Cacumisporium-Acrodictys

MYCOTAXONVolume 102, pp. 91–99 October–December 2007

Two new anamorphic fungi from Brazil: Cacumisporium tropicale and Acrodictys irregularis

Rafael F. Castañeda Ruí[email protected]

Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’ Calle 1 Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, C. Habana, Cuba, C.P. 17200

Luis Fernando Pascholati Gusmã[email protected]

Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Br116 Km 03, 44031-460, Feira de Santana, Bahia State, Brazil

Josep [email protected]

Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain

Alberto M. [email protected]

Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain

Marc [email protected]

InterMed Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-str, 15 D-44227 Dortmund, Germany

Masatoshi Saikawasaikawa @u-gakugei.ac.jp

Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan

Abstract — Acrodictys irregularis and Cacumisporium tropicale, found on a decaying twig of an unidentified plant and on stem of unidentified Poaceae respectively, in “Morro do Corcovado”, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are described and illustrated. A. irregularis is characterized by irregular, lenticular, globose, obovoid, dictyoseptate conidia with 1-3 cellular protuberances, while C. tropicale is distinguished by its verrucose to tuberculate, brown conidiophores and fusiform, 3-septate, brown, smooth-walled conidia. A key to accepted Cacumisporium species is provided.

Key words — conidial fungi, systematics, tropical rainforest

92 ... Castañeda Ruiz & al.

Figs. 1-8. Acrodictys irregularis, from holotype (HUEFS120867). Figs. 1, 3, 5. Conidiophores, conidiogenous cell and conidium. Figs. 2, 4. Conidia showing protuberant cells. Figs. 6-8. Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia (SEM). Scale is indicated by bars.

Introduction

During an expedition in 2002 through Brazil’s “Morro do Corcovado” rainforest, two conspicuous anamorphic fungi from the genera Acrodictys and Cacumisporium were collected. The specimens showed remarkable differences from previously described species and are therefore described as two new species.

Materials and methods

Samples of plant litter collected in separate paper bags were taken to the laboratory where each was incubated at 25º C in Petri dishes within 50 L plastic moist chambers containing 200 ml sterile water and 2 ml glycerol. The plant material was screened at regular intervals for microfungi. Mounts were prepared in polyvinyl alcohol-glycerol (8 g per 100 ml H20, plus 5 ml glycerol), and measurements were made at a magnification of × 1000. The fungi were isolated from single conidia captured under a stereo microscope and immediately transferred to Petri dishes of corn meal agar, mixed 1:1 with carrot extract, and incubated at 25° C under alternating cycles of 12 h of light and dark.

Taxonomy

Acrodictys irregularis R.F. Castañeda, Gusmão & Guarro, anam. sp. nov.MycoBank MB 490015 Figs. 1-8

Coloniae in substrato naturali effusae, nigrae. Mycelium partim superficiale et partim in substrato immersum, ex hyphis septatis, laevibus, atrobrunneis vel brunneis 1-3 µm diam., compositum. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, erecta, recta vel flexuosa, cylindrica, 2- to 6-septata, laevia, 30–80 × 5–7 µm, nigra vel atrobrunnea ad basim et brunnea usque ad apicem. Cellulae conidiogenae hologenosae (holoblasticae), uniloculosae, laeves, brunneae, 4–10 × 3–4 µm, in conidiophoris incorporatae, cum 1-3(-5) proliferationibus percurrentis doliiformibus praeditae. Secedentia conidiorum schizolytica. Conidia solitaria, dictyoseptata, polymorpha, irregularia, obovalia, obovata, globosa, lenticularia vel compressa, 16–23 × 13–18 µm, atrobrunnea vel brunnea, sed cellulis basalibus dilute brunneis, conicis truncatis, 2–5 × 2.5–5.5 µm; 1-3-protuberanciis cellularibus, globosis, mammiformibus usque ad irregularibus, 2–6 × 4 µm (globosis 3–4 µm diam.), dilute brunneis vel brunneis praedita, ex cellulis basalibus et suprabasalibus, lateraliter orientibus. Teleomorphosis: ignota.

TYPUS: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Morro do Corcovado, on decaying twig. Coll. A.M. Stchigel and J. Guarro, 12.X.2002, (INIFAT C02/64), Holotype: HUEFS120867, Culture: IMI 390521.

Etymology: Latin, irregularis, referring to the irregular conidial shape.

New Cacumisporium & Arcodictys species (Brazil) ... 93


Colonies on the natural substratum effuse, black. Mycelium superficial and hyphae brown. Conidiophores differentiated, mononematous, erect, straight or flexuous, cylindrical, 2- to 6-septate, smooth-walled, 30–80 × 5–7 µm, black to dark brown at the base and brown towards the apex. Conidiogenous cells hologenous, unilocal, smooth-walled, brown, 4–10 × 3–4 µm, integrated, with 1-3(-5) doliiform percurrent proliferations. Conidial secession schizolytic. Conidia solitary, dictyoseptate, irregular, polymorphic, obovate, globose, lenticular to complanate, 16–23 × 13–18 µm, dark brown to brown, truncate, 2–5 × 2.5–5.5 µm, pale brown at the conical basal cell; with 1-3 protuberant, globose, mammiform to irregular cells which arise from the basal or supra basal cells of the conidia, 2–6 × 4 µm, (globose 3–4 µm diam.). Teleomorph: unknownCulture from the holotype: Colonies on corn meal mixed 1:1 with carrot extract, attaining 17–29 cm after 10 days at 25° C, cottony, grayish brown. Reverse gray. Hyphae thick-walled, septate, brown, 1.5–2.5 µm diam., verrucose to tuberculate. Conidiophores macronematous, smooth, pale brown to brown, 3- to 4-septate, up to 60 µm tall, 5 µm wide. Conidia dictyoseptate, lenticular to complanate, obovoid, globose to irregular, brown to dark brown, with 1-2-protuberant cells pale brown, smooth-walled, 18–24× 18–29 µm.Comments: The genus Acrodictys was erected by Ellis (1961) for the type species, A. bambusicola M.B. Ellis. This genus is distinguished by dictyoseptate, pigmented conidia formed at the apex of differentiated, mononematous, erect, brown conidiophores. The conidiogenous cells are hologenous (holoblastic), unilocal, integrated, determinate or indeterminate with several lageniform or doliiform percurrent proliferations and schizolytic conidial secession. Conidium ontogeny and conidiogenesis in Acrodictys were documented and discussed by Baker et al. (2002). According to the generic concept proposed by these authors, other accepted Acrodictys species are A. atroapicula C.J.K. Wang & B. Sutton (Wang & Sutton 1982) and A. elaeidicola M.B. Ellis (Ellis 1961). None of these species resembles A. irregularis in conidial morphology. Acrodictys micheliae Kodsueb & McKenzie (Kodsued et al. 2006) lacks doliiform or lageniform proliferations, and has enteroblastic, percurrent proliferations and cylindrical to ovoid conidia based on illustrations. This species is most closely related to the genus Junewangia W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones (Baker et al. 2002).

Cacumisporium capitulatum (Corda) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 743. 1958 Figs. 9-15

Colonies on natural substratum, effuse, hairy, brown to dark brown. Conidiphores macronematous, mononematous, simple, 4- to 8-septate, brown, pale towards the apex, 130–350 × 7–12 µm, smooth, with several annellations


Figs. 9-15. Cacumisporium capitulatum, from INIFAT C06/29. Figs. 9-14. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Fig. 15. Details of conidiogenous cell proliferation. Scale is indicated by bars.

produced by enteroblastic, percurrent proliferation of the conidiogenous cells. Conidia accumulating in brown, somewhat mucilaginous masses, botuliform, 3-septate, pale brown in the end cells and brown to dark brown in the median cells, smooth, 17–20 × 5–7 µm.


Specimen examined: Cuba, Pinar del Río, Soroa. ex twig of unidentified plant, Coll. R.F. Castañeda, 16.II.2006, INIFAT C06/29.

Cacumisporium tropicale R.F. Castañeda, Gusmão & Stchigel, anam. sp. nov.MycoBank MB490707 Figs. 16-23

Coloniae in substrato naturali effusae, pilosae, brunneae. Mycelium plerumque superficiale et partim in substrato immersum, ex hyphis septatis, ramosis, 1.5–3.0 µm, brunneis, verrucosis vel verruculosis interdum laevibus compositum. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, usque ad 390 µm alta, 8–12 µm crassa ad basim, laevia vel verruculosa ad basim et plerumque verrucosa usque ad tuberculata ad apicem, laevia vel verruculosa ad basim, 6- ad 11-septata, ad basim brunnea, ad apicem pallidiora. Cellulae conidiogenae hologenosae (holoblasticae), terminales, brunneae ad dilute brunneae vel subhyalinae, verruculosae vel tuberculatae, indeterminatae, cum proliferationibus percurrentibus enteroblasticis et elongationibus holoblasticis sympodialibus. Conidia holoblastica, late fusiformia interdum navicularia usque ad ellipsoidea, 3-septata, leviter curvata, 12–17 × 6–8 µm, brunnea, laevia, sicca. Teleomorphosis: ignota.

TYPUS: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, “Morro do Corcovado”, on decaying stem of unidentified Poaceae, Coll. A.M. Stchigel and J. Guarro, 12.X.2002, INIFAT C02/63. Holotype: HUEFS120868.

Etymology: Latin, tropicalis, referring to the tropical region where the specimen was collected.

Colonies on the natural substratum effuse, hairy, brown. Mycelium mostly superficial and partially immersed. Hyphae septate, branched, 1.5–3.5 µm, brown, verrucose to verruculose, sometimes smooth. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, 6- to 11-septate, erect, straight or flexuous, simple, up to 390 µm tall, 8–12 µm wide at the base, brown at the base, almost colourless or pale brown towards the apex, always verrucose to tuberculate towards the apex, smooth or verruculose at the base. Conidiogenous cells hologenous (holoblastic), terminal, brown, pale brown to subhyaline, verruculose to tuberculate, indeterminate with combined enteroblastic percurrent proliferations and holoblastic sympodial elongation. Conidia holoblastic, broad fusiform, sometimes navicular or somewhat ellipsoid, 3-septate, slightly curved, 12–17 × 6–8 µm, brown, smooth-walled, dry. Teleomorph: unknown.

Additional specimen examined: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, “Morro do Corcovado”, on decaying twig of unidentified plant, Coll. A.M. Stchigel and J. Guarro, 12.X.2002, INIFAT C02/111. Cultures deposited: CBS 111737, CBS112308, IMI 390520.

Culture from the holotype: Colonies on corn meal agar mixed 1:1 with carrot extract, attaining 22–27 cm after 10 days at 25° C, floccose, brown. Reverse dark brown. Hyphae thick-walled, septate, brown, 2–4.5 µm diam, verrucose to tuberculate. Conidiophores macronematous, verrucose to tuberculate towards the apex, verruculose at the base, brown, 3- to 9-septate, up to 132 µm tall, 5–8 µm wide. Conidia fusiform to navicular, (2-) 3 (-4)-septate, dark brown, smooth-walled, 15–21 × 7–9 µm.


Figs. 16-23. Cacumisporium tropicale, from holotype (HUEFS120868). Figs. 16-19. Details of conidiogenous cell proliferation and conidium ontogeny. Fig. 20. Conidiophore ornamentation (SEM). Conidia showing protuberant cells. Figs 21, 22. Successive production of conidia. Fig. 23. Conidia. Scale is indicated by bars.


Comments: The genus Cacumisporium Preuss comprises five accepted species: C. capitulatum (Goos 1969, Ellis & Ellis 1997), C. sigmoideum (Mercado & Castañeda 1987), C. spooneri (Kirk 1992), C. rugosum (Tsui et al. 2001), and C. pleuroconidiophorum (Castañeda et al. 2007). Two other described species, C. tenebrosum Preuss (Kirk 1992) and C. curvularioides R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. (Castañeda & Kendrick 1991), have been declared as synonyms of C. capitulatum and C. pleuroconidiophorum, respectively (Kirk 1992, Castañeda et al. 2007). C. capitulatum is the species most resembling C. tropicale but the former has botuliform, slightly curved, brown conidia and smooth-walled conidiophores, clearly differentiating it from the latter species.

Key to Cacumisporium species

1 Conidia smooth-walled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Conidia rugose, 28–35 × 14–20 µm, 3-septate, obovoidal to ellipsoidal,

two central cells dark brown, end cells pale brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rugosum2 (1) Conidia with some cells strongly pigmented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Conidia without strongly pigmented cells or all cells with almost the same pigmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3(2) Conidia 3-septate, slightly sigmoid to obturbinate curved, middle cells brown to pale brown, end cells hyaline, 18–28 × 8–9 µm . . . . . . . C. pleuroconidiophorum

Conidia 3-septate, sigmoid to navicular, curved, 26–41 × 7–10 µm, middle cells yellow-brown to reddish brown, end cells hyaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. sigmoideum

4 (2) Conidiophores smooth-walled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Conidiophores verrucose to tuberculate, conidia broad fusiform to navicular, 3-

septate, 12–17 × 6–8 µm, brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. tropicale5(4) Conidia botuliform, 3-septate, 17–20 × 5–7 µm 14–22 × 4–6 µm, brown with

paler extremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. capitulatumConidia 7-septate, 26–32 × 3–5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid to somewhat fusiform, dark

brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. spooneri

Acknowledgements

We are deeply indebted to Prof. Lori M. Carris (Washington State University) and Dr. D.W. Minter (CABI) for kindly reviewing the manuscript and for many suggestions that greatly improved it. We thank Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED RED-XII.J) and the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture for facilities. The author RFCR thanks Drs David W. Minter, Pedro Crous, Uwe Braun, Ludmila Marvanová, Cony Decock, Jerry A. Cooper, Rosa M. Arias, Josep Guarro, Walter Gams, Antonio Hernández-Gutiérrez, Carlos Inacio and Josep Cano for their generous and valuable assistance with literature not available in our library. The author LFP Gusmão thanks the CNPq (proc. 471619/2004) for financial support.


Literature cited

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Castañeda Ruíz RF, Heredia Abarca G, Arias RM, Saikawa M, Stadler M. 2007. Anamorphic fungi from submerged plant material: Phaeomonilia pleiomorpha, P. corticola and Cacumisporium pleuroconidiophorum. Mycotaxon 100: 327–336.

Baker WA, Partridge EC, Morgan-Jones G. 2002. Notes on Hyphomycetes. LXXXV. Junewangia, a new genus in which to classify four Acrodictys species and a new taxon. Mycotaxon 81: 293–319.

Ellis MB. 1961. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes II. Mycol. Pap. 79: 1-23. Ellis MB, Ellis JP. 1997. Microfungi on Land Plants. An Identification Handbook. Enlarged Edn,

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Mycotaxon 23: 231–236.Kodsueb R, Lumyong S, Hyde KD, Lumyong P, Mckenzie EHC. 2006. Acrodictys micheliae and

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Tsui CKM, Goh TK, Hyde KD, Hodgkiss IJ. 2001. New species or records of Cacumisporium, Helicosporium, Monotosporella and Bahusutrabeeja on submerged wood in Hong Kong streams. Mycologia 93: 389–397.

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Documents

Cacumisporium-Acrodictys