraft Navigation', Academic Press, 1976. 7. Misra, P. and Enge, P., 'Global Positioning System', 2nd Ed., Ganga-Jamuna Press, 2001.

19

AE 643 Durability and Reliability Analysis in Design 3 0 0 6

Fatigue and fracture considerations in design and lifing of components. Durability of materials and components at elevated temperatures. Material characterization for fatigue, fracture, creep-rupture and application of failure models in design. Wear aspect of mechanical design. Reliability consideration in design of components and systems. Introduction to probabilistic design methodology. Strength based and time dependent reliability evaluation. Texts / References

Bannantine J.A., Comer J.J., Handrock J.L., Fundamentals of Metal Fatigue Analysis, Prentice Hall Inc. 1990 Rao S.S. , Reliability Based Design, McGraw Hill Inc., 1992 A. Mubeen, Machine Design, Khanna Publishers, 1998

AE-647 Introduction to plasmas for engineering 3006

Pre-requisite: AE214 - Thermodynamics, AE216 - Fluid Mechanics Introduction, Background, Plasma definition, parameters, Collisions, Quasi-neutrality, Debye-shielding, Magnetization, Generation of plasmas Review of Thermodynamics and Electrodynamics: Continuum, Phase space & Configuration space, Kinetic& Fluid equations, Collisions, Transport Coefficients, Temperature, Specific Heat, Entropy, Behaviour of gases at high temperatures, Ionization (collisions/external fields), Maxwell Equations, Lorentz Force, Charged particle drifts under EM fields, collisions, mean free path Plasma Fluid Theory: Governing Equations, Partially ionized gases, Plasma sheath/Plasma material boundary, Modelling for computations Ideal MHD: Magnetic tension and pressure, Equilibrium, Flux freezing, Waves, Shocks, Plasma thrusters Non-ideal MHD: Resistivity, Ohm's Law, Internal & External flows: Duct/Channel flows and Boundary layers, Plasma actuators for flow control Space Plasmas: Stellar plasma, Solar wind and Earth's outer atmosphere, Solar weather and spacecrafts Texts/References:

1. Piel, Alexander, “Plasma physics”, Springer, 1st Edition, 2010 2. Sutton, George W., and Sherman, Arthur, “Engineering Magnetohydrodynamics”,

Dover Publications, 2006 3. Kivelson, Margaret G., and Russell, Christopher T. (Ed.),“Introduction to Space

Physics”, Cambridge University Press,1997

Name of other Departments to whom the course is relevant: Engineering Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear Engineering and Physics.

20

AE 651 Aerodynamic Design of Compressors and Turbines 3 0 0 6

Axial Flow Compressor: Work done, Pressure-rise, Losses and efficiency, The blade shape, stagger and solidity; Incidence and deviation angles; Transonic/Supersonic blades - shock structures; Blade design on a meridional plane; Vortex Laws - radial distribution; Blade element method of design of stage; Characteristic plots; Multistaging and Matching of stages. Centrifugal Compressor: Flow pattern in Impellers; work done, losses and efficiency; Slip factor and degree of reaction; Design choices for impeller vanes: Backward, Forward curved and Radial; Vaned / Vaneless Diffuser, Axial Flow Turbine: Work extraction; Loading limits, Stator and Rotor - subsonic and supersonic profiles; Reaction and radial variation; Blade cooling techniques; Blade element method of design of stage; Radial Flow Turbine: Work done in impeller; Loading - temperature limits; Losses and efficiency. Texts / References

N.A. Cumpsty, Compressor Aerodynamics, 1989 J.H. Horlock, Axial Flow Turbine, 1968 Gas Turbine Engine Design: (with Video Cassette) - ASME/IGTI, 1989

AE 656 Aviation Fuels and their Combustion 3 0 0 6

Introduction, Various fuels, solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, Aviation fuels requirements and specifications. Chemical thermo dynamics, Laws of thermodynamics applied to reacting systems. Equilibrium composition, Adiabatic flame temperature.Chemical kinetics, Reaction rates, Gas phase reactions, Surface reactions. Combustion : Premixed and diffusion flames, Laminar and turbulent flames, Flame velocities, Flame propagation theories, Diffusion flame, Droplet Combustion. Application to gas turbine combustor and rocket engine. Texts / References

K.K. Kuo, Principles of Combustion, Wiley International, 1986. S.P. Sharma and C. Mohan, Fuels and Combustion, Tata McGraw Hill, 1984. F.A. Williams, Combustion Theory, John Wiley, 1965 A.G. Gaydon and Wolthart, Flames, Chapman Hall, 1979 AE 658 Design of Powerplants for Aircraft 3 0 0 6

Prerequisite : AE 605 Preliminary cycle optimization. Design requirements and specifications. Matching of powerplant components. Propellers : elements of propellers, representative blade element theory, vortex theory, momentum theory, propeller characteristics, performance graphs, propeller design criteria. Propo-fans. Intakes, Various intake configurations, intake design criteria, intake flow analysis. Exhaust nozzles, various nozzle configurations, Convergent - Divergent nozzles, Critical, supercritical and Subcritical operations, variable geometry nozzle, vectored thrust nozzle, future propulsion systems for passenger aircraft and military aircraft. Powerplant component testing, engine testing and performance evaluation.

21

Texts / References : D.O. Dommasch, S.S.Sherby and T.L.Connolly ; 'Airplane Aerodynamics', Pitman 1967 J Seddon, E.L.Goldsmith, 'Intake Aerodynamics', Collins, 1985 J Chauvin, 'Supersonic Turboject Propulsion Systems and Components', AGARDO Graph-120, 1969 AE-664 Lighter Than Air Systems 3006

Prerequisite: Nil Introduction to LTA Systems, Historical Perspectives, Principles of Aerostatics, Airship Structures and Envelope Materials, Propulsion, Aerodynamics and Stability analysis of airships, Determination of baseline specifications of airships, Ground handling of Airships, Case studies on airship operations, Design and development of remotely controlled airships, Introduction to Aerostats, Methodology for Aerostat Sizing, Equilibrium and Stability analysis of aerostats, Aerostat envelope shape optimization, Unconventional Aerostats, Applications of Aerostats, Hybrid LTA systems, Stratospheric Airships, Current trends and recent developments Texts / References :

1)Pant, R.S., Course Material for Design and Development of LTA systems, Curriculum Development Program, IIT Bombay, 2010.

2)Khoury, G., Ed., Airship Technology, 2nd Edition, Cambridge Aerospace Series, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107019706, 2012.

AE 673 Fiber Reinforced Composites 3 0 0 6

Polymer matrix composites in aerospace structures. Fibers and polymeric matrix materials. Fabrication processes. Introduction to anisotropic elasticity. Unidirectional composites. Micromechanics Interfaces and interphases in polymer composites. Laminates and lamination theory. Damage characteristics of laminated composites. Delamination in composites. Interlaminar stresses and free edge effects. Hygrothermal stresses in composites Short fiber composites. Experimental characterization of composites. Introduction to metal matrix, ceramic matrix and carbon-carbon composites. Laminated plates under lateral load. Transverse shear effects.

Texts / References

R.F. Gibson, Principles of Composite Material Mechanics, McGraw- Hill, 1994. I.M. Daniel and O. Ishai, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Oxford University Press, 1994. G. Lubin, Handbook of Composites, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982. AE 676 Elastic Analysis of Plates and Laminates 3 0 0 6

Assumptions of Love-Kirchoff thin plate theory, governing equation and boundary conditions of thin plates; Rectangular plates with various boundary conditions; Navier's and Levy's

22

solutions; Bending of circular and annular plates. Plates under combined action of lateral and in-plane loads. Classical laminated plate theory for anisotropic laminated plates.

Texts / References

S.P. Timoshenko and S. Woinowsky-Krieger, Theory of Plates and Shells Second Edition, McGraw-Hill. AE 678 Aeroelasticity 3 0 0 6

Pre-requisite AE 715 Introduction to static and dynamic aeroelastic phenomena. Divergence of a lifting surface, two-dimensional and three-dimensional analysis. Analysis of divergence, aeroelastic loads of tapered and swept wings. Loss and reversal of control two and three dimensional analysis. Assumed modes and matrix formulations. Aeroelastic efficiency and flexible aerodynamic derivatives. Fundamentals of flutter analysis. Quasi-steady and unsteady aerodynamic forces on airfoils. Two-dimension and three-dimensional flutter analysis - modal formulation, generalised unsteady airloads. Flutter of tapered and swept cantilever wings. Flutter computation methods. Buffeting and stall flutter. Galloping and Vortex-induced vibrations of structures. Aeroelastic testing techniques. Texts / References

Y.C. Fung, An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity, Dover, 1969 B.L. Bisplinghoff, H. Ashley and R.L. Halfman, Aeroelasticity, Addison-Wesley, 1972. C.H. Scanlan and R. Rosenbaum, Aircraft Vibration Flutter, Dover, 1968. E.H. Dowell, A modern course in aeroelasticity, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994 AE 690 Control System Design Techniques 3 0 0 6

Prerequisite: AE 308 & AE 695 or Equivalent Introduction: Design problem definition, selection of design specifications and basic design objectives, review of PID controller and lag-lead design methodologies, linear state feedback control review. 2-DOF PID Controllers: Concept of PI-D and I-PD forms, two-loop and 2-DOF generalization of PID controllers, feed-forward control option, multi-loop structures, zero placement technique for 2-DOF PID design. Non-unity Feedback Control: Feedback path control concept, rate and acceleration feedback based design methodology, role of sensors and filters in feedback path. Optimal & Robust Classical Design: Performance parameter based optimal design solutions, integrated error based optimal controllers, concept of close loop robustness and sensitivity analysis, uncertainty models and Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) for robust design. Classical Control of Non-linear Systems: Types of non-linear behaviour and their classification, gain scheduled controllers, concept of describing function for modelling non-linear behaviour.

23

Discrete Domain Control Design: Discrete representation of signals and systems, concept of z – domain and z – transform, discrete system response attributes and control design strategies. State Estimators & Filters: State estimation in noisy environment, recursive least-squares filters, Kalman filter in continuous and discrete domains. Optimal & Robust State Feedback Control: The separation principle, Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG), optimal tracking control design, design for discrete time systems, H∞ norm based robust control design. Non-linear & MIMO Systems: Feedback linearization & non-linear dynamic inversion (NDI) based techniques, concept of MIMO control, eigenspace assignment technique for linear systems. Texts / References

1. D’azzo, J.J. & Houpius, C.H., ‘Feedback Control System Analysis & Synthesis’, 2nd

Ed., McGraw-Hill, NY, 1966. 2. Kwakernaak, H. and Sivan, R., ‘Linear Optimal Control Systems’, Wiley Interscience,

1972. 3. Friedland, B. ‘Control System Design: An Introduction to State-space Methods’,

McGraw-Hill, NY, 1986. 4. Wolovich, W.A., ‘Automatic Control Systems: Basic Analysis and Design’, Saunders

College Publishing, 1994. 5. D’azzo, J.J. & Houpius, C.H., ‘Linear Control System Analysis & Design:

Conventional and Modern’, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995. 6. Friedland, B., ‘Advanced Control System Design’, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996. 7. Zarchan, P. and Musoff, H., ‘Fundamentals of Kalman Filtering: A Practical Approach’,

2nd Ed., Progress in Aerospace Sciences Vol. 208, AIAA, 2005.

AE 695 State-space Methods for Flight Vehicles 3 0 0 6

Prerequisite: AE 230 or Equivalent

Introduction: Time domain representation of dynamical systems, basics of time response of higher order linear systems, algebraic perspective for dynamical system response. Vector Algebra: Vector spaces, concept of linear independence, basis vectors and dimension, linear transformations. Solution Spaces: solution of linear algebraic systems, concept of kernel and image spaces, concept of eigenvalues, eigenvectors and eigenspace. System Forms: Diagonal and Jordan forms, characteristic equation, operator form of linear dynamical systems, analytic functions of square matrices and Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Basics of State-space: Dynamical system response in a vector space, representation of linear dynamical systems in the state-space, various canonical forms. System Solution Space: Concept of fundamental matrix and state transition matrix, solution of homogeneous and non-homogeneous systems, evaluation of matrix exponential. Stability Analysis: Energy based stability hypothesis, Lyapunov’s theorem of stability, concept of phase plane and state-trajectory based stability analysis. Control Concepts: Controllability of dynamical systems, regulator problem and full state feedback control structure, pole placement design technique, tracking control structures, optimal control system using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), output feedback control concept. State Observers: Concept of observability and its role in control, full and reduced order observers, observer controllers.

24

Texts / References

1. Ogata, K., ‘State Space Analysis of Control Systems’, Prentice Hall, USA, 1967. 2. Kailath, T., ‘Linear Systems’, Englewood Cliff: Prentice Hall, 1980. 3. Friedland, B. ‘Control System Design: An Introduction to State-space Methods’, McGraw-Hill,New York, 1986. 4. Blakelock, J.H., ‘Automatic Control of Aircraft & Missiles’, 2nd Ed., 1991. 5. Bryson, A.E., ‘Control of Spacecraft and Aircraft’, Princeton University Press, 1994. 6. D’azzo, J.J. & Houpis, C.H., ‘Linear Control System Analysis & Design: Conventional and Modern’, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995. 7. Etkin, B., ‘Dynamics of Flight: Stability and Control’, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1996. 8. Ogata, K., ‘Modern Control Engineering’, 5th Ed., Prentice Hall India, 2010.

AE 702 Advanced Flight Dynamics 3 0 0 6

Introduction to nonlinear dynamics, bifurcation theory and continuation methods. Problem of inertia coupling in rapid rolls and its solution. Flight dynamics at high angles of attack, Normal and Large-amplitude wing rock. Wing rock of delta wings, Topological methods. Nonlinear dynamics of missiles and projectiles, Roll lock-in, Catastrophic yaw. Texts / References

Hancock, G.L., An Introduction to the Flight Dynamics of Rigid Airplanes, Ellis Horwood, 1995. AE 705 Introduction to Flight 2 1 0 6

Nomenclature of aircraft components. Standard atmosphere. Basic aerodynamics: Streamlines, steady fluid motion, incompressible flow, Bernoulli's equation, Mach number, Pressure and airspeed measurement, Boundary layer, Reynolds number, Laminar and Turbulent flow. Airfoils and Wings: Pressure coefficient and lift calculation, Critical Mach number, Wave drag, Finite wings, Induced drag, Swept wings, Aircraft Performance: Steady level flight, Altitude effects, Absolute ceiling, Steady climbing flight, Energy methods, Range and Endurance, Sustained level turn, Pull-up, V-n diagram, Take off and landing. Longitudinal static stability and control, Neutral point. Texts / References

Anderson, J.D., Introduction to Flight, McGraw Hill 1989. Hale, J.F., Introduction to Aircraft Performance, Selection and Design, John Wiley, 1984. Barnard, R.H., and Philpot, D.R., Aircraft Flight, Longman, 1989.

AE 706 Computational Fluid Dynamics 2 1 0 6

Basic equations of fluid dynamics and levels of approximation. Mathematical nature of the flow equations and their boundary conditions. Grids and transformations. Basic discretization techniques applied to model equations and system of equations: finite difference, finite volume and finite element methods. Analysis of numerical schemes: concept of consistency, stability and convergence. Error and stability analysis. Some applications.

25

Texts / References

Hirsch, C., Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Vol. I, John Wiley, 1990. Anderson, J.D., Computional Fluid Dynamics, McGraw Hill, 1995. Anderson, D.A., Tannehill, J.C., and Pletcher, R.H.,Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 1984.


Potential flow, Circulation and lift generation, Kutta condition. Thin airfoil theory, Source, Vortex and doublet panel methods. Subsonic compressible flow over airfoils, Prandtl- Glauert Compressibility correction. Supersonic flow over airfoils, Ackeret Theory. Oblique shocks and expansion waves, shock expansion method. Potential flow over finite wings, lifting-line theory, Vortex lattice method. Supersonic flow over finite wings, subsonic / supersonic leading edge. Linearized theory, Supersonic vortex lattice method. Slender Body Theory: Introduction to Transonic flows, Conical flows, Hypersonic flow and high-temperature flows. Texts / References

J.D. Anderson, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, McGraw Hill, 1991. J.J. Bertin & M.C. Smith, Aerodynamics for Engineers, Prentice Hall, 1989. A.M. Kuethe & C. Chow, Foundations of Aerodynamics, John Wiley, 1986. H. Ashley & M.T. Landahl, Aerodynamics of Wings and Bodies, Addison Wesley, 1965.

AE 708 Aerospace Propulsion 2 1 0 6 Introduction, Various propulsive devices used for aerospace applications, Classifications of rockets: Electrical, Nuclear and Chemical rockets, Applications of rockets. Nozzle design: Flow through nozzle, Real nozzle, Equilibrium and frozen flow, Adaptive and non adaptive nozzles, Thrust vector controls, Rocket performance parameters. Solid propellant rockets, Grain compositions, Design of Grain. Liquid propellant rockets, Injector design, cooling systems, Feed Systems: Pressure feed and turbo-pump feed system. Heat transfer problems in rocket engines. Texts / References

G.C. Oates, Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket Propulsion, AIAA, 1988.ŠM. Barrere et al, Rocket Propulsion, Elsevier, London, 1956. S.P. Sutton, Rocket Propulsion Elements, John Wiley, 1954

AE 709 Aerospace Structures 2 1 0 6

Thin-walled stiffened structures in aerospace vehicles, basic components and assemblages. General formulation for thin-walled beams. Bending and torsion of thin-walled beams of arbitrary closed and open cross-sections, shear flow and shear center calculations for general

26

cross-sections, warpless cross-sections. Bending and torsion of multi-cell thin-walled beams - warping, shear flow and shear centre, stresses in thin walled beams of variable depth, effect of taper. Effect of warp restraint in thin-walled beams, axial constraint stresses, effect of warp restraint in open section beams. Buckling of thin walled beams, torsional instability, introduction to the instability of flat sheets, local buckling of composite shapes, buckling of stiffened sheets, effective width concept, design charts and formulae. Diagonal tension and semi-tension field beams. Texts / References T.H.G. Megson, "Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students", 2nd ed. Edward Arnold, London, 1990. E.F. Bruhn, "Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures", Tri-State Offset Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1965. D.Williams, "Introduction to the Theory of Aircraft Structures", Edward Arnold, London, 1960. B.E. Gatewood, "Virtual Principles in Aircraft Structures",Vol.1 & 2, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1989.

AE 711 Aircraft Propulsion 2 1 0 6

Introduction to various aircraft propulsive devices: Piston-prop, Turbo-prop,Turbojet, Turbofan, Turboshaft, Ramjet,Vectored- thrust, Lift engines. Gas Turbine Cycles and cycle based performance analysis; 1-D and 2-D analyis of flow through gas turbine components - Intake, Compressors, Turbines, Combustion Chamber, Afterburner, and Nozzle. Compressor and Turbine blade shapes ; cascade theory; radial equilibrium theory ; matching of compressor and Turbine. Turbine cooling. Single spool and Multi- spool engines. Powerplant performance with varying speed and altitude. Texts / References

Cohen,Rogers, and Saravanamuttoo, Gas Turbine Theory, Longman, 1987. G.C (r) Oates, Aerothermodynamics of Aircraft Engine Components, AIAA, 1985. AE 712 Flight Dynamics and Control 3 0 0 6

Prerequisites: AE 717 (or AE 305), AE 775 (or AE 308), AE 690, AE 695 Note: Students need background covered in all the above courses. Requirements can be waived in exceptional cases. Background deemed to have been acquired as a benchmark. Registration to be permitted only with instructor’s consent.

Course Content: Introduction. Review of aircraft flight dynamics, nonlinear / linearized equations of motion and various longitudinal and lateral modes, salient features of the open loop dynamic response to standard flight control inputs, effects of high roll rates, inertia cross-coupling and structural flexibility on aircraft flight dynamics, human pilot dynamic modelling, dynamic equations for a round earth, aerodynamic effects of rotational and unsteady motion, flight at high angles of attack.

27

Aircraft missions. Flight envelope as a mission statement, effect of flight conditions on linearized aircraft dynamic models, flying (or handling) quality requirements and the design objectives for the flight control systems. Classical control systems. Stability augmentation systems, longitudinal and lateral autopilots e.g. displacement autopilot, pitch attitude controller, altitude and glide path hold controllers including instrument landing system, speed hold autopilot, yaw damper and roll control systems, automatic flare controller using model following, dutch roll damping augmentation, turn compensation & automatic lateral beam guidance system, gust response alleviation system. State – space based control systems. Eigen structure assignment based longitudinal pitch controller, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based lateral control systems, normal acceleration based stability augmentation system, LQR based pitch rate controller, yaw orientation controller incorporating servo dynamics, design of lateral autopilots under physical constraints, Controllers for noisy & uncertain aircraft dynamics. Robust pitch rate controllers to handle wind gust and unmodelled dynamics, Kalman filter based angle of attack estimation under gust noise, linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) and loop transfer recovery (LTR) based lateral controllers, digital implementation of pitch rate controller, actuator saturation and anti-windup controller. Case studies. Typical control law designs for civilian, military and unmanned aircraft. Texts / References

1. McLean, D., ‘Automatic Flight Control Systems’, Prentice Hall, 1990. 2. Blakelok, J.H., ‘Automatic Control of Aircraft and Missiles’, Wiley- Interscience, 1991. 3. Stevens, B.L. and Lewis, F.L, ‘Aircraft Control and Simulation’, John Wiley, 1992. 4. Hancock, G.L., ‘An Introduction to the Flight Dynamics of Rigid Airplanes’, Ellis Horwood, 1995. 5. Etkin, B. and Reid, L.D., ‘Dynamics of Flight – Stability and Control’, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 1996. 6. Nelson, R.C., ‘Flight Stability and Automatic Control’, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, 1998. 7. Zipfel, P.H., Modeling and Simulation of Aerospace Vehicle Dynamics, AIAA Education Series, 2000 8. Stengel, R.S., ‘Flight Dynamics’, Princeton University Press, 2004; Overseas Press, New Delhi, 2009.

AE 713 Spaceflight Dynamics 3 0 0 6 Prerequisite: Nil Introduction: Space missions and role of launch vehicles and spacecraft, Historical Perspective. Ascent Mission: Ascent mission objectives, mathematical models governing ascent mission, rectilinear and gravity turn ascent trajectories, effect of aerodynamic drag and gravity on ascent mission performance. Multi-stage Launch Vehicles: Concept of multi-staging, staging solution sensitivity analysis, series and parallel staging configurations, optimal staging solutions. Launch Vehicle Attitude Motion: Short period attitude motion models, nature of attitude response to atmospheric disturbances. Basic Orbital Solution: Two-body Problem solution, Keppler`s laws & equation, classical orbital elements, orbit determination from initial conditions, position and velocity prediction

28

from orbital elements, different types of orbits, perturbation due to earth oblateness and solar radiation pressure, non-Keplerian formulation and restricted 3-body problem, sphere of activity & Roche’ limit. Satellite Operations: Orbit raising manoeuvre, Hohmann and low thrust transfer manoeuvres, orbit inclination change maneuver, orbit perigee change manoeuvre, launch to orbit and docking manoeuvres, launch window concept. Spacecraft Motion: Interplanetary motion basics, departure and arrival solutions, planetary transfers, gravity assist trajectories. Descent Mission: Orbit decay solution, concept of re-entry mission, ballistic and other reentry mechanisms. Spacecraft Attitude Motion: Torque-free motion models, effect of energy dissipation on stability of rotational motion, overview of actuation mechanisms for attitude control. Texts / References

1. Cornelisse, J.W., Schoyer, H.F.R. and Wakker, K.F., ‘Rocket Propulsion and Spaceflight Dynamics’, Pitman, London, 1979. 2. Thompson, W. T., ‘Introduction to Space Dynamics’, Dover Publications, New York, 1986. 3. Pisacane, V.L. and Moore, R.C., ‘Fundamentals of Space Systems’, Oxford University Press, 1994. 4. Wiesel, W. E., ‘Spaceflight Dynamics’, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997. 5. Wie, B., ‘Space Vehicle Dynamics and Control’, AIAA Education Series, 1998. 6. Meyers, R.X., ‘Elements of Space Technology for Aerospace Engineers’, Academic Press, 1999.

AE 714 Aircraft Design 2 1 0 6

Types of Aerial vehicles, their basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, limitations. Product/system design process. Formulation of problem-objective function, constraints. Solutions. Aircraft project phases. Configuration: Types and comparison of Wing, Tail, Fuselage, Landing Gear, Wing-Tail combinations, Powerplant (types, numbers, locations). Estimation of C, Field length, Allowable CG range, Thrust vs speed and Altitude for propeller and Jet. Estimation of Preliminary weight, Acquisition cost. Operating cost. Rubber Engine Sizing: Fixed engine sizing: Detailed weights, detailed geometry, etc. Detailed design: V-n diagram, design loads, structural layout. Introduction to advanced concepts in aircraft design. Texts / References

D.P. Raymer, Aircraft Design - A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series, 1990. E. Torenbeek, Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design, Delft University Press, 1977. AE 715 Structural Dynamics 2 1 0 6

Elements of analytical dynamics, generalised coordinates, Principle of Virtual Work, Hamilton's principle, Lagrange's equations, applications. Discrete systems with multiple degrees of freedom, elastic and inertia coupling, natural frequencies and modes, free vibration response, orthogonality of natural modes, modal

29

analysis, forced vibration response, special and general cases of damping, matrix formulations, solution of the eigen value problem. Vibration of continuous systems, differential equations and boundary conditions, longitudinal, flexural and torsional vibrations of one-dimensional structures, approximate methods-Ritz series, assumed modes, Galerkin and integral formulations, vibration analysis of simplified aircraft and launch vehicle structures, structural damping, free and forced response of continous systems, modal truncation. Special formulations for large systems. Texts / References

L.Meirovitch, "Elements of Vibration Analysis", 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1988 W.Weaver, S.P.Timoshenko and D.H. Young, Vibration Problems in Engineering, 5th ed., John-Wiley & Sons, 1990. L.Meirovitch, Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics, Sitjhoff & Noordhoff, 1980 R.W. Clough and Joseph Penzien, Dynamics of Structures, McGraw-Hill, 1975. R.L.Bisplinghoff, H. Ashley and R.L. Halfman, Aeroelasticity, Addison-Wesley, 1965.

AE 717 Aircraft Flight Dynamics 3 0 0 6

Prerequisite: AE 705 Frames of reference. Inertial frame, body frame. Definitions of α and β. Wind axes. Notation and sign convention for forces, moments and motion variables. Non-dimensional parameters – stability derivatives. Control surfaces and control derivatives. Dynamic derivatives. Equations of motion of rigid body. Euler angles & Quaternion’s. Aircraft dynamics. Equations in wind axes. Aerodynamic, propulsive, gravity forces and moments for an aircraft. 12th non-linear ODEs. 9th order ODEs with decoupling of ψ and X, Y. 8th order ODEs with decoupling of Z for small excursions in Z (change in ρ neglected). Simulations. Trim analysis – given equilibrium states determine control input and vice-versa. Stability analysis. Linearization with respect to equilibrium. Decoupling into 4th order Longitudinal and 4th order Lateral / Directional dynamics. Longitudinal dynamics. Mode shapes. Short period and phugoid –frequency and damping, time to double/half. Lateral / Directional dynamics. Mode shapes. Dutch roll, roll subsidence & spiral mode –frequency and damping, time to double/half. Effect of winds. Gust response. Texts / References

1. Roskam, J., ‘Flight Dynamics of Rigid and Elastic Airplanes’, University of Kansas Press, 1972. 2. Etkin, B., ‘Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight’, John Wiley, 1972. 3. Stevens, B.L. and Lewis, F.L, ‘Aircraft Control and Simulation’, John Wiley, 1992. 4. Etkin, B. and Reid, L.D., ‘Dynamics of Flight – Stability and Control’, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 1996. 5. Nelson, R.C., ‘Flight Stability and Automatic Control’, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, 1998. 6. Stengel, R.S., ‘Flight Dynamics’, Princeton University Press, 2004; Overseas Press, New Delhi, 2009.

30

AE 719 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics 3 0 0 6

Formulations of Euler equations. Discretization methods for Euler equations. High resolution schemes and TVD. Properties of Navier-Stokes equations. Discretization of NS equations. Boundary conditions. Convergence acceleration techniques.

Texts / References

Hirsch, C., Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, John Wiley, 1990. Leveque, R.J., Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws, Birkhauser Verlag, 1990. Anderson, D.A., Tannehill, J.C. and Pletcher, R.H., Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 1984. AE 722 Grid Generation for Computational Mechanics 3 0 0 6

Structured Grid, Methods of generating structured grids, Multiblock Strategies and Interface Treatment and their merits and demerits, Unstructured Grids, Merits/Demerit over structured grids, Methods of Unstructured Grid Generation Use of Background Meshes, Adaptive Grids, Grid quality and Dynamic griding, Auto Blocking Techniques, CAGD Techniques in Grid Generation, Grid Generation Software, Applications of Unstructured and Hybrid Grids and Multi Block Structured Grids. Texts/ References

P.L. George, Automatic mesh generation applications to finite element methods, John Wiley, 1991.

AE 724 Experimental Methods in Fluid Mechanics 3 0 0 6

Physical laws of Fluid Mechanics, Similarity analysis, inviscid incompressible flows, inviscid compressible flows, Viscous flows, Various measurable quantities. Flow facilities: Various types of Wind Tunnels, Water Tunnels, Towing Tank. Measurement of mean and fluctuating pressures: Various types of probes, Manometers, Transducers. Measurement of Temperature: Thermocouples, Measurement of Velocity: Mean velocity, Turbulence, Hot Wire Anemometer, LDV, PIV. Measurement of Skin Friction: Balance, Preston Tube; Unsteady Flow Measurements: Conditional sampling technique for periodic flows. Calibration: Primary calibrators and traceability. Data analysis: Precision, accuracy, error.

Texts/ References

R.J. Goldstom (ed.), Fluid Mechanics Measurements, Hemisphere Publishing, 1983. AE 725 Air Transportation 3 0 0 6

Historical development and nature of Civil Aviation. Aviation organisations and their functions. Air-Transport regulations.

31

The Airline industry. Airline economics and planning; Operating costs and revenue; Fleet planning and route development; Aircraft operations and performance. Aircraft Systems. Introduction to ATC and Avionics, Aircraft characteristics related to Airport Design, Airport Layout and Configuration, Geometric design of the airfield, Airport Costing and Financing, Cost-benefit analysis of Airport development. Impact of Airline deregulation on the airline industry. Air-transport in developing countries, Modern trends and current issues in Air transportation. Texts / References

Naval Taneja, Introduction to Civil Aviation , 2nd ed. Lexington Books, 1988. William E.O' Conner, An Introduction to Airline Economics, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1995 R. Wilkinson, Aircraft Structures and Systems, Addison Wesley Longman, 1996 Robert Horonjeff and Francis, X. McKelvey Planning and Design of Airports , 4th ed. McGraw Hill, 1994. Norman Ashford, Clifton Moore, Airport Finance , Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992. George Williams, The Airline Industry and the impact of Deregulation, 2nd edition, Avebury Aviation, 1994.

AE 726 Heat Transfer - Aerospace Applications 3 0 0 6

Introduction, Modes of Heat transfer and basic equations. Conduction: Simple steady and unsteady conduction, applications. Convection: Natural and forced convection, applications. Radiation : Stefan - Boltzmann Law, Planck's law, Absorptivity, Emmissivity shape factor, applications. Aerospace applications: Turbine blade cooling, Disk cooling, Combustion Chamber Cooling, Rocket Engine cooling systems - regeneratively cooled, dump cooling, ablotion cooling, Radiation shield. Texts / References J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 7th Edition, 1992 S.P. Sukhatme, A Textbook on Heat Transfer, Orient Longman, 1979. AE 727 Aircraft Structural Mechanics Lab 0 0 4 4

Experimental studies based on Aerospace structures courses. AE 728 Aircraft Production Technology 3 0 0 6

Special features of aircraft production. Aircraft assembly techniques.Design and manufacture of tooling. Assembly jigs and fixtures. Master tooling. Assembly of riveted, welded and adhesive bonded sub-assemblies. Detachable joints. Installation processes. Assembly of aircraft sections and units.Equipping and final assembly. Inspection and testing. Coordination of master, manufacturing and assembly tooling.Plastics for tooling. Fabrication and assembly of polymer composite structures. Machining, joining and repair of composites.

32

Process modeling and optimization. Quality and reliability of an aircraft. Estimating and planning of production. CAD/CAM. Texts / References

S.C. Keshu and K.K. Ganapathi, Aircraft Production, Interline Publishing, 1993. F.L. Mathews (ed), Joining Fiber Reinforced Plastics, Elsevier, 1987. M.M. Schwartz (ed), Composite Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1992.

AE 730 Experimental Methods in Structural Dynamics 3 0 0 6

Basics of vibration measurements - Terminology and parameters, types of vibration and its quantification, basic considerations in experimentation. Vibration measurement equipment and signal analysers - types of transducers, signal conditioning, measuring techniques and instruments, frequency analysis - DFT and FFT, digital signal processing considerations. Experimental modal analysis - mathematical models, FRF and its forms, modal analysis theory, experimental methods, excitation techniques, single and multiple exciter techniques, shaker systems, modal parameter extraction techniques, SDOF and MDOF methods in frequency and time domain. Automatic force appropriation techniques. Ground resonance testing of Aircraft. Introduction to aircraft servo-elastic testing.

Texts / References

Harris C.M., "Shock and Vibration Handbook", 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, N.Y., 1988. Ewins D.J., "Modal Testing: Theory and Practice", John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1984. AE 732 Composite Structures Analysis and Design 3 0 0 6

Prerequisite: AE 673 or Equivalent Thermomechanical behavior of polymer composites. Micromechanical modeling of continuous fiber composites. Interlaminar response of laminated composites. Fracture and fracture mechanics of composites Notched composites. Damage tolerance. Design for improved fracture resistance, impact resistance and fatigue resistance of polymer composites. Processing science and fabrication technology of polymer composites. Process modeling and optimization. Machining joining and repair of composites. Ablation. Environmental degradation of composites. Damping. 2D and 3D textile structural composites. Hybrid composites. Composites in aerospace applications Carbon-carbon composites. Composites as intelligent materials and structures. Texts / References

B.Z. Jang, Advanced Polymer Composites, ASM International, 1994. G. Eckold, Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures, Woodhead, 1994. Engineered Materials Handbook - Vol. 1, Composites, ASM International, 1989.

33

AE 736 Advanced Aeroelasticity 3 0 0 6

Basic equations of motion of unsteady potential flow, small perturbation linearised theory. Boundary conditions and addition al physical considerations. Solution methodology, Accelerated flows. Unsteady lift and moments on oscillating two-dimensional thin airfoil and slender wing in incompressible flow and supersonic flow, Piston Theory. Introduction to unsteady lifting surface theory. Divergence of swept, tapered wings. Aeroelastic loads and Aeroelastic efficiency computations. Flutter of wings. Modal formulation and assumed modes approaches. Generalised aerodynamic forces and modal unsteady airloads. Flutter Solution methods. Transient motion of airfoils - Fourier superposition, Wagner and Kussner functions and gust response. Time domain modeling of modal unsteady aerodynamic forces. Subcritical response of wings. Exposure to practical aeroelastic analysis. Introduction to aero-servo-elastic modeling of aircraft. Texts / References

R.L.Bisplinghoff, H. Ashley and R.L. Halfman, Aeroelasticity,Addison-Wesley, Massachusetts, 1955. Y.C. Fung, An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1955 R.L.Bisplinghoff and H. Ashley, Principles of Aeroelasticity, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 1962 E.H. Dowell, H.C. Curtiss, R.H. Scanlan and F. Sisto, A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity, Sijthroff & Noordoff, Netherlands,1978. AE 755 Optimization for Engineering Design 3 0 0 6

Engineering design process. Problem formulation in design; Constraints; Objective function. Constrained and unconstrained optimization problems; Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality; Kuhn-Tucker conditions; Post-optimality analysis. Numerical methods for unconstrained and constrained nonlinear optimizations; Direct search methods; Steepest descent; Conjugate gradient (Fletcher Reeves); Newton's, DFP & BFGS method; Random walk; Simulated Annealing; Genetic Algorithms; Penalty function approaches; Method of Lagrange multipliers. Introduction to multi criteria optimization (MCO); Decision variables; Integrated problem formulation; Pareto optimum and Min-Max optima; Solution methods based on function scalarisation. Introduction to Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO); Definition; Examples; Decomposition; Approximations and System sensitivity analysis in MDO. Exposure to single level, concurrent subspace and collaborative optimization methods; System and discipline level functions and intercommunication.

Texts / References

Arora, J.S., Introduction to Optimum Design , McGraw-Hill, 1989. Rao, S.S., Engineering Optimisation - Theory and Applications , New Age International, New Delhi, 1998. Deb, K., Optimisation for Engineering Design: Algorithms and Examples ,Prentice-Hall India, 1995. Osyczka, Multicriterion Optimization in Engineering , John Wiley & Sons, 1984. Goldberg D.E., Genetic algorithms in Search, Optimisation and Machine Learning , Addison Wesley, 1989.

34

Van Laarhoven, P.J.M., and Aarts, E.H.L., Simulated Annealing: Theory and Applications , Kluwer Academic Publication, Reidel, Dordecht, 1987 (ISBN 90-277-2573-6). Research papers in MDO (AIAA papers)

AE 770 Classical Dynamics 3 0 0 6

Lagrangian Mechanics, Constrained Systems, Variational Methods, Lagrange Multipliers, Linear Oscillators, Central Force Systems, Noether's Theorem, Hamiltonian Dynamics, Canonical Transformations, Action-Angle Variables, Rotating Coordinates, Rigid Bodies, Small Vibrations. Texts/References:

Hand, L. M. and Finch, J. D., Analytical Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 1998. Barger V. D., and Olsson M. G., Classical Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1995. Greenwood, D. T., Classical Dynamics, Prentice Hall, India, 1990. AE 771 Matrix Computations 3 0 0 6

Systems of linear equations, Cholesky decomposition, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition, pivoting, sensitivity of linear systems, Condition numbers, round-off errors, Ill-conditioned matrices. Orthogonal matrices, least-squares problem, Gram-Schmidt method. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, QR algorithm, Hessenberg and tridiagonal forms, Invariant subspaces, Symmetric eigenvalue problem, singular value decomposition. Texts / References

Watkins, D S , Fundamentals of Matrix Computations, John Wiley, 1991. Golub, G H and Van Loan, C F, Matrix Computations, 2nd ed. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1989 Stewart G W., Introduction to Matrix Computations, Academic Press, 1973.

AE 773 Applied Mechatronics 2 0 2 6

Pre-requisite : Basic course in Electronics or Instrumentation Review of basic electronic devices - diodes, transistors, operational amplifiers and their various forms. Digital electronic components and their applications - Flip-flops, registers, counters, switches, triggers, timers etc. Data acquisition - Sample and hold circuit, digital - analog, analog-digital converters. Introduction to micro-controllers and their usage with specific project Sensors (conventional / MEMS) - Potentiometers, encoders, accelerometers, angular rate sensors, load-cells, pressure - transducers, GPS, heading, Actuators - DC motor, stepper motor, servo motor, relays. Hands on experience with above referred devices / components. Group project on mechatronics system integration using sensors, actuators and specific board.

35

Texts / References

Histand & Aciatore , “ Introduction to mechatronics and measurement systems” , McGraw Hill Publications, 1999. Bradley, Dawson & Loader, “Mechatronics - Electronics in products and processes “, Chapman Hall, 1994. Paul Horowitz, “ The art of electronics”, Winfield Hill, Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 1989.

AE 774 Special Topics in Aerodynamics and CFD 3 0 0 6

Pre-requisite : Consent of Course Co-ordinator This course will cover special and advanced topics in aerodynamics and CFD. The course will typically consist of 2 or 3 modules taught by one or more instructors. Exact topics and coverage will depend on availability of instructors and background of students, and will be intimated in advance. The topics will be in the areas of Turbulence and turbulence modeling, Bluff body and vortex dominated flows, High speed and hypersonic flows, Advanced computational methods, Flow dynamics, stability and control, Industrial fluid mechanics, Aero acoustics and noise control.

AE 779 Optimization of Multidisciplinary Systems 3 0 0 6

Introduction to Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) - need and importance, conceptual elements, examples. Coupled systems - analyser vs. evaluator, decomposition, system and discipline level design variables and constraints. Classification of MDO problem formulations - single vs. bi-level optimisation, nested analysis and design vs. simultaneous analysis and design. System and discipline level functions and intercommunication. MDO architectures based on these concepts. Concurrent subspace optimisation, collaborative optimisation and BLISS. Sensitivity analysis in MDO, global sensitivity equations, automatic differentiation, complex variable and adjoint methods. Approximation concepts and surrogate modeling, first and second order approximations, design of experiments and response surface methodology, krigging, design and analysis of computer experiments, multi-fidelity multi-point approximations. Software and IT issues in MDO - MDO frameworks. Texts/References

Hajela P. and Vanderplaats G.N., “Optimal Design in Multi-disciplinary Systems”, Notes of the three day professional course on Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization held at ADA, Bangalore, Jan. 5-7, 2001, CASDE Library, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, IIT Bombay. Khuri A.I. and Cornell J.A. “Response Surfaces - Design and Analyses, Second Edition, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1996. Montgomery D.C. “Design and Analysis of Experiments”, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. Selected AIAA Papers.

36

AE 780 Computational Heat Transfer 3 0 0 6

Introduction, Governing equations for fluid flow and heat transfer. Solution to Partial Differential Equations - application to conduction, convection. Incompressible and compressible flow simulation, Laminar and Turbulent flows, Flow with chemical reactions.

Texts / References

Patankar S.V. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow , Hemisphere Pub. Co., 1981 Hirsch, C. Numerical Computation of Internal and external flow, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 1990. AE 782 Flow Control 3 0 0 6

Pre-requisite : Basic knowledge of Fluid Mechanics . Introduction to flow control, history of flow control, governing equations, equations of motion at the wall, control goals, classification of flow control methods, active, passive and reactive flow control, wall bounded and free shear flows, coherent structures, control methods for laminar and turbulent flows, Reynolds number effects, transition control, compliant coatings, free-surface waves, flow separation, steady and unsteady separation, mechanics, characteristics and effects of flow separation, detection of flow separation, prevention and delay of separation, provocation of separation, control of flow separation by active and passive means, vortex generators and vortex generator jets, low-Reynolds number aerodynamics, separation bubble, drag reduction, drag reduction in automobiles, relaminarization, noise reduction, passive noise control, compliant coatings, jet noise, turbomachinery blades, secondary flows and its control, synthetic jets, microelectro-mechanical systems in flow control, emerging trends in flow control. Texts/ References : 1. Gad-el-Hak, M., “Flow Control”, Cambridge University Press, 2000 2. Chang, P.K. “Control of Flow Separation” , Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1976 3. Lachmann G.V., Boundary Layer and Flow Control, Volumes 1 & 2 ~ T, Pergamon Press,

1961.

AE-645 Complexity in Aerospace Systems 3006

Prerequisite: Registration with instructor’s approval Largeness based complexity: View of systems as aggregation of homogenous elements; Useful Metrics and Models, Air traffic networks; Agent based models, swarm flying of Mini-Aerial Vehicles; System architectures, Motifs as patterns; System models with non-homogenous elements. Nonlinearity based complexity: Multiple equilibria, periodic and chaotic attractors, basins of attractions, bifurcations; Case studies in Aerospace- Jump in Y-shaped ducts, wing rock as limit cycles, spin, and other non-linear phenomena in aerospace. Model order reduction.

37

Uncertainty based complexity: Deterministic view and myth of precise realization of intended design, operation in precise environment. Sources of uncertainty. Classification & Characterization of uncertainty - epistemic and aleatory. Propagation of uncertainty. Design under uncertainty, robust design, reliability based design. Uncertainty in sensing/measurements, consolidation of information from multiple sources. Texts/References:

1. John H. Miller, Scott E. Page, 'Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life', Princeton University Press, 2007.

2. Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, 'Linked: How Everything is Connected to Everything Else and What it Means for Business and Everyday Life', Plume Books, 2003.

3. Strogatz, S.H., ‘Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos’, Perseus Books, 1994. 4. Thompson, J.M.T. and Stewart, H.B.,‘Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos’, 2nd Ed, John-

Wiley & Sons, 2002. 5. Wen Yao, Xiaoqian Chen, Wencai Luo, Michelvan Tooren and Jian Guo, ‘Review of

Uncertainty-based Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Methods for Aerospace Vehicles’, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 47, pp. 450–479, 2011

AE 792 Communication Skills 0 2 0 4

Prerequisite – Nil

Comprehension – Reading of journal papers, technical reports, Ph.D. theses and Demonstration of critical understanding of the concepts described; Literature survey of an area and reporting of the state-of-the-art in that area, along with identification of gaps. Articulation – Written Technical report writing using formal styles, sequencing of ideas. Articulation – Oral Expression of the technical contents with clarity and brevity, participation in formal/informal discussions on technical matters; Role of slides, presentation style, sequencing of sub-ideas for coherent presentations; Other Issues – Professional ethics & the issues related to plagiarism in documents & research publications, including international practices; Various standards for citing & quoting from literature including referencing styles; gender issues, workplace relationships; Patents. Texts/References:

1. Booth, W C, Colomb, G G and Williams J M, ‘The Craft of Research (Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing), Univ. of Chicago Press, 2008 2. Monippally, M M, Pawar B S, ‘Academic Writing: A Guide for Management Students and Researchers’, Response Books, 2010 3. Alley, M, ‘The Craft of Scientific Presentations’, Springer 2003.

Documents

Bulletin PG 2014-2