The first world war Ended the French empire in North America
The war undermined and destroyed the ability of Native peoples to
resist the expansion of Anglo American settlement The wars impact
on George Washington
Slide 3
The wars violence and brutality encouraged whites, particularly
those on the frontier to hate Indians with undiscriminating fury.
The widespread Indian hating that the French and Indian War
engendered was reinforced by the War of Independence Contributed to
the formation of American cultural identity Sanctioned the removal
or annihilation of native peoples as necessary to the advance of
civilization
Slide 4
French & Indian War a prelude to the American Revolution
Struggle for liberty against oppression Rights against power
Independence against subjugation Darker story Imperial ambitions
produce unpredictable, violent results Victory breeds unanticipated
disasters for the victor The benign growth of a population of
farmers leads to the wholesale destruction of native peoples
Slide 5
The Seven Years War The British colonists called it The late
French War The French and Indian War 1754 - 1760
Slide 6
France, a Catholic empire based on trade and Indian alliances
that stretched from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the Great Lakes,
the Mississippi Valley, and the Gulf of Mexico British colonies of
eastern North America a Protestant empire based on farming
settlement and transatlantic commerce, vigorous and growing but
still confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains The
Iroquois Confederacy
Slide 7
An independent actor in the imperial drama Misconceptions
Assumptions about empires Imagining that Indians were fated to
vanish from America once the Europeans arrived This erroneous and
pernicious idea prevented Americans from seeing the crucial roles
that Native peoples played in shaping the development of the
continent Iroquois League practicing imperialism It was other
native people over whom the Iroquois Exercised dominion
Slide 8
Important to know that for European states and American
colonists hinged on decision made by Indian people Indian people
assessed their potential to realize advantage and then acted with
the same kind of calculation and skill of Europes diplomats Depicts
the passing of an era Describes the beginning of a new age in which
Indians find themselves shouldered aside, marginalized, and largely
written out of the American story
Slide 9
The War was the product of a struggle for independence The
people striving to liberate themselves were Indians living near the
site of modern Pittsburgh The group whose control they were
fighting to escape were other Indians
Slide 10
European Nations needed Indians as Trading Partners Military
allies Sources of labor Sources of land Indian groups understood
Europeans as Trading partners Allies Providers of weapons Other
manufactured goods Contact with Europeans altered life in
unfathomable ways
Slide 11
New World and Old World human populations had been isolated and
no exchange of pathogens Indians lacked the immune defenses of
colonizers Colonial settlements brought measles, chicken pox, small
pox, diphtheria, influenza, etc. The diseases spread along lines of
trade among native groups
Slide 12
Destroyed as much as 90% of the Native population of North
America Indigenous population east of the Mississippi numbering
more than 2 million in 1600 shrank to less than a quarter million
by 1750 The decline did not occur simultaneously everywhere on the
continent It occurred piecemeal
Slide 13
One response was war To maintain population levels Undertake
raiding expeditions against other groups A response to bereavement
To take women and children from enemy groups as captives Adopted
into the raiders families as replacements for lost members Or
enslaved as substitutes for missing workers Sustaining populations
was the principal goal of mourning wars
Slide 14
European Weapons Commodities Beaver pelts and other animal
skins Taking booty Captive taking In a complex, unintended way
epidemic disease promoted wars among Indian groups that greatly
magnified their demographic losses Commercial enterprise
Slide 15
A religious and ceremonial league Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Cayuga, Seneca Upstate New York Close ties to Dutch traders of Fort
Orange Provided guns and ammunition Late 17 th century they had
eliminated whole peoples from the Ohio River Valley and lower Great
Lakes basin Conducted expeditions from Wisconsin to northern New
England - Ontario to South Carolina
Slide 16
Success of the Iroquois First Factor external behavior and
language of captives more easily altered than deep seated values
The adoption of large numbers of captives diluted the cultural
coherence of the captors communities Adoptees who previously been
converted to Catholicism posed a particular threat to the ability
of the Five Nations to carry on the warfare against the French and
their native allies Pro French groups becoming influential in
Iroquois policy
Slide 17
Second Factor Growing ability of the French and their allies to
fight back Beginning in the late 1650s French officials, missionary
priests and traders established themselves among the refugees who
sought shelter from the Iroquois attacks French took on
metaphorical role of father A mediator of disputes and a source of
trade goods French gave gifts to local leaders French built up
allies Middle Ground
Slide 18
Indian allies of New France grew strong enough to strike back
against the Iroquois Tried to replace the Dutch with the English
Forged an alliance Covenant Chain with New York English proved to
be inadequate allies 17 th century Five Nations suffered
devastating losses Five Nations peace with France
Slide 19
Concluded simultaneously with the French at Montreal and the
English at Albany At Montreal the League pledged to remain neutral
in all future wars between the French and the English The French
agreed the Iroquois could hunt on lands north of the Great Lakes
and trade at Fort Detroit At Albany the League ceded to the English
All Iroquois claims to the country north of the Great Lakes
Reaffirmed the Covenant Chair alliance with the English Enabled the
Iroquois to have a position of neutrality
Slide 20
Iroquois gained little but destruction and loss as Englands
ally and Frances enemy Iroquois discovered that their new position
of neutrality gave them considerable leverage against both powers
During Queen Annes War Iroquois got information bout attacks on
French and passed it along to the French Got English diplomatic
trade gifts ammunition, arms, etc.
Slide 21
The cessation of hostilities served the League better Adept at
maintaining the delicate balance between the French and English
Admission of Tuscaroras to the League in 1726 Six Nations Enabled
the League to expand their raids to Southern Indian groups
Cherokees and Catawbas
Slide 22
English colony, founded 1681 by Quaker William Penn The Colony
no force against native peoples Traded freely with Lenni Lenape
(Delawares) Shawnees, Conestogas, Tutelos, Conoys, Naticokes Indian
allies served as defensive shield Rapid growth of colonys white
farmers wanted more Indian lands
Slide 23
James Logan saw Indians as a potential threat Saw the French as
a threat Logan looked to the Iroquois to provide protection for
Pennsylvania Alliance between Pennsylvania and Iroquois provided a
means to discipline the Pennsylvania native people The Covenant
Chain alliance to Pennsylvania Made the Six Nations custodians of
the interests of Pennsylvanias Indians Eased the process of
transferring lands from Indian ownership to the Penn family Ended
the French empire in North America
Slide 24
Allowed land to be acquired by dealing with the Iroquois The
Six Nations willing to sell land The Pennsylvania tribes defined as
the wards of the League The Penns buy land in quantity and resell
to white settlers Walking Purchase 1737 A spectacular land fraud
Dispossessed the Delawares of three- quarters of a million acres of
land The League confirmed the purchase by treaty in 1742 Forced the
Delawares who refused to move to the Susquehanna Valley
Slide 25
The diplomacy with the Iroquois League yielded by 1751: Penns
had become one of the richest families in England The Iroquois
League had achieved alevel of power and diplomatic influence it had
not seen in nearly a century The Indians of eastern Pennsylvania
had largely been driven from their homes
Slide 26
Iroquois used a high handed approach on the Pennsylvania
Indians Assumed the Pennsylvania Indians would accept subordination
without resistance or complaint The Pennsylvania Indians moved west
Some Delawares moved to the Susquehanna Valley Most Delawares and
Shawnees moved to Ohio country
Slide 27
The Mingos, members of the Seneca Nation moved west The Mingos,
Delawares, Shawnees shared a strong impulse toward traditionalism
The Delawares and Shawnees in the Susquehanna were Christians
Iroquois not concerned with the departure of so many Pennsylvania
Indians Iroquois appointed a regent to superintend the Mingos and
other Ohio Indians Chief Tanghrisson The League authorized
Tanghrisson to speak on behalf of the Ohio Indians
Slide 28
Tanaghrisson solely responsible for conducting diplomacy on
their behalf All agreements made by Tanaghrisson had to be ratified
by the Onodaga Hence the nickname the half King Half Kings
influence on the Ohio Indians European ally English traders for
goods Ohio Company of Virginia Virginians saw trade as a prelude to
acquiring real estate for later sale League offered to cede all
remaining claims within the limits of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia Recognize the Six Nations as a sovereign over several
southern Indian peoples Treaty Council at Logstown in 1752 English
settlement offensive to Delawares, Shawnees, Mingos and others
Warfare styles Proclamation of 1763
