Canadian Activities with Regard to TEMPO

Chris McLindenAir Quality Research Division, Environment Canada

2nd TEMPO Science Team MeetingHampton, VA 21-22 May 2014

Canadian Interest

• From Statistics Canada (2008):– ~21,000 deaths from air pollution– economic cost ~ C$8B, accumulating to > C$250B by 2030

• Canada is a large, sparsely populated country with significant monitoring gaps

• TEMPO coverage:– >99% of Canadian

population– >50% of Canadian

territory

1st Canadian-TEMPO workshop

• Held in Montréal, November 13-14, 2013

• Included ~40 scientists from Canadian government and academia; (plus Caroline Nowlan, Kelly Chance, Ken Jucks); 27 presentations (archived at http://exp-studies.tor.ec.gc.ca/~ctempo/)

• Themes of the workshop were:– satellite retrievals– validation over Canada– air quality modelling and chemical data assimilation– operational applications

• A key outcome was an agreement to draft a Canadian TEMPO science plan to obtain co-funding for projects and co-ordinate research

Research Interests

• Retrieval development (e.g., retrievals over snow)

• Simulated / quantifying the stratosphere / strat-trop separation

• Air quality model development and validation

• Chemical data assimilation– Assimilation of stratospheric profiles– Assimilation of TEMPO + strat + surface quantities

• Deposition studies, cumulative impacts

• Quantifying emissions

• Epidemiological studies

New project 1: Assessment of the potential constraints on stratospheric NO2 from limb observations

- Led by prof. Dylan Jones (U of Toronto); team: Randall Martin (Dal), Adam Bourassa & Doug Degenstein (UoS)

Study 1: Using stratospheric profiles of O3, NO2, and HNO3 measured by a polar orbiter help constrain stratospheric NOx?

- Approach: GEOS-Chem to generate pseudo-data of O3, NO2, and HNO3 from ALiSS and then assimilate them into the model, starting from a different a priori, to assess the potential of the data to constrain stratospheric NOx

Study 2: Using OSSEs to quantifying the sensitivity of top-down NOx emissions to assimilated stratospheric NO2 columns

ALiSS (Atmospheric Limb Sounding Satellite)-Under consideration, late 2010s launch-Canada + Sweden (+ others?)-CATS: limb scatter; O3, NO2, aerosol-STEAMR: limb sub-mm; O3, HNO3, N2O-Stratospheric + UT profiles; >8 km

NO NO2

R1: O3

R2: h

N2O5

R3: NO3

HNO3

R4: h

R5: OHR6: h

Constraining NO2 in a chemical data assimilation context is challenging since the NO2 lifetime is short therefore focus on optimizing NOx.

New project 2: Merging limb and nadir NO2

• Work performed at University of Saskatchewan (Elise Normand, Adam Bourassa, U of Sask.)

• An exploratory study looking at combining existing Level 2 data products - stratospheric NO2 from a limb sounder (OSIRIS) used to remove the stratospheric VCD from a nadir-viewing instrument (OMI)

– Many challenges: LST adjustment; known OMI SCD high bias

OMI

OSIRIS

Following Belmonte Rivas et al., AMTD, 2014

OSIRIS Stratospheric NO2 VCD at 15:30

Time (days)

Lat

itud

e (d

egr

ees

)

2005 2006 2007 2008

-50

0

50

VC

D (

mo

lecu

les/

cm2 )

1

2

3

4

5

x 1015

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 800

1

2

3

4

5

6

Str

at

Col

umn

(1E

15 m

ole

c/cm

2 )

Latitude

SON Stratospheric NO2 VCD at 15:30

SCI limbMIPHIRWACOMISCI nadirOSIRIS

New project 2: Merging limb and nadir NO2

• OMI NO2 SCDs are biased high (Belmonte Rivas et al., 2013)

• A scaling of 0.8 – 0.85 most consistent with OSIRIS strat-NO2 VCDs

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6x 10

15Mean Tropospheric VCD in July 2008, 2009 for Latitudes 55 to 35

Longitude (degrees)

VC

D (

mo

lec/

cm2 )

1.000.9750.9500.9250.9000.8750.8500.8250.8000.7750.7500.7250.7000.6750.65OMI

Canadian AQ Forecast Suite : Operational Configuration: GEM-MACH10

• GEM-MACH options chosen to meet EC’s operational AQ forecast needs; key characteristics include:

– limited-area (LAM) configuration where grid points are co-located with operational met-only GEM which supplies initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions for GEM-MACH10

– 10-km horizontal grid spacing, 80 vertical levels to 0.1 hPa

– 2-bin sectional representation of PM size distribution (i.e., 0-2.5 and 2.5-10 μm) with 9 chemical components

– Some processes resolved with increased number of bins

GEM-10 grid (blue) ; GEM-MACH10 grid (red)

– Full process representation of oxidant and aerosol chemistry:

gas-, aqueous- & heterogeneous chemistry mechanisms

aerosol dynamics dry and wet deposition (including

in and below cloud scavenging)

Global Environmental Multi-scale model - Modelling Air quality and CHemistry

Chemical data assimilation

• Chemical data assimilation – Improving operational AQ forecasts and improving products associated to chemical modelling and prediction.

– Accounting of stratospheric NO2 (and O3) via synergy of model forecasts and observations from other sources (e.g. CATS)

▪ Implement simplified NO2 stratospheric modelling (currently have full strato-chemistry (GEM-BACH) and LINOZ linearized chemistry).

▪ Investigate NO2 assimilation strategies.

▪ To benefit from OSSE to be conducted by UofT (Dylan Jones – funded by CSA)

– Assimilation to be performed at EC with EnVar and GEM-MACH (coupled weather-chemistry model) and, in collaboration with BIRA, the stratospheric BASCOE CTM with 4D-Var and hybrid EnVar.

Validation Network NAPS (surface)CAPMoN (surface)BrewerAerocan (Aeronet)Ozone sondePandora

not shown

Pandora Network

Pandora

2013: Toronto, oil sands2014: Egbert, Saturna2015: Edmonton, oil sands (2)2016: tbd x 2

Pandora Spectrometer – Pandora Spectrometer – comparisons with Brewercomparisons with Brewer

The Pandora-Brewer difference

There is a 0% to 4% systematic difference between Brewer and Pandora total ozone caused likely by the difference in ozone absorption coefficients and their temperature dependence.

Bre

wer

-Pan

dora

Diff

eren

cein

%

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

01OCT13 01NOV13 01DEC13 01JAN14 01FEB14 01MAR14 01APR14

5-day averages

Brewer 008 Brewer 014 Brewer 015 Brewer 145 Brewer 187 Brewer 191

Tot

alO

zone

(DU

)

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

EST6:00:00 8:00:00 10:00:00 12:00:00 14:00:00 16:00:00 18:00:00

Brewer 008 Brewer 014 Brewer 015 Brewer 145Brewer 187 Brewer 191 Pandora 103 Pandora 104

An example: Feb 22, 2014

Diff

eren

cein

%

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

Airmass value1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Old Triad (single-Brewers)

New Triad (double-Brewers)

Pandora 103 and 104 in Toronto

Pandora measurements adjusted for the bias were used as a reference.

From Vitali Fioletov, EC

Sable provides a remote oceanic station for monitoring reference atmospheric conditions, and that makes a comprehensive program on the island vital for

various scientific reasons, as well as being in the broader regional national and international interest.

Perfect first cal/val site for TEMPO observationsand for studying continental smog outflow, anthropic and

biogenic marine emissions

Gibson Instrumentation:-Size-resolved PM mass (1.0/2.5/10 μm & TSP), number (10 nm – 20 μm)

& PM chemical speciesVOC species (100+ by GC-MS)

Environment Canada & NAPS InstrumentsNOx, SO2, CO, H2S, O3 PM2.5 and a CIMEL Sunphotometer

Sable Island Air Quality Source Apportionment Study(Sable Island - 300 km SE of Nova Scotia, Canada)

Dr. Mark Gibson & Dr. Susanne Craig, Dalhousie Universityin collaboration with Environment Canada/ Nova Scotia Environment/ Parks Canada

From Mark Gibson, Dalhousie

Summer 2013 Measurement Intensive: Aircraft + 2 supersites

• National Research Council Convair-580• High time resolution measurements:

– Particle size and speciation– Particle number as a function of size (6 nm

to 20 m).– Black carbon aerosol mass– Meteorology, including 3D winds and

turbulence– Gases: SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, CO2, CH4,

H2O, NH3, HCHO, H2O– VOCs, measured using three methods:

• 150 hydrocarbon suite (canisters),

• Carboxylic acids, inorganic acids, isocyanic acid, substituted phenols (CIMS)

• Non and substituted VOCs (PTR-MS)

From Shao-Meng Li, EC

August 31, 2013 – OMI validation

Only (near) cloud-free, “good” OMI pixels are shown

50 ppb SO2 at 1.4 km

background

September 3, 2013 – TES validation

80 ppb

Forest fire plume from California ?

Regional ?

Oil sands

135 ppb

CO