Business Communication - Introduction to small business short notes O/Level

8/2/2019 Business Communication - Introduction to small business short notes O/Level

1/18

Ot}mke ]jkrv @kvd} z,

9 q X i c d

Ot}l`d}}> L`vrkftmvlk` vk ]eiaa Ot}l`d}}

VKXLM 9.9 ]xkvvl`c i ot}l`d}} kxxkrvt`lv|

9 Ot}l`d}}

L` vjd TB vjdrd ird kwdr 6 elaalk` ot}l`d}}d}. Vjl} l} ioktv k`d ot}l`d}} gkr dwdr| 9= xdkxad alwl`c l`

vjd mkt`vr|. Ei`| `ds ot}l`d}}d} ird mrdivdf dwdr| |dir otv kà| i wdr| gds }trwlwd}. Ek}v

ot}l`d}} ird }ilf vk mak}d fks` l` vjrdd |dir i`f i gds slaa dzl}v igvdr glwd |dir}.

Sjiv l} vjd xtrxk}d kg i }eiaa ot}l`d}}; Ot}l`d}}d} dzl}v vk eibd ckkf} i`f }drwlmd}.

Ot}l`d}}d} eibd ckkf} i`f }drwlmd}. Vjd| fk vjl} o| ot|l`c rd}ktrmd} }tmj i} ris eivdrlia}! aioktr

i`f eimjl`d} i`f vjd` t}l`c vjde vk eibd xrkftmv}.

]txxaldr} I ot}l`d}} sjlmj }daa}+ }txxald} xrkftmv} vk i`kvjdr ot}l`d}}.

Mt}vkedr} I xdr}k`+ krci`l}ivlk` sjlmj ot|} kr l} }txxaldf slvj i xrkftmv o| i ot}l`d}}.

Mk`}tedr} Vjd xdr}k` sjk tavleivda| t}d}+ mk`}ted} i xrkftmv.

Sjiv l} i eirbdv; I eirbdv l} sjdrd ot|dr} i`f }daadr} eddv vk dzmji`cd ckkf} i`f }drwlmd}.

Lg |kt si`v vk }virv i ot}l`d}} vjdrd ird }dwdria vjl`c} |kt }jktaf vjl`b ioktv! albd>

\kt jiwd }xkv i ot}l`d}} kxxkrvt`lv| Vjdrd si} glì`md vk vjl`b ioktv Sjiv sktaf |kt jiwd vk ot| vk cdv vjd ot}l`d}} tx i`f rt``l`c; Vjdrd sdrd vjd adcia i}xdmv} vk vjl`b ioktv.

Lg i ot}l`d}} l} `kv eibl`c d`ktcj xrkglv lv l} ekrd albda| vjiv vjd ot}l`d}} slaa mak}d fks`.

? T`fdr}vi`fl`c mt}vkedr `ddf}

Sjiv ird mt}vkedr `ddf}; Vjd}d ird vjd si`v} i`f fd}lrd} kg ot|dr} kg i xrkftmv kr vjd mt}vkedr}

i ot}l`d}}.

Mk`wd`ld`v akmivlk`

_di}kìoad xrlmd

Ckkf ri`cd

Ckkf ytialv|

B`ksadfcdioad i`f grld`fa| mt}vkedr }drwlmd

Sjiv l} eirbdv rd}dirmj; Vjl} l} vjd xrkmd}} kg cil`l`c l`gkreivlk` ioktv vjd mt}vkedr}!

mkexdvlvkr} i`f eirbdv vrd`f} vjrktcj mkaadmvl`c xrleir| i`f }dmk`fir| fivi.

Xrleir| _d}dirmj Vjl} l} ia}k b`ks` i} gldaf rd}dirmj. Vjl} l`wkawd} vjd mkaadmvlk`

kg xrleir| fivi l`gkreivlk` sjlmj `k k`d da}d ji} mkaadmvdf.

z, ]trwd|} I}bl`c rd}xk`fd`v} *xdkxad sjk rdxa| vk ytd}vlk`} i}bdf, ytd}vlk`}. I

al}v kg ytd}vlk`} i}bdf l} miaadf i ytd}vlk`ìlrd.

z, I gkmt} crktx Vjl} l} i }eiaa crktx kg xdkxad. Vjd| ird miaadf kwdr vk mked i`f

viab vkcdvjdr ioktv i xrkftmv kr lfdi. Vjd rd}dirmjdr rdmkrf} vjd rd}xk`}d}.

z, Ko}drwivlk` Akkbl`c i`f rdmkrfl`c jks xdkxad kr ot}l`d}}d} odjiwd.

z, Dzxdrled`v} Otlafl`c i xrkvkv|xd vk }dd vjd rdimvlk` vk vjd xrkftmv.


2/18


? q X i c d

]dmk`fir| _d}dirmj Vjl} l} ia}k b`ks` i} fd}b rd}dirmj. Vjl} l`wkawd} vjd

mkaadmvlk` kg l`gkreivlk` sjlmj l} iardif| iwilaioad okvj grke slvjl` i` dzl}vl`c

ot}l`d}} i`f grke ktv}lfd.

z, Vdadxjk`d flrdmvkr|

z, L`vdr`dv

z, Akmia `ds}xixdrz, Eirbdv rdxkrv}

Ytialvivlwd fivi L`gkreivlk` ioktv kxl`lk`}! ntfcded`v} i`f ivvlvtfd}.

Yti`vlvivlwd fivi fivi vjiv mi` od dzxrd}}df i} `teodr} i`f mi` od }vivl}vlmiaa| iìa|}df.

= Eirbdv Eixxl`c

Iìa|}l`c vjd mt}vkedr > Sjk vjd xkvd`vlia mt}vkedr} elcjv od;

Sjiv }krv kg xrkftmv} vjd| sktaf albd vk ot|;

Sjiv }krv kg xrlmd} vjd mt}vkedr} ird rdif| vk xi| gkr i xrkftmv;

Sjd` vjd| sktaf si`v vk t}d vjd }drwlmd} kg vjd ot}l`d}};Jks ei`| vled} vjd mt}vkedr} sktaf t}d vjd ot}l`d}};

Sjdvjdr |kt mi` lfd`vlg| ot|l`c jiolv} kg xkvd`vlia mt}vkedr};

Sjiv l} i eirbdv }dced`v; Vjl} l} i xirv kg i eirbdv vjiv mk`vil`} i crktx kg ot|dr} slvj }lelair

ot|l`c jiolv}! }tmj i}>

Icd Mjlafrd`! vdd`}

Cd`fdr eiad kr gdeiad

L`mked Aks! elffad! jlcj l`mked

Irdi ìvlkìa mkexi`|! mt}vkedr} l` ]mkvai`f

Dvj`lmlv| Sjlvd! Mjl`d}d! I}li`_dalclkt} crktx} Ndsl}j! et}ale

]kmlk%dmk`kelm crktx skrbl`c mai}}! elffad mai}}! txxdr mai}}

Xrlmd }d`}lvlwd Vjl} l} sjd` vjd xrlmd l} wdr| lexkrvi`v l` vjd fdml}lk` ioktv sjdvjdr kr `kv vk ot|.

Sjiv l} i eirbdv eix; Vjl} l} ia}k b`ks` i} i xdrmdxvtia eix kr i xk}lvlk`l`c eix. Vjl} l} i

flicrie vjiv }jks} vjd ri`cd kg xk}}load xk}lvlk`} gkr vsk gdivtrd} kg i xrkftmv! }tmj i} aks xrlmd

i`f aks ytialv|.

Flicrie k` xicd 9:

Sjiv ird eirbdv cix}; Vjl} kmmtr} sjd` `k ot}l`d}} l} mtrrd`va| }drwl`c vjd `ddf} kg i mt}vkedr

gkr i xirvlmtair xrkftmv.


3/18


= q X i c d

6 Mkexdvlvlk`

Lg |kt ird xai``l`c k` }virvl`c tx i `ds ot}l`d}} |kt `ddf vk gl`f ktv ekrd ioktv |kt mkexdvlvkr}!

vjdlr }vrd`cvj} i`f sdib`d}}d}. Vjl} l} sjd` |kt }jktaf iìa|}d |kt mkexdvlvlk`. Vjd}d ird i gds

mrlvdrli} k` jks vk ntfcd |ktr xkvd`vlia mkexdvlvlk`>

5U Xrkftmv ri`cd Vjl} l} i crktx kg }lelair xrkftmv} eifd o| i ot}l`d}}! albd i `teodr kg flggdrd`v

}kix xksfdr.

5U Ytialv|

5U Fd}lc`

5U ]daal`c dzxdrld`md

5U Igvdr }iad} }drwlmd

5U Xrlmd

5U Ori`f*ori`f i ìedf xrkftmv sjlmj mt}vkedr} }dd i} odl`c flggdrd`v grke kvjdr xrkftmv}

i`f sjlmj vjd| mi` i}}kmlivd kr lfd`vlg| slvj.

* ori`f leicd vjd lfdi+lexrd}}lk` vjiv mt}vkedr} jiwd l` vjdlr el`f ioktv vjd ori`f,5U ]txxaldr}

4 Iffdf wiatd

Sjiv l} iffdf wiatd; Vjl} l} vjd l`mrdi}df skrvj vjiv i ot}l`d}} mrdivd} grke i xrkftmv.* Vjd

flggdrd`md odvsdd` vjd vkvia wiatd kg }iad} i`f sjiv lv ji} vk xi| gkr lv} }txxaldr}.

]ktrmd} kg iffdf wiatd>

R5 Ytialv|

R5 Fd}lc` i`f gkretai

R5 Mk`wd`ld`mdR5 ]xddf i`f ytialv| kg }drwlmd

R5 Ori`fl`c

R5 T`lytd }daal`c xkl`v *T]X, Vjl} l} i mjirimvdrl}vlm kg vjd xrkftmv vjiv eibd} lv flggdrd`v grke

kvjdr }lelair xrkftmv} odl`c }kaf l` vjd eirbdv }tmj i} fd}lc`! ytialv| kr leicd.

Sj| l} iffdf wiatd lexkrvi`v gkr ot}l`d}}d}; Dwdr| ot}l`d}} et}v iff wiatd vk }trwlwd i`f od

}tmmd}}gta. Vjd jlcjdr vjd iffdf wiatd vjd ekrd albda| vjd ot}l`d}} slaa }trwlwd! crks i`f od

}tmmd}}gta l` ak`c vdre.

7 Gri`mjl}l`c

Sjiv l} i gri`mjl}d; Vjl} l} vjd rlcjv clwd` o| k`d ot}l`d}} vk i`kvjdr vk }daa ckkf} kr }drwlmd} t}l`c

lv} ìed.

Sjk l} i gri`mjl}kr; Vjl} l} vjd ot}l`d}} vjiv clwd} gri`mjl}dd} vjd rlcjv vk }daa lv} xrkftmv}! l` rdvtr`

gkr i glzdf }te kg ek`d| kr i rk|iav| xi|ed`v.

Sjk l} i gri`mjl}dd; Vjl} l} vjd ot}l`d}} vjiv icrdd} vk ei`tgimvtrd! fl}vrlotvd kr xrkwlfd i ori`fdf

xrkftmv! t`fdr almd`md o| i gri`mjl}kr.


4/18


6 q X i c d

Sjiv ird vjd od`dglv} kg i gri`mjl}d;

Vjdrd ird mdrvil` ifwi`vicd} vk }ked ot}l`d}}d} kg t}l`c i gri`mjl}d i} vjd edi`} kg }virvl`c tx i

ot}l`d}}.

Vril`l`c Gri`mjl}dd} t}tiaa| rdmdlwd} vril`l`c grke vjd gri`mjl}kr.

Dytlxed`v Ek}v gri`mjl}d} xrkwlfd dytlxed`v vk d`vrdxrd`dtr} i} xirv kg vjd vkvia ximbicd.

Eivdrlia} vk t}d l` vjd xrkftmv kg i ckkf kr }drwlmd Gri`mjl}kr} v|xlmiaa| }daa vjdlr gri`mjl}dd}}ked kr iaa kg vjd eivdrlia t}df l` xrkftmvlk`.

Gl`fl`c mt}vkedr} Gri`mjl}kr} jdax `ds ks`dr} vjrktcj ìvlkìa ifwdrvl}l`c. Vjd| ia}k xrkwlfd

xtoalmlv| eivdrlia} }tmj i} xk}vdr}. Vjd ori`f ìed kg vjd ot}l`d}} slaa ia}k jdax vjd `ds ks`dr.

Oimb tx }drwlmd Vjd gri`mjl}d ximbicd l`matfd} ei`| oimb tx }drwlmd} }tmj i} aki`} i`f

l`}tri`md mkwdr.

Ori`f ìed Vjd `ds ks`dr fkd} `kv jiwd vk skrr| ioktv vjd ori`f ìed }l`md vjd ot}l`d}} l}

iardif| i` dzxi`fdf k`d i`f mt}vkedr} ird jlcja| isird kg vjd ot}l`d}}.

Dzmat}lwd irdi @ds gri`mjl}d kxdrivlk`} ird clwd` i` dzmat}lwd irdi grke sjlmj vk fris

mt}vkedr}. Vjl} edi`} vjd gri`mjl}d} ird `kv flrdmv mkexdvlvlk` slvj dimj kvjdr.

Sjiv ird vjd mk}v} vk vjd gri`mjl}dd; Vjd iwdricd iekt`v kg ek`d| `ddfdf vk }virv tx i gri`mjl}d l} irkt`f ?48!888 immkrfl`c vk vjd

Orlvl}j I}}kmlivlk`.

Gri`mjl}kr} mjircd i glzdf }te iv vjd }virv kg vjd gri`mjl}d icrdded`v vk mkwdr vjd mk}v} kg

}virvl`c tx i `ds ori`mj.

Vjd| mjircd i gdd kr rk|iav|.

Vjd| ia}k mjircd jlcj xrlmd} kg vjd xrkftmv} vjd| }daa vk vjd gri`mjl}dd! eibl`c i xrkglv k` vjl}.

Ifwi`vicd} gkr vjd gri`mjl}dd

]virvl`c tx |ktr ks` ot}l`d}} l} wdr| rl}b|. ]virvl`c tx i gri`mjl}d rdftmd} vjk}d rl}b}.

5U Vjd gri`mjl}kr }jktaf }dadmv xdkxad grke vjk}d sjk si`v vk ot| i gri`mjl}d. Vjl} dalelìvdf

xdkxad sjk ird t`}tlvioad gkr vjd ot}l`d}}.5U Vjd gri`mjl}kr }dv} ktv iv vjd }virv jks etmj ek`d| vjd gri`mjl}dd `ddf} vk xtv l`vk vjd

ot}l`d}}.

5U Vjd gri`mjl}d gkretai ji} iardif| odd` vd}vdf i`f ji} odd` }tmmd}}gta.

5U Gri`mjl}kr xrkwlfd} k`%ckl`c }txxkrv i`f mi` jdax vjd gri`mjl}dd vk }krv ktv i`| xrkoade} }tmj

i} ytialv| mk`vrka i`f viz xrkoade}.

Fl}ifwi`vicd} gkr vjd gri`mjl}dd

5R Vjd l`lvlia l`wd}ved`v mi` od wdr| jlcj i`f ei| `kv od iggkrfioad.

5R Vjd gri`mjl}dd mi``kv }daa vjd ot}l`d}} slvjktv vjd xdrel}}lk` kg vjd gri`mjl}kr. Vjl} alelv} vjd

grddfke kg vjd ks`dr.

5R Vjd gri`mjl}kr mi` d`f vjd gri`mjl}d icrdded`v slvjktv jiwl`c vk clwd i`| rdi}k` kr xi| i`|

mkexd`}ivlk`.

5R ]ked gri`mjl}d} ird }tmmd}}gta vji` kvjdr} }k lv l} lexkrvi`v vk mjkk}d vjd rlcjv ot}l`d}}.

Akmivlk`

Akmivlk` l} wdr| lexkrvi`v vk vjd }tmmd}} kg i`| ot}l`d}}. Vjd akmivlk` kg vjd ot}l`d}} slaa fdxd`f

k` sjiv bl`f kg vjd ot}l`d}} lv l}. Lv l} lexkrvi`v vjiv i ot}l`d}} l} }dv tx iv i }tlvioad akmivlk`.


5/18


4 q X i c d

VKXLM 9.? ]JKSL@C D@VD_X_L]D

3 Sjiv l} d`vdrxrl}d;

Sjiv l} d`vdrxrl}d; Lv l} vjd slaal`c`d}} o| i` l`flwlftia kr i ot}l`d}} vk vibd rl}b}! }jks l`lvlivlwd

i`f t`fdrvibd `ds wd`vtrd}.

Sjk l} i` d`vrdxrd`dtr; I xdr}k` sjk ks`} i`f rt`} vjdlr ks` ot}l`d}} i`f vibd} rl}b}.

D`vdrxrl}d} ird i`kvjdr `ied gkr ot}l`d}}d}.

: Vjl`bl`c mrdivlwda|

Vjl`bl`c mrdivlwda| kr mrdivlwd vjl`bl`c l} mkel`c tx slvj `ds i`f t`lytd lfdi}. Fdwdakxl`c i

t`lytd lfdi mi` clwd i `ds ot}l`d}} i mkexdvlvlwd ifwi`vicd *ifwi`vicd i ot}l`d}} ji} vjiv d`ioad}

lv vk xdrgkre odvvdr vji` lv} rlwia} l` vjd eirbdv,

Dziexad} kg mkexdvlvlwd ifwi`vicd}>

5U Jiwd i odvvdr xrkftmv vji` kvjdr ot}l`d}}d}

5U Jiwd i odvvdr si| kg xrkftml`c sjiv l} eibd} vk aksdr mk}v} kr gkr odvvdr ytialv|

5U Clwd lv} mt}vkedr} odvvdr }drwlmd

5U Od odvvdr vji` lv} rlwia} iv }daal`c lv} xrkftmv} vk mt}vkedr}

5U Mked tx slvj i` lfdi kr xrkftmv vjiv l} t`lytd

5U T}d }ked vdmj`kakc| kr vdmj`lytd vjiv eibd} lv xrkftmv kr }drwlmd t`lytd

Fdalodrivd mrdivlwlv| l} t}l`c i ri`cd kg vdmj`lytd} vk }vletaivd vjl`bl`c i`f vjd xrkftmvlk` kg `ds

lfdi}.

_L]B VIBL@C)))

]JKSL@C L@LVLIVLWD)))Vjl} edi`} eibl`c vjd

glr}v ekwd i`f eibl`c

vjl`c} jixxd`.

SLAAL@C@D]] VK T@FD_VIBD @DS

WD@VT_D])))

]virvl`c }kedvjl`c `ds b`ksl`c lv

slaa od ekrd }tmmd}}gta.


6/18


7 q X i c d

Aivdria vjl`bl`c l} ioktv xrkftml`c lfdi} vjiv xdkxad sktaf `kv mked tx slvj ftrl`c vjdlr `kreia

fi|%vkfi| alwd}. Lv l} ioktv mrdivl`c `ds i`f t`dzxdmvdf lfdi}. Lv l} ia}k fd}mrlodf i} vjl`bl`c

ktv}lfd vjd okz.

Oatd }bld} vjl`bl`c l} i vdmj`lytd kg mrdivlwd vjl`bl`c sjdrd xirvlmlxi`v} ird d`mktricdf vk vjl`b kg

i} ei`| lfdi} i} xk}}load ioktv i` l}}td kr i xrkoade. * }virv slvj i` lfdi kr i` kondmv kr iytd}vlk`,

Sjiv ird ]lz vjl`bl`c jiv};

Oatd }bld} vjl`bl`c l`wkawd} xtvvl`c iaa lfdi} fks` k` xixdr. ]lz vjl`bl`c jiv} l` i vdmj`lytd vjiv

jdax} krci`l}d i`f gkmt} vjk}d lfdi}.

Sjlvd Jiv vjl`bl`c ioktv gimv}. Sjiv ird vjd gimv} ioktv vjd xrkoade kr l}}td; _df Jiv vjl`bl`c ioktv dekvlk`} i`f ctv gddal`c}. Dzmlvded`v i`f ctv gddal`c} vjiv

ot}l`d}}d} elcjv `ks albd vjdlr lfdi+xrkftmv.

Oaimb Jiv vjl`bl`c ioktv vjd xrkoade} i`f flgglmtavld}. Akkbl`c iv vjl`c} xd}}lel}vlmiaa| ivsjiv mi` ck srk`c.

\daaks Jiv vjl`bcl` ioktv vjd xk}lvlwd i}xdmv}. Akkbl`c iv vjl`c} kxvlel}vlmiaa| iv sjivmi` ck rlcjv;

Crdd` Jiv mrdivlwd vjl`bl`c. Lv l} ioktv aivdria vjl`bl`c.Lg vjdrd l} i xrkoade jks mi` |ktcdv irkt`f;

Oatd JivVjl`bl`c l} vjl`bl`c ioktv vjl`bl`c. Glìaa| vjl`bl`c ioktv iaa vjd jiv} i`fmkel`c vk i mk`mat}lk` k` sjiv vk fk.

< Ytd}vlk`} vk od i}bdf

Lv l} lexkrvi`v gkr gtvtrd d`vrdxrd`dtr} vk i}b vjde}dawd} ytd}vlk`}. Ytd}vlk`} iaaks vjde vk }krv

ktv l}}td} i`f dzxakrd iavdrìvlwd}. Lv jdax} vk vjde vk cdv iv sjiv l} od}v gkr vjd ot}l`d}} i`f gkrvjde vk }dd sjiv }jktaf }vi| vjd }ied i`f sjiv }jktaf od mji`cdf.

SJ\;

Sj| fk L si`v vk eibd vjl} mji`cd; \kt }jktaf vjl`b mirdgtaa| ioktv sj| |kt ird fkl`c sjiv |kt

ird fkl`c.

SJ\ @KV;

Sj| `kv }dv tx e| ks` mir rd`via ot}l`d}}; Vjl`b kg kvjdr xk}}lolalvld}.

SJIV;

Sjiv fk |kt si`v vk fk; ! Sjiv ird |kt xi}}lkìvd ioktv;Sjd` }dvvl`c tx i `ds ot}l`d}} |kt

}jktaf b`ks sj| |kt ird fkl`c lv i`f sj| |kt mjk}d vjiv xirvlmtair ot}l`d}}.

JKS; SJD_D; SJD@;

Vjl} l} jks vk vtr` k`d} xi}}lk` l`vk i rdia ot}l`d}}.

Sjdrd slaa L eibd vjde i`f sjdrd slaa L }daa vjde;

Sjd` mktaf L }virv vjd ot}l`d}};

Jks fk L }dv tx i ot}l`d}};

Jks slaa L dir` i xrkglv grke vjd ot}l`d}};

Jks slaa L rd}dirmj e| eirbdv;


7/18


3 q X i c d

SJIV LG;

Sjiv lg e| ot}l`d}} ak}d} ek`d|;

Sjiv lg e| mt}vkedr} fk `kv albd e| xrkftmv;

Sjiv lg L giaa laa;

Sjiv slaa jixxd` lg vjd dmk`ke| }aks} fks`;

Igvdr i}bl`c iaa vjd}d ytd}vlk`} i` d`vrdxrd`dtr et}v eibd jl} fdml}lk`! sjdvjdr vk }virv tx jl}

ot}l`d}} kr `kv)

98 L`wd`vlk` i`f l``kwivlk`

Jks `ds ot}l`d}} lfdi} mked ioktv;

]ked ot}l`d}} lfdi} ird fdwdakxdf o| xdkxad sjk t}d i xrkftmv.

]ked ot}l`d}} lfdi} ird fdwdakxdf o| xdkxad sjk iardif| jiwd i ckkf t`fdr}vi`fl`c kg

vjdlr xrkftmv. Vjd| ei| skrb gkr i aircd mkexi`| otv fdwdakx i `ds lfdi kr vjdlr ks` i`f

}virv tx i }eiaa ot}l`d}}.

Ei`| ot}l`d}} lfdi} ird fdwdakxdf o| rd}dirmj fdxirved`v} l` edflte vk aircd mkexi`ld}.

Sjiv l} l`wd`vlk`; Vjl} l} vjd fl}mkwdr| kg xkvd`vlia `ds xrkftmv} i`f `ds si|} kg eibl`c

xrkftmv}.

Sjiv l} l``kwivlk`; Vjl} l} vjd xrkmd}} kg vri`}gkrel`c i` l`wd`vlk` l`vk i xrkftmv vjiv mt}vkedr}

slaa ot|.

_L]B l`wd`vlk`} i`f l``kwivlk`} ird wdr| rl}b|. Ei`| l`wd`vlk`} `dwdr cdv vk vjd xkl`v sjdrd i`

imvtia xrkftmv l} }kaf. L``kwivlk`} kgvd` adif vk gilatrd.

XIVD@V] vjl} l} vjd rlcjv kg ks`dr}jlx kg i` l`wd`vlk` kr xrkmd}} sjd` lv l} rdcl}vdrdf slvj vjdckwdr`ed`v.

MKX\_LCJV vjl} l} vjd adcia ks`dr}jlx kg eivdrlia *okkb}! ekwld}! glae}, sjlmj xrdwd`v} vjd}d

odl`c mkxldf o| kvjdr}.

V_IFDEI_B] vjl} l} vjd }|eoka! }lc`! kr kvjdr gdivtrd} *`ied kg i ot}l`d}}+xrkftmv, vjiv mi``kv

od mkxldf odmit}d lv l} xrkvdmvdf o| ais.

99 Vibl`c i miamtaivdf rl}b

Sjiv l} miamtaivdf rl}b; Vjl} l} vjd xrkoiolalv| kg i `dcivlwd dwd`v kmmtrrl`c.

Vjdrd ird rl}b} i`f rdsirf} kg i `ds ot}l`d}}. L` i ot}l`d}} xai` vjd d`vrdxrd`dtr et}v mirdgtaa|

sdlcj ktv vjd fks`}lfd} i} sdaa i} vjd tx}lfd} kg vjd ot}l`d}}.

Fks`}lfd fl}ifwi`vicd} kg i mktr}d kg imvlk`! l`matfl`c sjiv mi` ck srk`c

Tx}lfd ifwi`vicd} kg i mktr}d kg imvlk`! l`matfl`c sjiv mi` ck rlcjv

Eibl`c el}vibd}>

Dwd` vjktcj vjd ot}l`d}} si} }txxk}df vk od i }tmmd}} lv elcjv vtr` ktv vk od i vkvia gilatrd.


8/18


: q X i c d

9? Lexkrvi`v d`vdrxrl}d }blaa}

Vjdrd ird ei`| }blaa} `ddfdf gkr i` d`vrdxrd`dtr vk od }tmmd}}gta.

*EL@FEIX,

Eibl`c mk``dmvlk`} k`d vdmj`lytd vjiv l} kgvd` t}dgta sjd` xai``l`c! vjl`bl`c ijdif i`f }ddl`c

kxxkrvt`lvld} l} vk t}d el`f eix} *flicrie vjiv rdmkrf} skrf} i`f lfdi} vk vjd eil` skrf,. El`f

eix} ird }kedvled} t}df l` oatd }bld} vjl`bl`c }d}}lk`}. Vjl} mi` od jdaxgta l` cdvvl`c i` kwdrwlds

kg iaa vjd flggdrd`v vjl`c} vjiv ot}l`d}}d} jiwd vk vjl`b ioktv i`f vk }dd sjdrd mk``dmvlk`} mi` od

eifd.

VKXLM 9.= XTVVL@C I OT]L@D]] LFDI L@VK X_IMVLMD

9= Kondmvlwd} sjd` }virvl`c tx

Vjdrd ird glì`mlia kondmvlwd} i`f `k`%glì`mlia kondmvlwd}.

Sjiv ird glì`mlia kondmvlwd}; Vjd}d ird vircdv} dzxrd}}df l` ek`d| vdre} }tmj i} eibl`c i xrkglv!

dir`l`c l`mked kr otlafl`c sdiavj.

]trwlwia> Eibl`c }trd vjd ot}l`d}} fkd} `kv mak}d fks`. Xrkglv i`f l`mked> Skrbdr} ird ekrd ekvlwivdf slvj vjd| ird clwd`

l`mked} i`f sicd}.

Sdiavj> I }tmmd}}gta ot}l`d}} slaa dir` ekrd i`f odmked sdiavjldr. Glì`mlia }dmtrlv|> Ks`l`c i ot}l`d}} mirrld} rl}b}. Sjiv l} i`| ak}d}

ird eifd! mt}vkedr} ird ak}v; Vjdrdgkrd vjl} et}v od i ak`c vdrekondmvlwd.

]BLAA] @DDFDF GK_ I@

D@V_DX_D@DT_ VK OD

]TMMD]]GTA)))

DGGDMVLWD XAI@@L@C)))Vjl} l} wlvia gkr }tmmd}} kg i`| ot}l`d}}. Vjl}

slaa jdax vjd ot}l`d}} rt` dgglmld`va|. Xkkr

xai``l`c slaa adif vk flgglmtav|.

]DDL@C

KXXK_VT@LVLD])))

Vk cdv vjd eizlete ktv

kg }kedvjl`c. ]xkvvl`c gkr

ekrd si|} vk eibd i

odvvdr xrkglv.

VJL@BL@C IJDIF)))

Vjl`bl`c kg sjiv slaa

jixxd` l` vjd gtvtrd.

F_LWD I@F FDVD_EL@IVLK@)))

Frlwd` l` ot}l`d}}! odl`c wdr| ekvlwivdf.

Fdvdrelìvlk` l} lexkrvi`v mit}d vjdrd mi`

iasi|} od }dvoimb}. I` d`vrdxrd`dtr }jktaf od

fdvdrel`df vk }tmmddf.


9/18


< q X i c d

Sjiv ird `k`%glì`mlia kondmvlwd}; Vircdv} dzxrd}}df! `kv l` vdre} k` ek`d|.

Xdr}kìa }ivl}gimvlk`> Vjd ks`dr sktaf gdda xrktf i`f cdv i }d`}dkg imjldwded`v.

Mjiaad`cd> Xdkxad gl`f lv dzmlvl`c vk mjiaad`cd vjde}dawd} vk mrdivd i}tmmd}}gta ot}l`d}} ktv kg }mrivmj.

L`fdxd`fd`md i`f mk`vrka> \kt mi` od |ktr ks` ok}} i`f |kt ird l`mk`vrka kg sjiv l} jixxd`l`c. Vjdrd l} ekrd gadzlolalv|. Jdaxl`c kvjdr}> Mjirlv| skrb.

96 Vjd ytialvld} }jks` o| d`vrdxrd`dtr}

Sjiv ird vjd ytialvld} i` d`vrdxrd`dtr }jktaf jiwd;

94 D}vleivl`c rdwd`td}! mk}v} i`f xrkglv}

D}vleivl`c rdwd`td}>

Sjiv l} rdwd`td; Vjd iekt`v kg l`mked rdmdlwdf grke }daal`c ckkf} kr }drwlmd} kwdr i xdrlkf kg

vled. Ia}k b`ks` i} }iad} rdwd`td! vtr`kwdr kr }iad} vtr`kwdr.

Vk d}vleivd vkvia rdwd`td! |kt }jktaf xrdflmv>

Jks ei`| nko} |kt slaa fk * }iad} wkated% `teodr kg lvde}+ xrkftmv}+ }drwlmd} }kaf o| iot}l`d}} kwdr i xdrlkf kg vled,

Sjiv slaa od vjd iwdricd xrlmd vjiv mi` od mjircdf gkr dimj nkoVkvia _dwd`td 5 Xrlmd z Yti`vlv|

V 5 X z Y

Fdvdrelìvlk`> }jktaf od

ioad vk vibd mk`vrka kg

dwd`v}. Vjd ks`dr }jktaf

od mkeelvvdf vk sjiv jd

fkd}.

L`lvlivlwd> eibl`c vjd glr}v

ekwd. ]xkvvl`c kxxkrvt`lvld}

dira|. Odl`c xrk%imvlwd.

Vibl`c rl}b}> Vjd| jiwd vk od

rl}b vibdr}.

Eibl`c fdml}lk`}> Odl`c

}tmmd}}gta fdml}lk`

eibdr} edi`} odl`cckkf iv eibl`c

ntfced`v}.

Xai``l`c> rt``l`c i ot}l`d}} rdytlrd}

xai``l`c. Vjd| `ddf vk od }tmmd}}gta

xai``dr}! vjd| }jktaf b`ks sjiv vjd| si`v

vk fk slvj vjdlr ot}l`d}} i`f jiwd eixxdfktv jks vjd| mi` imjldwd vjk}d kondmvlwd}.

Xdr}ti}lk`> Ckkf d`vrdxrd`dtr} ird

ioad vk xdr}tifd kvjdr} vk fk sjiv

vjd| si`v vjde vk fk.

]jksl`c adifdr}jlx> vjd| }jktaf

jiwd ckkf adifdr}jlx }blaa}. Jiwl`c

i wl}lk`. Odl`c ckkf iv xai``l`c

i`f jiwl`c i clgv kg xdr}ti}lk`.

Atmb> Ot}l`d}}d} `ddf }ked

atmb vk fk sdaa.


10/18


98 q X i c d

D}vleivl`c mk}v}>

Sjiv ird glzdf mk}v}; Vjd}d ird mk}v} sjlmj fk `kv wir| slvj vjd adwda kg ktvxtv.

Sjiv ird wirlioad mk}v}; Vjd}d ird mk}v} sjlmj slaa wir| slvj vjd adwda kg ktvxtv.

Sjiv l} Vkvia mk}v; Iaa vjd mk}v} kg i ot}l`d}}K_

Vkvia mk}v} 5 Glzdf mk}v} " Wirlioad mk}v}

VM 5 GM " WM

Xrlmd! mk}v i`f xrkglv>

Sjd` |kt dir` ek`d|! |kt jiwd vk t}d lv vk mkwdr tx |ktr mk}v}.

Sjiv l} i xrkglv; Kmmtr} sjd` vjd rdwd`td} kg i ot}l`d}} ird crdivdr vji` lv} mk}v} kwdr i xdrlkf

kg vled.

Sjiv l} i ak}}; Kmmtr} sjd` vjd rdwd`td} kg i ot}l`d}} ird ad}} vji` lv} mk}v} kwdr i xdrlkf kg

vled.

Vkvia rdwd`td! vkvia mk}v i`f xrkglv>

Xrkglv+Ak}} 5 Vkvia _dwd`td Vkvia Mk}v

X+A 5 V_ VM

Vjd leximv kg xrkglv} i`f ak}}d}> VJL] L] MKEEK@ ]D@]D)))) zX

97 Gkrdmi}vl`c mi}j gaks}

Mi}j l} wlvia gkr vjd }tmmd}} kg i`| ot}l`d}}. *@kvd}! mkl`}! ek`d| l` vjd oi`b,

Sjiv l} mi}j gaks; Vjl} l} vjd gaks kg ek`d| l`vk i`f ktv kg i ot}l`d}}.

Mi}j l`gaks> mi}j mkel`c

l`vk vjd ot}l`d}}.

Mi}j grke vjd

d`vrd rd`dtr

Aki` grke vjd

oi`b

Mi}j grke }iad}


11/18


99 q X i c d

Sj| l} mi}j gaks lexkrvi`v; I ot}l`d}} mi``kv }trwlwd slvjktv mi}j. I xdr}k` sjk ks`} i ot}l`d}}

ji} olaa} vk xi|! dexak|dd} vk clwd }iairld} vk! i`f lg jd fkd} `kv jiwd vjd ek`d| jd sk`v od ioad vk

xi| jl} fdov}.

L`}kawd`v sjd` i ot}l`d}} mi` `k ak`cdr xi| lv} fdov}.

I ot}l`d}} `ddf} d`ktcj mi}j vk }trwlwd k` i fi| vk fi| oi}l}.

Sjiv l} i mi}j gaks gkrdmi}v; Vjl} l} i xrdflmvlk` kg jks mi}j slaa gaks vjrktcj i ot}l`d}} l` i xdrlkf

kg vled l` gtvtrd. Vjd| mi` t}d vjl} vk }dd>

Jks sdaa vjd| }jktaf od xdrgkrel`c l` vjd `dir gtvtrd Lg imvlk` `ddf} vk od vibd` vk iwklf mi}j mrl}l} Vk vibd vk vjd oi`b lg vjd ot}l`d}} `ddf} i aki` vk mkwdr i }jkrvicd kg mi}j

Vkvia rdmdlxv}% Mi}j mkel`c l`vk vjd ot}l`d}}

Vkvia xi|ed`v} Mi}j ckl`c ktv kg vjd ot}l`d}}

@dv mi}j gaks 5 Vkvia rdmdlxv} Vkvia xi|ed`v}

Kxd`l`c oiai`md mi}j oiai`md iv vjd }virv kg vjd ek`vj

Mak}l`c oiai`md 5 @dv mi}j gaks " Kxd`l`c oiai`md

Vjd mak}l`c oiai`md odmked} vjd kxd`l`c oiai`md kg vjd `dzv ek`vj *Mtetaivlwd mi}j gaks,

Mi}j gaks xrkoade} vjiv i ot}l`d}} elcjv mked imrk}}...

Vjd mi}j gaks gkrdmi}v elcjv }jks i ak}} kr i xdrlkf vjiv vjd ot}l`d}} slaa rt` ktv kg ek`d|. OTVks`dr} mi` vibd imvlk` o|>

L`mrdi}l`c }iad} rdwd`td _dftml`c mk}v} Xtvvl`c ekrd kg jl} ks` ek`d| l`vk vjd ot}l`d}} kr cdvvl`c i olccdr oi`b aki`

Sjiv iggdmv} mi}j gaks;

9, ]iad} mi` mji`cd?, Mk}v} mi` mji`cd=, Mrdflv vdre} mi` mji`cd *vrifd mrdflv sjdrd }txxaldr} clwd mt}vkedr} i xdrlkf kg vled vk

xi| i olaa k`md vjd ckkf+}drwlmd l} fdalwdrdf,6, ]vkmb adwda mi` mji`cd *}vkmb} eivdrlia vjiv ot}l`d}} jkaf},

Jks mi` i ot}l`d}} iwklf mi}j gaks xrkoade}; Mirdgta xai``l`c elcjv jdax.

CDV LV

Cdv jdax i`f }txxkrv kg vjd oi`b i`f l`wd}vkr}

D`}trd eirbdv }vrtmvtrd l} vjkrktcj

Vjktcjvgta mi}j gaks xai``l`c ei| iwklf xrkoade}

L`wd}vlcivd sjdrd |kt mi` jdax slvj }xrdifl`c xi|ed`v} ekrd dwd`a|

Vrimb vjd imvtia mi}j gaks icil`}v vjd gkrdmi}v odgkrd lv odmked} i xrkoade


12/18


9? q X i c d

93 Vjd ot}l`d}} xai`

Sjiv l} i ot}l`d}} xai`; Vjl} l} i xai` gkr vjd fdwdakxed`v kg i ot}l`d}} clwl`c gkrdmi}v} kg lvde}

}tmj i} }iad}! mk}v} i`f mi}j gaks.

Sjiv l} vjd xtrxk}d kg i ot}l`d}} xai`; Lv sktaf jdax vk vjl`b kg iaa i}xdmv} kg i ot}l`d}} i`f nt}vi}xdmv} albd fd}lc` i`f mkextvdr}. Lv sktaf jdax vk eibd i gkrdmi}v kg mi}j gaks sjlmj slaa jdax vk

rdftmd vjd rl}b kg vjd ot}l`d}} gilal`c l` lv} glr}v mktxad kg |dir} l` kxdrivlk`. Lv sktaf ia}k jdax vk

}dd lg vjd ot}l`d}} }vkkf i mji`md kg odl`c }tmmd}}gta.

Sjiv }jktaf od l`matfdf l` i ot}l`d}} xai`;

@ied kg vjd ot}l`d}}! orldg jl}vkr|! akmivlk`! adcia }vrtmvtrd}

Sjiv dytlxed`v sktaf od `ddfdf i`f lv} mk}v}

Sjiv xrdel}d} sktaf od `ddfdf

Sjk sktaf }txxa| vjd ot}l`d}}

Xrkftmvlk` edvjkf} kg vjd ot}l`d}}

Jks vjd }drwlmd mktaf od eirbdvdfMi}j gaks gkrdmi}v gkr vjd glr}v 9? ek`vj}

Vjd xrkftmv

]ktrmd} kg glì`md

Ot}l`d}} xai`

9: Kovil`l`c glì`md

Sjd` }virvl`c tx i ot}l`d}} |kt }jktaf iasi|} xrdxird i ot}l`d}} xai`. Vjd` |kt }jktaf ril}d vjd

ek`d| vk }virv tx i`f rt` vjd ot}l`d}}.

Sjiv l} ak`c vdre glì`md; ]ktrmd} kg ek`d| gkr ot}l`d}}d} vjiv ird okrrksdf kr l`wd}vdf gkr ekrd

vji` i |dir.

]jird mixlvia vjd eked`vir| wiatd kg i mkexi`| sjlmj odak`c} vk lv} }jird jkafdr} Aki`} Okrrksl`c i }te kg ek`d| sjlmj ji} vk od rdxilf slvj l`vdrd}v _dvil`df xrkglv} Xrkglv sjlmj l} bdxv oimb l` vjd ot}l`d}} i`f t}df gkr l`wd}ved`v l` vjd

ot}l`d}}

Adi}l`c _d`vl`c dytlxed`v kr xrdel}d} Cri`v} iekt`v kg ek`d| clwd` vk ot}l`d}}d} o| vjd ckwdrèd`v. Ek`d| fkd} `kv jiwd vk

od rdxilf i`f vjdrd l} `k l`vdrd}v

Sjiv l} }jkrv vdre aliolalv|; ]ktrmd} kg ek`d| gkr ot}l`d}}d} vjiv ei| jiwd vk od rdxilf dlvjdr

leedflivda| kr gilra| ytlmba|.

Oi`b kwdrfrigv Okrrksl`c ek`d| grke i oi`b o| frisl`c ekrd ek`d| vji` l} imvtiaa| l` imtrrd`v immkt`v. L`vdrd}v l} mjircdf.


13/18


9= q X i c d

Vrifd mrdflv I vled xdrlkf clwd` vk vjd mt}vkedr o| vjd }txxaldr odgkrd vjd }txxald} jiwdvk od xilf.

Gimvkrl`c Sjdrd i ot}l`d}} l} ioad vk rdmdlwd mi}j leedflivda| gkr vjd l`wklmd} lv ji}l}}tdf grke i gimvkr! }tmj i} i oi`b! l`}vdif kg silvl`c gkr =8 fi|}.

VKXLM 9.6 EIBL@C VJD ]VI_V% TX DGGDMVLWD

9< Mt}vkedr gkmt} i`f vjd eirbdvl`c elz

Mt}vkedrgkmt}

Lfd`vlg|l`c ddf}>Sjiv vjd

mt}vkedr si`v}grke vjd ot}l`d}}

I`vlmlxivl`c`ddf}>

t`fdr}vi`fl`csjiv vjd

mt}vkedr si`v} l`ifwi`md

Eddvl`c mt}vkedr`ddf}> l`fdvlg|l`ci`f i`vlmilxivl`cmt}vkedr `ddf} l}

`kv d`ktcj.Ot}l`d}}d} jiwd vkeddv vjk}d ddf}


14/18


96 q X i c d

Vjd eirbdvl`c elz

Vjd eirbdvl`c elz l} flggdrd`v gkr dimj ot}l`d}} i`f gkr dimj l`ft}vr|)

?8 Vjd lexkrvi`md kg alelvdf aliolalv|

Sjk l} i }kad vrifdr; Vjd kà| ks`dr kg i ot}l`d}} sjlmj ji} tàlelvdf aliolalv|. Ia}k b`ks` i} i }kad

xrkxrldvkr.

Tàlelvdf aliolalv| % i adcia koalcivlk` k` vjd ks`dr kg i ot}l`d}} vk }dvvad iaa fdov} kg vjd ot}l`d}}.

]kedvled} jd elcjv jiwd vk t}d jl} xdr}kìa odak`cl`c} vk fk }k.

Xrlwivd alelvdf mkexi`ld} jiwd alelvdf aliolalv|. Vjl} edi`} }jirdjkafdr} ird `kv xdr}kìaa|

alioad gkr vjd fdov} kg vjd mkexi`|. Vjd ek}v vjd| mi` ak}d l} vjd wiatd kg vjdlr l`wd}ved`v l` vjd

}jird} kg vjd mkexi`|.

Sjiv ird vjd flggdrd`md} odvsdd` xrlwivd alelvdf mkexi`ld} i`f }kad vrifdr};

_l}b Alelvdf aliolalv| l} ad}} rl}b|

Mk`vrka ]kad vrifdr} jiwd ekrd mk`vrka kg vjd mkexi`|

Xrkglv} % ]kad vrifdr} cdv vk bddx iaa vjd xrkglv

Xrlwim| Xrlwivd alelvdf mkexi`| immkt`v} ird rdmkrfdf o| vjd ckwdrèd`v otv `k k`d ji}

i rlcjv vk }dd vjd immkt`v} kg i }kad vrifdr.

?9 ]virv tx adcia i`f viz l}}td}

OT]L@D]] @IED > Vjdrd ird vsk eil` si|} |kt jiwd vk vjl`b ioktv l` fkl`c vjl}

Vjd ìed }jktaf od t}tiaa| flggdrd`v grke vjd ìed kg i`| kvjdr ot}l`d}}. \kt mi``kv mjkk}d

vjd ìed kg i` d}vioal}jdf ot}l`d}} sjlmj mirrld} i vrifdeirb.

Vjd ìed }jktaf xrkekvd vjd ot}l`d}}.

Xrlmd> xrkftmvet}v rdgadmv vjd

wiatd vjdmt}vkedr} xaimdk` vjd xrkftmv

Xrkftmv> Vjdxrkftmv }kafet}v eddv

mt}vkedr ddf}

Xrkekvlk`>Clwl`c

b`ksadfcd

ioktv vjdxrkftmv

Xaimd> jiwl`c ixrkftmv iwilaioad

vk mt}vkedr}sjdrd vjd| si`v

lv! sjd` vjd|si`v lv


15/18


94 q X i c d

BDDXL@C _DMK_F]>

Sjiv ird rdmkrf}; Dwlfd`md kg sjiv ji} jixxd`df l` vjd xi}v.

Jdr Eind}v|} _dwd`td ' Mt}vkedr *JE_'M, % vjd ckwdrèd`v itvjkrlvld} l` vjd TB rd}xk`}load

gkr mkaadmvl`c viz

Vjd viz i ot}l`d}} ji} vk xi| fdxd`f} k`>

Vjd iekt`v kg }iad} lv ji} kwdr i |dir Sjdvjdr kr `kv lv dexak|} i`| skrbdr} Sjdvjdr lv }dv} tx i} i }kad vrifdr kr i alelvdf mkexi`|

VIZD] K@ OT]L@D]]D]>

5X WIV *Wiatd Iffdf Viz, Vjl} l} i viz k` vjd wiatd kg }iad}> xilf vk vjd ckwdrèd`v.

5X L`mked viz Vjl} l} i viz k` vjd wiatd kg l`mked dir`df o| skrbdr}.

5X @ivlkìa L`}tri`md Mk`vrlotvlk`} *@LM}, Vjl} l} i viz k` vjd dir`l`c} kg skrbdr}.

5X Mkrxkrivlk` viz Vjl} l} i viz k` vjd xrkglv} kg alelvdf mkexi`ld}.

?? Mt}vkedr }ivl}gimvlk`

Sjiv l} mt}vkedr }drwlmd; Vjl} l} vjd dzxdrld`md vjiv i mt}vkedr cdv} sjd` fdial`c slvj i ot}l`d}}.

Lexkrvi`v xkl`v} ioktv mt}vkedr }drwlmd>

Lv et}v od mk`wd`ld`v vk t}d vjd }drwlmd

Krfdr} et}v od fl}xivmjdf i} ytlmba| i} xk}}load i`f iasi|} k` vled

Krfdr} et}v od 988$ immtrivd. Lg vjd| ird `kv! vjl} slaa mit}d mt}vkedr fl}}ivl}gimvlk`

Lg vjdrd ird i`| mkexail`v} ioktv vjd }drwlmd! vjd| et}v od fdiav slvj leedflivda| i`f vjd

ot}l`d}} }jktaf od iasi|} wdr| xkalvd vk vjdlr mt}vkedr}

Sjiv l} mt}vkedr }ivl}gimvlk`; Vjl} l} i edi}trd kg jks xrkftmv} mi` eddv mt}vkedr} dzxdmvivlk`}.

Sjiv l} rdxdiv ot}l`d}} kr rdxdiv xtrmji}d; Krfdr} kr }iad} vjiv kmmtr grke mt}vkedr} sjk jiwd

oktcjv vjd xrkftmv kr }drwlmd l` vjd xi}v.

O\>

Mjdixdr xrlmd} I` di}| vk t}d sdo}lvd slvj gi}v krfdrl`c i`f ytlmb xi|ed`v edvjkf} Dggdmvlwd mt}vkedr }drwlmd vjrktcj gi}v fdalwdrld} Xrkekvlk`} iledf iv dzl}vl`c mt}vkedr}

?= _dmrtlvl`c! vril`l`c i`f ekvlwivl`c }vigg

Ixxalmivlk`>5U Nko ifwdrv Ifwdrvl}l`c vjd nko. Lv clwd} i orldg fd}mrlxvlk` kg vjd nko i`f vjd }krv kg }blaa} i`f

dzxdrld`md lv l} akkbl`c gkr l` i` ixxalmi`v

5U Nko xirvlmtair} Clwd} l`gkreivlk` ioktv vjd ot}l`d}} i`f ioktv vjd nko. Sjiv l} dzxdmvdf kg i

nko ixxalmi`v.

5U Nko fd}mrlxvlk` }dv} ktv sjiv vjd xdr}k` ixxkl`vdf k` vjd nko slaa jiwd vk fk

5U Xdr}k` }xdmlglmivlk` Vjl} l} i fd}mrlxvlk` kg vjd }krv kg xdr}k` sjk sktaf od }tlvdf vk vjd nko

5U MW} i`f Ixxalmivlk` gkre} % i fkmted`v vk od glaadf slvj xdr}kìa fdvila}

]dadmvlk`>

Mjkk}l`c }kedk`d vk glaa i nko. Xkvd`vlia skrbdr} ird }jkrval}vdf. Vjd` vjd| ird miaadf gkr i`

l`vdrwlds.


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97 q X i c d

Vril`l`c }vigg>

K`% vjd% nko vril`l`c> Vril`l`c skrbdr} l` vjd skrbxaimd i} vjd| skrb Kgg% vjd% nko vril`l`c> Sjdrd skrbdr} ird vibd` isi| grke vjdlr skrb vk od vril`df.

]blaa} i`f ivvlvtfd} kg skrbdr} ird lexkrvi`v l` rdmrtlved`v i`f vril`l`c.

Sjiv l} ekvlwivlk`; Vjd fd}lrd vk mkexadvd i vi}b i`f eddv vjd `ddf} kg vjd ot}l`d}} mk`}l}vd`va|.

I ot}l`d}} mi` ekvlwivd lv} skrbdr} o|>

Xi| lv} skrbdr} i gilr sicd

Xrkwlfd fdmd`v skrbl`c mk`flvlk`}

Bddx lv} skrbdr} l`gkredf ioktv sjiv l} ckl`c k` l` vjd ot}l`d}}

Clwd skrbdr} i} etmj xksdr i} xk}}load

Od }|exivjdvlm ioktv rdytd}v} gkr vled kgg ftd vk giela| i`f kvjdr xrkoade}

Od mk`}l}vd`v l` jks }vigg l} fdiav slvj

Vjd ais>

Ixxkl`ved`v i`f vril`l`c kg }vigg Skrbdr} mi``kv od fl}mrlelìvdf icil`}v k` vjd oi}l} kgicd! }dz! rimd kr fl}iolalv|. Xrkvdmvlk` iv skrb Vjd ais }i|} skrbdr} et}v od xilf vjd }ied gkr fkl`c vjd }ied nko.

Gkr dziexad! gdeiad skrbdr} mi``kv od xilf ad}} vji` eiad skrbdr} gkr vjd }ied skrb.

Adiwl`c skrb Skrbdr} ird xrkvdmvdf grke t`gilr fl}el}}df o| ais. Vjd| mi``kv ak}d vjdlrnko} slvjktv i ckkf rdi}k`.

Kvjdr rlcjv} Leximv k` ais} mi` od crdivdr k` }eiaa ot}l`d}}d} vji` l` aircdr glre}. Gkrdziexad! sked` mi` vibd vled kgg vk vibd mird kg vjdlr mjlafrd` i`f vjdlr nko} jiwd vk od

jdaf kxd`.

VKXLM 9.4 T@FD_]VI@FL@C VJD DMK@KELM MK@VDZV

?6 Fdei`f i`f }txxa|

Sjiv ird mkeekflvld}; Vjd| ird ris eivdrlia} }tmj i} kla! mkia! lrk` krd! sjdiv i`f }k|i.

Sjiv ird mkeekflv| eirbdv}; Sjdrd ot|dr} i`f }daadr} eddv vk dzmji`cd mkeekflvld} *dziexad}

kg mkeekflv| eirbdv}! Ak`fk` edvia dzmji`cd i`f @ds \krb Edrmi`vlad Dzmji`cd,

Sjiv l} fdei`f; Vjd iekt`v mk`}tedr} ird slaal`c i`f ioad vk ot| iv i clwd` xrlmd.

Sjiv l} }txxa|; Vjd iekt`v }daadr} ird slaal`c vk kggdr gkr }iad iv i`| clwd` xrlmd.

Sjiv ird ckkf} eirbdv}; Eirbdv gkr dwdr|fi| xrkftmv} }tmj i} makvjd}! gkkf i`f xdvrka.

Vjd xrlmd} kg `kreia ckkf} ird ekrd }vioad vji` vjd xrlmd} kg mkeekflvld}.

Ot}l`d}}d} jiwd alvvad mk`vrka kwdr vjd xrlmd vjd| jiwd vk xi| gkr ei`| kg vjd ris eivdrlia} vjd|

jiwd vk ot|. Vjd xrlmd} ird fdvdrel`df k` l`vdrìvlkìa eirbdv}.

Gkr }eiaa ot}l`d}}d} vjd aircd}v }l`cad mk}v l} xi|l`c sicd} vk dexak|dd} kr xi|l`c |ktr}dag i sicd.

?4 Vjd leximv kg l`vdrd}v rivd}

Oi`b} mjircd l`vdrd}v k` vjd ek`d| vjd| ad`f ktv. L`vdrd}v l} vjd xrlmd vjiv ji} vk od xilf vk okrrksek`d|.


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93 q X i c d

]vibdjkafdr}

Ks`dr

Ei`icdr

Skrbdr}

Mt}vkedr}Ckwdr`ed`v

Vj d akmiamkeet`lv|

]txxaldr}

Sjiv ird l`vdrd}v rivd}; Lv l} vjd xdrmd`vicd rdsirf kr xi|ed`v kwdr i xdrlkf kg vled vjiv l} clwd`

vk }iwdr} kr xilf o| okrrksdr} k` }iwl`c} i`f aki`}.

Oi`b kg D`cai`f l} vjd md`vria oi`b gkr vjd TB.

Sjiv ird wirlioad l`vdrd}v rivd}; L`vdrd}v rivd} vjiv mi` mji`cd kwdr vjd algdvled kg i aki`fdxd`fl`c k` sjiv l} jixxd`l`c vk vjd kvjdr l`vdrd}v rivd} l` vjd dmk`ke|.

Sjiv ird glzdf l`vdrd}v rivd}; L`vdrd}v rivd} vjiv }vi| vjd }ied kwdr i` icrddf xdrlkf kg i aki`.

Lg i ot}l`d}} ji} aki`}! i mji`cd l` vjd l`vdrd}v rivd mi` l`mrdi}d kr fdmrdi}d vjd mk}v kg i`f vjt}

iggdmv vjd mi}j gaks.

Mji`cd} l` l`vdrd}v rivd} l`gatd`md fdml}lk`} o| mk`}tedr} ioktv sjiv vjd| ot|.

L`vdrd}v rivd} fdmrdi}d 5 l`mrdi}d l` }iad}

L`vdrd}v rivd} l`mrdi}d 5 }iad} }aks fks`

?7 Vjd leximv kg mji`cd} l` dzmji`cd rivd}

Sjiv ird dzmji`cd rivd}; Xrlmd kg ot|l`c i gkrdlc` mtrrd`m|.

Vk mk`wdrv xkt`f} vk i gkrdlc` mtrrd`m|! etavlxa| vjd iekt`v kg xkt`f} o| vjd rivd.

Vk mk`wdrv i` iekt`v l` i gkrdlc` mtrrd`m| vk xkt`f}! flwlfd o| vjd rivd.

?3 Vjd leximv kg vjd ot}l`d}} m|mad

Sjiv l} i` dmk`ke|; Iaa vjd xdkxad i`f ot}l`d}}d} l` i mkt`vr| vjiv d`cicd} l` ot|l`c i`f }daal`c.

Sjiv l} i` dmk`kelm imvlwlv|; Vjd iekt`v kg ot|l`c i`f }daal`c vjiv vibd} xaimd l` i xdrlkf kg vled.

Sjiv l} dmk`kelm crksvj; _l}d} l` vjd rivd kg dmk`kelm imvlwlv| l` i` dmk`ke|.

Sjiv l} ot}l`d}} m|mad; Gatmvtivlk`} l` vjd adwda kg dmk`kelm imvlwlv| kwdr i xdrlkf kg vled._dmd}}lk` i }lvtivlk` sjd` vjd adwda kg dmk`kelm crksvj l} `dcivlwd gkr vsk }tmmd}}lwd ytivdr}.

?: Ot}l`d}} fdml}lk`} i`f }vibdjkafdr}


18/18


9: q X i c d

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Business Communication - Introduction to small business short notes O/Level